Article(id=1190373729109643792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0172, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739980800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-20, revisedDate=1744041600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761736813094, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1746979200000, pubDateStr=2025-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761736813094, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761736813094, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761736813094, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332325088039709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='5', pageStart='1183', pageEnd='1572', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761726941606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761813457266, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190695198163354010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190332325088039709, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1208, endPage=1220, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190373729319358993, articleId=1190373729109643792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway, columnId=1190332325767516958, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Live biotherapeutic products based on engineered bacteria, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 is a novel oncolytic bacterium with high tumor-targeting properties. One of its anti-tumor mechanisms is the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, although the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is associated with significant challenges, such as severe side effects and high recurrence rates in current treatments. This study used the B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line as a model to explore the regulatory mechanism of VNP20009-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. The results showed that VNP20009 significantly induced apoptosis in B16F10 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the p53 signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the VNP20009-treated group, suggesting that this pathway might mediate the pro-apoptotic effects of VNP20009. Further investigations demonstrated that VNP20009 induces apoptosis by activating key genes in the p53 pathway, including PUMA, and its upstream and downstream molecules, such as p53, CytC, CASP9, and CASP3, forming a cascade reaction. In conclusion, this study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which VNP20009 induces apoptosis in B16F10 melanoma cells through the p53-PUMA axis, providing new theoretical insights for melanoma treatment based on attenuated Salmonella bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Zi-chun HUA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tian-le JIN, Ping LU, Zi-chun HUA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190374257600336381, articleId=1190373729109643792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗肿瘤减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009通过p53信号通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡, columnId=1190332325914317601, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌VNP20009是一种具有高肿瘤靶向性的新型溶瘤菌, 其抗肿瘤的机制之一是诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 但是具体分子机制尚不明确。黑色素瘤是致死率最高的皮肤癌, 现有治疗手段存在不良反应大、易复发等问题。本研究以小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10为研究模型, 深入探究了VNP20009诱导黑色素瘤细胞B16F10凋亡的调控机制。结果表明, VNP20009能够显著诱导B16F10细胞凋亡, 且凋亡诱导效应呈现时间和浓度依赖性。通过转录组测序分析发现, p53信号通路在VNP20009处理组中显著富集, 提示该通路可能介导了VNP20009的促凋亡效应。进一步研究显示, VNP20009可以通过激活p53通路关键基因PUMA及其上下游分子p53、CytC、CASP9和CASP3, 能够形成级联反应, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。本研究阐明了VNP20009通过p53-PUMA轴激活B16F10黑色素瘤细胞内源性凋亡的机制, 为基于减毒沙门氏菌的黑色素瘤治疗提供了新的理论依据。

, correspAuthors=华子春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
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School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
2. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
3. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
4. High-tech Research Institute of Nanjing University/Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Institute of Industrial Technology Research Institutes of Jiangsu Province Institute, Changzhou 213164, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1190694746139014099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, authorId=1190694745883161549, language=CN, stringName=华子春, firstName=子春, middleName=null, lastName=华, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, *, address=1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
2.新乡医学院药学学部, 河南 新乡 453003
3.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
4.常州南京大学高新技术研究院/江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190694744528401332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190694744532595637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, companyId=1190694744528401332, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Autophagy, 2020, 16: 1598-1617., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694767823564937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bratton SB, Salvesen GS. Regulation of the Apaf-1-caspase-9 apoptosome [J]. J Cell Sci, 2010, 123: 3209-3214., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694768054251658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han J, Hou W, Goldstein LA, et al. A complex between Atg7 and caspase-9: a novel mechanism of cross-regulation between autophagy and apoptosis [J]. J Biol Chem, 2014, 289: 6485-6497., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694768364630158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Denault JB, Eckelman BP, Shin H, et al. Caspase 3 attenuates XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein)-mediated inhibition of caspase 9 [J]. 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Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and cellular pH regulation [J]. Cell Death Differ, 2000, 7: 1155-1165., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1190694769081856149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Czabotar PE, Garcia-Saez AJ. Mechanisms of Bcl-2 family proteins in mitochondrial apoptosis [J]. 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A: Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis levels in B16F10 cells after co-culturing with different concentrations of VNP20009 for 16 h; B-E: Bar plots showing the analysis of apoptosis rate in B16F10 cells after co-culturing for different durations (4, 8, 12, 16 h); F: Plot of the results obtained from linear regression analysis of apoptosis rate. MOI: Multiplicity of infection , figureFileSmall=HECs2yTEV3q23d1QcHSKWA==, figureFileBig=QzWKTer6JYpj4YhNc0dutQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694749578343392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jWRY7VKEllQM7i+QsiS/+w==, figureFileBig=ZwaaqEO3kBKfVQ5AglgaUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694749716755425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Results of Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). A-D: Bubble plots of the top 20 upregulated pathways obtained by KEGG enrichment analysis, comparing the VNP20009 experimental groups with the PBS control group. The <i>X</i>-axis represents the enrichment score, where larger bubbles indicate a greater number of differentially expressed protein-coding genes involved in the pathway. The bubble color gradient ranges from blue to white to yellow to red, with smaller <i>P</i>-values indicating higher statistical significance; E-H: GSEA plots of the p53 signaling pathway obtained by comparing the VNP20009 experimental groups with the PBS control group. vnp-8 h-50: VNP20009 co-cultured for 8 h, MOI=50; vnp-8 h-100: VNP20009 co-cultured for 8 h, MOI=100; vnp-16 h-50: VNP20009 co-cultured for 16 h, MOI=50; vnp-16 h-100: VNP20009 co-cultured for 16 h, MOI=100 , figureFileSmall=jWRY7VKEllQM7i+QsiS/+w==, figureFileBig=ZwaaqEO3kBKfVQ5AglgaUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694749825807330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rhKqfnEYG1VcXt1Emz0nvw==, figureFileBig=Sf2PnPKwKO2JEGia6dgLqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694749934859235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The expression level of PUMA (Bbc3) shows a positive correlation with VNP20009-induced apoptosis in B16F10 cells. A-D: Volcano plots of differentially expressed genes obtained by comparing the VNP20009 experimental groups with the PBS control group, highlighting apoptosis-related genes in the p53 signaling pathway; E: Heatmap of differential gene expression levels showing clustering analysis of apoptosis-related genes in the p53 signaling pathway, PUMA (Bbc3) exhibits a strong time- and concentration-dependent expression pattern. DEGs were identified by <i>P</i> < 0.05 and |log<sub>2</sub>FC| > 1 , figureFileSmall=rhKqfnEYG1VcXt1Emz0nvw==, figureFileBig=Sf2PnPKwKO2JEGia6dgLqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750106825700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LRg4x5iKSLuVwxRwJUFBaQ==, figureFileBig=6PkMkCe+Kqvo/f1Eg6K5zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750236849125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Regulation of PUMA and its upstream and downstream apoptosis-related genes at the mRNA expression level by VNP20009. A-E: Relative mRNA expression levels of p53 (A), PUMA (B), CytC (C), CASP9 (D), and CASP3 (E) gene in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> PBS (control group) , figureFileSmall=LRg4x5iKSLuVwxRwJUFBaQ==, figureFileBig=6PkMkCe+Kqvo/f1Eg6K5zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750333318118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gCmmdqqGVR7c1cXRPcnM2w==, figureFileBig=SSL9wpTnCThvWPIWgZciUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750438175719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Regulation of PUMA and its upstream and downstream apoptosis-related genes at the protein expression level by VNP20009. A: Western blot analysis showing the protein expression levels of p53, PUMA, CytC, CASP9, and CASP3 in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions; B-F: Bar plots showing the relative protein expression levels of p53, PUMA, CytC, CASP9, and CASP3 in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=gCmmdqqGVR7c1cXRPcnM2w==, figureFileBig=SSL9wpTnCThvWPIWgZciUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750677251048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MOsO0izylrAENH0TYV0twQ==, figureFileBig=n7RXkTazMfUCo2bA1JKL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694750903743465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying VNP20009-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells at the transcriptional levels. A: Plot of the results obtained from linear regression analysis of relative mRNA expression level; B: Plot of the results obtained from linear regression analysis of relative protein expression level , figureFileSmall=MOsO0izylrAENH0TYV0twQ==, figureFileBig=n7RXkTazMfUCo2bA1JKL7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694751226704874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wABC6GD1WTjfTebbaQ6ngg==, figureFileBig=0l3rkVvAcvdgUGe6gxmNzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694751394477035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Regulatory effect of p53 inhibitor on VNP20009-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. A, B: Relative mRNA expression levels of the p53 (A) and PUMA (B) gene in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions after p53 inhibition; C: Western blot analysis showing the protein expression levels of p53 and PUMA in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions after p53 inhibition; D, E: Bar plots showing the relative protein expression levels of p53 and PUMA in B16F10 cells under different experimental conditions. Control: PBS-treated group without p53 inhibitor; Control-p53in: PBS-treated group with p53 inhibitor; 8 h-50-p53in: VNP20009 co-cultured for 8 h, MOI=50 under p53 inhibition; 8 h-100-p53in: VNP20009 co-cultured for 8 h, MOI=100 under p53 inhibition; 16 h-50-p53in: VNP20009 co-cultured for 16 h, MOI=50 under p53 inhibition; 16 h-100-p53in: VNP20009 co-cultured for 16 h, MOI=100 under p53 inhibition. <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=wABC6GD1WTjfTebbaQ6ngg==, figureFileBig=0l3rkVvAcvdgUGe6gxmNzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190694751516111852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5'-3')
β-Actin-F AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC
β-Actin-R AGGAGCCAGAGCAGTAATCTC
p53-F CTCTCCCCCGCAAAAGAAAAA
p53-R CGGAACATCTCGAAGCGTTTA
PUMA-F AGCAGCACTTAGAGTCGCC
PUMA-R CCTGGGTAAGGGGAGGAGT
CytC-F CCAAATCTCCACGGTCTGTTC
CytC-R ATCAGGGTATCCTCTCCCCAG
CASP9-F TCCTGGTACATCGAGACCTTG
CASP9-R AAGTCCCTTTCGCAGAAACAG
CASP3-F ATGGAGAACAACAAAACCTCAGT
CASP3-R TTGCTCCCATGTATGGTCTTTAC
), ArticleFig(id=1190694751658718189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) primers. PUMA: p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis; CytC: Cytochrome C; CASP9: Caspase 9; CASP3: Caspase 3; F: Forward primer; R: Reverse primer

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Gene Sequence (5'-3')
β-Actin-F AGAGGGAAATCGTGCGTGAC
β-Actin-R AGGAGCCAGAGCAGTAATCTC
p53-F CTCTCCCCCGCAAAAGAAAAA
p53-R CGGAACATCTCGAAGCGTTTA
PUMA-F AGCAGCACTTAGAGTCGCC
PUMA-R CCTGGGTAAGGGGAGGAGT
CytC-F CCAAATCTCCACGGTCTGTTC
CytC-R ATCAGGGTATCCTCTCCCCAG
CASP9-F TCCTGGTACATCGAGACCTTG
CASP9-R AAGTCCCTTTCGCAGAAACAG
CASP3-F ATGGAGAACAACAAAACCTCAGT
CASP3-R TTGCTCCCATGTATGGTCTTTAC
), ArticleFig(id=1190694751780353006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Time/h Equation R2
4 Y = 10.42X + 14.72 0.919 9
8 Y = 26.69X + 1.403 0.815 9
12 Y = 27.68X + 4.253 0.861 3
16 Y = 29.46X + 10.05 0.912 6
), ArticleFig(id=1190694751893599215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190373729109643792, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of linear regression analysis of apoptosis rate. X: log10(MOI); Y: Apoptosis rate

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Time/h Equation R2
4 Y = 10.42X + 14.72 0.919 9
8 Y = 26.69X + 1.403 0.815 9
12 Y = 27.68X + 4.253 0.861 3
16 Y = 29.46X + 10.05 0.912 6
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抗肿瘤减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009通过p53信号通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡
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金天乐 1 , 路平 2 , 华子春 1, 2, 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025,60(5): 1208-1220
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于工程化细菌的活体生物药 2025, 60(5): 1208-1220
抗肿瘤减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009通过p53信号通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡
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金天乐1, 路平2, 华子春1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
  • 2.新乡医学院药学学部, 河南 新乡 453003
  • 3.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
  • 4.常州南京大学高新技术研究院/江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164

通讯作者:

*华子春, Tel: 13814039758, E-mail:
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway
Tian-le JIN1, Ping LU2, Zi-chun HUA1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
  • 2. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
  • 3. The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210033, China
  • 4. High-tech Research Institute of Nanjing University/Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Institute of Industrial Technology Research Institutes of Jiangsu Province Institute, Changzhou 213164, China
出版时间: 2025-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0172
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减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌VNP20009是一种具有高肿瘤靶向性的新型溶瘤菌, 其抗肿瘤的机制之一是诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡, 但是具体分子机制尚不明确。黑色素瘤是致死率最高的皮肤癌, 现有治疗手段存在不良反应大、易复发等问题。本研究以小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16F10为研究模型, 深入探究了VNP20009诱导黑色素瘤细胞B16F10凋亡的调控机制。结果表明, VNP20009能够显著诱导B16F10细胞凋亡, 且凋亡诱导效应呈现时间和浓度依赖性。通过转录组测序分析发现, p53信号通路在VNP20009处理组中显著富集, 提示该通路可能介导了VNP20009的促凋亡效应。进一步研究显示, VNP20009可以通过激活p53通路关键基因PUMA及其上下游分子p53、CytC、CASP9和CASP3, 能够形成级联反应, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。本研究阐明了VNP20009通过p53-PUMA轴激活B16F10黑色素瘤细胞内源性凋亡的机制, 为基于减毒沙门氏菌的黑色素瘤治疗提供了新的理论依据。

黑色素瘤  /  减毒沙门氏菌  /  p53信号通路  /  细胞凋亡  /  基因表达调控

Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 is a novel oncolytic bacterium with high tumor-targeting properties. One of its anti-tumor mechanisms is the induction of tumor cell apoptosis, although the specific molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is associated with significant challenges, such as severe side effects and high recurrence rates in current treatments. This study used the B16F10 mouse melanoma cell line as a model to explore the regulatory mechanism of VNP20009-induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. The results showed that VNP20009 significantly induced apoptosis in B16F10 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the p53 signaling pathway was significantly enriched in the VNP20009-treated group, suggesting that this pathway might mediate the pro-apoptotic effects of VNP20009. Further investigations demonstrated that VNP20009 induces apoptosis by activating key genes in the p53 pathway, including PUMA, and its upstream and downstream molecules, such as p53, CytC, CASP9, and CASP3, forming a cascade reaction. In conclusion, this study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which VNP20009 induces apoptosis in B16F10 melanoma cells through the p53-PUMA axis, providing new theoretical insights for melanoma treatment based on attenuated Salmonella bacteria.

melanoma  /  attenuated Salmonella typhimurium  /  p53 signaling pathway  /  apoptosis  /  gene expression regulation
金天乐, 路平, 华子春. 抗肿瘤减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009通过p53信号通路诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1208 -1220 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0172
Tian-le JIN, Ping LU, Zi-chun HUA. Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009 induces apoptosis in melanoma cells through the p53 signaling pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (5) : 1208 -1220 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0172
近年来, 基于微生物的免疫疗法逐渐成为癌症治疗的研究热点, 其中以VNP20009为代表的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella enterica typhimurium) 因其独特的抗肿瘤特性而备受关注[1]。作为一种兼性厌氧菌, 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌能够在低氧的肿瘤微环境中高效富集并侵袭肿瘤细胞[2, 3]。其抗肿瘤活性主要源于其对宿主免疫系统的激活作用, 包括诱导肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAMs) 的极化、促进细胞毒性T细胞(CTLs) 的浸润以及增强肿瘤微环境的免疫监视能力[4, 5], 进而改善肿瘤免疫微环境[6]
此外, 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌还可作为天然的肿瘤靶向载体, 通过主动进入肿瘤组织并以受控方式释放细胞毒性物质, 从而实现对肿瘤的选择性杀伤[7, 8]。然而, 早期的研究显示, 野生型鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(如菌株14028) 在黑色素瘤模型小鼠中虽表现出一定的抗肿瘤效果, 但实验小鼠最终因细菌毒性而死亡[9]。这一结果促使研究者通过基因工程技术对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌进行改造, 以降低其毒力并增强其肿瘤靶向能力[10]
减毒鼠伤寒沙门氏菌VNP20009是目前最具潜力的候选菌株之一。该菌株通过删除purI和msbB基因, 显著降低了免疫系统的过度激活, 从而在减弱毒性的同时增强了其肿瘤靶向能力[11, 12]。近年来, VNP20009已被广泛应用于多种癌症的治疗研究, 并与多种抗肿瘤策略联合使用, 包括抗细胞毒性蛋白[13, 14]、干扰素-γ[15]、免疫检查点阻断纳米抗体[16]、免疫调节剂[17]、肿瘤疫苗[18], 以及针对促癌基因的shRNA[19]等。这些研究不仅验证了VNP20009的安全性, 还展示了其在肿瘤治疗中的广阔应用前景。但是, VNP20009的抗肿瘤作用机制尚未完全阐明, 因此基于VNP20009的溶瘤菌改造缺乏理论的指导。
在VNP20009的抗肿瘤研究中, 黑色素瘤是使用较多的研究模型。黑色素瘤被广泛认为是皮肤癌中最具侵袭性和致命性的一种, 每年在全球范围内导致超过60 000人死亡[20]。尽管在过去几十年中, 研究者投入了大量精力开发多种黑色素瘤治疗方法, 包括手术切除、放射治疗、化学药物治疗、激素治疗和免疫疗法等, 但这些治疗手段在临床应用中仍存在显著局限性。此外, 黑色素瘤的高复发率和转移倾向进一步限制了现有治疗手段的效果, 导致患者的总生存期(OS) 较短[21, 22]。因此, 开发高效且不良反应较小的新型治疗策略已成为黑色素瘤研究领域的迫切需求。这也是经常用黑色素瘤模型开展VNP20009及其衍生菌株疗效研究的原因之一。
本实验室在2007年发现VNP20009在体内外模型上能够诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡[23], 但其诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡的具体分子机制迄今仍不明确[24]。本研究旨在揭示VNP20009促进黑色素瘤细胞B16F10凋亡的作用机制。首先, 通过体外共孵育实验, 本研究证实了VNP20009能够显著诱导B16F10细胞凋亡, 并呈现时间和浓度依赖性。进一步利用转录组测序技术, 本研究筛选出p53信号通路及其下游凋亡相关基因的显著富集, 提示该通路可能介导了VNP20009的促凋亡效应。基于此, 本研究进一步聚焦于p53信号通路的核心调控节点——p53上调凋亡因子(p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis, PUMA), 并系统分析了其上下游关键分子: p53、细胞色素C (cytochrome C, CytC)、半胱天冬酶9 (caspase 9, CASP9) 及半胱天冬酶3 (caspase 3, CASP3) 在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达变化。通过qPCR和Western blot验证, 本研究阐明了VNP20009通过激活p53-PUMA轴级联反应诱导B16F10黑色素瘤细胞内源性凋亡的分子机制, 为优化基于减毒沙门氏菌的黑色素瘤治疗策略提供了新的理论依据。
仪器   台式冷冻离心机(型号: LEGEND MICRO 21R)、细胞培养箱(型号: IEST-RP-CC001.3), Thermo公司; 超纯水仪(型号: IQ 70055, Millipore公司); 高压灭菌锅(型号: GR85DA, Zealway公司); 超声波细胞粉碎机(型号: 08-Ⅲ, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); 酶标仪(型号: H1MF, TECAN公司); 流式细胞仪(型号: BD Accuri C6 plus, BD公司); PCR仪(型号: TC-E-48D, 杭州博日科技股份有限公司); Real-Time qPCR仪(型号: A28567, Applied Biosystems公司); 电泳系统(型号: EPS300)、凝胶显影仪(型号: MINI Space 1000)、化学发光仪(型号: GloMaxTM20/20 Promega), Tanon公司。
主要试剂   PBS磷酸盐缓冲液(DFQD130024) 购自南京普诺思生物科技有限公司; 蛋白胨(3581230)、酵母提取物(4333726-02) 购自英国Oxoid公司; 氯化钠(240915A2) 购自南京化学试剂股份有限公司; 脱脂奶粉(K807BA0001)、碘化丙啶(A425259) 购自上海生工生物工程股份有限公司; RPMI1640完全培养基(BC20231218)、胰酶-EDTA溶液(BC20240903) 购自Bio-Channel公司; p53抑制剂(A269250220)、Annexin V-APC结合液(C1062S) 购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; Trizol溶液(7F632K2)、cDNA合成试剂盒(7F1031I4)、DNA marker (7E750I3)、蛋白marker (7E0822J4) 购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; SYBR染料法qPCR (15524) 购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司; 10% PAGE凝胶试剂盒(WUKQV) 购自山东思科捷生物技术有限公司思科捷; PVDF膜(00003326078) 购自Millipore公司; Annexin V-APC蛋白由本实验前期构建表达菌株并进行发酵表达纯化; p53抗体、PUMA抗体购自杭州华安生物技术有限公司; CytC抗体、CASP9抗体、CASP3抗体、Tubulin抗体购自Cell Signaling Technology公司; 其他试剂均为市售分析纯。
细胞培养   小鼠黑色素瘤细胞系B16F10购自ATCC细胞库并由本实验室保存。B16F10使用含有10%胎牛血清、青霉素(100 μg·mL-1) 和链霉素(100 μg·mL-1) 的RPMI1640完全培养基, 置于95%湿度和5% CO2的37 ℃细胞培养箱中培养。
细菌培养   减毒沙门氏菌菌株VNP20009由本实验室保存。VNP20009使用LB液体培养基, 置于37 ℃摇床中进行培养。LB液体培养基的配置: 称取5 g蛋白胨、5 g NaCl和2.5 g酵母粉, 加入400 mL ddH2O中, 充分溶解。将溶液定容至500 mL, 均匀混合。将溶液分装至15 mL玻璃试管和50 mL锥形瓶中。对分装的溶液进行灭菌处理后, 保存于室温。
流式细胞术检测B16F10细胞凋亡   将细胞培养液吸入适当的离心管中, 使用PBS对贴壁细胞进行一次洗涤。加入适量的胰酶消化液(可含有EDTA) 对细胞进行消化。随后将消化得到的细胞悬液转移至离心管, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清液。收集细胞, 使用PBS轻轻重悬细胞并计数。取5万~10万计数后的细胞, 1 000 ×g离心5 min, 弃去上清液。将细胞重悬在195 μL Annexin V-APC结合液中, 轻轻混匀。加入5 μL Annexin V-APC, 轻轻混匀。加入10 μL碘化丙啶染色液, 轻轻混匀。室温(20~25 ℃) 避光孵育10~20 min, 随后将细胞置于冰浴中。孵育完成后, 使用流式细胞仪进行检测。检测完成后根据细胞的Annexin V阳性和PI阳性比例分析凋亡率。
半数抑制浓度(IC50) 计算   通过不同浓度VNP20009菌株与B16F10细胞共同培养后, 使用流式细胞术检测凋亡水平, 使用GraphPad Prism 9软件(9.0.0版本) 计算VNP20009对B16F10细胞的IC50值。
转录组学测序   收集细胞样品后, 送至上海欧易生物医学科技有限公司完成测序工作。
抑制B16F10细胞p53基因的表达   在T25培养瓶中接种B16F10黑色素瘤细胞, 待细胞状态稳定后, 加入终浓度为10 μmol·L-1 p53抑制剂进行处理, 持续24 h。随后, 向各组细胞中加入VNP20009细菌悬液进行共培养。实验共设6个组别: p53抑制实验组包括PBS处理对照组(control-p53in)、VNP20009共孵育8 h分别以50 (8 h-50-p53in) 和100 (8 h-100-p53in) 的MOI处理组, 以及VNP20009共孵育16 h分别以50 (16 h-50-p53in) 和100 (16 h-100-p53in) 的MOI处理组。同时, 设置PBS处理组(control) 作为无p53抑制剂的对照。
B16F10细胞总RNA的提取与cDNA合成   向每个含有B16F10细胞的10 cm培养皿中加入3 mL Trizol溶液, 进行细胞裂解。将裂解液收集到1.5 mL离心管中, 室温放置5 min以确保充分裂解。按照比例(每1 mL Trizol加入0.2 mL氯仿), 剧烈震荡15 s, 形成乳浊液。将乳浊液在4 ℃下静置5 min。在12 000 ×g、4 ℃条件下离心15 min, 吸取上清液(含RNA的无色水相) 至新的1.5 mL离心管中。按照比例(每1 mL Trizol加入1 mL 75%乙醇溶液), 轻轻弹离心管底部, 使沉淀悬浮。洗涤后在4 ℃下静置5 min。在12 000 ×g、4 ℃条件下离心5 min, 弃去上清液。在大于5 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心1 s, 离心完成后弃去上清液。待RNA稍微干燥后, 按照比例(每1 mL Trizol加入30 μL DEPC水) 溶解RNA, 轻轻混匀后放置在-80 ℃保存。提取得到的RNA, 使用逆转录试剂盒合成cDNA, cDNA放置于-20 ℃保存。
qPCR检测mRNA表达水平   采用荧光定量PCR (qPCR) 检测与B16F10黑色素瘤细胞p53信号通路相关的基因(p53、PUMA、CytC、CASP9、CASP3) 的mRNA表达水平, 使用β-actin作为内参基因。相关引物序列见表 1, 引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司合成。
B16F10细胞蛋白样品的提取   用PBS溶液润洗含有B16F10细胞的10 cm培养皿, 之后加入4 mL PBS, 使用细胞刮刀轻轻刮下细胞并收集至1.5 mL离心管中。在2 000 ×g、4 ℃离心3 min, 弃去上清液。加入500 μL RIPA裂解液(含磷酸酶抑制剂和蛋白酶抑制剂) 重新悬浮细胞, 并在冰上裂解30 min。使用超声波细胞粉碎机处理细胞样品, 确保细胞完全破碎。裂解完成后, 在12 000 ×g、4 ℃下离心15 min, 取上清液。向上清液中加入5×上样缓冲液, 100 ℃加热10 min, 得到样品。样品制备完成后, 置于-20 ℃保存。
Western blot检测蛋白表达水平   在200 V电压条件下, 使用10% SDS-PAGE凝胶分离细胞蛋白样品, 运行时间为45 min。在300 mA电流下, 将分离的蛋白转膜至PVDF膜, 转膜时间为50 min。使用特异性抗体检测p53、PUMA、CytC、CASP9和CASP3的蛋白表达水平。Tubulin作为内参基因用于归一化蛋白表达水平。通过化学发光法检测蛋白条带的强度, 并使用ImageJ软件进行分析。
统计学分析   本文使用GraphPad Prism 9软件(版本9.0.0) 进行数据分析和作图。数据以平均值±标准误(SEM) 表示。两组之间的统计学差异通过t检验进行比较, 而多组之间的差异则采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。P值小于0.05被认为具有显著性差异。
为探究减毒沙门氏菌VNP20009对黑色素瘤细胞B16F10的细胞毒性, 本研究建立了体外共培养模型, 通过流式细胞术定量分析细胞凋亡水平。数据显示, 当MOI值从5提升至1 000时, 细胞凋亡率呈现剂量依赖性增长(图 1A)。另外, 共培养时间延长也会增强细菌浓度与凋亡率之间的相关性(图 1B~E)。为进一步量化VNP20009处理的时间依赖性效应, 本研究对凋亡率数据进行了线性回归分析(图 1F)。结果显示, 剂量-效应曲线的斜率随共培养时间延长而增加, 4、8、12和16 h处理组的斜率分别为10.42、26.69、27.68和29.46 (表 2)。该趋势进一步表明, 随着共孵育时间的延长, B16F10细胞对VNP20009的敏感性会逐渐增强, 凋亡率随浓度升高的速率加快。上述结果共同表明, VNP20009对B16F10细胞的促凋亡效应具有典型的时间-剂量双重依赖性特征。
基于上述发现, 本研究确定16 h为最佳共培养时间, 并建立包含7个浓度梯度(MOI = 5、10、30、50、100、500、1 000) 的实验体系。通过剂量-效应曲线计算得出VNP20009的IC50为(6.874 8 ± 0.121 8)×106 CFU·mL-1, 这一关键参数为评估菌株的细胞毒性提供了量化依据。
为探究VNP20009共孵育处理对B16F10细胞信号通路的影响, 本研究设置了4个实验组和1个对照组。实验组分别为: VNP20009共孵育8 h, MOI=50 (vnp-8 h-50); VNP20009共孵育8 h, MOI=100 (vnp-8 h-100); VNP20009共孵育16 h, MOI=50 (vnp-16 h-50); VNP20009共孵育16 h, MOI=100 (vnp-16 h-100)。对照组为PBS处理组(PBS)。
KEGG富集分析显示, p53信号通路在多个处理组中呈现显著富集(图 2A~D)。特别值得关注的是, 与凋亡相关的信号通路(如NF-κB、PI3K-Akt) 虽在部分组别中显现富集, 但p53通路的富集分数(enrichment score) 与显著性水平(P值) 始终居于首位, 提示其可能作为核心枢纽调控细胞凋亡进程。
GSEA分析进一步验证了该发现: 在所有处理组中, p53通路核心基因集均显著上调(NES=1.74~2.35, P < 0.001), 其中高浓度(MOI=100) 与长时间(16 h) 处理组的激活程度尤为显著(图 2E~H)。这些多组学证据共同指向p53信号通路在VNP20009介导的细胞凋亡中发挥核心作用。
KEGG和GSEA分析的结果共同揭示了p53信号通路在VNP20009处理中的显著激活, 为后续研究提供了重要的理论依据。
进一步对VNP20009处理组与对照组的转录组数据进行分析, 绘制了差异表达基因火山图(图 3A~D), 并重点关注了p53信号通路中与凋亡相关的基因。结果显示, 大部分凋亡相关基因在VNP20009处理后呈现显著上调趋势, 从而提示: VNP20009可能通过激活p53信号通路来诱导细胞凋亡。
在显著上调的基因中, PUMA (Bbc3) 表现出良好的时间和浓度依赖性。具体而言, 随着处理时间从8 h延长至16 h, PUMA (Bbc3) 的表达量显著增加, 而随着VNP20009浓度从MOI=50增加至MOI=100, PUMA (Bbc3) 的表达量也有显著提升。
基于差异基因分析的结果, 本研究进而筛选了p53信号通路中与凋亡相关的基因, 并绘制了差异基因表达水平热图(图 3E)。结果显示, 除PUMA (Bbc3) 以外, 其相关上下游基因如p53 (Trp53)、CASP3、CASP9和CytC (Cycs) 在实验组中均表现出显著的表达变化。这些基因的表达模式与p53信号通路的激活状态一致, 提示它们都参与了VNP20009诱导的黑色素瘤B16F10细胞凋亡进程。
上述结果表明, PUMA (Bbc3) 作为p53信号通路中的关键促凋亡基因, 其显著上调提示其在VNP20009诱导的细胞凋亡中可能发挥重要作用。因此, 本研究选择PUMA (Bbc3) 以及其上下游相关基因作为后续研究的重点, 检测其mRNA和蛋白表达水平, 以进一步验证转录组测序结果的可靠性, 揭示VNP20009诱导B16F10细胞凋亡的作用机制。
为进一步探讨VNP20009对p53信号通路中凋亡相关基因的调控作用, 本研究通过qPCR分析了PUMA及其上下游相关基因(p53、CASP3、CASP9、CytC) 的mRNA表达水平, 并结合不同的处理时间(8、16 h) 和浓度(MOI=50、MOI=100) 对其表达变化进行评估。结果表明, p53、PUMA、CASP3和CytC基因的mRNA表达均显著上调, 而CASP9的mRNA表达在各实验组中未显示出明显的差异(图 4)。
p53作为p53信号通路的核心调控因子, 其mRNA表达在VNP20009处理后被显著激活, 并且随着处理时间和浓度的延长呈现出明显的时间与剂量依赖性(图 4A)。PUMA作为p53信号通路中的重要促凋亡基因, 其mRNA水平同样在VNP20009作用后明显上调, 且随着处理条件的加强进一步提升(图 4B)。此外, 关键凋亡相关因子CytC的mRNA表达在VNP20009处理后显著增强, 并表现出与作用时长和菌株浓度双重相关的上调趋势(图 4C)。而CASP3和CASP9作为凋亡进程中起始因子和执行分子, 其mRNA表达水平同样提高, 与VNP20009的处理条件呈正相关(图 4DE)。
综上所述, VNP20009显著上调了p53信号通路中p53、PUMA、CytC和CASP3的mRNA表达水平, 且其调控作用具有明显的时间和浓度依赖性。这些结果证明PUMA是p53信号通路中的关键促凋亡基因, 其上下游基因在该过程中发挥着重要作用, 为进一步揭示VNP20009的作用机制提供了有力的证据。
为验证VNP20009通过PUMA相关信号通路调控B16F10细胞凋亡的分子机制, 本研究进一步通过Western blot分析了多个关键蛋白的表达水平。结果显示, VNP20009处理显著上调了p53、PUMA、CytC、CASP9和CASP3的蛋白表达水平(图 5A)。
p53蛋白的表达量在VNP20009处理后显著上调, 且随着处理时间的延长和MOI的增加呈现出明显的时间与浓度依赖性(图 5B)。PUMA蛋白的表达量同样在VNP20009作用下明显升高, 且变化趋势与p53保持一致(图 5C)。CytC蛋白表达水平在VNP20009处理后显著增加, 且随处理条件的增强而进一步升高, 呈现出VNP20009处理时间和浓度的依赖性(图 5D)。此外, CASP9和CASP3蛋白的表达量也在VNP20009处理后得到显著提升, 其变化水平也与处理时间和浓度呈正相关(图 5EF)。
这些结果共同表明, VNP20009能够激活转录因子p53的表达、同时激活下游PUMA、CytC、CASP9及CASP3的蛋白表达, 最终导致B16F10细胞凋亡。这些发现不仅确认了PUMA及其上下游基因在p53凋亡相关信号通路中的关键作用, 也阐明了VNP20009通过激活p53-PUMA轴激活B16F10黑色素瘤细胞内源性凋亡的分子机制。
为了系统解析VNP20009调控B16F10细胞凋亡的分子机制, 本研究进一步对qPCR的检测结果进行综合分析, 以解释PUMA上下游凋亡相关基因的协同响应模式。
结果表明, 经VNP20009处理后, 黑色素瘤细胞B16F10中p53、PUMA、CytC、CASP9和CASP3的mRNA表达量都随着VNP20009浓度的增加和处理时间的延长而逐渐上调(图 4)。值得注意的是, PUMA的mRNA表达量呈现出最为显著的上调趋势, 表明其mRNA表达水平与VNP20009浓度和处理时间有着高度相关性, 进一步证明PUMA在VNP20009诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡的过程中可能起到核心作用。
图 5清晰地展示了各个基因的蛋白表达水平在不同实验条件下的表达差异与变化趋势。该结果证实, 经VNP20009诱导后, 位于凋亡信号调控起点的转录因子p53的表达水平呈现出最明显的上调趋势, 并且与凋亡信号终端的胱天蛋白酶CASP3的表达趋势几乎完全重叠; CytC的表达趋势与p53的表达趋势也高度相似。其次, CASP9与PUMA之间的表达趋势表现出高度一致, 同时CASP9与PUMA的表达趋势同样也与p53的表达趋势关联。
为进一步阐明p53信号通路的调控特征, 本研究对转录及蛋白表达数据进行线性拟合分析(图 6AB)。结果显示, p53的mRNA表达量虽然随VNP20009处理呈现上调趋势, 但其转录水平的变化响应相对平缓(拟合斜率较低), 而p53蛋白表达量则在处理后显著升高, 且在16 h-100组达到峰值。另外, PUMA基因的mRNA表达量对VNP20009处理表现出最强烈的响应(拟合斜率最大), 但其蛋白表达量的上调幅度却是最小, 提示PUMA的翻译效率可能受到其他机制的调控。相比之下, CytC、CASP9及CASP3在mRNA和蛋白水平的表达趋势高度一致, 且均与p53的表达水平呈正相关。这一结果不仅证实p53是该通路的核心调控因子, 还表明VNP20009通过激活p53-PUMA轴, 驱动黑色素瘤细胞B16F10的内源性凋亡。
综合上述结果, VNP20009通过激活p53信号通路诱导B16F10细胞凋亡, 其机制涉及多层次的基因表达调控: p53在蛋白水平的显著上调主导了通路的启动, PUMA作为关键中间分子连接p53与凋亡途径, 而CytC、CASP9和CASP3的同步激活则最终执行凋亡程序。未来研究需进一步探索PUMA翻译调控的具体机制, 以完善基于p53通路的溶瘤菌治疗策略。
为了进一步验证p53对PUMA调控作用及其在凋亡通路中的核心地位, 本研究在VNP20009与B16F10细胞共培养前预先加入p53抑制剂, 以阻断p53的激活, 并评估其对下游靶基因PUMA的调控效应。实验结果显示, 在各组处理条件下, 相较于未加入抑制剂的样本, p53抑制剂显著降低了p53的mRNA表达水平(图 7A), 这表明p53抑制剂在VNP20009处理后能够有效抑制p53的转录活性。同时, PUMA的mRNA表达也明显下降, 其变化趋势与p53保持一致(图 7B)。值得注意的是, 即使在p53受抑制的条件下, 随着VNP20009处理时间和浓度的增加, p53和PUMA的mRNA表达量仍呈逐步上升趋势, 这进一步验证了该信号通路在VNP20009诱导细胞凋亡过程中的关键调控作用。
此外, 本研究进一步探讨了p53抑制剂对蛋白表达水平的影响。Western blot结果显示, p53抑制剂显著降低了p53蛋白的表达水平, 并导致PUMA蛋白同步下调(图 7C), 表明p53在调控PUMA翻译过程中的直接作用。更为重要的是, 在不同VNP20009处理条件下, p53与PUMA蛋白表达上调的趋势依然高度一致(图 7DE), 说明即使p53活性部分受到抑制, 其下游凋亡信号通路仍能被部分激活。
上述结果显示, 在未使用p53抑制剂的情况下, VNP20009处理显著提升了二者的mRNA和蛋白表达水平, 且随作用时间的延长和MOI的增大而进一步上调, 呈现出明显的时间-剂量依赖性。而在加入p53抑制剂后, p53与PUMA的上调效应被明显抑制, 无论在转录还是翻译水平, 其表达量均明显低于未抑制条件。尽管p53抑制剂显著抑制了VNP20009诱导的p53和PUMA上调趋势, 但在不同处理时间和浓度下, p53与PUMA的表达仍然呈现出微弱的时间与剂量依赖性提升, 提示可能存在p53非依赖性的残留调控机制。总体而言, 这些结果进一步验证了p53对PUMA表达的正向调控作用, 并为针对该信号通路的靶向干预提供了直接的分子依据。
近年来, 基于溶瘤菌的抗癌疗法作为一种前沿的癌症治疗选择, 已引起广泛关注[25, 26]。兼性厌氧菌(如鼠伤寒沙门氏菌) 在抗癌研究中备受重视, 因为它们具有在不同氧浓度下靶向攻击肿瘤的天然能力, 并能通过强大的免疫原性激活免疫系统, 进而摧毁动物模型中的肿瘤[27, 28]。然而, 鼠伤寒沙门氏菌也同时是引起人类沙门氏菌病的致病菌[29]。因此, 为了确保其在癌症治疗中的安全应用, 必须对其毒性进行有效减弱, 从而使其成为一种可行的治疗选择[30]
VNP20009是一种经过广泛研究的减毒沙门氏菌菌株, 采用了敲除purI和msbB基因的策略, 使其毒性显著降低, 减少了因脓毒症引起休克的风险, 为其在黑色素瘤治疗中的应用提供了更安全的基础[31, 32]。具体而言, msbB突变使得菌株诱导宿主产生的TNF-α水平大幅降低, 从而减少了宿主因TNF-α引起的感染性休克[33]。为了进一步提升菌株在肿瘤中的特异性定植能力, 研究者还敲除了VNP20009的purI基因, 使其生长能力依赖于环境中的嘌呤浓度, 从而更易在富含嘌呤的区域(肿瘤组织内部) 定植和扩增[34]。前期研究表明, 在相同菌株浓度下, VNP20009对宿主细胞的毒性明显减弱, 确保了其作为抗肿瘤载体的安全性[35]。基于生物安全性、肿瘤靶向性及明确的全基因组特性, VNP20009已在多种动物肿瘤模型和癌症患者I期临床试验中得到广泛研究, 包括黑色素瘤[36]、乳腺癌[37]及结肠癌[38]。目前, 已有多项基于动物体内实验的研究探讨了VNP20009治疗肿瘤的机制[39, 40], 但关于VNP20009在体外杀伤黑色素瘤细胞的分子机制的研究尚显不足。本研究系统揭示了VNP20009通过激活p53-PUMA轴级联反应, 诱导B16F10细胞内源性凋亡的分子机制, 为基于溶瘤菌的黑色素瘤治疗及其进一步改造提供了新的理论支持。
本研究通过体外实验验证了VNP20009能够显著诱导B16F10黑色素瘤细胞的凋亡, 且该效应呈时间和浓度依赖性[IC50 = (6.874 8 ± 0.121 8)×106 CFU·mL-1]。转录组测序进一步揭示, p53信号通路在多个实验组中显著富集, 其富集分数和标准化富集分数均高于其他凋亡相关通路(如NF-κB和PI3K-Akt通路)。这一发现与现有研究一致, 表明在DNA损伤或细胞应激条件下, p53信号通路通过调控促凋亡基因(如PUMA) 来诱导细胞凋亡。特别值得注意的是, 本研究揭示了VNP20009通过p53-PUMA轴诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡的分子机制, 填补了沙门氏菌直接诱导黑色素瘤细胞凋亡发挥抗肿瘤作用机制的研究空白。
此前有研究表明, PUMA作为p53的直接靶基因, 可以介导由p53信号通路触发的凋亡效应, 如辐射、DNA损伤药物及缺氧等应激条件均通过PUMA依赖的线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡[41, 42]。本研究进一步发现, VNP20009诱导的黑色素瘤细胞凋亡同样依赖于PUMA的调控, PUMA的表达量随p53同步增加, 显著增强了B16F10细胞对VNP20009的敏感性。qPCR的结果表明, PUMA的mRNA表达量在高浓度(MOI=100) 和长时间(16 h) 处理组中能达到对照组的5.7倍, 证明其在B16F10细胞的p53凋亡信号通路中发挥了重要作用。
另外, 本研究通过p53抑制剂干预实验, 进一步探究了p53与PUMA之间的相关性, 并证明在VNP20009诱导B16F10细胞凋亡的过程中p53对PUMA表达水平的直接调控作用。实验数据表明, p53抑制剂显著抑制了VNP20009诱导的p53和PUMA表达上调(mRNA表达量分别降至32.52%和41.51%), 这一结果直接证实了p53对PUMA的正向调控关系。值得注意的是, 尽管抑制剂处理大幅削弱了p53活性, 但残留的p53和PUMA仍呈现微弱的时间-剂量依赖性上调, 提示可能存在p53非依赖的调控机制。这一现象与既往研究报道的凋亡通路代偿性激活机制一致, 如NF-κB或MAPK通路可能通过交叉调控维持部分凋亡信号[43]
除此之外, 尽管PUMA的mRNA表达量对VNP20009处理响应最为强烈, 但其蛋白表达量的上调幅度却相对较小, 提示其翻译过程可能受到其他机制调控。本实验室前期研究发现, B16F10细胞在经VNP20009处理后能够激活自噬作为保护性应答[44]。同时, 自噬可通过降解PUMA蛋白来拮抗细胞凋亡进程, 而抑制自噬则能够稳定PUMA蛋白并促进细胞凋亡[44, 45]。基于此, 本课题组推测B16F10细胞可能通过自噬途径部分降解PUMA蛋白, 导致其蛋白表达量的增幅受限, 而转录水平的上调则反映了p53对PUMA的直接激活。这一机制或为优化溶瘤菌疗法提供新的干预靶点。
尽管在VNP20009处理后, CASP9的mRNA水平未出现显著性上调, 但其蛋白表达量仍呈现上升趋势, 与p53信号通路的激活状态及CASP9蛋白水平的增加趋势一致。这一结果可能受到复杂的多层次调控机制影响, 包括转录后调控、蛋白降解途径以及翻译后修饰等因素[46, 47]。首先, CASP9在细胞凋亡通路中的激活不仅依赖于转录水平, 其翻译效率很可能在凋亡信号的刺激下显著增强。如在凋亡小体中, CASP9通过与Apaf-1和细胞色素c相互作用后发生自剪切活化[48, 49], 这一过程伴随翻译后修饰和蛋白稳定性的变化, 使得蛋白表达水平显著增加。此外, VNP20009处理可能通过抑制蛋白酶体介导的蛋白降解途径, 增强CASP9蛋白的稳定性并促进其在细胞内的积累。研究表明, XIAP等抗凋亡蛋白能够调控CASP9的降解过程及其活性状态[50]。因此, VNP20009可能通过影响这些调控机制, 间接导致CASP9蛋白水平的增加。另一方面, CASP9的翻译后修饰同样可能影响其活化状态, 其在凋亡小体内的自剪切可生成D315和D330两个新的表型, 因此Western blot检测到的上调可能反映了这种活化过程, 而qPCR仅反映总体mRNA水平, 无法捕捉翻译后修饰和蛋白活化的动态变化[51]。结合以上因素, 本课题组推测, VNP20009处理后观察到的CASP9蛋白水平上调, 可能主要归因于翻译后调控、蛋白稳定性增强及翻译后修饰等机制的共同作用, 而非单纯的转录激活。
p53作为被广泛研究的癌症相关基因, 其功能已经在多种肿瘤模型中被充分验证[52]。CytC、CASP9和CASP3作为经典的凋亡相关蛋白, 在线粒体依赖性凋亡通路中占据重要地位, 其功能机制也已得到广泛研究[53, 54]。而PUMA作为p53的直接靶基因, 能够通过促进CytC的释放, 进而激活CASP9和CASP3的表达, 最终诱导细胞凋亡。这一机制不仅将p53与经典的凋亡执行分子联系起来, 还阐明了VNP20009通过p53-PUMA轴激活B16F10黑色素瘤细胞内源性凋亡的机制。PUMA的枢纽作用为理解VNP20009的抗肿瘤效应提供了关键理论依据, 同时也为基于p53通路的黑色素瘤治疗策略提供了新的研究方向。本实验室未来将探讨利用合成生物学手段, 进一步增加VNP20009诱导细胞凋亡的抗肿瘤活性, 同时探索与其他治疗方法(如免疫检查点抑制剂等) 的联合应用, 通过多靶点协同进一步增强溶瘤菌的抗肿瘤效果。
作者贡献: 金天乐负责实验操作、结果分析与统计、文章写作; 路平参与了部分实验与结果分析; 华子春负责论文的构思、指导和论文修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
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2025年第60卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0172
  • 接收时间:2025-02-20
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-08
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(32250016)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82130106)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82404501)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82303774)
江苏省科技厅(BK20243001)
江苏省科技厅(BG2024026)
江苏省科技厅(BK20230165)
江苏省科技厅(BE2023695)
常州科技局(CE20246001)
常州科技局(CJ20230017)
常州科技局(CJ20235009)
江苏靶标生物医药研究所有限公司资助
作者信息
    1.中国药科大学生物药物学院, 江苏 南京 211198
    2.新乡医学院药学学部, 河南 新乡 453003
    3.南京大学生命科学学院, 医药生物技术国家重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210033
    4.常州南京大学高新技术研究院/江苏省产业技术研究院医药生物技术研究所, 江苏 常州 213164

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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