Article(id=1190377204522521171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1248, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=1739289600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737641697, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737641697, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737641697, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737641697, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1432, endPage=1442, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190377204816122452, articleId=1190377204522521171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells base on proteomics, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Oxaliplatin (Oxa) is a chemotherapy drug commonly used for advanced colorectal cancer, however most patients develop resistance after treatment while the mechanisms of which have not been fully elucidated. In this study, oxaliplatin resistant cell lines were constructed from human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells through concentration gradient induction. On this basis, we investigated the expression profiling of HCT116/Oxa cells based on quantitative proteomics. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was conducted via The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery Database (DAVID), and pathway enrichment analysis was done using GeneAnalytics database. The potential targets and molecular mechanisms of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer were further studied by inhibitors, Western blot and siRNA. The results showed that the oxaliplatin resistance index of HCT116/Oxa cells was 10.2. HCT116/Oxa cells demonstrated stronger proliferation potential and anti-apoptotic capacity to oxaliplatin compared with HCT116 cells. Proteomic data demonstrated significant expression change of 717 genes in HCT116/Oxa cells, among which 399 genes were up-regulated while 318 ones down-regulated comparing with HCT116 cells. GO enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly related to biological processes such as oxidative stress response, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Pathway analysis displayed notable changes of cell metabolism, ferroptosis, Nrf2-ARE signaling, fatty acid and glutathione metabolism in HCT116/Oxa cells. Quantitative results indicated that the expression of proteins directly related to ferroptosis, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM), ferritin light chain (FTL), ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), glutathione reductase (GSR) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) increased, while long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSL) 4 and ACSL1 decreased significantly in HCT116/Oxa cells. Functional studies showed that RSL3, a specific inhibitor of GPX4, decreased the viability of drug-resistant cells, improved lipid peroxidation, increased the concentration of ferrous ions, malondialdehyde, and decreased the concentration of glutathione (GSH). Western blot showed that the expressions of GPX4, FTH1, FTL and GSR increased in HCT116/Oxa, while ACSL4 decreased. RSL3 reversed the levels of GPX4, FTH1, FTL, GSR and ACSL4. It was further found that knockdown of GPX4 decreased the viability of drug-resistant cells, increased lipid peroxidation levels and decreased GSH concentration. These results suggest that ferroptosis resistance mediated by GSH/GPX4 pathway may be a potential mechanism of oxaliplatin resistance in HCT116/Oxa, and inhibition of GSH/GPX4 signaling could be an effective approach to reverse oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer.

, correspAuthors=Jin-xia CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-hu LIU, Dan REN, Jin-hua ZHANG, Min WU, Nan XIE, Jin-xia CHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190377492260164127, articleId=1190377204522521171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于蛋白质组学技术的结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin, Oxa) 是进展期结直肠癌化疗常用药物, 然而多数患者在接受治疗后出现耐药, 相关耐药机制尚未完全阐明。本研究以结直肠癌细胞HCT116为对象, 通过药物浓度梯度诱导构建奥沙利铂耐药细胞株(HCT116/Oxa)。在此基础上基于蛋白质组学分析HCT116/Oxa细胞表达谱; 采用The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 数据库进行基因本体(gene ontolog, GO) 分析; 利用GeneAnalytics数据库通路富集分析; 通过抑制剂、免疫印迹、siRNA技术揭示结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在靶标及其机制。结果显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞对奥沙利铂的耐药指数为10.2。与HCT116相比, HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂表现出强的增殖潜能和抗凋亡能力。蛋白质组数据表明, HCT116/Oxa细胞717种基因表达改变, 上调399种, 下调318种。GO分析显示, 差异表达基因与氧化压力反应、铁代谢、脂质代谢、凋亡、细胞周期进展等生物学过程有关。通路富集显示, 细胞代谢、铁死亡、Nrf2-ARE信号、脂肪酸及谷胱甘肽代谢等通路显著变化。定量结果显示, 与铁死亡相关分子, 包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)、谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶调节亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit, GCLM)、铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain, FTL)、铁蛋白重链(ferritin heavy chain, FTH1)、血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HMOX1)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GSR) 和NADH脱氢酶1 (NADH dehydrogenase 1, NQO1) 的表达显著增加, 而长链脂肪酸-辅酶A连接酶(long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase, ACSL) 4和ACSL1的表达降低。功能研究表明, GPX4特异性抑制剂RSL3降低耐药细胞活力, 提高脂质过氧化水平, 增加亚铁离子和丙二醛含量, 降低谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 浓度。免疫印迹显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞中GPX4、FTH1、FTL、GSR表达增加, ACSL4降低。RSL3能够逆转GPX4、FTH1、FTL、GSR和ACSL4的水平。进一步发现, 敲低GPX4可降低耐药细胞活力, 提高脂质过氧化水平和降低GSH浓度, 表明GSH/GPX4通路介导的铁死亡抵抗是HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在机制, 抑制GSH/GPX4通路是逆转结直肠癌对奥沙利铂耐药的途径。

, correspAuthors=常晋霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*常晋霞, E-mail:
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A: Screening of colorectal cancer cell lines by Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer Database; B: The morphological comparison between HCT116 and HCT116/Oxa cell lines (scale bar = 100 µm); C: Cell viability was detected using CCK-8 and IC<sub>50</sub> values were calculated respectively; D, E: Apoptotic cells were examined by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining kit. Representative images (left) and quantification values (right) were presented. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. Oxa: Oxaliplatin; CCK-8: Cell counting kit-8; IC<sub>50</sub>: Half maximal inhibitory concentration , figureFileSmall=41HCIHAp9piZCJVNyz+cQA==, figureFileBig=24upLEPpouPBSDqsimq8Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694812601954718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Q5cvkAyklVFysJDioSQ/dA==, figureFileBig=YrcchbkACgeAItj9sxXLcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694812669063583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Detection of the proliferation and migration ability of HCT116/Oxa cells. A, B: The colony formation assays were performed and colony numbers were analyzed; C, D: The migration ability of HCT116/Oxa and HCT116 cells was analyzed using wound-healing assay and migration rate were presented. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=Q5cvkAyklVFysJDioSQ/dA==, figureFileBig=YrcchbkACgeAItj9sxXLcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694812752949664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tlOynZDQz+1qoDDTGNIDtg==, figureFileBig=XQZfxMrmMP+m8uHUUedp0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694812983636385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Proteomics profiling of HCT116 and HCT116/Oxa cell lines. A: Principal component analysis (PCA) of HCT116 and HCT116/Oxa cells; B: Identification and analysis of differentially expressed proteins by volcano plot; C: Analysis of heat map and cluster of differentially expressed proteins; D: Rank plot of differentially expressed proteins, proteins associated with ferroptosis are shown in red , figureFileSmall=tlOynZDQz+1qoDDTGNIDtg==, figureFileBig=XQZfxMrmMP+m8uHUUedp0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694813092688290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZTS/s4G7M3e0nUTBaPBRqA==, figureFileBig=2UAiAi+fLt2v428GilUKrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694813264654755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Gene ontology enrichment analysis of up-regulated (A) and down-regulated (B) genes in HCT116/Oxa cells , figureFileSmall=ZTS/s4G7M3e0nUTBaPBRqA==, figureFileBig=2UAiAi+fLt2v428GilUKrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694813394678180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=l2XuCnw1pvIBiMH27Zv6mg==, figureFileBig=rYc2iYMDILgAUgzvgLKN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694813470175653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Enrichment and quantitative analysis of differentially expressed protein signaling pathways. A: Bubble plot visualization of signaling pathways; B: Quantitative analysis of gene expression in activated signaling pathways; C: Protein-protein interaction network plot of ferroptosis-related proteins in HCT116/Oxa cells. Line thickness of molecules indicates the strength of data support. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=l2XuCnw1pvIBiMH27Zv6mg==, figureFileBig=rYc2iYMDILgAUgzvgLKN/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694813570838950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K+TZ2d6zyu07a985heZq8w==, figureFileBig=UD+pyMTxnwuEXOkxxJmOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814028018087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The detection of ferroptosis-related proteins expression by Western blot. A, B: The detection and qualification of GPX4, FTH1, FTL, ACSL4 and GSR levels in HCT116, HCT116/Oxa, HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_L and HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H cells by Western blot, respectively. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; FTL: Ferritin light chain; FTH1: Ferritin heavy chain; ACSL: Long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase; GSR: Glutathione reductase , figureFileSmall=K+TZ2d6zyu07a985heZq8w==, figureFileBig=UD+pyMTxnwuEXOkxxJmOiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814204178856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xpk3St8aZ83zEIV++6QX2g==, figureFileBig=1eWtSu9D2HXh+Ah8D/NgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814573277609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= GPX4 inhibitor reversed oxaliplatin resistance in HCT116/Oxa cells. A: Cells were pre-treated with RSL3 for 24 h and then cultured with oxaliplatin for 48 h, cell viability was detected using CCK-8; B, C: Lipid peroxidation levels were detected by using C11-BODIPY581/591 probe; D-F: The MDA, ferrous iron and GSH levels were detected respectively; G-I: Mitochondrial morphology were photographed using transmission electron microscope. Red arrow represented mitochondrial morphology, scale bar = 1 µm. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. MDA: Malondialdehyde; GSH: Glutathione , figureFileSmall=xpk3St8aZ83zEIV++6QX2g==, figureFileBig=1eWtSu9D2HXh+Ah8D/NgKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814669746602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+9lPfsQCPMVsC/wSjlGyuA==, figureFileBig=L7eRrnYKpnd2NBfsTxiPsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814866878891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Knockdown of GPX4 reversed oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cell. A, B: Efficiency of GPX4 knockdown was detected by Western blot. siRNA#1, #2, #3 stands for the levels of GPX4 in HCT116/Oxa cells transfected with these three interference sequences, respectively; C: siCtrl and siGPX4 cells were treated with oxaliplatin for 48 h, respectively, cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8; D-G: siCtrl and siGPX4 cells were treated with oxaliplatin for 48 h, the level of lipid ROS, MDA and GSH was quantified, respectively; H: Cells were pre-treated with RSL3 for 24 h and then cultured with oxaliplatin for 48 h, cell viability was detected using CCK-8. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. ROS: Reactive oxygen species , figureFileSmall=+9lPfsQCPMVsC/wSjlGyuA==, figureFileBig=L7eRrnYKpnd2NBfsTxiPsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694814946570668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=s3BmvCIk8B7iBi+7HaUrpA==, figureFileBig=jRL5OfPr4o6Mnumlg64n2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694815034651053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204522521171, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= The relationship between GPX4 level and survival in colorectal cancer tissues. 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基于蛋白质组学技术的结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药机制研究
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刘文虎 1, 2 , 任丹 1, 2 , 张金花 1, 2 , 吴敏 1, 2 , 谢楠 1 , 常晋霞 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1432-1442
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1432-1442
基于蛋白质组学技术的结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药机制研究
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刘文虎1, 2, 任丹1, 2, 张金花1, 2, 吴敏1, 2, 谢楠1, 常晋霞3, *
作者信息
  • 1.川北医学院药学院 四川 南充 637100
  • 2.川北医学院科技创新中心 四川 南充 637100
  • 3.川北医学院基础医学与法医学院 四川 南充 637100

通讯作者:

*常晋霞, E-mail:
Mechanism of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells base on proteomics
Wen-hu LIU1, 2, Dan REN1, 2, Jin-hua ZHANG1, 2, Min WU1, 2, Nan XIE1, Jin-xia CHANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
  • 2. Innovation Centre for Science and Technology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
  • 3. Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medical, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637100, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1248
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奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin, Oxa) 是进展期结直肠癌化疗常用药物, 然而多数患者在接受治疗后出现耐药, 相关耐药机制尚未完全阐明。本研究以结直肠癌细胞HCT116为对象, 通过药物浓度梯度诱导构建奥沙利铂耐药细胞株(HCT116/Oxa)。在此基础上基于蛋白质组学分析HCT116/Oxa细胞表达谱; 采用The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) 数据库进行基因本体(gene ontolog, GO) 分析; 利用GeneAnalytics数据库通路富集分析; 通过抑制剂、免疫印迹、siRNA技术揭示结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在靶标及其机制。结果显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞对奥沙利铂的耐药指数为10.2。与HCT116相比, HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂表现出强的增殖潜能和抗凋亡能力。蛋白质组数据表明, HCT116/Oxa细胞717种基因表达改变, 上调399种, 下调318种。GO分析显示, 差异表达基因与氧化压力反应、铁代谢、脂质代谢、凋亡、细胞周期进展等生物学过程有关。通路富集显示, 细胞代谢、铁死亡、Nrf2-ARE信号、脂肪酸及谷胱甘肽代谢等通路显著变化。定量结果显示, 与铁死亡相关分子, 包括谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)、谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶调节亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit, GCLM)、铁蛋白轻链(ferritin light chain, FTL)、铁蛋白重链(ferritin heavy chain, FTH1)、血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, HMOX1)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GSR) 和NADH脱氢酶1 (NADH dehydrogenase 1, NQO1) 的表达显著增加, 而长链脂肪酸-辅酶A连接酶(long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase, ACSL) 4和ACSL1的表达降低。功能研究表明, GPX4特异性抑制剂RSL3降低耐药细胞活力, 提高脂质过氧化水平, 增加亚铁离子和丙二醛含量, 降低谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 浓度。免疫印迹显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞中GPX4、FTH1、FTL、GSR表达增加, ACSL4降低。RSL3能够逆转GPX4、FTH1、FTL、GSR和ACSL4的水平。进一步发现, 敲低GPX4可降低耐药细胞活力, 提高脂质过氧化水平和降低GSH浓度, 表明GSH/GPX4通路介导的铁死亡抵抗是HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在机制, 抑制GSH/GPX4通路是逆转结直肠癌对奥沙利铂耐药的途径。

结直肠癌  /  奥沙利铂耐药  /  蛋白质组学  /  铁死亡  /  GSH/GPX4信号通路

Oxaliplatin (Oxa) is a chemotherapy drug commonly used for advanced colorectal cancer, however most patients develop resistance after treatment while the mechanisms of which have not been fully elucidated. In this study, oxaliplatin resistant cell lines were constructed from human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells through concentration gradient induction. On this basis, we investigated the expression profiling of HCT116/Oxa cells based on quantitative proteomics. Gene ontology (GO) analysis was conducted via The Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery Database (DAVID), and pathway enrichment analysis was done using GeneAnalytics database. The potential targets and molecular mechanisms of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer were further studied by inhibitors, Western blot and siRNA. The results showed that the oxaliplatin resistance index of HCT116/Oxa cells was 10.2. HCT116/Oxa cells demonstrated stronger proliferation potential and anti-apoptotic capacity to oxaliplatin compared with HCT116 cells. Proteomic data demonstrated significant expression change of 717 genes in HCT116/Oxa cells, among which 399 genes were up-regulated while 318 ones down-regulated comparing with HCT116 cells. GO enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed genes were mainly related to biological processes such as oxidative stress response, iron metabolism, lipid metabolism, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Pathway analysis displayed notable changes of cell metabolism, ferroptosis, Nrf2-ARE signaling, fatty acid and glutathione metabolism in HCT116/Oxa cells. Quantitative results indicated that the expression of proteins directly related to ferroptosis, including glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit (GCLM), ferritin light chain (FTL), ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), glutathione reductase (GSR) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) increased, while long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSL) 4 and ACSL1 decreased significantly in HCT116/Oxa cells. Functional studies showed that RSL3, a specific inhibitor of GPX4, decreased the viability of drug-resistant cells, improved lipid peroxidation, increased the concentration of ferrous ions, malondialdehyde, and decreased the concentration of glutathione (GSH). Western blot showed that the expressions of GPX4, FTH1, FTL and GSR increased in HCT116/Oxa, while ACSL4 decreased. RSL3 reversed the levels of GPX4, FTH1, FTL, GSR and ACSL4. It was further found that knockdown of GPX4 decreased the viability of drug-resistant cells, increased lipid peroxidation levels and decreased GSH concentration. These results suggest that ferroptosis resistance mediated by GSH/GPX4 pathway may be a potential mechanism of oxaliplatin resistance in HCT116/Oxa, and inhibition of GSH/GPX4 signaling could be an effective approach to reverse oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer.

colorectal cancer  /  oxaliplatin resistance  /  proteomics  /  ferroptosis  /  GSH/GPX4 signaling pathway
刘文虎, 任丹, 张金花, 吴敏, 谢楠, 常晋霞. 基于蛋白质组学技术的结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1432 -1442 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1248
Wen-hu LIU, Dan REN, Jin-hua ZHANG, Min WU, Nan XIE, Jin-xia CHANG. Mechanism of oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer cells base on proteomics[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1432 -1442 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1248
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC) 是消化系统常见的恶性肿瘤之一, 具有发病率和死亡率高、侵略性强、转移快及预后差等特点, 已严重威胁人类健康[1]。奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin, Oxa) 是第三代铂类抗肿瘤药物, 通过与DNA双链共价结合形成链间交联, 阻断DNA的复制和转录, 发挥抗肿瘤作用。临床上, 以奥沙利铂为基础的联合治疗为结直肠癌患者带来了生存受益。然而在接受化疗的患者中, 有超过50%在Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期治疗阶段对奥沙利铂产生耐药, 进一步增加了治疗难度[2, 3]。因此, 研究结直肠癌对奥沙利铂耐药的机制, 阐明逆转耐药策略, 对提高化疗效果及改善预后具有现实意义。
铁死亡(ferroptosis) 是一种依赖于铁且不同于凋亡、自噬和坏死的新型程序性细胞死亡方式, 本质是谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 的耗竭或谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 的失活, 导致脂质过氧化物不能通过GPX4催化的谷胱甘肽还原酶代谢, 导致细胞膜氧化损伤[4]。研究表明, 铁死亡不仅在抑制肿瘤增殖及转移方面发挥关键作用, 而且在诱导肿瘤耐药过程中具有重要作用[5, 6]。因此, 靶向铁死亡不仅可以协同发挥抗肿瘤作用, 而且为逆转肿瘤耐药提供了可能。如Linc01134通过促进核因子相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 招募和GPX4的转录, 诱导铁死亡抵抗, 降低肝癌细胞对奥沙利铂的化疗抵抗[7]; 源于外泌体的DACT3-AS1通过miR-181a-5p/SIRT1诱导铁死亡提高了胃癌细胞对奥沙利铂化疗敏感性[8]
尽管这些研究从不同视角揭示了结直肠癌化疗抵抗的机制, 然而肿瘤耐药的复杂性、异质性和可调控性导致对结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药机制的认识和理解还不够全面。近年来, 基于蛋白质组学的研究策略已成为揭示肿瘤耐药机制的重要手段之一, 通过分析肿瘤耐药后的蛋白质组特征, 将为肿瘤耐药的系统性、特征性研究提供新的视角, 也为逆转耐药策略提供更多可能。本研究以结直肠癌细胞HCT116为对象, 采用奥沙利铂加压诱导构建结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药细胞株HCT116/Oxa, 基于定量蛋白质组学和生信分析揭示HCT116/Oxa细胞蛋白质表达谱及信号通路的改变, 在此基础上, 结合功能实验阐明结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在机制。本研究将为逆转结直肠癌对奥沙利铂耐药治疗提供实验依据。
主要仪器  Orbitrap Fusion Lumos质谱仪、Easy-nLC 2000 nano纳升高效液相色谱系统和细胞培养箱(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 2695HPLC液相色谱仪(美国Waters公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司); 凝胶成像系统、电泳仪和多功能酶标仪(美国Bio-Rad公司); 全光谱流式细胞分析仪(日本SONY公司); 离心浓缩仪(德国Eppendorf公司)。
细胞与试剂  结直肠癌细胞HCT116购于中国科学院上海细胞库, 奥沙利铂耐药株HCT116/Oxa为自建细胞系。奥沙利铂(HY-17371) 和RSL3 (HY-103087) 购于美国MedChemExpress公司; 胰蛋白酶(XBA06-1) 和Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM) 培养液(XB01) 购于环凯生物; 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS, BS1101) 购于奥普赛; cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8, KQ749) 购于同仁化学研究所; GSH (S0052)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA, S0131S) 试剂盒购于Beyotime公司; 蛋白定量试剂盒(MA0082) 购于美伦生物; GPX4 (67763-1-lg)、ferritin light chain (FTL, 10727-1-AP)、ferritin heavy chain (FTH1, 11682-1-AP)、long chain fatty acid-CoA ligase (ACSL) 4 (22401-1-AP)、glutathione reductase (GSR, 15712-1-AP) 及GAPDH (10494-1-AP) 抗体购于Proteintech公司; HRP偶联的二抗(AS014) 购于Abclonal公司; C11-BODIPY 581/591试剂盒购于美国Thermo Fisher公司; Lipofectamine 3000购于美国Invitrogen公司; siCtrl和siGPX4序列由锐博生物合成。
结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药细胞株的构建  对数期HCT116细胞按照每毫升5×105个接种于培养皿中, 细胞融合度达70%时, 更换含0.5 μg·mL-1奥沙利铂的培养液, 待细胞在该浓度下能够稳定生长后增加奥沙利铂浓度至1 μg·mL-1, 按此法梯度诱导直至奥沙利铂浓度达64 μg·mL-1, 奥沙利铂的梯度浓度为0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg·mL-1, 能够在64 μg·mL-1奥沙利铂培养液中生长的细胞命名为奥沙利铂耐药株HCT116/Oxa, 为维持其耐药属性, HCT116/Oxa培养液中需加入10 μg·mL-1奥沙利铂。
耐药指数检测  对数期HCT116和HCT116/Oxa细胞分别接种于96孔板, 每孔含细胞数5×103个。培养过夜后, 更换为含奥沙利铂(0.5、1、2、4、8、16、32和64 μg·mL-1) 的新鲜培养液, 同时设空白组, 培养48 h, 每孔加入含10% CCK-8的新型培养液, 孵育2 h, 酶标仪检测450 nm处吸光度(A) 值。计算半抑制浓度(half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50), 耐药指数(resistance index, RI) =耐药细胞株IC50/敏感细胞株IC50
细胞凋亡检测  对数期细胞HCT116和HCT116/Oxa分别以1×105个/孔接种于6孔板中, 培养过夜, 更换含奥沙利铂分别为0、2、4 μg·mL-1的新鲜培养液培养, 48 h后加入200 μL不含EDTA的胰酶消化, PBS洗两次。将5×105个细胞用binding buffer悬浮后加入5 μL Annexin V-FITC, 混匀, 加入5 μL碘化吡啶, 避光室温反应15 min, 流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。
平板克隆形成实验  对数期细胞按照1×103个/孔种植于6孔板中, 每孔加2 mL培养基, 过夜培养, 更换培养液培养14天, 待皿中出现肉眼可见细胞集落, PBS清洗两次, 加入1 mL 4%多聚甲醛固定20 min, PBS洗两次, 加入1 mL 0.1%结晶紫染色液染色15 min, 洗去染色液, 计数拍照。
划痕修复实验  对数期细胞以5×105个/孔种植于6孔板中, 待细胞融合度达80%时, 按照文献[9]划痕修复实验, 记录0、24和48 h的划痕区域, 计算划痕修复率。
细胞活力检测  对数期细胞接种于96孔板, 每孔细胞数为5×103个。设HCT116/Oxa、HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_L和HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H组(RSL3_L和RSL3_H分别表示RSL3浓度为5和10 μmol·L-1), RSL3处理24 h后更换培养液继续培养48 h, 每孔加入含10% CCK-8培养液孵育2 h, 酶标仪检测450 nm处A值, 计算相对细胞活力。
脂质过氧化检测  对数期细胞以1×105个/孔种植于6孔板, 设HCT116/Oxa、HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_L和HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H组, RSL3处理24 h后PBS洗2次, 加入10 μmol·L-1 C11-BODIPY 581/591染液, 孵育30 min, PBS洗2次, 加入500 μL PBS重悬细胞, 流式细胞分析。
MDA检测  对数期细胞以1×106个/孔种植于培养皿中, 设HCT116/Oxa、HCT116+RSL3_L和HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H组, RSL3处理24 h。收集细胞, 计数, 加入1 mL MDA提取液, 超声、4 ℃、8 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集上清, 加入MDA工作液300 μL, 100 ℃反应60 min, 冷至室温, 10 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清200 μL于96孔板中, 酶标仪测定532和600 nm处A值, 计算MDA含量。
亚铁离子检测  对数期细胞以2×105个/孔接种于6孔板中, 设HCT116/Oxa、HCT116+RSL3_L和HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H组, RSL3处理24 h。按试剂盒说明加入试剂一, 超声裂解, 4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清200 μL, 加入试剂二100 μL, 37 ℃孵育10 min, 加入氯仿100 μL, 涡旋、12 000 ×g离心10 min, 酶标仪检测593 nm处A值, 计算亚铁离子浓度。
GSH检测  对数期细胞以2×105个/孔种植于培养皿中, 设HCT116/Oxa、HCT116+RSL3_L和HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_H组, RSL3处理24 h。收集细胞沉淀, 加入沉淀3倍体积的蛋白去除试剂溶液, 涡旋, 液氮速冻, 4 ℃、10 000 ×g离心10 min, 上清加入GSH试剂、混匀, 反应25 min, 测定412 nm处A值, 计算GSH含量。
透射电镜  对数期HCT116/Oxa细胞, 用2.5%戊二醛固定过夜。按文献[10]方法进行透射电镜。
RNA干扰实验  对数期HCT116/Oxa按3×105个/孔接种于6孔板, 细胞融合度达70%时, 按转染要求将GPX4的干扰质粒和对照质粒分别通过Lipofectamine 3000转染到HCT116/Oxa细胞中, siRNAs序列如下: siGPX4#1: 5′-GCTACAACGTCAAATTCGA-3′; siGPX4#2: 5′-GTAACGAAGAGATCAAAGA-3′; siGPX4#3: 5′-GAGGCAAGACCGAAGTAAA-3′; siCtrl: 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′。转染48 h后, 收集细胞, 免疫印迹检测转染质粒的干扰效果。选择转染率高的质粒对应的细胞株, 用10 μmol·L-1奥沙利铂处理48 h, 检测细胞活力、MDA和GSH的变化。
免疫印迹实验  对数期细胞设为HCT116、HCT116/Oxa、HCT116/Oxa+RSL3_L及HCT116/Oxa+ RSL3_H组, RSL3处理24 h。按文献[11, 12]进行免疫印迹实验。一抗稀释1 000倍, 二抗稀释3 000倍, ImageJ计算灰度值, GraphPad Prism 8.04定量分析。
色谱条件  Easy nLC 2000纳升高效液相色谱系统, 搭载反相C18分离柱(2 cm×100 μm×3 μm) 和C18分析柱(15 cm×75 μm×3 μm, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。流动相A为0.1%甲酸, 流动相B为0.1%甲酸-乙腈溶液, 洗脱梯度为: 0~5 min, 0~5% B; 6~90 min, 6%~35% B; 91~110 min, 36%~98% B; 111~120 min, 2% B; 流速200 nL·min-1
质谱检测  Orbitrap Fusion Lumos质谱仪, 电喷雾离子源, 电压为2.2 kV, 离子传输毛细管温度320 ℃, 数据采集使用数据依赖模式(data-dependent acquisition mode, DDA), 一级Orbitrap的扫描质荷比(m/z) 为350~1 550, 分辨率为120 000, 自动增益控制(automatic gain control, AGC) 为5e5, 离子最大注入时间50 ms; 二级质谱采用32%的高能碰撞解离, 碎片离子被进一步检测, 分辨率15 000, AGC targets为5e4 ions, 最大注入时间22 ms; 母离子选择窗口1.6 Th, 电荷数2~7的离子进行MS/MS采集, 动态排除时间为30 s, 重复次数为1。
蛋白质提取、还原烷基化及FASP酶切  对数期HCT116和HCT116/Oxa细胞用PBS洗2次, 按照每100 μL细胞沉淀加入600 μL 2×DOC裂解缓冲液, 震荡后冰上裂解10 min, 超声3 min, 4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心10 min, 取上清, 测定蛋白浓度。还原烷基化及过滤辅助样品制备参照文献[13]
肽段分离  肽段用Waters 2695 HPLC液相系统分离, 流动相A为水, 流动相B为乙腈, 洗脱梯度如下: 0~34 min, 0~98% B; 35~40 min, 98% B, 流速0.5 mL·min-1, 收集洗脱液, 按顺序合并洗脱液为8个组分, 合并组分为① 1, 6, 11, 16, 21; ② 2, 7, 12, 17, 22; ③ 3, 8, 13, 18, 23; ④ 4, 9, 14, 19, 24; ⑤ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25; ⑥ 26~30; ⑦ 31~35; ⑧ 36~40, 减压浓缩, 质谱待检。
蛋白质定量及差异表达基因分析  肽段经0.1%甲酸复溶, 12 000 ×g离心10 min, 上清经Easy-nLC 2000注入Orbitrap Fusion Lumos, 采用Proteome Discover (美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司) 软件搜库, 一级和二级质谱精度分别为20 ppm和0.05 Da, 酶解最大允许漏切数目为2。蛋白质修饰设定为: 半胱氨酸脲甲基化为固定修饰, 蛋氨酸N-乙酰化及氧化为动态修饰, 基于Percolator算法的肽段错误发现率(false discovery rate, FDR) 小于1%。
所有蛋白丰度按照总面积做归一化分析, 方法为蛋白峰面积除以全部蛋白峰面积之和, 再将所有相对峰面积扩大105倍。每个蛋白被检测到的特异性肽段数≥ 2, Mascot ≥ 20。基于差异倍数(fold change, FC) 及t检验筛选差异表达基因, 若某基因表达在两组样本中的均值之比≥ 1.5或≤ 0.67, 且满足P < 0.05, 认为该基因在两样本中的表达具有显著差异。
统计学分析  数据用均数±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示。采用SPSS 26.0进行统计学分析, 组间均数比较用t检验, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。定量作图采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.1, 生物信息学采用RStudio (version 3.6.2)。
基于Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer数据库筛选对奥沙利铂敏感的结直肠癌细胞系, 显示46种细胞中有12种对奥沙利铂敏感(IC50 < 10 μg·mL-1), 其中奥沙利铂对HCT116的IC50为4.36 μg·mL-1 (图 1A)。通过浓度梯度加压构建结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药株HCT116/Oxa, 可见HCT116/Oxa细胞形态变圆、触角消失且呈散状生长(图 1B)。CCK-8结果表明, 奥沙利铂对HCT116/Oxa的IC50为12.02 μg·mL-1, 对HCT116的IC50为1.18 μg·mL-1, 可知HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂的耐药指数为10.2 (图 1C)。流式细胞术显示, HCT116细胞分别在0、2和4 μg·mL-1奥沙利铂作用24 h后, 其凋亡率显著增加, HCT116/Oxa的凋亡率无显著变化(图 1DE), 表明奥沙利铂耐药结直肠癌细胞株构建成功。
平板克隆结果显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞的克隆数为对照组的1.4倍(图 2AB), 提示HCT116/Oxa细胞群体依赖性和增殖潜能提高。划痕修复实验表明, 24和48 h时, HCT116/Oxa的划痕修复速度较HCT116更快, 差异具有显著统计学意义(P < 0.01), 72 h时, HCT116/Oxa的划痕修复率已达100%, 而HCT116的修复率为74.2% (P < 0.05), 表明HCT116细胞获得耐药后其迁移能力增强(图 2CD)。
在肽段FDR < 1%条件下, 鉴定到基因数为6 097个, 将3个及以上样本中被检测到的基因纳入分析。主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 显示, HCT116和HCT116/Oxa组分别沿主成分1 (principal component 1, PC1) 和主成分2 (principal component 2, PC2) 两个维度分组, PC1与PC2之和可解释组间88.47%的变异, 组内聚集良好, 组间区分明显(图 3A)。使用火山图筛选差异表达基因, HCT116/Oxa中上调基因在火山图中标注为红色(FC ≥ 1.5, P < 0.05), 下调基因标注为蓝色(FC ≤ 0.67, P < 0.05), 其余基因视为表达无显著差异, 标注为灰色。结果显示, HCT116/Oxa中有717种基因表达改变, 其中上调399种, 下调318种(图 3B)。热图趋势变化显示, HCT116/Oxa中超过半数基因的表达上调, 其变化趋势归属2个聚类(图 3C)。对差异表达基因按倍数变化排序, 显示倍数增加TOP5的基因分别是IQGAP2ENO3NESGCSHRCOR3, 倍数减少TOP5的基因分别是ACSL4FERCHDHABCC2CKMT1B。值得注意的是, 与HCT116相比, 铁死亡基因GPX4FTLFTH1GSRGCLMHMOX1NQO1SRXN1SQSTM1在HCT116/Oxa中显著增加, 而ACSL1ACSL4显著降低(图 3D), 表明HCT116/Oxa细胞蛋白表达谱改变, 且铁死亡可能在诱导HCT116对奥沙利铂耐药过程中发挥了关键作用。
采用DAVID数据库对差异表达基因进行基因本体学分析, 对富集得分高的基因集功能注释, 并按关联性和相似性构建网络。结果显示, HCT116/Oxa中上调基因主要与氧化压力反应、细胞死亡调节、铁离子平衡、脂肪酸代谢、凋亡信号调控及细胞周期反应有关(图 4A), 下调基因功能涉及有机酸代谢、脂质代谢、线粒体氧化磷酸化、线粒体呼吸链转运及ATP代谢(图 4B)。
基于GeneAnalytics数据库对差异表达基因通路富集分析, 根据P值及GeneRatio (GR) 对显著变化的通路可视化展示, 富集的前10条通路如图 5A所示, 其中代谢(P = 1.4×10-7、GR = 0.77)、铁死亡(P = 7.7×10-4、GR = 0.60)、Nrf2-ARE通路(P = 2.0×10-3、GR = 0.55) 显示高的富集率及显著性水平; 脂肪酸降解(P = 2.7×10-3、GR = 0.54)、脂肪酸代谢(P = 3.6×10-3、GR = 0.52)、脂肪酸合成(P = 6.2×10-3、GR = 0.51)、谷胱甘肽代谢(P = 9.5×10-3、GR = 0.48)、PPAR通路(P = 6.2×10-3、GR = 0.45)、花生四烯酸代谢(P = 7.0×10-3、GR = 0.44) 及激素合成(P = 9.5×10-3、GR = 0.42) 通路变化明显。定量分析显示, HCT116/Oxa细胞中铁死亡基因GPX4GCLMFTLEP300GSK3BFTH1HMOX1NQO1GSRSQSTM1SRXN1表达上调, 而ACSL4ACSL1表达下调(图 5B)。鉴于铁死亡在HCT116/Oxa中具有高的富集率及显著性变化, 进一步基于STRING数据库对这些分子做网络构建, 网络分子的互作最低得分≥ 0.7、聚类形式为无聚类。结果显示, GPX4为网络的枢纽分子, 与其他分子具有较高的互作得分及紧密的调控关系, 提示由GPX4介导的铁死亡可能在促进结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药过程中发挥了重要作用(图 5C)。
为进一步验证GSH/GPX4介导的铁死亡在结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药中的作用, 采用5和10 μmol·L-1 GPX4特异性抑制剂RSL3预处理HCT116/Oxa细胞24 h, 再用10 μmol·L-1奥沙利铂作用细胞48 h, 采用Western blot检测各组中GSH/GPX4通路相关分子的表达变化。显示HCT116/Oxa组中GPX4和GSR表达上调, ACSL4表达下调(图 6AB), 表明GSH/GPX4通路被激活。使用RSL3预处理后, 再用奥沙利铂处理HCT116/Oxa细胞, 显示GPX4、ACSL4和GSR的水平被RSL3逆转(图 6AB)。进一步检测了铁蛋白组件FTH1和FTL的表达, 其变化趋势与GPX4和GSR一致, 说明GSH/GPX4信号介导的铁死亡抵抗可能是结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在机制。
为明确GSH/GPX4通路介导的铁死亡抵抗在HCT116/Oxa细胞中的作用, 采用GPX4特异性抑制剂RSL3处理HCT116/Oxa细胞24 h, 再用10 μmol·L-1奥沙利铂作用细胞48 h, 检测铁死亡关键指标的变化。结果显示, 5和10 μmol·L-1 RSL3预处理使奥沙利铂对HCT116/Oxa细胞活力抑制显著增加(图 7A), 且5和10 μmol·L-1 RSL3使HCT116/Oxa细胞的脂质过氧化水平分别增加了2.24和2.56倍(图 7BC)。同样, RSL3使MDA及亚铁离子浓度显著增加, 而GSH降低(图 7D~F)。透射电镜发现, RSL3使HCT116/Oxa细胞线粒体嵴减少或消失, 线粒体膜密度增加或破裂, 线粒体颜色变深, 且高浓度组细胞形态明显减小, 这些现象与铁死亡形态特征相吻合(图 7G~I)。综上, 抑制GSH/GPX4通路诱导铁死亡是逆转结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的潜在机制。
进一步采用siRNA干扰HCT116/Oxa细胞GPX4, 结果显示, 靶向GPX4的3个siRNA序列均能够抑制GPX4的表达, 其中siRNA#2和siRNA#3较siRNA#1干扰效果更好(图 8AB)。因此, 以质粒siRNA#2和siRNA#3构建的细胞为实验对象。CCK-8结果显示, HCT116/Oxa_siGPX4细胞活力较对照组降低, 说明其对奥沙利铂的敏感性增加(图 8C)。同样, 干扰GPX4后HCT116/Oxa细胞的脂质过氧化及MDA水平增加, 而GSH降低(图 8D~G), 表明HCT116/Oxa_siGPX4细胞对奥沙利铂敏感性增加与铁死亡有关。采用RSL3处理细胞24 h, 检测其对细胞活力的影响, 显示RSL3显著增加奥沙利铂对HCT116/Oxa_siCtrl的抑制作用, 而对HCT116/Oxa_siGPX4#3细胞活力的抑制更显著。然而, 采用5和10 μmol·L-1 RSL3分别处理后, 奥沙利铂对HCT116/Oxa_siGPX4#3细胞活力的抑制作用无显著影响, 提示敲低GPX4的HCT116/Oxa细胞再用RSL3处理弱化了奥沙利铂对细胞活力的抑制作用(图 8H)。综上, 抑制GPX4可增强奥沙利铂对耐药细胞化疗敏感性, GPX4可能是结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药的治疗靶标。
为了明确结直肠癌组织GPX4表达变化的临床意义, 通过基因表达谱交互分析(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, GEPIA) 数据库分析了结直肠癌患者组织GPX4表达与患者生存率的关系。结果显示, 癌组织中GPX4的表达高于正常组织(图 9A), 且GPX4高表达患者生存率较低表达患者生存率显著降低(P = 0.041, 图 9B)。通过分析癌症治疗反应基因特征数据库(Cancer Treatment Response gene signature DataBase, CTR-DataBase) 发现, 对奥沙利铂化疗不敏感的结直肠癌患者组织中, 补体系统、DNA修复、脂肪酸代谢、氧化压力反应、脂质氧化、叶酸代谢、铁代谢紊乱、PPAR信号及周期检查点等通路异常激活(图 9C), 其中与铁死亡相关的多条通路显著改变, 包括氧化压力反应、脂质氧化、叶酸代谢和铁代谢紊乱, 这些结果为本研究提供了临床证据。
肿瘤产生耐药的机制非常复杂, 包括DNA修复能力增强、信号通路激活、氧化应激稳态失衡、凋亡缺陷、药物靶标突变等[14]。有报道, 铁死亡抵抗是导致肿瘤化疗失败的重要原因, 其中氧化应激改变、GSH/GPX4激活、铁稳态及脂质代谢异常是导致铁死亡抵抗的重要机制[6, 15]。有证据表明, 以GPX4为调控中心的铁死亡途径与肿瘤化疗抵抗关系密切[16], 这不仅拓展了铁死亡相关理论研究, 也为逆转肿瘤耐药研究提供了治疗方案。
经典的GPX4途径受GSH调节, GPX4与GSH协同作用, 将毒性的脂质过氧化物还原为无毒的脂质醇, 以维持膜磷脂双分子层的稳态。另一方面, GSH剥夺或耗竭造成胞内半胱氨酸缺乏, 导致GPX4抑制或功能失活, 引发铁死亡[17]。因此, GSH/GPX4通路在调控铁死亡过程中发挥重要作用。不仅如此, 直接抑制GPX4也可以诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡。Chen等[18]表明, 姜黄素类似物通过促使雄激素受体泛素化抑制GPX4表达, 诱导铁死亡逆转胶质母细胞瘤对替莫唑胺化疗抵抗。肿瘤细胞可通过上调GSH代谢酶(GCL、GGT、GST、GSR和GPX等) 活性, 以提高胞内GSH水平抵御ROS、放疗及化疗的损伤, 导致化疗抵抗。相反, 耗竭或剥夺GSH以及下调GSH系统代谢酶能够有效逆转肿瘤耐药[19, 20]。本研究发现, HCT116/Oxa细胞GSH/GPX4通路代谢酶GPX4、GSR和GCLM的表达均显著增加, 采用RSL3抑制GPX4可显著降低GPX4和GSR的表达; 干扰GPX4不仅降低HCT116/Oxa细胞活力, 增加其对奥沙利铂的敏感性, 而且可提高脂质过氧化水平和降低GSH, 提示GSH/GPX4系统在维持HCT116/Oxa细胞铁死亡抵抗, 诱导奥沙利铂耐药过程中发挥着关键作用。
临床发现, GSH/GPX4激活与肿瘤患者的治疗响应直接相关。机制上, 该通路激活可对抗化疗药物诱导的氧化应激和氧化损伤, 这不仅降低了药物的治疗效果, 而且导致患者总生存率降低。如卵巢癌中, GSH/GPX4激活患者的预后更差, 总生存率也更低, 且GPX4高表达卵巢癌患者对铂类药物的耐药风险是低表达患者的60.46倍[21]。一项新辅助化疗中, GPX4高表达乳腺癌患者的病理完全缓解率(pathological complete response, pCR) 较GPX4低表达患者低, 且GPX4可作为乳腺癌患者pCR的独立预测因子[22], 提示针对GSH/GPX4通路的治疗有望增强对肿瘤患者的化疗效果和提高患者的生存率。然而, 目前使用的GSH/GPX4通路抑制剂, 包括RSL3、FIN56和ML210仍面临一些问题, 这些药物不仅抑制GPX4酶的活性, 还将导致免疫细胞GPX4降解, 触发免疫细胞铁死亡, 这可能会影响肿瘤的免疫治疗。因此, 开发GPX4的特异性降解药物仍然是当前面临的难题。
ACSL4和卵磷脂酰基转移酶3 (lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5, LPCAT3) 是多不饱和脂肪酸-磷脂(polyunsaturated fatty acid-phospholipid, PUFA-PL) 合成的两个关键酶, ACSL4通过催化游离多不饱和脂肪酸与CoA连接, 生成PUFA-CoA, 随后通过LPCAT3酯化并渗入磷脂形成PUFA-PL, 造成细胞膜脂质过氧化物, 导致铁死亡[23]。相反, ACSL4和LPCAT3失活将引起铁死亡抵抗。蛋白质组数据显示, 与亲本细胞相比, 耐药细胞中ACSL4表达显著降低(FC耐药组/亲本组 = 0.016, P = 2.3×10-4), LPCAT3具有降低趋势(FC耐药组/亲本组 = 0.72, P = 0.08), RSL3能够促进ACSL4的表达, 提示由ACSL4介导的脂质过氧化在调节结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂铁死亡抵抗中发挥重要作用。文献[24]报道, ACSL1通过促进铁死亡抑制因子1 (ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, FSP1) 的棕榈酰化修饰, 抑制FSP1降解和细胞铁死亡, 从而导致铂类药物对卵巢癌细胞耐药。也有研究显示, ACSL1不依赖于GPX4可介导共轭亚油酸酯诱发细胞铁死亡, 进而抑制肿瘤增殖和转移[25], 提示ACSL1在铁死亡过程中具有双向调节作用。本研究发现, HCT116/Oxa中ACSL1表达显著降低, 然而ACSL1在结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药中的调节作用尚需进一步探究。
众所周知, 铁超载是造成铁死亡的基础, 也是导致胞内脂质过氧化物积累和诱导细胞铁死亡的必需条件。循环铁以Fe3+的形式与转铁蛋白结合, 再经转铁蛋白受体1 (transferrin receptor protein 1, TFR1) 转运至胞内, 在核内体中经前列腺六跨膜上皮抗原3 (six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate 3, STEAP3) 转化为Fe2+, 在二价金属离子转运体(divalentmetal-ion transporter-1, DMT1) 介导下, Fe2+从核内体释放进入不稳定铁池, 过量的铁以铁蛋白重链和轻链形式储存于胞质。铁死亡时, TFR1表达增加, 而FTH1和FTL降低[26]。本研究发现, HCT116/Oxa中FTH1和FTL表达增加, 提示胞内储铁增加, 游离铁减少, 这从铁转运、存储及代谢角度解释了HCT116/Oxa通过铁死亡抵抗对奥沙利铂耐药的基础。另一方面, RSL3可以显著抑制GPX4, 这不仅提高HCT116/Oxa对奥沙利铂的敏感性, 而且提高了游离Fe2+浓度和脂质过氧化水平, 降低GSH浓度, 提示靶向GPX4抑制GSH/GPX4通路可逆转结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药。此外, 通过分析CTR-DataBase发现, 对奥沙利铂化疗不敏感的结直肠癌患者组织中, 铁代谢、氧化压力和脂质氧化通路被激活, 这些数据为本研究结果提供了佐证。在后续研究中, 本课题组将通过动物模型进一步验证GSH/GPX4通路介导的铁死亡抵抗在结直肠癌奥沙利铂耐药中的作用。此外, 本研究还发现与铁死亡有关的其他通路的变化, 包括Nrf2-ARE和PPAR等, 这些通路在调节结直肠癌细胞对奥沙利铂耐药中的机制有待进一步研究。
致谢: 感谢川北医学院科技创新平台庞宁波博士、陈鑫博士、戴谦博士以及公共卫生学院刘振中教授提供的技术支持。
作者贡献: 刘文虎和常晋霞负责实验设计、数据分析、文稿撰写及修改; 刘文虎、任丹、张金花、吴敏、谢楠执行实验及文献整理。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 四川省应用基础科研项目(2019YJ0378)
  • 大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202310634010)
  • 南充市市校合作项目(19SXHZ0298)
  • 川北医学院重点发展项目(CBY22-ZDA01)
  • 川北医学院转化医学研究中心开放型课题(ZHYX2023002)
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1248
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
  • 修回日期:2025-02-12
基金
四川省应用基础科研项目(2019YJ0378)
大学生创新创业训练计划项目(202310634010)
南充市市校合作项目(19SXHZ0298)
川北医学院重点发展项目(CBY22-ZDA01)
川北医学院转化医学研究中心开放型课题(ZHYX2023002)
作者信息
    1.川北医学院药学院 四川 南充 637100
    2.川北医学院科技创新中心 四川 南充 637100
    3.川北医学院基础医学与法医学院 四川 南充 637100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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