Article(id=1190377204069536337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730995200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-08, revisedDate=1737302400000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761737641588, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761737641588, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761737641588, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761737641588, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1443, endPage=1453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190377204514132562, articleId=1190377204069536337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Polydatin ameliorates gouty arthritis in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polydatin (PD) is a natural active crystalline compound extracted from the roots and stems of Polygonum cuspidatum, and is a natural precursor of resveratrol. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of PD on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis in mice and its potential mechanisms. The animal experiment has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing University (approval number: 2407002). A gouty arthritis model was established by injecting 20 μL of MSU (25 mg·mL-1) suspension into the mouse plantar. The effect of PD on pathological changes in the mouse plantar was evaluated. The treatment group received daily intraperitoneal injections of different doses of PD (low dose: 5 mg·kg-1, medium dose: 10 mg·kg-1, high dose: 20 mg·kg-1) for 3 days before model induction. The thickness of the mouse plantar was measured and photographed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after MSU suspension injection. Histopathological damage to the plantar tissue was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of NLRP3 and CASP1 p20 to assess NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the plantar tissue. At the cellular level, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/MSU/nigericin was used to construct a cellular activation model of the NLRP3 inflammasome. ELISA was used to detect the effect of PD on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion after NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Flow cytometry was employed to measure CASP1 p20 activation in macrophages. Immunofluorescence was used to examine NLRP3 inflammasome assembly in macrophages. The results of the study indicate that, compared to the model group, the PD-treated group exhibited a significant reduction in the swelling of the mouse plantar. H&E staining showed a notable reduction in tissue damage in the mouse plantar, suggesting that PD has a therapeutic effect on plantar damage in mice. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results revealed a significant decrease in the expression of CASP1 p20 and NLRP3, indicating that PD significantly inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby attenuating the local inflammatory response in the mouse plantar. At the cellular level, PD treatment significantly reduced the secretion of IL-1β and activation of CASP1 p20, both of which are mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome assembly was inhibited. In summary, PD exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, reducing the production and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, thereby alleviating joint damage in mouse gouty arthritis. This provides a novel strategy for the treatment of gout.

, correspAuthors=Wen-jie GUO, Jia-shu YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li QUAN, Qiang XU, Wen-jie GUO, Jia-shu YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190377421967823285, articleId=1190377204069536337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化改善小鼠痛风性关节炎, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

虎杖苷(polydatin, PD) 是一种从虎杖根和茎中提取的天然活性单晶化合物, 为白芦藜醇的天然前体。本研究旨在探讨虎杖苷对尿酸钠结晶(monosodium urate, MSU) 诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用及可能机制。所有动物实验程序均经过南京大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2407002)。采用足掌注射20 μL MSU (25 mg·mL-1) 混悬液以构建小鼠痛风性关节炎模型, 考察虎杖苷对小鼠足掌病理变化的作用效果。给药组小鼠在造模前3天每天通过腹腔注射给予不同剂量(低剂量组: 5 mg·kg-1; 中剂量组10 mg·kg-1; 高剂量组20 mg·kg-1) 虎杖苷处理。在MSU混悬液注射后第3、6、9、12和24 h测量小鼠足掌厚度并拍照记录。通过苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H&E) 染色法染色观察小鼠足掌组织损伤情况。利用免疫组化及免疫荧光检测NLRP3及CASP1 p20表达情况以评估足掌组织NLRP3炎症小体活化情况。细胞水平采用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 联合三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)/MSU/尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 构建NLRP3炎症小体细胞活化模型, ELISA检测虎杖苷处理对巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体活化后白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 分泌的影响。流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞内CASP1 p20活化情况。免疫荧光检测巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体组装情况。研究结果表明, 与模型组相比, 虎杖苷给药组小鼠足掌肿胀程度显著降低; H&E染色显示小鼠足掌组织损伤显著减轻, 表明虎杖苷对小鼠足掌损伤具有治疗作用。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示CASP1 p20及NLRP3表达显著降低, 表明虎杖苷显著抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化, 从而减弱小鼠足掌局部炎症反应。通过提取小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞并进行细胞水平相关实验, 发现虎杖苷处理后细胞内由NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的IL-1β分泌及CASP1 p20活化显著降低, NLRP3炎症小体组装受到抑制。综上所述, 虎杖苷可以通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装与活化, 减少IL-1β炎性细胞因子的生成与释放以发挥其抗炎作用, 从而减轻小鼠痛风性关节炎的关节损伤, 为痛风的治疗提供了新策略。

, correspAuthors=郭文洁, 杨家书, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郭文洁,Tel: 15805153325, E-mail:
杨家书,E-mail:
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MCC950/CRID3 potently targets the NACHT domain of wild-type NLRP3 but not disease-associated mutants for inflammasome inhibition [J]. PLoS Biol, 2019, 17: e3000354., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694734764065511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=McBride C, Trzoss L, Povero D, et al. Overcoming preclinical safety obstacles to discover (S)-N-((1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-s-indacen-4-yl)carbamoyl)-6-(methylamino)-6, 7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[5, 1-b][1, 3]oxazine-3-sulfonamide (GDC-2394): a potent and selective NLRP3 inhibitor [J]. 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Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694716766306788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, companyId=1190694716715975137, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京中医药大学附属医院检验科, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190694716934078950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694716942467559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, companyId=1190694716934078950, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694716950856168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, companyId=1190694716934078950, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190694722080490028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Jwu5iUXkG3LciN8XstT6gA==, figureFileBig=9L1MmmQLfSy78nlVgTiBMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694722231484975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effects of polydatin (PD) on paw swelling and injury in gouty mice. A: Morphological changes of foot paw from control, monosodium urate (MSU), MSU+PD (5, 10 or 20 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and MSU+colchicine (1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) groups were recorded after 6 h of MSU injection; B: Foot paw thickness changes were measured at different time after MSU injection; C, D: Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining of foot paws from control, MSU, MSU+PD (5, 10 or 20 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and MSU+colchicine (1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) groups (C) and foot paws injury score (D). Scale bar: 100 μm. <i>n</i> = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MSU , figureFileSmall=Jwu5iUXkG3LciN8XstT6gA==, figureFileBig=9L1MmmQLfSy78nlVgTiBMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694722357314098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WD57Z4sZlZAPMKJNdh4w8A==, figureFileBig=u5Yu4TtufEZrAAV2AK3DHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694722588000824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effect of PD on the expression of NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (CASP1) p20 in the soles of gout mice. A: NLRP3 expression levels of mouse paws from control, MSU, MSU+PD (5, 10 or 20 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and MSU+colchicine (1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) groups were detected by immunohistochemistry; B, C: CASP1 p20 expression levels of mouse paws from control, MSU, MSU+PD (5, 10 or 20 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) and MSU+colchicine (1 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) groups were detected by immunohistochemistry (B) and immunofluorescence (C). Scale bar: 100 μm. <i>n</i> = 6, $\bar{x}$ ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MSU , figureFileSmall=WD57Z4sZlZAPMKJNdh4w8A==, figureFileBig=u5Yu4TtufEZrAAV2AK3DHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694722701247034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3JQCOueWJTnnAFxtRIG4QQ==, figureFileBig=aCQG+O+mK5uK4rpKzyEAeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694722843853373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Expression profiling analysis of the ankle joint in a mouse model of gouty arthritis (GSE242872). A: For gouty arthritis in mice, the dot plot presents enriched immune-related GO biological process (BP) terms from GSEA analysis; B: GSEA analysis of the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway gene set; C: Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes of the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway gene set. Gray indicates non-significant genes, red indicates upregulated genes in the pathway, and blue indicates downregulated genes in the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway gene set. Significance was determined by Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted two-sided Wilcoxon test; D: Heatmap of differentially expressed genes, showing expression levels between the gouty model and the control group, with NLRP3 showing significantly upregulated expression in the gout group , figureFileSmall=3JQCOueWJTnnAFxtRIG4QQ==, figureFileBig=aCQG+O+mK5uK4rpKzyEAeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694723015819841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6QSqX3NV3t2+Xhna4+CAkg==, figureFileBig=8/7595LvpWqHtm7zMc+Pcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694723120677442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of PD on interleukin-1<i>β</i> (IL-1<i>β</i>) secretion in macrophages. A-C: Bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) were stimulated with 100 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup> lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 3 h, followed by indicated concentrations of PD or 0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MCC950 treatment for 1 h and then another 1 h of 5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (A), 2 h of 500 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> MSU (B) or 2 h of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> nigericin stimulation (C); D-F: Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA, 10 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>)-differentiated THP-1 cells were stimulated with 100 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 3 h, followed by indicated concentrations of PD or 0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MCC950 treatment for 1 h and then another 1 h of 5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> ATP (D), 2 h of 500 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> MSU (E) or 2 h of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> nigericin stimulation (F). IL-1<i>β</i> in supernatant were determined by ELISA. <i>n</i> = 3,$ \overline{x} $ ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS+ATP or LPS+MSU or LPS+nigericin , figureFileSmall=6QSqX3NV3t2+Xhna4+CAkg==, figureFileBig=8/7595LvpWqHtm7zMc+Pcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694723338781253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=goYf/NeIfyYqBEVf5U35Bg==, figureFileBig=DDXJd9l1vqPp3bXoNNb7Mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694723523330632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190377204069536337, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of PD on the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. A: BMDMs were stimulated with 100 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 3 h, followed by indicated concentrations of PD or 0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MCC950 treatment for 1 h and then another 1 h of 5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> ATP. CASP1 activation was determined by FAM-FLICA staining; B: LPS primed BMDMs were treated with 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PD or 0.3 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> MCC950 for 1 h, followed by 5 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> ATP stimulation for 30 min. Co-localization of apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and pro-CASP1 was determined by immunofluorescence. 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虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化改善小鼠痛风性关节炎
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权力 1 , 徐强 2 , 郭文洁 2, * , 杨家书 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(5): 1443-1453
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(5): 1443-1453
虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化改善小鼠痛风性关节炎
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权力1, 徐强2, 郭文洁2, * , 杨家书2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学附属医院检验科, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023

通讯作者:

*郭文洁,Tel: 15805153325, E-mail:
杨家书,E-mail:
Polydatin ameliorates gouty arthritis in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Li QUAN1, Qiang XU2, Wen-jie GUO2, * , Jia-shu YANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1214
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虎杖苷(polydatin, PD) 是一种从虎杖根和茎中提取的天然活性单晶化合物, 为白芦藜醇的天然前体。本研究旨在探讨虎杖苷对尿酸钠结晶(monosodium urate, MSU) 诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎的治疗作用及可能机制。所有动物实验程序均经过南京大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2407002)。采用足掌注射20 μL MSU (25 mg·mL-1) 混悬液以构建小鼠痛风性关节炎模型, 考察虎杖苷对小鼠足掌病理变化的作用效果。给药组小鼠在造模前3天每天通过腹腔注射给予不同剂量(低剂量组: 5 mg·kg-1; 中剂量组10 mg·kg-1; 高剂量组20 mg·kg-1) 虎杖苷处理。在MSU混悬液注射后第3、6、9、12和24 h测量小鼠足掌厚度并拍照记录。通过苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, H&E) 染色法染色观察小鼠足掌组织损伤情况。利用免疫组化及免疫荧光检测NLRP3及CASP1 p20表达情况以评估足掌组织NLRP3炎症小体活化情况。细胞水平采用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 联合三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)/MSU/尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 构建NLRP3炎症小体细胞活化模型, ELISA检测虎杖苷处理对巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体活化后白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β) 分泌的影响。流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞内CASP1 p20活化情况。免疫荧光检测巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体组装情况。研究结果表明, 与模型组相比, 虎杖苷给药组小鼠足掌肿胀程度显著降低; H&E染色显示小鼠足掌组织损伤显著减轻, 表明虎杖苷对小鼠足掌损伤具有治疗作用。免疫组化及免疫荧光结果显示CASP1 p20及NLRP3表达显著降低, 表明虎杖苷显著抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化, 从而减弱小鼠足掌局部炎症反应。通过提取小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞并进行细胞水平相关实验, 发现虎杖苷处理后细胞内由NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的IL-1β分泌及CASP1 p20活化显著降低, NLRP3炎症小体组装受到抑制。综上所述, 虎杖苷可以通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装与活化, 减少IL-1β炎性细胞因子的生成与释放以发挥其抗炎作用, 从而减轻小鼠痛风性关节炎的关节损伤, 为痛风的治疗提供了新策略。

虎杖苷  /  痛风性关节炎  /  NLRP3炎症小体  /  IL-1β炎性细胞因子

Polydatin (PD) is a natural active crystalline compound extracted from the roots and stems of Polygonum cuspidatum, and is a natural precursor of resveratrol. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of PD on monosodium urate (MSU)-induced gouty arthritis in mice and its potential mechanisms. The animal experiment has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing University (approval number: 2407002). A gouty arthritis model was established by injecting 20 μL of MSU (25 mg·mL-1) suspension into the mouse plantar. The effect of PD on pathological changes in the mouse plantar was evaluated. The treatment group received daily intraperitoneal injections of different doses of PD (low dose: 5 mg·kg-1, medium dose: 10 mg·kg-1, high dose: 20 mg·kg-1) for 3 days before model induction. The thickness of the mouse plantar was measured and photographed at 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after MSU suspension injection. Histopathological damage to the plantar tissue was observed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of NLRP3 and CASP1 p20 to assess NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the plantar tissue. At the cellular level, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) combined with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/MSU/nigericin was used to construct a cellular activation model of the NLRP3 inflammasome. ELISA was used to detect the effect of PD on interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion after NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages. Flow cytometry was employed to measure CASP1 p20 activation in macrophages. Immunofluorescence was used to examine NLRP3 inflammasome assembly in macrophages. The results of the study indicate that, compared to the model group, the PD-treated group exhibited a significant reduction in the swelling of the mouse plantar. H&E staining showed a notable reduction in tissue damage in the mouse plantar, suggesting that PD has a therapeutic effect on plantar damage in mice. Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results revealed a significant decrease in the expression of CASP1 p20 and NLRP3, indicating that PD significantly inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby attenuating the local inflammatory response in the mouse plantar. At the cellular level, PD treatment significantly reduced the secretion of IL-1β and activation of CASP1 p20, both of which are mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome assembly was inhibited. In summary, PD exerts its anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the assembly and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, reducing the production and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β, thereby alleviating joint damage in mouse gouty arthritis. This provides a novel strategy for the treatment of gout.

polydatin  /  gouty arthritis  /  NLRP3 inflammasome  /  IL-1β inflammatory cytokine
权力, 徐强, 郭文洁, 杨家书. 虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化改善小鼠痛风性关节炎. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1443 -1453 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1214
Li QUAN, Qiang XU, Wen-jie GUO, Jia-shu YANG. Polydatin ameliorates gouty arthritis in mice by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1443 -1453 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1214
痛风是一种因尿酸钠结晶(monosodium urate, MSU) 沉积引起的临床表现明显的急性关节炎, 常累及第一跖趾关节、踝关节和膝关节[1, 2]。随着人们生活方式的变化及对食物多样化的追求, 高尿酸血症和痛风在中国的发病率不断上升, 影响到越来越多的人[3]。作为一种慢性系统性炎症性疾病, 痛风发作时会引发关节的剧烈疼痛及肿胀, 经常伴有血脂异常、代谢紊乱、心血管疾病和肾脏疾病等并发症。目前为止, 痛风的治疗和临床试验已有多种方案, 如口服抗炎药物或降尿酸药物[4], 但均具有一定的局限性。非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs) 长期服用会引起患者胃肠道不适、肾损伤或骨质疏松等不良反应, 而非布司他等降尿酸药物可能引发患者皮肤过敏、肝肾功能损害等症状, 因此疼痛管理及降尿酸药物仍是缓解痛风最有效的方法[5, 6]。随着研究的进展, 先天性免疫反应在启动对损伤和感染的炎症及免疫反应中的作用得到了越来越多的关注, 痛风性关节炎发病也与之息息相关[7]。核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体是一种多蛋白复合物, 能够感知并响应MSU等“危险信号”的存在[8]。NLRP3炎症小体的激活是MSU诱导的炎症反应的核心机制之一, 导致白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、白细胞介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18) 等促炎细胞因子的成熟并释放至胞外, 从而导致关节组织损伤[9]。因此, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化可能为治疗痛风发生与发展的有效策略。
鉴于NLRP3炎症小体的重要性, 针对其的药物开发成为当前研究的热点之一[10-12]。许多研究正致力于寻找能够直接抑制NLRP3的药物, 以期治疗痛风等相关炎症性疾病[13]。其中, MCC950 (也称为CRID3或CP-456, 773) 是一种备受关注的NLRP3抑制剂[14]。它通过阻断NLRP3炎性小体的激活, 从而抑制炎症反应, 在小鼠模型中显示出治疗包括痛风性关节炎等多种炎症性疾病的潜力[15, 16]。然而, 在针对类风湿性关节炎的Ⅱ期临床试验中, 由于出现明显的脱靶效应和毒性(患者血清ALT和AST水平显著升高), 试验最终被终止[17]。此外, 另一种NLRP3抑制剂OLT1177目前正在进行Ⅱ期临床试验, 但已有研究表明其量效关系并不显著[18]。因此, 对于治疗与NLRP3炎症小体相关的炎症性疾病迫切需要寻找更加有效的NLRP3小分子抑制剂。
几个世纪以来, 虎杖一直用于治疗氧化应激、炎症和脂质沉积相关的肝脏疾病[19]。虎杖苷(polydatin, PD) 是一种从虎杖根和茎中提取的天然活性单晶化合物, 为白芦藜醇的天然前体[20]。已有研究表明, 白藜芦醇可显著减轻由果糖诱导的小鼠肝炎模型, 改善脂质沉积中氧化还原的失衡状态, 具有良好的抗炎抗氧化功效[21]。不仅如此, 白藜芦醇已被证明具有良好的抗肿瘤[22]、促进神经再生[23]和改善线粒体功能[24]等效果。且白藜芦醇已被报道能够抑制经草酸钾处理的大鼠肾脏中NLRP3炎症小体的激活[25]。作为白藜芦醇的苷形式, 虎杖苷已被报道能够通过调控Keap1/Nrf2信号通路缓解果糖诱导的小鼠肝脏炎症, 展现出显著的抗炎效果[26]。然而, 作为炎症反应的核心分子, NLRP3炎症小体的活化是否能被虎杖苷抑制仍然不明确。因此, 本文探究了虎杖苷对MSU诱导的小鼠痛风模型的疗效, 为痛风等NLRP3炎症小体相关疾病的治疗及药物的开发提供了新的思路。
数据集的获取    数据集从基因表达综合(Gene Expression Omnibus, GEO) 数据库(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo) 下载GSE242872数据集, 为采用MSU晶体诱导的痛风小鼠模型踝关节组织的转录谱数据。其中, 包括8例对照组小鼠踝关节组织和8例痛风小鼠踝关节组织。
动物    SPF级8~10周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠30只, 体重均为18~22 g, 购自江苏集萃药康生物科技有限公司, 动物生产许可证号: SCXK (苏) 2023-0009。小鼠饲养于温度24 ± 2 ℃、湿度60% ± 5%、明暗循环为12 h的环境中, 自由饮食饮水。所有动物实验程序均经过南京大学动物伦理委员会的审查与批准(批准号: 2407002)。
材料与试剂    虎杖苷(货号: 65914-17-2)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 货号: L3024)、三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP, 货号: A7699)、尼日利亚菌素(nigericin, 货号: 72445) 及MSU (货号U2875) 均购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。MCC950 (货号: HY-12815)、佛波酯(phorbol myristate acetate, PMA, 货号: HY-18739) 均购自美国MedChemExpress生物科技公司。预包被小鼠IL-1β检测试剂盒(货号: 1210123)、预包被人IL-1β检测试剂盒(货号: 1110122) 均购自上海达科为生物技术有限公司。NLRP3抗体(货号: D4D8T)、含CARD结构域的凋亡相关颗粒样蛋白(apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing CARD, ASC) 抗体(货号: D2W8U) 均购自美国Cell Signaling公司。天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1, CASP1) 抗体(货号: AG-20B-0042) 购自美国AdipoGen公司。秋水仙碱(colchicine, 货号: T0320) 购自上海陶术生物科技有限公司。FAM-FLICA® CASP1 YVAD Assay Kit (货号: ICT-97) 购自美国ImmunoChemistry公司。
主要设备    Centrifuge 5418R型低温离心机, 德国Eppendorf公司; AF103AS型制冰机, 美国Scotsman斯科茨曼公司; XPR204S/AC型精密天平, 瑞士METTLER TOLEDO公司; Elix Essential型纯水仪, 美国Millipore®Amicon公司; M200PRO型多功能酶标仪, 瑞士TECAN公司; BX51型正置光学显微镜, 日本Olympus公司; TCS SP8-MP型双光子激光共聚焦显微镜, 美国Leica公司; Life Attune® NxT声波聚焦流式细胞仪, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司。
分组、模型复制及给药    将6~8周龄正常C57BL/6雄性小鼠适应性饲养1周后, 随机分为6组, 分别为对照组、痛风性关节炎模型组、虎杖苷低剂量组(5 mg·kg-1)、中剂量组(10 mg·kg-1)、高剂量组(20 mg·kg-1) 和秋水仙碱阳性对照组(1 mg·kg-1)。造模前向小鼠腹腔注射上述剂量虎杖苷或秋水仙碱, 而后向小鼠足掌内注射MSU (25 mg·mL-1) 混悬液, 造模24 h后脱颈法处死小鼠。取小鼠后足并小心剔除皮肤组织并放入4%多聚甲醛固定24 h, 随后将足掌放至脱钙液中脱钙两周以进行后续检测。
小鼠足掌厚度测量    在向小鼠足掌注射MSU混悬液后, 分别在第3、6、9、12、24 h测量并记录小鼠足掌肿胀最大部位的厚度。
小鼠足掌组织H&E染色将固定并脱钙后的小鼠足掌石蜡包埋并切片。染色前, 将组织切片置于65 ℃烘箱中15 min, 烤片结束后将切片浸入二甲苯中10 min, 共两次; 随后依次浸入95%乙醇、75%乙醇、50%乙醇; 最后将组织切片于清水洗涤5 min。脱蜡后的组织切片用苏木素染色3 min, 酸洗3 s, 随后置于清水中5 min以返蓝, 再用0.5%的伊红染色15 s。染色完毕后, 将组织切片分别浸入50%乙醇、75%乙醇、无水乙醇、二甲苯进行脱水处理, 中性树脂封片并在光学显微镜下观察小鼠足掌的病理学变化。
小鼠足掌组织免疫组织化学染色    将复水后的小鼠足掌组织切片浸入柠檬酸钠抗原修复液并置于98 ℃水浴锅中水浴10 min, 修复结束后自然冷却至室温; 清水温和清洗后, 滴加1% Triton X-100室温打孔20 min; 滴加内源性过氧化物酶封闭液, 室温孵育10 min, 清洗后滴加山羊血清室温封闭1 h; 按照抗体说明书配制抗体, 4 ℃孵育过夜, 第二天室温放置30 min复温; PBST清洗后滴加二抗并于室温孵育30 min; PBST清洗后, 滴加DAB显色液室温显色, 待变色后迅速放入自来水中终止显色; 滴加苏木素染色剂, 室温放置10 min以染核, 随后将片子放入1% HCl-75%乙醇溶液中分化3 s, 分化结束后迅速拿出切片并于自来水温和冲洗5 min; 切片脱水后自然风干, 中性树脂封片并在光学显微镜下观察。
小鼠组织免疫荧光染色    将复水后的小鼠足掌组织切片浸入柠檬酸钠抗原修复液并置于98 ℃水浴锅中水浴10 min, 修复结束后自然冷却至室温; 清水温和清洗后, 滴加1% Triton X-100室温打孔20 min; 清洗后滴加山羊血清室温封闭1 h; 按照抗体说明书配制抗体, 4 ℃孵育过夜, 第二天室温放置30 min复温; PBST清洗后避光滴加荧光二抗并于室温避光孵育2 h; 孵育完成后, 滴加DAPI染色液并室温避光孵育10 min进行染核操作; PBST避光清洗后, 滴加适量抗荧光淬灭封片剂后小心盖上盖玻片, 在四周滴加透明指甲油封片以便后续荧光拍摄。
小鼠骨髓来源巨噬细胞(bone marrow-derived macrophages, BMDMs)的提取与培养    使用6~8周龄的雄性小鼠提取BMDMs。首先, 通过颈椎脱臼法将小鼠处死, 并在其全身喷洒75%乙醇进行消毒。随后, 将小鼠移入生物安全柜内并固定在泡沫操作板上。使用眼科剪刀在骨盆部位切下小鼠的后肢, 小心剥离大腿部位的肌肉, 剪去骨头两端。接着, 使用1 mL无菌PBS的注射器, 冲洗骨髓腔, 将骨髓冲出并收集在15 mL离心管中, 直至骨髓腔内没有残留骨髓。接下来, 将样品以300 ×g离心5 min, 弃上清, 用5 mL Tris-NH4Cl缓冲液重悬细胞沉淀, 并在室温下静置5 min以去除红细胞。再以300 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清后用PBS洗涤一次。最后, 再次离心后, 加入含有20 ng·mL-1巨噬细胞集落刺激生长因子(macrophage colony-stimulating factor, M-CSF) 的DMEM培养基, 将细胞置于培养箱中培养4~5天, 等待BMDMs分化成熟后备用。
NLRP3炎症小体活化模型的建立    对于BMDMs而言, BMDMs经100 ng·mL-1 LPS刺激3 h以激活NF-κB信号通路(第一信号), 随后5 mmol·L-1 ATP刺激1 h, 500 μg·mL-1 MSU刺激2 h, 或10 μmol·L-1 nigericin刺激2 h (第二信号) 以完成NLRP3炎症小体的组装与活化。对于THP-1细胞而言, THP-1细胞经500 nmol·L-1 PMA刺激3 h使细胞贴壁, 随后按照上述流程刺激NLRP3炎症小体活化。
ELISA检测巨噬细胞上清中细胞因子的水平    按照实验需求处理细胞后, 收集细胞培养液, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min以去除残留在培养液中的死亡细胞, 并将离心后培养液转移至新的离心管中作为待测样品。ELISA实验操作按照北京达科为公司的ELISA试剂盒操作说明进行。简而言之: 加入100 μL配制好的Cytokine standard至标准品孔, 100 μL培养液加入到样品孔中, 标准品及样品均设置3个复孔。随后, 每孔加入50 μL的biotinylated antibody工作液并混匀, 盖上封板膜, 于37 ℃孵育90 min。用稀释好的washing buffer洗板5次, 之后每孔加入100 μL Streptavidin-HRP工作液, 盖上封板膜, 于37 ℃孵育30 min。按照上述步骤洗板5次后, 迅速每孔加入100 μL TMB反应液, 室温反应5~30 min, 根据孔内颜色的变化情况及时加入100 μL终止液。酶标仪检测每孔450 nm的吸光度值并根据标准曲线计算具体的细胞因子浓度。
FAM-FLICA染色及流式细胞术检测CASP1活化的情况    CASP1活化情况检测实验操作按照FAM-FLICA® CASP1 YVAD Assay Kit试剂盒操作说明进行。简而言之: 按照实验需求处理BMDMs后, 收集细胞并用PBS洗涤1次, 随后用100 μL PBS重悬细胞至新的1.5 mL EP管内。加入4 μL配制好的FLICA染色工作液至EP管内并于室温孵育1 h。染色完成后, 以3 000 r·min-1离心5 min并弃去上清液, 按照相同离心条件用稀释好的1× Apoptosis Wash Buffer洗涤细胞3次。洗涤完成后, 加入500 μL PBS重悬细胞, 并利用流式细胞仪以488 nm激发波长检测CASP1阳性细胞所占比例。
统计学分析    所有结果以3次独立实验的平均值± SEM表示, 使用单因素方差分析进行统计分析, 然后使用Dunnett检验比较对照组和多剂量组。所得数据采用GraphPad Prism 9作图。显著性水平P < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
首先, 本研究检测了虎杖苷是否对小鼠痛风性关节炎具有良好的治疗效果。在动物模型复制期间, 对照组小鼠的精力充沛, 精神状态佳, 具有较强的运动欲望及优秀的运动表现。痛风模型组小鼠活力欠佳, 精神萎靡, 无运动欲望, 且运动时足掌无法完全触地。由于小鼠足掌局部有严重的MSU堆积, 会造成小鼠足掌严重的炎症及损伤肿胀。如图 1AB所示, 对照组小鼠足掌厚度正常, 无肿胀; 痛风模型组小鼠足掌肿胀严重, 在第6 h肿胀最为严重, 在造模第24 h肿胀逐渐消退。与痛风模型组比较, 给予不同剂量虎杖苷后, 小鼠足掌肿胀程度明显下降, 并呈现良好的剂量效应。H&E染色结果表明, 痛风模型组小鼠足掌损伤程度较大, 并伴随大量炎性细胞浸润。虎杖苷治疗后, 小鼠足掌组织损伤程度显著降低, 炎性细胞浸润显著减少(图 1CD)。秋水仙碱作为本实验的阳性对照, 表现出对MSU诱发的小鼠足掌损伤有良好的改善作用, 其效果与高剂量虎杖苷相当。以上结果表明, 虎杖苷能够有效缓解MSU诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎。
本研究通过免疫组织化学检测小鼠足掌组织NLRP3的水平及NLRP3炎症小体活化情况。较对照组而言, 痛风模型组小鼠足掌组织NLRP3及CASP1 p20表达显著升高, 表明此时NLRP3炎症小体活化程度较高。与痛风模型组比较, 在给予不同剂量虎杖苷后, 虎杖苷给药组小鼠足掌组织NLRP3及CASP1 p20表达呈剂量依赖性下降, 表明虎杖苷有效抑制了痛风小鼠足掌组织内NLRP3炎症小体的活化(图 2AB)。随后的免疫荧光试验进一步表明, 虎杖苷有效抑制了小鼠足掌组织NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的CASP1 p20的成熟(图 2C)。
通过对痛风性关节炎小鼠模型踝关节的表达谱(GSE242872) 分析, 本研究发现先天性免疫相关通路显著富集, 表明先天性免疫在痛风性关节炎的发病中具有重要的调控作用(图 3A)。相较于对照组而言, MSU诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎模型组中细胞因子介导的信号通路相关基因显著上调(图 3B)。通过分析对照组与MSU诱导的小鼠痛风性关节炎模型组之间差异表达基因, 结果发现NLRP3在痛风性关节炎小鼠模型踝关节表达量显著上调, 进一步证实NLRP3炎症小体在痛风的发生与发展中起着至关重要的作用(图 3CD)。综上, NLRP3所介导的先天性免疫反应在痛风性关节炎的发病中具有重要的调控作用。
本研究通过细胞实验进一步检测虎杖苷对NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的IL-1β分泌的影响。如图 4A~C所示, BMDMs经LPS+ATP/MSU/nigericin刺激后, NLRP3炎症小体活化并伴随大量IL-1β炎性因子的生成与释放。分别使用1、3、10 μmol·L-1虎杖苷处理后, 与NLRP3炎症小体活化模型组相比, IL-1β的分泌显著减少, 并呈现良好的剂量效应。该结果进一步在PMA预处理的THP-1细胞中得到证实(图 4D~F)。MCC950作为本实验的阳性对照, 对巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的IL-1β生成与分泌表现出显著的抑制作用, 其效果与10 μmol·L-1虎杖苷相当。上述结果表明, 虎杖苷有效抑制巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体活化介导的IL-1β生成与分泌。
BMDMs细胞经LPS+ATP刺激后, NLRP3炎症小体活化, 从而诱导CASP1活化及CASP1 p20剪切体的产生。与NLRP3炎症小体活化模型组相比, 使用不同剂量(1、3、10 μmol·L-1) 虎杖苷处理后, CASP1活化程度显著下降, 主要体现为CASP1 p20剪切体生成显著减少, 并呈现良好的剂量效应(图 5A)。同时, CASP1与ASC共定位反映出NLRP3炎症小体组装完毕。NLRP3炎症小体活化模型组观察到明显的CASP1与ASC共定位。与NLRP3炎症小体活化模型组相比, 使用10 μmol·L-1虎杖苷处理后细胞内CASP1与ASC共定位消失, 表明NLRP3炎症小体组装受到明显抑制(图 5B)。MCC950作为本实验的阳性对照, 对巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体组装活化介导的CASP1成熟表现出显著的抑制作用, 其效果与高剂量虎杖苷相当。综上所述, 虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装, 进而抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化。
炎性小体是由细胞质模式识别受体形成的多蛋白复合体。这些受体在检测病原体相关分子模式(PAMPs) 和宿主来源的损伤相关分子模式(DAMPs) 中起关键作用[27]。作为先天免疫系统的核心组成部分, 这些复合体调控先天免疫反应, 不仅在抵御感染中发挥作用, 还参与自身免疫和炎症性疾病的调节[28, 29]
自从炎症小体被首次发现至今已有二十余年。在这期间, NLRP3炎症小体因其在多种疾病发病机制中的关键作用而备受研究关注[30]。NLRP3由3个结构域组成: 羧基末端的富含亮氨酸重复序列(LRR) 结构域、具有ATP酶活性的核苷酸结合结构域(NACHT结构域) 及氨基末端的吡啶(PYD) 结构域[17, 31]。通常, NLRP3炎症小体的激活需要两个信号。第一信号(信号1) 通常由微生物衍生的LPS触发, LPS通过激活转录因子核因子κB (NF-κB), 上调促炎性细胞因子和炎症小体成分的转录。第二信号(信号2) 则由ATP、胆固醇、硅晶体等刺激引发, 导致NLRP3炎症小体组装与活化, 后者将pro-CASP1转化为活性CASP1 p20等剪切体形式, 使无活性的细胞内白细胞介素IL-1β前体pro-IL-1β被蛋白水解裂解为成熟的生物活性IL-1β[32, 33]。活性IL-1β与IL-1受体1结合并诱导多种次级炎症介质, 包括细胞因子、前列腺素和趋化因子, 从而导致中性粒细胞和单核细胞浸润, 使炎症加剧[34, 35]。此外, 线粒体功能障碍, 如线粒体通透性转变、活性氧过量生成以及线粒体DNA的释放等, 也可激活NLRP3炎症小体的组装和活化[36, 37]。从结构和功能上看, NLRP3炎性小体的异常激活已被证明与多种疾病的发生发展密切相关, 包括胰腺炎、多发性硬化症和阿尔茨海默病等[14]。因此, 对NLRP3的药理学抑制以阻碍CASP1活化并减少IL-1β或IL-18等促炎性细胞因子的分泌被认为是一种潜在的有效治疗策略。
随着生活方式的改变和人们对多样化饮食的追求, 中国高尿酸血症和痛风的发病率持续上升, 影响的人群日益增多。痛风是一种慢性系统性炎症性疾病, 其急性发作常导致关节剧烈疼痛和肿胀, 并且常伴随血脂异常、代谢紊乱、心血管疾病及肾脏疾病等多种并发症, 严重影响患者的生活质量。目前, 治疗痛风发作的一线疗法包括口服具有广泛抗炎特性的药物或降尿酸药物, 如NSAID、糖皮质激素、秋水仙碱及别嘌醇等; 但是上述药物均有着严重的毒副作用[38]。如超过90%的痛风患者至少有一种非甾体抗炎药的禁忌症, 超过40%的痛风患者禁用秋水仙碱[39]。除了禁忌症外, 一些痛风患者常常患有高血压、糖尿病、心血管或肾脏疾病等并发症, 这些患者对目前使用的消炎药不耐受, 若强制服用NSAIDs、糖皮质激素或秋水仙碱可导致上述病症的加重[6, 40]。此外, 别嘌醇、非布司他等降尿酸药物可能引发患者皮肤过敏、肝肾功能损害等毒副作用, 这进一步限制了现有的口服疗法在痛风发作治疗中的应用[41]。相较于传统的用于缓解痛风症状的广谱抗炎药物与降尿酸药物, 中药复方制剂以其独特的疗效、绿色安全, 越来越受到广泛的关注。已有研究表明, 中药复方痛风康合剂(主要制剂包括黄柏、苍术、苡仁、川牛膝、虎杖、秦艽、玉米须、丝瓜络、车前子、益母草、蒲公英、粉萆薢, 无任何西药成分) 对高尿酸血症和痛风具有良好的疗效, 既能改善症状, 又能降低血尿酸、红细胞沉降率和C反应蛋白, 与西药相比不良反应少, 便于长时间治疗, 这为痛风治疗药物的选择与进一步开发提供了方向[42]
已有研究表明, 痛风发作是由巨噬细胞吸收沉积的尿酸单钠晶体并随之过度激活NLRP3炎症小体引起的, 因此及时中断这种自身炎症过程以控制症状是治疗痛风发作的潜在手段。虽然IL-1β在由单钠尿酸盐晶体引起的痛风性关节炎症中起着重要作用, 但由于针对IL-1靶向治疗(如IL-1受体阻断和IL-1β中和) 的生物制剂需要注射给药且成本高昂, 尚未被广泛使用[43-45]。鉴于NLRP3炎症小体活化在痛风发病过程中扮演着重要作用, 以NLRP3炎症小体为靶点的药物在减轻炎症方面具有巨大潜力, 且已有部分NLRP3炎症小体抑制剂开展临床研究。如MCC950是一种机制明确的高选择性NLRP3抑制剂, 已被证明能有效抑制炎症细胞因子的释放并减轻痛风小鼠模型中的组织损伤[14, 46]。然而, 由于MCC950在一项用于类风湿关节炎治疗的Ⅱ期临床试验中出现严重的脱靶效应和毒性, 最终宣告失败[47]。因此, 鉴于NLRP3抑制剂在痛风等NLRP3炎症小体相关疾病方面具有广泛的治疗潜力, 持续寻找更安全、更有效的NLRP3抑制剂至关重要。
虎杖是一种在传统中医中广泛应用的草药, 常用于治疗炎症性疾病[48]。从虎杖根部中提取的虎杖苷作为一种天然产物小分子, 毒副作用较小, 具有较强的安全性。此外, 已有研究表明虎杖苷具有良好的抗炎抗氧化功能[49]。本研究在小鼠足掌内注射MSU晶体诱导小鼠产生典型的痛风症状, 表现为足掌组织严重肿胀及小鼠运动能力下降, 足掌组织损伤严重并伴随强烈的局部炎症反应。与痛风模型组相比, 在给予不同剂量虎杖苷后, 小鼠足掌肿胀程度呈剂量依赖性明显下降, 足掌组织损伤显著减轻, 局部炎症反应得到有效控制与缓解。细胞实验表明, 虎杖苷有效抑制巨噬细胞内NLRP3炎症小体的组装, 从源头上抑制NLRP3炎症小体的活化。综上所述, 虎杖苷通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体的组装与活化以显著降低IL-1β促炎细胞因子的生成与分泌, 有效减轻MSU诱导的痛风性关节炎, 降低足掌组织损伤程度并缓解足掌局部炎症反应, 为其作为治疗痛风性关节炎潜在药物的进一步开发提供了理论依据。
作者贡献: 杨家书、权力负责构建小鼠痛风模型、相关实验研究工作、实验结果分析与图表制作; 徐强、郭文洁提供研究思路、指导研究方法并撰写论文。
利益冲突: 本研究与任何组织和个人均不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82473929)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1214
  • 接收时间:2024-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-08
  • 修回日期:2025-01-20
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国家自然科学基金项目(82473929)
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    1.南京中医药大学附属医院检验科, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京大学生命科学学院, 江苏 南京 210023

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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