Article(id=1190335357460779872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730044800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-28, revisedDate=1736784000000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727664580, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727664580, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727664580, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727664580, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1012, endPage=1018, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335357687272289, articleId=1190335357460779872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Establishment of cell line with NOD1 receptor and enhanced green fluorescent protein labeled nucleus factor of activated T cells 2, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To establish the cells stably co-expressing NOD1 receptor and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 nuclear factor (NFAT2) (EGFP-NFAT2) in U2OS cell, the NOD1 (NM_006092) pcDNA3.1-3×Flag-hygro recombinant plasmid was transfected into U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 cells, which were screened by pressure of hygromycin B and then incubated with NOD1 agonist lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 30 min, and the green fluorescence intensity in the nucleus of the cells was detected by the high content screening assay. There were 46 cell strains expressing NOD1 in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 cells by EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation assay. Among these cells, cells No 4 had the highest nuclear translocation function. Therefore, it was selected as the U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cell for functional validation. The expression levels of NOD1 mRNA and protein in the selected U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells and the control cell U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 were examined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The results showed that NOD1 mRNA was stably expressed in this stably transfected cell line for 5-20 generations, and NOD1 protein was expressed in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 stably transfected cell line, whereas no NOD1 protein was expressed in the control cell U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2. U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were treated with histones or LPS for 30 min, and the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation was detected by the high content screening assay. Histones were found to significantly increase the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 stably transfected cells over a range of concentrations. The U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were divided into the solvent control group, NOD1 receptor antagonist nodinitib-1+histone group, and histone group. The drug incubation time was 30 min, and the specificity of the NOD1 cells was verified by observing the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation through the high content screening assay. Compared with the histones group, the nodinitib-1+histones group significantly decreased EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation in U2OSEGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells stably co-expressing NOD1 and EGFP-NFAT2 are established, which can be used for screening antagonistic compounds targeting NOD1 pathogenic microorganisms with mechanism study.

, correspAuthors=Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jia-qi WANG, Yu-lei LI, Zheng YONG, Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190335760491450778, articleId=1190335357460779872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=NOD1与增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的活化T细胞核因子2共表达细胞株的构建, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立NOD1和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) 标记的活化T细胞核因子2 (NFAT2) (EGFP-NFAT2) 共表达细胞株。将pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro重组质粒转染至U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞, 经潮霉素压力筛选后加入脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS) 孵育30 min, 通过高内涵筛选系统检测细胞核内绿色荧光强度, 验证EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 筛选得到46株稳定表达NOD1的细胞株U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1, 其中4号细胞株细胞核内绿色荧光强度最强, 故选定其为U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞株进行功能验证。采用实时定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 检测该细胞株中NOD1 mRNA水平和Western blot法检测NOD1蛋白的表达水平, 结果显示在传代5~20代内NOD1 mRNA均稳定表达, 并且该细胞株中可明显表达NOD1蛋白, 而对照细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2中未见NOD1蛋白表达。将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞接种于96孔板, 加入组蛋白(histone) 孵育30 min, 通过高内涵筛选系统检测EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 验证该细胞株NOD1功能的特异性, 发现组蛋白在不同浓度范围内使U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1稳转细胞中EGFP-NFAT2核转位明显增加。将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1稳转细胞株分为溶媒对照组、NOD1拮抗剂nodinitib-1+组蛋白组、组蛋白组。药物孵育时间均为30 min。通过高内涵筛选系统观测EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 结果表明与组蛋白组比较, nodinitib-1+组蛋白组EGFP-NFAT2核转位较明显减弱(P < 0.05)。以上结论表明成功构建了共表达NOD1和EGFP-NFAT2的稳转细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1, 可用于靶向NOD1的病原微生物的抗性化合物筛选及其分子机制研究。

, correspAuthors=周培岚, 苏瑞斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
周培岚, E-mail:
苏瑞斌, E-mail:
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Screening of U2OS cells co-expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein labeled nucleus factor of activated T (EGFP-NFAT2) and NOD1 (U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1) cells by high throughout assay. Cells were treated with LPS (0.002 μmol·L-1) for 30 min. Activity (%) = (nucleus fluorescence intensity in drug group-nucleus fluorescence intensity in control group)/nucleus fluorescence intensity in control group ×100%. LPS: Lipopolysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=N52CehectaEDVeGr+HdF9w==, figureFileBig=3fsTP6QLZGqapn2TuqbQqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349822466036484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R0xqh9iTWUCUzWpImemfPw==, figureFileBig=/y6ha2bxXYtvs2XmPjgftQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349822528951045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=

NOD1 mRNA expression in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cell by real-time quantitative PCR. n = 3, x ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 cells (control) group

, figureFileSmall=R0xqh9iTWUCUzWpImemfPw==, figureFileBig=/y6ha2bxXYtvs2XmPjgftQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349822600254214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O+HdYn6Bp1ku5q3Fr2dk6Q==, figureFileBig=SwugkYRJW0h65zOR15tZFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349822717694727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=

NOD1 protein expression in anti-flag by Western blot

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Effects of LPS and histone on nuclear translocation of U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells by high throughout assay. A: U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were treated with LPS (0.002 μmol·L-1) or histone (20 mg·L-1) for 30 min before being treated with Hoechst33342 (1 μmol·L-1) for 30 min; B, C: U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells passaged for 1-15 generations were treated with LPS (0.002 μmol·L-1, B) or histone (20 mg·L-1, C) for 30 min. n = 3, x ± s

, figureFileSmall=5pl2jPj8IJpOfEtiGOOK4A==, figureFileBig=z7h8ApybD/cbICmwe5mldA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349822931604234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rwvLJw2boJGb79unB1r/jg==, figureFileBig=Lh81EbBCoR+fDrBv+zv5dA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349823002907403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335357460779872, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=

Effects of nodinitib-1 on nuclear translocation of U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells induced by histone by high throughout assay. A: U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were treated with histone (1.25-50 mg·L-1); B, C: U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were treated with solvent (control), histone (10 mg·L-1), nodinitib-1 (10 μmol·L-1) + histone (10 mg·L-1) for 30 min. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001

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NOD1与增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的活化T细胞核因子2共表达细胞株的构建
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王佳琪 1, 2 , 李玉蕾 2 , 雍政 2 , 周培岚 1, 2, * , 苏瑞斌 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 1012-1018
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 1012-1018
NOD1与增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的活化T细胞核因子2共表达细胞株的构建
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王佳琪1, 2, 李玉蕾2, 雍政2, 周培岚1, 2, * , 苏瑞斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京中医药大学, 江苏 南京 210046
  • 2 军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

通讯作者:

周培岚, E-mail:
苏瑞斌, E-mail:
Establishment of cell line with NOD1 receptor and enhanced green fluorescent protein labeled nucleus factor of activated T cells 2
Jia-qi WANG1, 2, Yu-lei LI2, Zheng YONG2, Pei-lan ZHOU1, 2, * , Rui-bin SU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
  • 2Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1056
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建立NOD1和增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) 标记的活化T细胞核因子2 (NFAT2) (EGFP-NFAT2) 共表达细胞株。将pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro重组质粒转染至U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞, 经潮霉素压力筛选后加入脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS) 孵育30 min, 通过高内涵筛选系统检测细胞核内绿色荧光强度, 验证EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 筛选得到46株稳定表达NOD1的细胞株U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1, 其中4号细胞株细胞核内绿色荧光强度最强, 故选定其为U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞株进行功能验证。采用实时定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 检测该细胞株中NOD1 mRNA水平和Western blot法检测NOD1蛋白的表达水平, 结果显示在传代5~20代内NOD1 mRNA均稳定表达, 并且该细胞株中可明显表达NOD1蛋白, 而对照细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2中未见NOD1蛋白表达。将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞接种于96孔板, 加入组蛋白(histone) 孵育30 min, 通过高内涵筛选系统检测EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 验证该细胞株NOD1功能的特异性, 发现组蛋白在不同浓度范围内使U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1稳转细胞中EGFP-NFAT2核转位明显增加。将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1稳转细胞株分为溶媒对照组、NOD1拮抗剂nodinitib-1+组蛋白组、组蛋白组。药物孵育时间均为30 min。通过高内涵筛选系统观测EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 结果表明与组蛋白组比较, nodinitib-1+组蛋白组EGFP-NFAT2核转位较明显减弱(P < 0.05)。以上结论表明成功构建了共表达NOD1和EGFP-NFAT2的稳转细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1, 可用于靶向NOD1的病原微生物的抗性化合物筛选及其分子机制研究。

病原微生物  /  NOD1受体  /  NFAT转录因子类  /  核转位实验  /  组蛋白

To establish the cells stably co-expressing NOD1 receptor and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 nuclear factor (NFAT2) (EGFP-NFAT2) in U2OS cell, the NOD1 (NM_006092) pcDNA3.1-3×Flag-hygro recombinant plasmid was transfected into U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 cells, which were screened by pressure of hygromycin B and then incubated with NOD1 agonist lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 30 min, and the green fluorescence intensity in the nucleus of the cells was detected by the high content screening assay. There were 46 cell strains expressing NOD1 in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 cells by EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation assay. Among these cells, cells No 4 had the highest nuclear translocation function. Therefore, it was selected as the U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cell for functional validation. The expression levels of NOD1 mRNA and protein in the selected U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells and the control cell U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2 were examined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The results showed that NOD1 mRNA was stably expressed in this stably transfected cell line for 5-20 generations, and NOD1 protein was expressed in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 stably transfected cell line, whereas no NOD1 protein was expressed in the control cell U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2. U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were treated with histones or LPS for 30 min, and the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation was detected by the high content screening assay. Histones were found to significantly increase the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation in U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 stably transfected cells over a range of concentrations. The U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells were divided into the solvent control group, NOD1 receptor antagonist nodinitib-1+histone group, and histone group. The drug incubation time was 30 min, and the specificity of the NOD1 cells was verified by observing the EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation through the high content screening assay. Compared with the histones group, the nodinitib-1+histones group significantly decreased EGFP-NFAT2 nuclear translocation in U2OSEGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells (P < 0.05). In conclusion, U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1 cells stably co-expressing NOD1 and EGFP-NFAT2 are established, which can be used for screening antagonistic compounds targeting NOD1 pathogenic microorganisms with mechanism study.

pathogenic microbes  /  NOD1 receptor  /  NFAT transcription factor class  /  nuclear translocation assay  /  histone
王佳琪, 李玉蕾, 雍政, 周培岚, 苏瑞斌. NOD1与增强型绿色荧光蛋白标记的活化T细胞核因子2共表达细胞株的构建. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1012 -1018 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1056
Jia-qi WANG, Yu-lei LI, Zheng YONG, Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU. Establishment of cell line with NOD1 receptor and enhanced green fluorescent protein labeled nucleus factor of activated T cells 2[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1012 -1018 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1056
人体所处的环境中存在一些病毒、细菌、真菌、寄生虫等潜在威胁。先天性免疫系统是抵御这些入侵者的第一道防线, 其产生的炎症对有害刺激(如病原体、死亡细胞或刺激物) 做出反应并受到宿主的严格调控。1990年后期有研究提出宿主的先天免疫系统具有模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) 这一概念, PRRs是一种存在于细胞表面或胞质内的受体, 在识别入侵病原体和介导宿主免疫发挥重要作用[1]。PRRs被鉴定并分类为不同的家族, 包括Toll样受体(TLR)、视黄酸诱导型基因1样受体(RLRs)、黑色素瘤样2受体(ALRs)、C型植物血凝素受体(CLRs) 和核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体(NLRs)[2]。而NLR家族又可分为5类: NALP、NOD、CIITA、IPAF、NAIP[3], 其中核苷酸结合寡聚结构域(NOD) 蛋白NOD1和NOD2是细胞内核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族的创始成员, 可感知细菌肽聚糖中的保守基序并诱导促炎和抗微生物反应[4]
NOD受体具有3个结构域: 氨基端含可招募含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶(caspase) 的CARD结构域, 可与效应分子相互作用激活下游的信号通路; 中间是NOD蛋白, 可诱导自身的寡聚化; 羧基端含有亮氨酸重复序列, 为配体识别结构域[3]。其中, NOD1有一个CARD, 广泛表达于成人组织细胞[5]; NOD2有两个CARD, 组成性表达于髓源性细胞, 特别是巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞和上皮来源的小肠Paneth细胞[6]。天然存在的肽聚糖(peptidoglycan, PGN) 片段被鉴定为NOD1和NOD2感知的微生物基序, NOD1和NOD2对PGN感应表现出不同的特异性, NOD1可识别细菌细胞壁的最小成分中二氨基庚二酸(iE-DAP), NOD2受体对几乎所有细菌PGN中的胞壁酰二肽(MDP) 都可被识别[7]。iE-DAP和MDP都必须通过细菌侵入或其他机制进入细胞内才能被NOD1与NOD2识别。由于NOD1和NOD2识别不同的PGN基序, 这表明NOD1、NOD2可能分别触发特定的调节通路, 也有研究推测NOD1和NOD2在共享共同的激活途径的同时, 也能够触发特异性信号传导[8]。因此, 现存的研究问题是NOD1和NOD2对PGN的差异反应的分子基础尚不清楚, 需要对NOD1和NOD2识别的部分进行进一步的生化分析和结构测定, 以了解NOD蛋白对细菌成分的差异反应[9]
结合以上问题, 以融合表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP) 和活化T细胞核因子2 (NFAT2) 的U2OS细胞(U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2) 为工具细胞, 根据在T细胞中, NFAT蛋白在T细胞受体(TCR) 连接后被激活, TCR诱导的钙增加会激活钙调磷酸酶, 从而导致NFAT去磷酸化和核转位的原理[10], 设计和构建稳定表达NOD1和EGFP-NFAT2的细胞株(U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1), 并选用NOD1激动剂脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)、组蛋白(histone) 及拮抗剂nodinitib-1作用于细胞, 结合NFAT2核转位实验进行受体功能活性的确证, 构建一种表达NOD1的细胞模型, 可以用于抗病原微生物的药物快速筛选, 为NOD1后分子机制的研究提供支持。
细胞、药品、试剂和主要仪器  U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司, 本室保存; pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro重组质粒(基因编号NM_006092), 优宝生物科技有限公司; DMEM、opti-MEM培养基和胎牛血清, 美国Gibco公司; 脂多糖、组蛋白, 美国Sigma公司; nodinitib-1, AbMole公司; Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (2×), 北京擎科生物技术股份有限公司; PBS缓冲液, 武汉塞维尔科技有限公司; 质粒提取试剂盒, 北京天根生物技术公司; Trizol, 美国Merck公司; Lipofectamine 3000转染试剂、潮霉素(hygromycin-B, Hygro)、Hoechst33342、Oligo dT18、RNase inhibitor、reverse trancriptase M-MLV、蛋白酶抑制剂cocktail, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 6孔板和96孔黑色透底检测板, 美国Corning公司; 甲醛、无水乙醇和异丙醇, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 30%丙烯酰胺溶液、细胞裂解液、5×loading buffer、Tris (pH 8.8) 1.5 mmol·L-1缓冲液、10% SDS、过硫酸铵、TEMED、Tris (pH 6.8) 1.0 mmol·L-1缓冲液、10×TBST缓冲液和10×SDS-PAGE电泳缓冲液, 北京博迈德基因技术有限公司; 显影液和PVDF膜, 美国Millipore公司; 膜再生液, 北京普利莱基因技术有限公司; 小鼠抗Flag单克隆抗体(B3111), 美国Sigma公司; 小鼠抗β-肌动蛋白单克隆抗体(3700S) 和HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠IgG抗体(5470), 美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; 7500 Real Time PCR System, 美国Applied Biosystem公司; PCR仪, 北京东胜创新生物科技有限公司; DYY-8C型电泳仪, 北京市六一仪器厂; Nanodrop超微量分光光度计, 美国Thermo Fisher公司; 高内涵细胞分析系统, 美国Molecular Devices公司。
NOD1稳转细胞株的构建  转染去内毒素质粒提取试剂盒提取pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro质粒。将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞接种到6 cm培养皿中, 待细胞密度达到80%~90%后, 应用Lipofectamine 3000试剂盒转染pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro质粒, 转染6 h后更换细胞培养基为含10% FBS的DMEM培养基。第2天传代到6孔板中, 待细胞密度达到80%~90%后, 培养基更换为加入Hygro 200 mg·L-1的含10% FBS的DMEM培养基继续培养10天, 根据细胞生长情况每2~3天更换1次含Hygro的培养基, 与此同时, 将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞接种到同一块6孔板中, 作为对照组同时进行以上操作。
有限稀释法克隆化培养细胞细胞压力筛选10天后消化细胞, 调整细胞密度至每升5 000个, 每孔200 μL接种到96孔板, 细胞培养1周后, 在显微镜下观察并记录只含单克隆的细胞板孔, 待细胞密度长到80%, 用100 μL DMEM培养基清洗细胞1次后消化细胞, 接种到96孔板中, 待细胞长满后将其消化, 取部分细胞均匀接种在96孔黑色透底细胞检测板中, 通过检测EGFP-NFAT2核转位鉴定阳性克隆细胞。
高内涵细胞分析系统检测EGFP-NFAT2核转位每个克隆细胞分为对照组和加药组。细胞接种待密度达到80%~90%后, 每孔加入100 μL DMEM培养基洗涤细胞1次, 对照组每孔加入200 μL DMEM培养基, 加药组每孔加入150 μL DMEM培养基和50 μL脂多糖(终浓度为0.002 μmol·L-1) 或组蛋白(终浓度为20 mg·L-1), 37 ℃孵育30 min。孵育结束后, 每孔加入12%甲醛溶液100 μL, 室温固定20 min。固定结束后, 每孔加入100 μL PBS缓冲液洗涤细胞2次, 而后每孔加入100 μL Hoechst33342 (1 μmol·L-1) 避光染核30 min, 用高内涵细胞分析系统在10倍镜下检测核内荧光强度, 荧光强度与受体的激活程度成正比。核转位活性(%) = (药物组细胞核荧光强度-对照组细胞核荧光强度)/对照组细胞核荧光强度×100%。
实时定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 检测稳转细胞株NOD1 mRNA表达水平  将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞和U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞分别接种到6孔板中, 采用Trizol法提取细胞的总RNA, 采用紫外分光光度法测定总RNA浓度。以RNA为模板, 进行逆转录实验, 20 μL的反应体系如下: 总RNA 1.0 μg、5×逆转录酶缓冲液4.0 μL、dNTP混合物(10 mmol·L-1) 2.0 μL、RNA酶抑制剂(20 U·μL-1) 0.5 μL、Oligo dT18引物(50 mmol·L-1) 1.0 μL、M-MLV逆转录酶(200 U·μL-1) 1.0 μL, 其余体积用DEPC处理水补足。反应条件如下: 42 ℃ 1 h, 70 ℃ 5 min。设计RT-qPCR反应引物如下: NOD1的正向引物: TACTGAAAAGCAATCGGGAACT, 反向引物: GTAGAGGAAGAACTCGGACACC; GAPDH的正向引物: GCACCGTCAAGGCTGAGAAC, 反向引物: TGGTGAAGACGCCAGTGGA。以NOD1为目的基因, GAPDH为内参基因, 检测NOD1 mRNA相对含量。反应体系如下: 2×PowerSYBRGreen PCR Master Mix 5.0 μL、cDNA 0.6 μL、正向引物(10 μmol·L-1) 0.2 μL、反向引物(10 μmol·L-1) 0.2 μL、DEPC处理水4.0 μL。反应过程如下: ① 95 ℃ 2 min, ② 95 ℃ 15 s, ③ 62 ℃ 10 s, ④ 70 ℃ 30 s, ⑤ 72 ℃ 5 min, 其中过程①进行1个循环, 过程②~④进行40个循环, 过程⑤进行1个循环。以2-ΔΔCt计算mRNA的相对表达水平。第5、10、15代重复以上实验操作步骤。
Western blot法检测NOD1蛋白的表达  将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞和U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞分别接种到6孔板中, 待细胞密度达到90%时, 使用含有cocktail的RIPA细胞裂解液100 μL, 将细胞收集于EP管中置于冰上裂解30 min, 裂解期间震荡2次, 4 ℃ 12 000 r·min-1离心15 min并收集上清。经BCA蛋白定量测定总蛋白浓度, 加入5×上样缓冲液后, 煮沸5 min。配制10%分离胶与SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳缓冲液, 进行电泳实验, 上样量为15 μL (10 μg蛋白), 分组为U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞组、U2OS EGFP-NFAT2细胞组和蛋白梯度指示剂组, 电泳条件: 85 V, 20 min; 110 V, 60 min。取下凝胶并裁掉上层胶进行转膜操作, 转膜板由下至上依次为海绵、两层滤纸、凝胶、PVDF膜、两层滤纸、海绵, 每层都要小心驱赶气泡, 最后用夹子夹住放入转移槽中进行转印。实验条件为185 V、200 mA、2 h。转膜完成后, 取下PVDF膜用快速封闭液进行20 min的封闭后, 再用1×TBST进行清洗, 后加入anti-Flag单克隆抗体(1∶1 000) 4 ℃孵育过夜。再次用1×TBST清洗3次, 每次10 min, 后加入HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠抗体(1∶5 000) 室温孵育1 h。TBST清洗3次后显影, 用现配的显影液均匀覆盖于整个PVDF膜上进行显影操作。显影完成后, 用TBST冲洗, 膜再生液室温下清洗5 min, TBST再次清洗后封闭。加入β-actin一抗(1∶1 000) 室温孵育1 h后, HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠抗体(1∶5 000) 室温孵育1 h, 再次进行显影。
不同激动剂对U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞功能的影响  将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞接种于96孔板中, 传代1、5、10、15代后, 选用NOD1激动剂组蛋白、脂多糖进行核转位实验评价U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞受体活性。实验分组及加样方式如下: 空白对照组: 每孔加入200 μL DMEM培养基; 组蛋白处理组: 每孔加入150 μL DMEM培养基和50 μL组蛋白(终浓度为20 mg·L-1); 脂多糖处理组: 每孔加入150 μL DMEM培养基和50 μL脂多糖(终浓度为0.002 μmol·L-1), 筛选出有效激活U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞的激动剂组蛋白用于后续量效实验; 每孔加入150 μL DMEM培养基和50 μL组蛋白(1.25、2.5、5、10、15、20、25、50 mg·L-1), 后续操作同“NOD1稳转细胞株的构建”, 计算相对核转位指数。
U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞NOD1功能验证  将U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞接种于96孔板中, 待细胞密度达到80%~90%时, NOD1拮抗剂nodinitib-1与激动剂组蛋白共同孵育细胞后, 进行核转位实验评价U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞中组蛋白对NOD1的激活作用。实验分组及加样方式如下: 空白对照组: 每孔加入200 μL DMEM培养基, 37 ℃孵育30 min; 组蛋白处理组: 每孔加入150 μL DMEM培养基和50 μL组蛋白(终浓度7.5 mg·L-1), 37 ℃孵育30 min; nodinitib-1处理组: 每孔加入100 μL DMEM培养基和nodinitib-1 (终浓度10 μmol·L-1) 孵育10 min后加入组蛋白(终浓度7.5 mg·L-1), 37 ℃再孵育30 min。后续操作同“NOD1稳转细胞株的构建”,计算相对核转位指数。
统计学分析  实验结果数据以x ± s表示, 统计学软件为GraphPad Prism 5.0。RT-qPCR实验采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA) 对多组间数据进行统计分析, U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞受体活性评价实验采用了非线性回归方法来拟合剂量-效应曲线, 并据此计算出组蛋白的半数有效浓度(EC50)。
pcDNA3.1-NOD1-3×Flag-hygro转染U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2细胞后, Hygro (200 mg·L-1) 压力筛选后经有限稀释法培养共得到46株单克隆细胞株。分别加入脂多糖(0.002 μmol·L-1) 后, 通过观察细胞株EGFP-NFAT2核转位活性分析发现4号细胞株核转位活性最高(图 1)。选择该株细胞(U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞株) 进行NOD1表达水平和功能特异性验证。
U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞在连续传代5~15代时, RT-qPCR结果(图 2) 显示: NOD1 mRNA相对表达水平为对照细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2的300~400倍(P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 表达稳定, 传代次数增加并未影响该受体的mRNA水平。
Western blot结果显示, U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞可在分子质量约95 kD处观察到明显NOD1条带, 对照细胞U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2中没有检测到NOD1蛋白条带(图 3), 这一结果提示U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞可稳定表达NOD1蛋白。
在U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞中, 给予溶剂后, U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞未发生EGFP-NFAT2核转位, 荧光颗粒以细胞质弥散分布为主, NOD1激动剂脂多糖(0.002 μmol·L-1)、组蛋白(20 mg·L-1) 作用于U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞后, EGFP-NFAT2绿色荧光明显核转位, 荧光颗粒以细胞核分布为主(图 4A); U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞传代5、10、15进一步检测脂多糖、组蛋白对NOD1的激活作用, 发现脂多糖在U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞传代10、15后, EGFP-NFAT2核转位明显减弱(图 4B), 组蛋白对NOD1激活作用保持稳定, EGFP-NFAT2核转位明显(图 4C)。
U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞在给予组蛋白(1.25、2.5、5、10、15、20、25、50 mg·L-1) 后, 组蛋白浓度依赖性诱导EGFP-NFAT2由细胞质移位到细胞核, EC50是9.6 mg·L-1 (图 5A)。图 5BC显示, 组蛋白(10 mg·L-1) 孵育U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞30 min后, 较溶剂对照组引起EGFP-NFAT2明显核转位(P < 0.001)。Nodinitib-1 (10 μmol·L-1) 预先给药10 min后加入组蛋白, 可以明显抑制组蛋白诱导的EGFP-NFAT2核转位(P < 0.05), 提示nodinitib-1可拮抗组蛋白引起的EGFP-NFAT2核转位。
病原微生物感染后, 宿主PRR通过识别外来物质激活先天免疫系统, 进而刺激免疫细胞, 导致促炎细胞因子释放。NLR是一种重要的PRR, 可识别病原体并参与抗菌反应。作为PRR, NOD1识别并结合内源性损伤相关分子模式和外部致病性相关分子模式, 通过信号衔接丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶2 (receptor interacting protein 2, RIP2) 和IκB激酶IKK复合物激活NF-κB, 从而诱导促炎细胞因子的产生。NOD1可被肿瘤坏死因子-α激活, 其产生依赖于信号传导。TLR4是细胞表面的一种PRR, 可识别细菌脂多糖并对其做出反应。一旦与外源配体结合, TLR4还会激活NF-κB和激活蛋白-1以诱导炎症介质(如IL-12、IL-18和IL-23) 的产生[11]
NOD1的N端CARD结构域通过同型相结合, 可与RIP2相连, NOD的寡聚化诱导了RIP2蛋白和IKK亚单位的接近, 导致NF-κB的活化。NOD分子还可能通过CARD-CARD同嗜性作用, 增加caspase-1或其他caspase的活性, 可能参与白细胞介素-1/18的加工, 以及诱导细胞凋亡[12]
本文以NTAT2核转位为基础, 构建了U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1高内涵细胞, 应用脂多糖和组蛋白进行NOD1功能验证, 发现组蛋白激活NOD1初代细胞株的核转位效应比脂多糖高5~6倍, 并且随着细胞株传代次数的增加, 脂多糖激活NOD1后, EGFP-NFAT2核转位逐渐减弱(图 4BC)。Inohara等[9]用不同细菌来源的脂多糖作用于NOD1后, 对NF-κB的激活是对照组的10~15倍, 这一结果与本实验结果相似。组蛋白作用于TLR[13]和NLR家族的NALRP3[14]后, 可以激活MAPK、NF-κB、AKT和髓系分化初级反应基因88 (MyD88) 信号通路。本文将组蛋白作用于U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1后, 也发现组蛋白可明显激活NOD1 (图 4C)。并且NOD1的选择性抑制剂nodinitib-1能够明显抑制组蛋白对NOD1的激活(图 5B)。Nodinitib-1不但抑制NOD1配体诱导的IL-8的产生、γ-tri-DAP依赖性NF-κB (IκBα磷酸化和降解) 激活和MAPK (p38磷酸化) 信号通路, 还能在mRNA水平上抑制γ-tri-DAP诱导的NF-κB靶基因IκBα原型的表达。此外, nodinitib-1还可以抑制由γ-tri-DAP引起的IL-1β、IL-6和TNFα的表达, 并且不会引起细胞毒性[15]。由于组蛋白与NOD1的研究较少, 后续还需要进一步研究。
NOD样受体参与多种疾病的发生机制: ① NOD1在体外被其配体iE-DAP激活能够增加人冠状动脉内皮细胞的细胞因子, 会诱导冠状动脉炎, 而胞壁酰二肽则不会产生动脉炎, 表明NOD1活性在血管炎症中具有特定作用[16]。② NOD1在眼部表达, 其激动剂的局部应用可以剂量和时间依赖的方式促进眼部炎症反应[17]。③大多数革兰阴性细菌中存在的典型PGN含内消旋DAP衍生物通过NOD1急性诱导胰岛素抵抗, 涉及葡萄糖清除率和葡萄糖产生的变化。NOD1介导的代谢变化的直接靶标是脂肪细胞和肝细胞[18]。④ NOD1已被公认为触发糖尿病代谢炎症和胰岛素抵抗的关键传感器[19], NOD1和NOD2受体可能通过识别肠道微生物群参与糖尿病的发病, 利用抗生素调节肠道菌群在增加胰岛素敏感性方面起着关键作用[20]。NOD1的研究对于以上疾病的预防诊断与治疗具有重要意义, 深入研究其功能有助于开发更为有效的治疗策略。而为了研究NOD可识别的配体与其作用是直接结合受体还是经过预处理, 先前文献[21]进行了计算机建模和突变分析, 实验结果认为NOD1和NOD2的LRR结构域凹面内衬的一些氨基酸残基与配体结合有很大的关联性, 而现有抗NOD受体可识别的病原微生物的药物研究较为局限, 除此之外, 还有些关于NOD1信号通路的问题仍不清楚, 如NOD如何识别配体, 识别NOD和TLR之间存在哪些协同反应。因此, 建立稳定共表达NOD1和EGFP-NFAT2的U2OS-EGFP-NFAT2-NOD1细胞, 可以在NOD1细胞平台上应用抗病原微生物药物, 以观察其对下游信号通路激活的影响, 对抗病原微生物药物的药效能力做出评估, 并且NOD1的构建丰富了NOD样受体的信号通路研究平台, 为抗病原微生物药物的筛选及机制研究提供了技术平台。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273909)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1056
  • 接收时间:2024-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-28
  • 修回日期:2025-01-14
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82273909)
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    1 南京中医药大学, 江苏 南京 210046
    2 军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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