Article(id=1190373732913873613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0191, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1744041600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736814001, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736814001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736814001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736814001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1236, endPage=1244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373733182309075, articleId=1190373732913873613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Synbiotics of probiotic-loaded inulin gels for prevention and treatment of radiation enteritis, columnId=1190332325767516958, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Live biotherapeutic products based on engineered bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radiation enteritis (RE) is the most common complication during radiotherapy, although safe and effective drugs for the treatment of RE are deficient. Probiotics have been demonstrated to own antiradiation function. Synbiotics are composed of probiotics and prebiotics, which enhance the ability of probiotics. Here, inulin gel (IG) that own the ability to resist gastric acid and retain in the colon were used to load three types of probiotics, including Bacillus cereus (BC), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), and Lactobacillus reuteri (LR), respectively. The RE pharmacodynamic studies of them were conducted. The probiotics were embedded in the IG by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. IG promoted the growth of probiotics compared to probiotics alone. Animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences and the experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (No. IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510). Mice experienced the whole abdominal irradiation of 13 Gy γ rays to form RE models. Compared to correspondingly probiotics alone, all probiotic-loaded IG synbiotics had the better prevention and treatment efficiencies in repairing the intestinal barriers, improving the structure of crypts, oxidative stress, inflammation, and imbalanced gut microbiota and promoting the recovery of intestinal villus, where the Bacillus cereus-loaded IG was the best. This study provides a novel therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of RE.

, correspAuthors=Yi-guang JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Min-ting WANG, Rui SUN, Yu-bao FANG, Yuan-yuan SONG, Jin-yun HONG, Yi-guang JIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374242614083871, articleId=1190373732913873613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=防治放射性肠炎的益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂研究, columnId=1190332325914317601, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

放射性肠炎(radiation enteritis, RE) 是放疗最常见的并发症, 缺乏安全有效的防治药物。益生菌具有一定抗辐射作用。合生制剂是益生菌和益生元的组合, 可增强益生菌的作用。本研究利用耐胃酸和结肠滞留的益生元菊粉凝胶(inulin gel, IG) 分别负载蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus, BC)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis, BL) 和罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri, LR) 3种不同益生菌后, 对RE进行药效学评价。电镜和共聚焦显微镜均证实IG成功包埋益生菌。与单独益生菌相比, IG可促进益生菌生长。所有动物实验经军事医学研究院伦理委员会批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510。小鼠腹部用13 Gy γ射线辐照, 构建RE模型。所有益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂与相应单独益生菌相比, 在修复肠道屏障、改善隐窝结构、氧化应激、组织炎症和肠道菌群失衡及促进肠绒毛恢复方面均有增强。蜡样芽孢杆菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂对RE有最优的防治效果。本研究为防治RE提供了新的防治药物。

, correspAuthors=金义光, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*金义光, E-mail:
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Potential prebiotic effect of inulin-enriched pasta after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and simulated gut fermentation [J]. Foods, 2024, 13: 1815., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694768205250685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kordahi MC, Chassaing B. The intestinal microbiota: our best frenemy in radiation-induced damages? [J]. 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IG: Inulin gel; BLIG: <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i>-loaded inulin gel; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; CLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscopy , figureFileSmall=iRxvNdT3lcYXOAcvZJmGPg==, figureFileBig=lDwrqjSFHLUv0RNuhDiYnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694754921890812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SROwfGU1TLl4rvzp/qVvrA==, figureFileBig=trH3WcGJ2Ai8bNyvqjWoXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694755488121855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Growth curve of BL in BL suspensions and BLIG for 48 h. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> BL. BL: <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> , figureFileSmall=SROwfGU1TLl4rvzp/qVvrA==, figureFileBig=trH3WcGJ2Ai8bNyvqjWoXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756045963264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0lOt0ChVpYUANbXLEwukzA==, figureFileBig=5EVP5vTTxWvHnd/KHwLfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756171792386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Treatment of radiation enteritis (RE) with different synbiotics. A: Body weight. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Model; B: Small intestine length of RE mice; C: Colon length of RE mice; D: The appearance of small intestine and colon. <i>n</i> = 4,$\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. LR: <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>; LRIG: <i>Lactobacillus reuteri</i>-loaded inulin gel; BC: <i>Bacillus cereus</i>; BCIG: <i>Bacillus cereus</i>-loaded inulin gel; ns: No significance , figureFileSmall=0lOt0ChVpYUANbXLEwukzA==, figureFileBig=5EVP5vTTxWvHnd/KHwLfzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756322787332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3Cad6hkgndG0l1hbRv3fbA==, figureFileBig=ED7y5ReljXKyAu/dG7/N5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756465393670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= H&E, Ki67, Occludin, and ZO-1 staining of small intestine tissues and H&E staining of colon tissues. H&E: Hematoxylin and Eosin , figureFileSmall=3Cad6hkgndG0l1hbRv3fbA==, figureFileBig=ED7y5ReljXKyAu/dG7/N5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756595417094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hY/n0bx2uSAjTgFd2QeR6A==, figureFileBig=6iN7jSzKjaB9iRuNcNtjsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756708663304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Treatment of different synbiotics for intestine tissue injury. A: Villus length of small intestines. B: Crypts numbers of small intestines. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=hY/n0bx2uSAjTgFd2QeR6A==, figureFileBig=6iN7jSzKjaB9iRuNcNtjsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694756951932938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=1lM8cNi/ikPH9ox331sEXA==, figureFileBig=Ewr+50yZbbhRHABNc9UKRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694757094539276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373732913873613, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Improvement of oxidative stress and inflammatory response for the treatment of different synbiotics. A: MDA levels of small intestines; B: T-AOC levels of small intestines; C: IL-6 levels of small intestines; D: TNF-<i>α</i> levels of small intestines; E: IL-10 levels of small intestines. <i>n</i> = 4, $\bar{x} \pm s$. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. 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防治放射性肠炎的益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂研究
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王敏婷 1, 2 , 孙锐 2 , 方玉宝 2 , 宋媛媛 2 , 洪金韵 2 , 金义光 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025,60(5): 1236-1244
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025, 60(5): 1236-1244
防治放射性肠炎的益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂研究
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王敏婷1, 2, 孙锐2, 方玉宝2, 宋媛媛2, 洪金韵2, 金义光1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2.军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

通讯作者:

*金义光, E-mail:
Synbiotics of probiotic-loaded inulin gels for prevention and treatment of radiation enteritis
Min-ting WANG1, 2, Rui SUN2, Yu-bao FANG2, Yuan-yuan SONG2, Jin-yun HONG2, Yi-guang JIN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0191
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放射性肠炎(radiation enteritis, RE) 是放疗最常见的并发症, 缺乏安全有效的防治药物。益生菌具有一定抗辐射作用。合生制剂是益生菌和益生元的组合, 可增强益生菌的作用。本研究利用耐胃酸和结肠滞留的益生元菊粉凝胶(inulin gel, IG) 分别负载蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus, BC)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis, BL) 和罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri, LR) 3种不同益生菌后, 对RE进行药效学评价。电镜和共聚焦显微镜均证实IG成功包埋益生菌。与单独益生菌相比, IG可促进益生菌生长。所有动物实验经军事医学研究院伦理委员会批准且实验均按照相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510。小鼠腹部用13 Gy γ射线辐照, 构建RE模型。所有益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂与相应单独益生菌相比, 在修复肠道屏障、改善隐窝结构、氧化应激、组织炎症和肠道菌群失衡及促进肠绒毛恢复方面均有增强。蜡样芽孢杆菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂对RE有最优的防治效果。本研究为防治RE提供了新的防治药物。

放射性肠炎  /  蜡样芽孢杆菌  /  罗伊氏乳杆菌  /  地衣芽孢杆菌  /  菊粉凝胶

Radiation enteritis (RE) is the most common complication during radiotherapy, although safe and effective drugs for the treatment of RE are deficient. Probiotics have been demonstrated to own antiradiation function. Synbiotics are composed of probiotics and prebiotics, which enhance the ability of probiotics. Here, inulin gel (IG) that own the ability to resist gastric acid and retain in the colon were used to load three types of probiotics, including Bacillus cereus (BC), Bacillus licheniformis (BL), and Lactobacillus reuteri (LR), respectively. The RE pharmacodynamic studies of them were conducted. The probiotics were embedded in the IG by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. IG promoted the growth of probiotics compared to probiotics alone. Animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of the Academy of Military Medical Sciences and the experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations (No. IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510). Mice experienced the whole abdominal irradiation of 13 Gy γ rays to form RE models. Compared to correspondingly probiotics alone, all probiotic-loaded IG synbiotics had the better prevention and treatment efficiencies in repairing the intestinal barriers, improving the structure of crypts, oxidative stress, inflammation, and imbalanced gut microbiota and promoting the recovery of intestinal villus, where the Bacillus cereus-loaded IG was the best. This study provides a novel therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of RE.

radiation enteritis  /  Bacillus cereus  /  Lactobacillus reuteri  /  Bacillus licheniformis  /  inulin gel
王敏婷, 孙锐, 方玉宝, 宋媛媛, 洪金韵, 金义光. 防治放射性肠炎的益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1236 -1244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0191
Min-ting WANG, Rui SUN, Yu-bao FANG, Yuan-yuan SONG, Jin-yun HONG, Yi-guang JIN. Synbiotics of probiotic-loaded inulin gels for prevention and treatment of radiation enteritis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1236 -1244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0191
肿瘤患者放疗时, 电离辐射对肿瘤细胞和正常细胞缺乏选择性[1]。超过75%接受放疗的腹腔、盆腔恶性肿瘤患者会出现放射性肠炎(radiation enteritis, RE)[2, 3], 出现腹泻、腹痛、恶心呕吐、便血及内毒素血症等症状, 严重影响患者的生活质量[4, 5]。氨磷汀作为临床仅有的辐射防护剂, 可清除电离辐照产生的自由基和活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 防止正常组织出现损伤, 但氨磷汀易引起低血压、恶心呕吐等不良反应, 且仅在照射前半小时静脉注射才能发挥疗效, 限制了其临床使用[6]
肠道菌群与RE的发生和发展密切相关。电离辐射腹部会导致肠道环境变化, 包括肠道菌群失衡、有益菌减少和病原菌增多, 进一步加重炎症反应及组织损伤[7, 8]。益生菌制剂通过调节肠道微生态防治RE[9]。但目前对益生菌体内活性的影响因素认识还不充分, 大部分上市益生菌产品没有充分发挥效果。上市益生菌产品蜡样芽孢杆菌活菌胶囊中的蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus, BC)、整肠生中的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis, BL) 和罗伊氏乳杆菌软糖中的罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri, LR) 的安全性良好。BC具有强抗氧化活性, 促进营养物质的消化和吸收[10]。BL分泌抗菌代谢物, 抑制病原菌的生长和繁殖[11, 12]。LR分泌乙酸和乳酸, 促进杯状细胞分泌黏蛋白, 维持肠道屏障功能[13]。它们具有一定抗RE潜力。但益生菌活性易受环境干扰, 胃肠道中的强酸性环境、多种有杀菌作用的消化酶和胆盐会使大多数口服益生菌失去活性[14]。外源益生菌因定植抗性, 无法在体内长期定植也是口服益生菌需要解决的关键问题[15]
菊粉是一种可溶性膳食纤维和益生元, 是多个D-呋喃果糖由β-1, 2-糖苷键连接的高分子线性多糖[16], 作为一种食品被广泛使用。通过加热-冷却, 可使菊粉溶液转变成菊粉凝胶(inulin gel, IG)[17]。IG有剪切稀化性质及良好的可注射性, 可用做口服递送载体。而且, IG能保护口服益生菌免受胃肠液的侵蚀且具有良好的结肠滞留性[18, 19]
本文选择已上市的3种益生菌产品, 包括BC、BL和LR, 将它们包埋于IG中, 筛选对RE最有效的益生菌合生制剂, 利用电镜和共聚焦荧光显微镜考察益生菌的包埋, 对RE小鼠模型进行药效学评价, 通过病理分析、肠道屏障修复能力、抗炎抗氧化能力和调节肠道菌群能力探究并对比益生菌及其合生制剂的疗效和机制。
药物与试剂   BL、LR (菌株号: BNCC132622, BNCC 192190, 北纳生物科技有限公司); BC (菌株号: CMCC 63303, 北京百欧博伟生物技术有限公司); 菊粉(批号: C20PA35220A, 北京普西唐生物科技有限公司); SYTO 9 (批号: A1026E, 大连美仑生物技术有限公司); 小鼠白介素6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素-10 (interleukin-10, IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 和小鼠组织丙二醛(malonaldehyde, MDA) 酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC) 试剂盒(批号: E20250207, E20250207, E20250207, BY0142WSH, 南京博研生物科技有限公司); 所用水为去离子水。
仪器   60Co γ辐射装置(军事医学研究院); 冷冻干燥机(型号: LGJ-30F, 北京松源华兴科技有限公司); 高速冷冻离心机(型号: H2-16KR, 湖南可成仪器制造有限公司); 微生物细胞分析仪(型号: Counstar Mira FL Pro, 上海睿钰生物科技有限公司); 扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM, 型号: Regulus-8100, 日本Hitachi有限公司); 共聚焦荧光显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM, 型号: LSM980, 德国Zeiss公司); 多功能酶标仪(型号: SPARK, 奥地利Tecan有限公司); 玻片扫描仪(型号: SlideView VS200, 日本Olympus公司)。
动物   C57BL/6J小鼠, SPF级, 雄性, 体质量22~24 g, 购于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 许可证号为SCXK (京) 2021-0006。所有小鼠饲养在湿度为(50 ± 5)%, 温度为25 ± 1 ℃的无特定病原体的屏障环境中, 每天光照和黑暗各12 h, 自由地获得水和食物。动物实验经军事医学研究院伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行, 批准号: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P510。
菌株的培养   LR以1%接种量加入MRS液体培养基中, 放置在37 ℃培养箱中, 静置厌氧培养24 h。BC以1%接种量加入营养液体培养基中, 放置在220 r·min-1、37 ℃的培养箱中好氧培养24~48 h。BL以1%接种量加入营养液体培养基中, 放置在140 r·min-1、37 ℃的培养箱中好氧培养24~48 h。
益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂制备   根据本实验室前期工作制备IG用于负载益生菌[18]。利用微生物细胞分析仪计数后, 分别将LR、BC和BL菌悬液在4 ℃、5 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 去上清液, 用无菌生理盐水洗涤两次, 收集沉淀。称取0.5 g菊粉加入1 mL去离子水中, 超声5 min至完全混悬均匀。将菊粉混悬液放置80 ℃水浴锅中5 min, 待菊粉溶液冷却至室温, 分别加入LR、BC和BL沉淀中, 反复吹打混匀, 此时为乳白色可流动液体。将上述液体在4 ℃放置24 h, 分别得LR菊粉凝胶合生制剂(LR-loaded inulin gel, LRIG)、BC菊粉凝胶合生制剂(BC-loaded inulin gel, BCIG) 和BL菊粉凝胶合生制剂(BL-loaded inulin gel, BLIG), 其中益生菌含量均为5×109 CFU·mL-1
益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂表征   以BLIG为例, 空白菊粉凝胶(IG) 为对照。将凝胶用针头内径为0.45 mm的1 mL注射器挤出, 评价凝胶的可注射性。液氮速冻凝胶后, 脆断凝胶, 进行冷冻干燥。将喷金后的冻干凝胶置于SEM下观察凝胶的微观结构和益生菌包埋情况。考察益生菌在IG的分布, 用无菌水重悬BL沉淀, 以500∶3 (v/v) 比例加入1 mmol·L-1 SYTO 9染料, 室温避光孵育15 min, 5 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 去除上清液, 染色的益生菌沉淀用IG进行包埋, 置于CLSM下观察。
菊粉凝胶对益生菌生长的影响   以BL为例, 分别将5×109 CFU·mL-1的BL混悬液(混悬于无菌水中) 和BLIG以1%接种量加入营养液体培养基中, 放置在140 r·min-1、37 ℃的培养箱中好氧培养48 h。在0、9、12、15、18、21、24、36和48 h, 检测培养基中的OD600值。
放射性肠炎动物模型的构建及药效学评价   将90只小鼠随机分为正常组(healthy)、模型组(model)、LR、BC、BL、IG、LRIG、BCIG和BLIG组。在辐照前2天到辐照后第3天, 模型组每天灌胃0.2 mL生理盐水, 其他治疗组分别灌胃0.2 mL相应药物, 其中益生菌的给药剂量为每只109 CFU。正常组不作任何处理。除正常组外, 其余小鼠麻醉后固定在平板上, 利用60Co γ射线对小鼠全腹部进行照射, 其余部分用铅砖进行屏蔽, 照射距离为2.5 m, 剂量为13 Gy, 剂量率为57.41 cGy·min-1 [20]
病理检查和免疫组化考察   在辐照后第3.5天, 安乐死小鼠, 取胃下5 cm处的1 cm小肠组织及盲肠下1 cm处的1 cm结肠组织, 放入4%多聚甲醛中固定, 石蜡包埋并切成薄片, 对小肠组织切片进行苏木素-伊红(Hematoxylin and Eosin, H&E) 染色以及免疫组化染色检测Ki67、ZO-1和Occludin的表达[20]。对结肠组织切片进行H&E染色。所有切片放置在玻片扫描仪进行扫描。
氧化应激及炎症因子检测   在辐照后第3.5天, 取胃下6 cm处的小肠组织, 用生理盐水清洗后, 加入9倍预冷的生理盐水, 用组织研磨仪进行充分匀浆, 匀浆液在5 000 ×g下离心10 min。收集上清液根据试剂盒说明书检测T-AOC、MDA、IL-6、IL-10和TNF-α含量。
肠道菌群分析   在辐照后第3.5天, 用无菌无酶冻存管收集小鼠盲肠内容物, 委托青岛斯坦德生物科学有限公司进行16S rDNA测序, 并利用R语言等软件进行分析。
统计学分析   采用SPSS 23.0软件通过单因素方差分析对数据进行统计学分析。数据以均数±标准差($\bar{x} \pm s$) 表示; 比较组间差异, P < 0.05表示具有显著性差异。
IG和BLIG呈乳白色, 倒置后不流动, 则形成了凝胶, 与本实验室前期工作一致[18], 成功制备了IG (图 1, Appearance)。IG能顺畅通过0.45 mm内径的针头挤出, 具有良好的可注射性; IG负载益生菌后仍可顺畅挤出, 不影响可注射性, 可用于口服给药。SEM图显示IG和BLIG均具有致密、均匀、多孔的网状结构, 适合负载药物。进一步观察发现长2 μm左右的杆状细菌附在IG上, 说明IG成功包埋了益生菌(图 1, SEM)。
SYTO 9是一种绿色荧光染料, 可渗透进入细菌细胞膜, 与核酸结合, 使细菌标记上绿色荧光[21]。通过CLSM观察益生菌在IG中的分布, IG并未观察到荧光信号, 不会干扰染色益生菌在凝胶中的定位判断。BLIG中呈现均匀致密的荧光, BL在IG中分布广泛、均匀和密集, 偶见细菌聚集(图 1, CLSM和3D CLSM)。
BL和BLIG组中的益生菌在0~9 h生长缓慢, 9~24 h生长迅速, 24~48 h进入生长平台期(图 2)。BLIG组在所测时间范围内, OD600值均比BL的高, 在9、21、36和48 h呈现显著性差异。此外, BL组的OD600值在36 h达到最高值, 但在48 h有所下降, 可能是培养基中的营养物质被耗尽, 不足以维持益生菌的活性, 益生菌数量有所下降。BLIG组中BL在36和48 h的OD600值比BL组的高, 且在48 h下降程度低, 可能是菊粉被益生菌分解代谢, 促进益生菌的生长且维持益生菌的活性。
用13 Gy γ射线单次全腹部辐照成功造成RE小鼠模型, 小鼠出现萎靡、毛发失去光泽、腹泻、粪便不成形和体重持续下降(图 3A)。与模型组相比, BCIG少见腹泻、活动增多、毛发光泽、显著缓解体重的下降并在第5天体重开始恢复。辐照小鼠的小肠和结肠长度显著皱缩, 伴有肠肿胀, 肠变形, 肠出血和胃积气(图 3B~D)。单独益生菌组的小肠和结肠的长度均比相应益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂组的短, 其中BCIG与BC、BLIG与BL有显著性差异, 表明IG增强了益生菌的作用。IG可部分恢复小肠和结肠的长度, 但没有恢复到正常水平。BLIG显著缓解了辐照小鼠小肠长度的缩短, 偶伴胃积气。BCIG的小肠长度和结肠长度接近于正常组, 没有明显的肠出血和胃积气。因此, BLIG对辐照导致的肠组织外观损伤有一定的防治效果, 而BCIG的效果更显著。
肠道具有增殖速度快的细胞, 对电离辐射极为敏感, 暴露在辐照后的肠上皮细胞发生凋亡, 肠组织结构发生病变[22]。H&E染色观察辐照后第3.5天的小肠组织的组织学结构(图 4, H&E staining of small intestines)。正常组的隐窝结构和肠绒毛排列紧密, 组织学结构正常。模型组的小肠组织发生严重病变, 上皮细胞脱落, 隐窝大量丢失, 出现空泡且排列紊乱、疏松, 肠绒毛基本消失, 固有肌层增厚, 有大量炎症细胞浸润。单独益生菌组的小肠组织的病理结构与模型组相似, 仅BC组的小肠绒毛长度和隐窝数量均稍有增加(图 5AB)。IG对RE有一定的治疗效果, 但仍伴有肠绒毛长度皱缩和隐窝排列紊乱。所有益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂改善组织学结构、恢复肠绒毛长度和隐窝数量均优于单独益生菌。LRIG和BLIG均展示隐窝排列紧密, 小肠绒毛形态正常和杯状细胞分布, 有效恢复小肠绒毛长度和隐窝数量, 但与正常组仍有差异。BCIG的组织学结构、隐窝结构和数量及小肠绒毛形态和长度与正常组的无显著性差异, 改善RE引起的小肠组织损伤效果最优异, 其次为BLIG和LRIG。
益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂也可改善电离辐射导致的结肠组织损伤(图 4, H&E staining of colons)。模型组小鼠的结肠隐窝结构严重破坏且大量丢失, 杯状细胞消失, 有炎症细胞浸润。单独益生菌和IG组的结肠组织病变程度与模型组相似, 对结肠组织损伤没有改善作用。而LRIG和BLIG改善结肠组织损伤的效果不佳。BCIG可恢复隐窝结构, 隐窝排列紧密且有杯状细胞分布, 改善炎症细胞浸润, 组织学结构与正常组高度接近, 缓解了结肠的病理损伤。
Ki67是细胞的增殖标志物, 可用于评价肠道细胞的再生增殖能力[23]。检测第3.5天小肠组织中Ki67的表达情况(图 4, Ki67 staining of small intestines)。正常组的Ki67阳性细胞沿着隐窝聚集, 个别出现在肠绒毛。模型组的Ki67阳性细胞数量显著减少, 表明小肠组织的再生增殖能力被严重抑制。单独益生菌组没有改善小肠组织的再生增殖能力。IG组的Ki67阳性细胞比模型组稍多, 能部分恢复小肠组织的再生增殖能力。LRIG、BCIG和BLIG组的Ki67阳性细胞数量比模型组和IG组明显增多, 可恢复隐窝结构的再生增殖能力。其中, BCIG的肠绒毛处可见Ki67阳性细胞分布, 与正常组的基本一致, 对肠组织再生增殖能力有最优异的恢复效果, 其次为BLIG和LRIG。
以ZO-1和Occludin为代表的紧密连接蛋白是肠上皮细胞屏障和调节肠道通透性的关键因素, 可维持肠上皮细胞的完整性, 防止毒素和病原体进入固有层[24]。电离辐射导致组织损伤, 破坏紧密连接蛋白, 从而肠道屏障受损[25]。通过免疫组化染色检测小肠组织中Occludin和ZO-1的表达(图 4, Occludin and ZO-1 staining of small intestines)。与正常组相比, 模型组的Occludin和ZO-1表达量急剧减少, 表明小肠组织的肠道屏障被严重破坏。单独益生菌和IG组的Occludin和ZO-1的表达量比模型组稍有增加, 肠道屏障破坏程度低。LRIG、BCIG和BLIG可显著增加Occludin和ZO-1的表达含量, 但增加程度各有差异。LRIG组的Occludin表达含量高于BLIG组, 而BLIG组的ZO-1表达含量高于LRIG组。BCIG组的Occludin和ZO-1表达含量均为最高。上述结果表明, BCIG恢复肠道屏障能力最强。
电离辐射促进免疫细胞释放促炎细胞因子, 引发组织炎症[26]。电离辐射引起的氧化应激会直接损伤DNA、蛋白质和脂质, 加重组织炎症[27]。小肠组织的氧化应激生物标志物MDA、T-AOC、促炎细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α以及抗炎细胞因子IL-10水平是评价防治RE效果的重要指标[28-30]。模型组的MDA、T-AOC、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-10与正常组有显著差异, 表明模型组小鼠存在严重的氧化应激和炎症反应(图 6A~E)。益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂组改善小肠组织的氧化应激和减少炎症能力均优于单独益生菌组, 且有显著性差异。BLIG组仅有IL-10和IL-6恢复到正常水平; 而BCIG组的MDA、T-AOC、IL-6、TNF-α及IL-10含量与正常组均无显著性差异, 表明BCIG在改善氧化应激和减少炎症方面有最优异的治疗效果, 其次为BLIG和LRIG。
电离辐射导致肠道菌群失衡, 加重炎症反应, 形成恶性循环, 从而加重组织损伤[8]α多样性表示一个样本中物种的多样性, 即丰富度和均匀度; β多样性表示不同样本间物种组成的差异。辐照后, 模型组小鼠肠道菌群的Chao1指数、Shimpson指数和Shannon指数显著下降, 即α多样性显著下降(图 7A~C), 主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 显示模型组的物种多样性与正常组的差异较大(图 7D)。而益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂改善α多样性和β多样性效果优于相应单独益生菌; IG也有一定改善作用。其中; BCIG的α多样性和β多样性最接近于正常组, 改善α多样性和β多样性效果最优异, 其次是BLIG和LRIG。
探究肠道菌群在门水平和科水平上的物种相对丰度(图 7E~J)。模型组小鼠的肠道菌群物种丰度明显变化, 条件致病菌变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、肠杆菌科(Enterobacteriaceae)、葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae) 显著增多; 有益菌Muribaculaceae、毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、乳酸菌科(Lactobacillaceae) 和双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium) 减少, 表明肠道菌群组成发生变化, 肠道菌群失衡严重。与相应单独益生菌和模型组相比, 益生菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂组的肠道菌群组成与正常组更为接近。LRIG组改善Lactobacillaceae和Bifidobacterium丰度的效果最显著, 但减少有害菌丰度效果不如BCIG。综上, BCIG组改善肠道菌群失衡效果最好, 其次为LRIG和BLIG。
RE是以肠道菌群紊乱, 肠道组织损伤和组织炎症为特征的肠道疾病[31]。电离辐射产生的ROS在辐照暴露部位堆积(即氧化应激) 对组织产生长期损伤。因此, 改善氧化应激是防治RE的关键[32]。BC分泌有铁氧化酶活性的Dps蛋白发挥抗氧化应激作用, 调节巨噬细胞极化和抑制TLR4-NF-κB-NLRP3炎症小体信号通路发挥抗炎作用, 缓解结肠炎疾病[33-35]。BL抑制巨噬细胞中NF-κB的激活和病菌感染引起的炎性细胞因子产生, 分泌热放线酰胺A和地衣霉素等抑菌素, 调节肠道微生态平衡[12, 36, 37]。LR分泌黏附素有利于黏附在肠道, 抑制Notch信号通路从而诱导肠干细胞分化为分泌黏蛋白的杯状细胞, 维持肠道屏障的完整性, 调节肠道疾病[13, 38]。氧化损伤和肠道菌群紊乱是电离辐射损伤主要的病理学特点。基于LR、BC和BL的作用特点, 它们均具有抗辐射损伤的潜力。因此, 本研究探究并对比上述3种益生菌对RE的防治效果, 筛选防治RE的有效益生菌。口服单独的LR、BC和BL, 防治RE的效果不佳, 可能是口服外源益生菌在体内的定植抗性, 以及在恶劣条件的胃肠道中存活率低, 影响益生菌的作用效果[39]
选用益生元IG包埋益生菌得到合生制剂, IG的耐酸性和结肠滞留性, 可使益生菌维持活性到达结肠并延长被排出体外的时间。包埋在IG中的益生菌的生长优于单独益生菌, 则IG的包埋对益生菌的生长没有抑制作用, 且可促进和维持益生菌的生长。这可能是菊粉作为一种多糖益生元, 被益生菌分解代谢, 为益生菌提供碳源, 促进益生菌的生长[40]。IG可包埋兼性厌氧菌BC和BL、厌氧菌LR 3种益生菌, 保护益生菌活性、促进益生菌的生长和增强益生菌在体内定植的机制相同, 因此, 本研究采用的策略方法可以推广至其他益生菌。
RE造模后小鼠萎靡、肠出血、小肠外观肉眼可见病变、小肠组织和结肠组织的病理结构发生严重病变。肠隐窝数量和肠绒毛长度是肠组织损伤恢复的重要指标。LRIG、BLIG和BCIG可改善小鼠状态和组织病变, 但各有差异且优于相应单独益生菌。LRIG与BLIG均可恢复隐窝结构, 隐窝数量和肠绒毛长度, 但与正常小鼠仍有显著性差异。而BCIG可显著恢复辐照小鼠的状态和体重, 且病理结构、隐窝数量及肠绒毛长度均与正常小鼠无差异, 对电离辐射导致的肠组织损伤的防治能力最佳。
LRIG、BLIG和BCIG增加Ki67阳性细胞数量和紧密连接蛋白表达, 恢复小肠增殖能力和肠道屏障; 降低小肠组织中MDA、促炎细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α, 增加T-AOC和抗炎因子IL-10, 减少炎症和氧化应激; 提高肠道菌群的α多样性、β多样性, 增加有益菌丰度, 调节肠道菌群, 效果各有不同, 都优于相应单独益生菌, 证实IG保障并加强了益生菌作用的发挥。而改善效果最好的是BCIG, 其次为BLIG和LRIG。
放射性疾病常出现炎症和氧化应激, 且肠道菌群与电离辐射损伤有密切的关系。通过调节肠道菌群可以防治RE和辐照致造血系统损伤[18]。BCIG、BLIG和LRIG均有不同程度的抗炎抗氧化以及调节肠道菌群的能力, 对除RE以外的放射性疾病有潜在疗效。Lachnospiraceae、Lactobacillaceae和Bifidobacterium等益生菌产生短链脂肪酸和色氨酸代谢物, 可减少组织炎症和促进造血, 有利于长期的辐射防护, 以及造血系统急性放射综合征和胃肠道急性放射综合征的缓解[41]
本文通过对3种市场上常见的益生菌及其菊粉凝胶合生制剂进行RE防治作用的比较, 发现单独益生菌难以抵抗胃肠道环境, 不能发挥有效作用。因此, IG是益生菌发挥作用的关键因素, 不仅使益生菌获得耐受胃肠道环境能力, 延长其肠道滞留, 还可为益生菌提供营养, 促进益生菌生长, 使其充分发挥抗RE作用, 其中蜡样芽孢杆菌菊粉凝胶合生制剂的效果最好。基于这些益生菌的安全性, 本文具备保护益生菌和促进益生菌作用的科学意义的同时, 还具备潜在应用价值, 并为其他放射性疾病的防治提供了参考。
作者贡献: 王敏婷负责实验设计、实验操作、数据分析和文章撰写; 孙锐负责实验设计和结果分析; 方玉宝、宋媛媛和洪金韵参与部分实验操作和数据分析; 金义光负责课题设计、实验指导、数据分析、文章写作与修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0191
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-04-08
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    1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2.军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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