Article(id=1190335356525445375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0673, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1721059200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-16, revisedDate=1735228800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727664357, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727664357, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727664357, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727664357, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=965, endPage=975, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335356726771968, articleId=1190335356525445375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Purified Indigo naturalis alleviated ulcerative colitis by protecting colon barrier and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Indigo naturalis [Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek., QD], as a traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited efficacy in the ulcerative colitis (UC). Cu Dian (CD), the current form of Indigo naturalis, has been regarded as the mainstream form of medicine today. Dian Hua (DH) is the traditional purified form of QD, in which the content of indigo and indirubin is higher than that of CD. The study evaluated the efficacy of DH and CD in UC and explored their mechanism. Male BALB/c mice were subjected to an 8-day regimen of 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) drinking water to induce UC. The experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2024075). Concurrently, the mice received intragastric administration of CD (400, 200, and 100 mg·kg-1) and DH (400, 200, 100, and 50 mg·kg-1) for the same duration. The anti-inflammatory properties of CD and DH were evaluated by quantifying levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 in colon tissue. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were employed to assess the protein levels of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Additionally, Western blot and RT-qPCR were utilized to analyze the protein and gene expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), and related factors in colon tissue. CD and DH demonstrated a capacity to alleviate inflammatory responses in mice with UC. The protective impact of both CD and DH on the intestinal mucosal barrier was associated with an elevation of ZO-1 and occludin. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of CD and DH were attributed to the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the activation of the AMPK/silent information regulator of transcription 1 (SIRT1) pathway. Notably, DH exhibited a more pronounced improvement in UC compared to CD, particularly at the dosage of DH-M (200 mg·kg-1). Our investigation substantiates the effectiveness of CD and DH in mitigating DSS-induced UC in mice. They demonstrated a capacity to diminish the production of inflammatory cytokines and safeguard the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, notably by elevating level of tight junctions. The anti-colonic inflammatory effects of CD and DH were elucidated through the inhibition of both the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, mediated by the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.

, correspAuthors=Li HAN, Run-chun XU, Ding-kun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Le-le MA, Xue-mei LIU, Sheng-jie HUANG, Chao XU, Xiao-yu YUAN, Xiang-bo YANG, Ming YANG, Li HAN, Run-chun XU, Ding-kun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190335802291880097, articleId=1190335356525445375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靛花通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体和保护肠道屏障治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

青黛作为一种传统中药, 在治疗溃疡性结肠炎方面具有显著疗效。现代生产工艺将打靛形成的沉淀物——“粗靛”, 除杂干燥后制得青黛成品, 已成为现代药用的主流形式。“靛花”取打靛形成的顶层泡沫状物的干燥品, 其中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量高于粗靛。本研究评估了粗靛和靛花在治疗溃疡性结肠炎中的疗效并探讨其作用机制。使用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS) 诱导急性结肠炎小鼠模型(实验获得成都中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: 2024075)。同时, 小鼠灌胃给药粗靛(400、200和100 mg·kg-1) 和靛花(400、200、100和50 mg·kg-1) 溶液。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 检测结肠组织中的髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6和IL-18水平来评估粗靛和靛花的抗炎活性。采用蛋白免疫印迹和免疫荧光法评估紧密连接蛋白-1 (zonula occludens 1, ZO-1) 和膜整合蛋白(occludin) 的表达。此外, 还采用蛋白免疫印迹和实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 分析结肠组织中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)、NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 和相关因子的表达水平。结果显示, 粗靛和靛花可有效缓解DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎。与粗靛相比, 靛花在治疗溃疡性结肠炎中效果更显著, 尤其是在靛花200 mg·kg-1剂量下。本研究进一步证实了粗靛和靛花具有显著抗炎和保护肠道屏障完整性的能力。此外, 粗靛和靛花治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用可以通过抑制AMPK/SIRT1通路介导的NLRP3炎症小体的形成和激活来阐明。

, correspAuthors=韩丽, 许润春, 张定堃, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韩丽,E-mail:
许润春,E-mail:
张定堃,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=uQcYDm17n2KSfaToHcZWzg==, magXml=jeDf4cNKUiHtcmVcm2B7Rw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=nf0rYmZzi0vgb4xO9qqtFA==, pdfFileSize=5974120, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=mJGFqA+jGlRv00vgiF9guQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=cWtiLjrOqkmyprQhZxQHaw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=马乐乐, 刘雪梅, 黄胜杰, 徐超, 袁小玉, 阳向波, 杨明, 韩丽, 许润春, 张定堃)}, authors=[Author(id=1190349844091867960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1190349844163171130, 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CD, DH and MSZ ameliorate DSS-induced experimental colitis. A: The medication regimen; B: Body weight change in various groups; C: Disease activity index in various groups; D: Photos of colon length in various groups; E: Colon length in various groups; F: Histological sections of colonic tissue stained with HE (magnification ×100); G: Tissue damage index score. n = 6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs DSS group

, figureFileSmall=e2p+bOwbNcSDbwZ2EDIE/w==, figureFileBig=/oalb5fjav2S9wp7LeQ1Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349848827237240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4+xNr2j+Hq7GYUSoaVyfWg==, figureFileBig=0M+yVsXWMSzPQgN92fK6gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349848919511929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=

The levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO, A), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, B), interleukin (IL)-18 (C), IL-6 (D) and IL-1β (E) in colons; the changes of alanine aminotransferase (ALT, F) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, G) in serum. n = 6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs DSS group

, figureFileSmall=4+xNr2j+Hq7GYUSoaVyfWg==, figureFileBig=0M+yVsXWMSzPQgN92fK6gQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349848982426490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0+K9w9q11m0gzxkJtL2XOg==, figureFileBig=OVLzH4sZdr50zWwS6ki5Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849062118267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=

Effect of CD and DH on intestinal barrier. A: The protein expressions of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were detected by using a Western blot assay; B, C: The relative protein expression level of ZO-1 (B) and occludin (C) in colon tissues; D, E: The average optical of ZO-1 (D) and occludin (E); F: Images of ZO-1 and occludin in colon tissues (200× magnification, scale bar: 50 μm). n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs DSS group

, figureFileSmall=0+K9w9q11m0gzxkJtL2XOg==, figureFileBig=OVLzH4sZdr50zWwS6ki5Kg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849196335996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0O7ed2WS05OwOVJ7O+blVQ==, figureFileBig=FaLQvw9RQREBBkT9tS0J3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849330553725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption=

CD and DH inhibited the activation of the NLRP3. A: Representative Western blot images; B-D: The relative protein expression level of NLRP3 (B), ASC (C) and caspase1 (D); E-G: The relative mRNA expression level of NLRP3 (E), ASC (F) and caspase1 (G). n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs DSS group

, figureFileSmall=0O7ed2WS05OwOVJ7O+blVQ==, figureFileBig=FaLQvw9RQREBBkT9tS0J3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849460577150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=krQNrZPSy1u23xhCO/BOdA==, figureFileBig=Hxnu8WtxZz33eebheZ4SBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849565434751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption=

Effects of AMP-activated protein kinase/silent information regulator of transcription 1 (AMPK/SIRT1) pathway. A: Representative Western blot images; B, C: The relative protein expression level of P-AMPK/AMPK (B) and SIRT1 (C) in colon tissues. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs normal group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs DSS group

, figureFileSmall=krQNrZPSy1u23xhCO/BOdA==, figureFileBig=Hxnu8WtxZz33eebheZ4SBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349849687069568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Intragastric administration Dosage/mg·kg-1
Normal 0.5% CMC-Na 10
DSS 0.5% CMC-Na 10
MSZ MSZ+0.5% CMC-Na 400
CD-H CD+0.5% CMC-Na 400
CD-M CD+0.5% CMC-Na 200
CD-L CD+0.5% CMC-Na 100
DH-H DH+0.5% CMC-Na 400
DH-M DH+0.5% CMC-Na 200
DH-L DH+0.5% CMC-Na 100
DH-50 DH+0.5% CMC-Na 50
), ArticleFig(id=1190349849766761345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Dosages of drug administered in different groups. DSS: Dextran sulfate sodium; MSZ: Mesalazine; CD: Cu Dian; DH: Dian Hua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Intragastric administration Dosage/mg·kg-1
Normal 0.5% CMC-Na 10
DSS 0.5% CMC-Na 10
MSZ MSZ+0.5% CMC-Na 400
CD-H CD+0.5% CMC-Na 400
CD-M CD+0.5% CMC-Na 200
CD-L CD+0.5% CMC-Na 100
DH-H DH+0.5% CMC-Na 400
DH-M DH+0.5% CMC-Na 200
DH-L DH+0.5% CMC-Na 100
DH-50 DH+0.5% CMC-Na 50
), ArticleFig(id=1190349849850647426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Loss of weight Stool Hematochezia Score
0 / / 0
1%-5% Relatively soft stool Mild bleeding 1
5%-10% Moist and soft stool Moderate bleeding 2
10%-20% Semi-loose stool Severe bleeding 3
≥20% Loose stool A large amount of bloodstains around the anus 4
), ArticleFig(id=1190349849930339203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The assessment of the disease activity index (DAI)[28]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Loss of weight Stool Hematochezia Score
0 / / 0
1%-5% Relatively soft stool Mild bleeding 1
5%-10% Moist and soft stool Moderate bleeding 2
10%-20% Semi-loose stool Severe bleeding 3
≥20% Loose stool A large amount of bloodstains around the anus 4
), ArticleFig(id=1190349850001642373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer Sequence (5'-3')
β-Actin Forward GTGCTATGTTGCTCTAGACTTCG
Reverse ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC
Caspase1 Forward AGAGGATTTCTTAACGGATGCA
Reverse TCACAAGACCAGGCATATTCTT
NLRP3 Forward ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
Reverse CATGAGTGTGGCTAGATCCAAG
ASC Forward GACAGTGCAACTGCGAGAAG
Reverse CGACTCCAGATAGTAGCTGACAA
), ArticleFig(id=1190349850072945542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335356525445375, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Primer sequences for qRT-PCR. Caspase1: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; ASC: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer Sequence (5'-3')
β-Actin Forward GTGCTATGTTGCTCTAGACTTCG
Reverse ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC
Caspase1 Forward AGAGGATTTCTTAACGGATGCA
Reverse TCACAAGACCAGGCATATTCTT
NLRP3 Forward ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG
Reverse CATGAGTGTGGCTAGATCCAAG
ASC Forward GACAGTGCAACTGCGAGAAG
Reverse CGACTCCAGATAGTAGCTGACAA
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靛花通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体和保护肠道屏障治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制
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马乐乐 1 , 刘雪梅 1 , 黄胜杰 1 , 徐超 1 , 袁小玉 1 , 阳向波 2 , 杨明 3 , 韩丽 1, * , 许润春 1, * , 张定堃 1, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 965-975
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 965-975
靛花通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体和保护肠道屏障治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制
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马乐乐1, 刘雪梅1, 黄胜杰1, 徐超1, 袁小玉1, 阳向波2, 杨明3, 韩丽1, * , 许润春1, * , 张定堃1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1 成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2 四川联成迅康医药股份有限公司, 四川 雅安 625000
  • 3 江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330000
  • 4 成都中医药大学, 天府中医药创新港四川省经典名方二次创新开发工程研究中心, 四川 成都 611930

通讯作者:

韩丽,E-mail:
许润春,E-mail:
张定堃,E-mail:
Purified Indigo naturalis alleviated ulcerative colitis by protecting colon barrier and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway
Le-le MA1, Xue-mei LIU1, Sheng-jie HUANG1, Chao XU1, Xiao-yu YUAN1, Xiang-bo YANG2, Ming YANG3, Li HAN1, * , Run-chun XU1, * , Ding-kun ZHANG1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2Sichuan Liancheng Xunkang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Yaan 625000, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330000, China
  • 4Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Innovative Re-development of Famous Classical Formulas, Tianfu TCM Innovation Harbour, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611930, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0673
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青黛作为一种传统中药, 在治疗溃疡性结肠炎方面具有显著疗效。现代生产工艺将打靛形成的沉淀物——“粗靛”, 除杂干燥后制得青黛成品, 已成为现代药用的主流形式。“靛花”取打靛形成的顶层泡沫状物的干燥品, 其中靛蓝和靛玉红的含量高于粗靛。本研究评估了粗靛和靛花在治疗溃疡性结肠炎中的疗效并探讨其作用机制。使用3%葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS) 诱导急性结肠炎小鼠模型(实验获得成都中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号: 2024075)。同时, 小鼠灌胃给药粗靛(400、200和100 mg·kg-1) 和靛花(400、200、100和50 mg·kg-1) 溶液。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 检测结肠组织中的髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6和IL-18水平来评估粗靛和靛花的抗炎活性。采用蛋白免疫印迹和免疫荧光法评估紧密连接蛋白-1 (zonula occludens 1, ZO-1) 和膜整合蛋白(occludin) 的表达。此外, 还采用蛋白免疫印迹和实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 分析结肠组织中腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK)、NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 和相关因子的表达水平。结果显示, 粗靛和靛花可有效缓解DSS诱导的溃疡性结肠炎。与粗靛相比, 靛花在治疗溃疡性结肠炎中效果更显著, 尤其是在靛花200 mg·kg-1剂量下。本研究进一步证实了粗靛和靛花具有显著抗炎和保护肠道屏障完整性的能力。此外, 粗靛和靛花治疗溃疡性结肠炎作用可以通过抑制AMPK/SIRT1通路介导的NLRP3炎症小体的形成和激活来阐明。

青黛  /  靛花  /  溃疡性结肠炎  /  肠道屏障  /  AMPK/SIRT1  /  NLRP3

Indigo naturalis [Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek., QD], as a traditional Chinese medicine, has exhibited efficacy in the ulcerative colitis (UC). Cu Dian (CD), the current form of Indigo naturalis, has been regarded as the mainstream form of medicine today. Dian Hua (DH) is the traditional purified form of QD, in which the content of indigo and indirubin is higher than that of CD. The study evaluated the efficacy of DH and CD in UC and explored their mechanism. Male BALB/c mice were subjected to an 8-day regimen of 3% dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) drinking water to induce UC. The experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2024075). Concurrently, the mice received intragastric administration of CD (400, 200, and 100 mg·kg-1) and DH (400, 200, 100, and 50 mg·kg-1) for the same duration. The anti-inflammatory properties of CD and DH were evaluated by quantifying levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-18 in colon tissue. Western blot and immunofluorescence assays were employed to assess the protein levels of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Additionally, Western blot and RT-qPCR were utilized to analyze the protein and gene expression levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), and related factors in colon tissue. CD and DH demonstrated a capacity to alleviate inflammatory responses in mice with UC. The protective impact of both CD and DH on the intestinal mucosal barrier was associated with an elevation of ZO-1 and occludin. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effects of CD and DH were attributed to the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the activation of the AMPK/silent information regulator of transcription 1 (SIRT1) pathway. Notably, DH exhibited a more pronounced improvement in UC compared to CD, particularly at the dosage of DH-M (200 mg·kg-1). Our investigation substantiates the effectiveness of CD and DH in mitigating DSS-induced UC in mice. They demonstrated a capacity to diminish the production of inflammatory cytokines and safeguard the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, notably by elevating level of tight junctions. The anti-colonic inflammatory effects of CD and DH were elucidated through the inhibition of both the formation and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, mediated by the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway.

Indigo naturalis  /  purified Indigo naturalis  /  ulcerative colitis  /  intestinal mucosal barrier  /  AMPK/SIRT1  /  NLRP3
马乐乐, 刘雪梅, 黄胜杰, 徐超, 袁小玉, 阳向波, 杨明, 韩丽, 许润春, 张定堃. 靛花通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体和保护肠道屏障治疗溃疡性结肠炎的作用机制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 965 -975 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0673
Le-le MA, Xue-mei LIU, Sheng-jie HUANG, Chao XU, Xiao-yu YUAN, Xiang-bo YANG, Ming YANG, Li HAN, Run-chun XU, Ding-kun ZHANG. Purified Indigo naturalis alleviated ulcerative colitis by protecting colon barrier and inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 965 -975 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0673
溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis, UC) 是一种慢性炎症性肠病, 可引起从直肠到更近端结肠的持续黏膜炎症, 其主要症状表现为腹痛、腹泻常伴有黏液、便血[1]。近年来, UC的发病率大幅增加, 已演变为全球负担[2]。目前, 临床用于UC治疗的药物主要包括5-氨基水杨酸、皮质类固醇、免疫抑制剂等。然而, 这些药物往往有一定的不良反应和临床疗效的局限性[3, 4]。如皮质类固醇由于药物依赖和高血压、胃溃疡等不可逆并发症, 仅用于缓解诱导治疗UC[5, 6]。同时, 长期使用免疫抑制剂会增加肾毒性和损害机体免疫系统的风险, 也伴随着治疗过程中较高的医疗消费投入[7]。因此, 探索一种安全、有效、经济的治疗方法至关重要。
目前, UC发病机制的探索取得了重大进展, 肠道屏障功能受损被认为是UC的重要因素[8, 9]。肠上皮屏障的完整性主要依赖于上皮细胞形成的紧密连接(tight junctions, TJs)。紧密连接蛋白-1 (zonula occludens 1, ZO-1) 和膜整合蛋白(occludin) 在阻止病原体跨上皮易位中起关键作用[10]。肠上皮屏障的破坏导致TJs的调节受损, 腔内抗原穿过底层组织, 激活免疫细胞, 触发先天免疫反应[11]。因此, 增强肠上皮屏障完整性在UC的治疗干预中具有临床意义。
NOD样受体蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体在炎症的起始和免疫反应的调节中起着关键作用[12]。在葡聚糖硫酸钠(dextran sulfate sodium, DSS) 诱导的UC小鼠中, 已有多项研究发现NLRP3炎性体激活[13, 14]。NLRP3炎症小体由NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 和半胱天冬酶-1前体(pro-cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, pro-caspase1) 组成[15, 16]。NLRP3炎性小体的激活, 导致caspase1的蛋白水解激活, 启动裂解并随后分泌白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β和IL-18[17]。腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 在炎症反应中与转录沉默信息调节因子1 (silent information regulator of transcription 1, SIRT1) 协同作用进一步抑制炎症反应[18]。越来越多的证据表明, AMPK可以抑制NLRP3炎性小体介导的炎症反应, 恢复DSS诱导的UC小鼠的肠上皮屏障功能[19, 20]。因此, 激活AMPK/SIRT1、抑制NLRP3通路可能是UC治疗的另一种方法。
青黛为爵床科植物马蓝Baphicacanthus cusia (Nees) Bremek.、蓼科植物蓼蓝Polygonum tinctorium Ait.或十字花科植物菘蓝Isatis indigotica Fort.的叶或茎叶经加工制得的干燥粉末、团块或颗粒[21]。据《本草从新》记载, 青黛可用于治疗血痢[22]。一些临床研究也证实口服青黛可有效治疗UC[23-25]。因此, 青黛已被广泛应用于UC的长期治疗。然而, 由于青黛加工过程的特殊性和复杂性, 其质量问题一直备受关注。课题组曾前往中国福建省仙游县调研青黛的加工方法。调研发现, 该地区仍保留着一些传统的加工方法。将马蓝的茎叶浸泡于水池中充分发酵, 当发酵液呈紫红色时, 加入石灰打靛, 捞取液面泡沫, 晒干, 即为靛花(DH)。当泡沫减少时, 沉淀2~3 h, 将沉淀物筛去碎渣, 捞出晒干, 收取为粗靛(CD), 成为普通品质的粗质青黛[26]。明代本草初步证实当时取“靛花”作为药用青黛, 而现代药用青黛大多为“粗靛”[26]。追本溯源, 发现古今青黛饮片形式已经发生了重大的转变。本研究收集的粗靛与靛花中, 靛花中靛蓝的含量是粗靛的4.1倍, 靛玉红含量是粗靛的1.7倍。靛蓝、靛玉红等有机物一直以来被认为是青黛主要活性物质, 靛花中靛蓝、靛玉红的含量显著高于粗靛中靛蓝、靛玉红的含量, 非药用成分CaCO3、SiO2等残留量较低, 可在一定程度上说明两者的内在质量差异[27]。本研究旨在评估粗靛和靛花在治疗UC中的疗效并从肠上皮屏障的逆转作用和通过调节AMPK/SIRT1抑制NLRP3激活两个角度来探讨其作用机制。
药品与试剂  粗靛和靛花均购自国家中药资源动态监测信息技术服务中心(粗靛含有2.09%靛蓝和0.33%靛玉红; 靛花含有8.49%靛蓝和0.56%靛玉红); 美沙拉嗪(MSZ, 上海爱的发制药有限公司); DSS (MP Biomedicals公司); 抗体β-actin (货号AF7018)、抗体P-AMPK (货号AF3423)、抗体SIRT1 (货号DF6033) 购自美国Affinity Biotechnology公司; 抗体AMPK (货号GB112669)、抗体caspase1 (货号GB11383)、抗体ZO-1 (货号GB111402)、抗体FITC conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (货号GB22403) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 抗体NLRP3 (美国Cell Signaling Technology公司, 货号15101S); rabbit anti-occludin抗体(日本Biological Laboratories公司, 货号bs-10011R); 引物购自生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司。
实验动物  8周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠购自斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司[许可证号: SCXK (京) 2020-0017]。饲养于成都中医药大学实验动物中心, 进食、饮水自由, 室温25 ℃。所有与动物护理和实验方案相关的程序都严格按照《实验动物护理和使用指南》 (美国国立卫生研究院) 进行。实验获得成都中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号2024075)。
DSS诱导UC模型  将BALB/c雄性小鼠随机分为10组(n = 6), 分别为正常组(normal)、模型组(DSS)、阳性组(MSZ)、粗靛高剂量组(CD-H)、粗靛中剂量组(CD-M)、粗靛低剂量组(CD-L)、靛花高剂量组(DH-H)、靛花中剂量组(DH-M)、靛花低剂量组(DH-L)、和50 mg·kg-1靛花组(DH-50)。正常组小鼠在整个实验期间只给予蒸馏水。除正常组外, 其余组均饲喂含有3% DSS的水, 持续8天。此外, 不同组小鼠通过灌胃给予治疗药物, 给药方案如图 1A所示, 不同组别的给药剂量见表 1
DAI评分  动物造模后每天观察动物状态、体重变化、粪便情况及便血情况, 根据表 2记录疾病活动指数(disease activity index, DAI) [DAI= (体重减轻评分+大便特征评分+血便评分)/3]。
组织病理学分析  给药8天后, 各组小鼠摘眼球采血收集于抗凝管中, 颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠, 从直肠近端切除结肠, 测量回盲肠连接处与直肠近端之间的长度后, 将结肠组织在4 ℃下固定于4%组织固定液过夜, 乙醇脱水后包埋在石蜡中切片, 用苏木精和伊红(H & E) 进行染色, 脱水封片, Nikon Eclipse E100 (日本) 拍摄, 评估整个结肠的病变或组织病理学改变。
髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 和炎性细胞因子测定  各组小鼠结肠组织用裂解缓冲液匀浆, 提取总蛋白。匀浆在4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心10 min。按照ELISA试剂盒说明书方法检测结直肠匀浆上清液中MPO、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6和IL-18的水平。
谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT) 和谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST) 测定  给药8天后, 各组小鼠摘眼球采血收集于抗凝管中, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min取血清。按照试剂盒说明书检测血清ALT和AST水平, 并进行生化分析。
免疫荧光  结肠组织石蜡切片脱蜡至水, 在5%牛血清蛋白中封闭30 min。随后, 切片与ZO-1抗体或occludin抗体在4 ℃下孵育过夜。次日, 用PBS冲洗以去除多余的抗体。切片用荧光二抗FITC偶联山羊抗兔IgG (H+L) 标记50 min。最后, 冲洗后用DAPI染核, 显微镜观察图像。
逆转录和实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR)  从结肠组织中提取总RNA, 并根据制造商的说明使用反转录试剂盒将每个样品中的2 μg总RNA用于cDNA合成。采用Step OneTM real-time PCR进行实时荧光定量PCR。程序为: 95 ℃ (1个周期), 10 min; 95 ℃ (40个周期, 10 s), 60 ℃, 30 s。在同一样品中, 表达水平归一化为β-actin作为不变的内源性对照。Caspase1、NLRP3、ASC和β-actin引物(表 3)。
蛋白质印迹分析  结肠组织在液氮中研磨, 通过RIPA裂解提取总蛋白。用BCA蛋白试剂盒测定总蛋白浓度。每个样品的蛋白质采用5% SDS-PAGE电泳分离, 并在25 V下转移到PVDF膜上过夜。将膜在5%脱脂牛奶中封闭1 h, 并与适当稀释的一抗在4 ℃下孵育过夜。用TBST冲洗膜3次, 每次5 min。二抗孵育1 h后用化学发光底物检测, 用内参β-actin计算相对蛋白水平。
统计学分析  所有实验数据均以平均值±标准差表示, 采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行分析。如果数据符合正态分布且方差齐, 则采用单因素方差分析; 否则采用秩和检验。P < 0.05认为具有统计学意义。
小鼠饮用3% DSS溶液3天后, 出现明显的UC症状, 如体重下降明显(图 1B)、精神状态萎靡、便稀、便血等。其他治疗组在第3天也出现了体重减轻的症状, 其中CD-H、DH-H、DH-M组的体重减轻程度较低。与DSS组相比, 治疗组DAI评分下降, 尤其表现在DH-H和DH-M组(图 1C), 说明CD和DH可以在一定程度上改善UC状态。与正常组相比, DSS组小鼠结肠长度显著缩短(P < 0.01), 内容物较少, 伴有脓液, 有部分组织溃疡面肉眼可见肿胀充血等情况(图 1DE)。与DSS组相比, 粗靛和靛花治疗组抑制了DSS引起的结肠缩短(P < 0.05)。
组织学分析显示, 正常组结肠组织结构均较正常, 未见明显病理损伤改变; DSS组结肠组织见有明显的黏膜层组织结构破坏, 可见大量的炎性细胞浸润, 原有的肠道黏膜结构破坏(图 1F)。经美沙拉嗪、粗靛和靛花干预后, 结肠黏膜病理损伤明显改善, 结肠病理评分降低(图 1G)。其中, DH-H和DH-M组对小鼠黏膜损伤有显著的缓解作用, 除少量隐窝损伤外, DH-M和DH-H组结肠结构与正常组相似。总的来看, 靛花对DSS诱导UC小鼠的结肠黏膜保护作用明显优于粗靛, 尤其是DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 组的改善效果最为显著, 可以显著降低结肠组织的病理评分。CD-H (400 mg·kg-1) 与美沙拉嗪组的结肠组织病理评分相当, CD-L (100 mg·kg-1) 对结肠黏膜的病理损伤没有明显改善, 可见隐窝结构损伤及炎症浸润与DSS组相似。
MPO的活性可作为中性粒细胞主导的炎症浸润指标, 间接评价肠道炎症的严重程度[29]。与空白组相比, DSS组MPO活性显著高于空白组(P < 0.01, 图 2A), 而MSZ (P < 0.01)、CD-H (P < 0.05)、DH-H (P < 0.01)、DH-M (P < 0.01) 和DH-L (P < 0.01) 组干预后MPO的活性均显著下降, 表明其能显著降低UC结肠炎症性浸润。CD-H (400 mg·kg-1) 对MPO的活性抑制作用最佳。与粗靛相比, 靛花可通过减少炎症细胞的浸润来减轻炎症反应, 且效果优于粗靛。
图 2B~E中, DSS组结肠组织中TNF-α、IL-18、IL-6、IL-1β水平较正常组显著升高(P < 0.01)。粗靛和靛花治疗显著降低了结肠中IL-18、IL-6和IL-1β的水平(P < 0.05), 其中DH-H (400 mg·kg-1) 对结肠中IL-18、IL-6和IL-1β的水平的抑制作用最强, DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 整体抑制作用优于CD-H (400 mg·kg-1), 但DH-L (50 mg·kg-1) 抑制作用相对较弱。经粗靛和靛花治疗后, 小鼠结肠TNF-α水平低于正常组, 与DSS组比较有显著差异(P < 0.01)。此外, 对于IL-1β, 靛花组结肠中IL-1β的含量显著低于粗靛组; 对于TNF-α和IL-6, 粗靛和靛花治疗对结肠中TNF-α和IL-6的含量影响无显著性差异。
通过粗靛和靛花对肝损伤的影响进一步评价其安全性, 测定了DSS诱导的UC小鼠血液中ALT和AST的含量。与正常组相比, DSS组血清中ALT (图 2F)、AST (图 2G) 水平显著升高(P < 0.01)。与DSS组相比, 粗靛和靛花治疗均可抑制小鼠血清中ALT和AST水平的升高(P < 0.01)。CD组和DH组AST水平与正常组比较无显著差异(P > 0.05), 均表现出良好的安全范围, 降低了肝损伤的可能性。
肠黏膜屏障主要由上皮细胞TJs形成[30]。TJs蛋白中的ZO-1和occludin是肠黏膜屏障的关键组成部分[31]。采用蛋白质印迹实验评价DSS诱导的UC小鼠和治疗组中ZO-1和occludin蛋白表达水平(图 3A)。与正常组相比, DSS组ZO-1 (图 3B) 和occludin (图 3C) 的相对蛋白表达水平显著降低(P < 0.01)。与DSS组相比, CD-H (400 mg·kg-1) 小鼠结肠组织ZO-1和occludin表达显著增加(P < 0.01)。CD-M (200 mg·kg-1) 和CD-L (100 mg·kg-1) 组ZO-1表达增加, 但无显著性差异。与DSS组相比, CD-L (100 mg·kg-1) occludin表达增加, 但无显著性差异。此外, 与DSS组比较, DH-H (400 mg·kg-1) 和DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) ZO-1表达显著增加(P < 0.01), 但未达到正常组水平(图 3B)。DH-L (100 mg·kg-1) 的ZO-1表达量高于CD-M (200 mg·kg-1)。同样, 与DSS组相比, 靛花组的occludin表达水平均显著升高(P < 0.05), 以DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 最为显著(图 3C)。其中, DH-50 (50 mg·kg-1) 的ZO-1表达量高于CD-L (100 mg·kg-1)。
采用免疫荧光染色法检测ZO-1和occludin的含量和分布(图 3D~F)。正常组小鼠的结肠组织中ZO-1和occludin含量丰富, 组织良好, 分布整齐且均匀。与正常组相比, DSS组ZO-1和occludin蛋白平均光密度值显著降低(P < 0.01), 提示DSS诱导UC小鼠的结肠TJs结构被破坏。与DSS组相比, CD组和DH组ZO-1和occludin的表达和分布明显增加, 尤其CD-H、DH-H和DH-M组显著提升平均光密度值。
综上所述, 粗靛与靛花通过调节ZO-1和occludin对DSS诱导的UC小鼠具有保护作用。蛋白质印迹结果与免疫荧光结果一致, 表明粗靛与靛花可能通过上调ZO-1和occludin的水平来增强结肠TJs的结构完整性。靛花对结肠TJs蛋白表达水平的调节作用比粗靛更明显, 特别是DH-M显著上调ZO-1和occludin蛋白表达水平。
与正常组相比, DSS诱导UC小鼠结肠组织中NLRP3、ASC和caspase1蛋白表达显著升高(P < 0.01, 图 4A~D)。给予粗靛或靛花均可显著调节NLRP3 (图 4B)、ASC (图 4C) 和caspase1 (图 4D) 的表达水平(P < 0.05), 表明NLRP3炎症小体的激活受到抑制。值得注意的是, DH-H (400 mg·kg-1) 和DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 组比其他各组更能抑制NLRP3信号通路的激活。然而, CD-L (100 mg·kg-1) 组对NLRP3炎症小体激活的抑制效果并不理想, NLRP3蛋白相对表达量低于DSS组, 但与DSS组比较差异无统计学意义, ASC和caspase1的相对蛋白表达量高于DSS组。qPCR结果显示DSS诱导UC小鼠结肠组织中NLRP3、ASC和caspase1 mRNA的表达, 其相对mRNA表达水平显著升高(P < 0.01, 图 4E~G), 与蛋白质印迹结果一致。给予粗靛或靛花治疗后均可显著降低NLRP3、ASC和caspase1的相对mRNA表达水平(P < 0.01), 这些结果表明粗靛和靛花可抑制NLRP3的激活。
为了评估粗靛和靛花对NLRP3炎症小体激活的中介通路, 本研究首先检测了粗靛与靛花的治疗对AMPK/SIRT1通路的影响。与正常组相比(图 5), DSS组P-AMPK/AMPK和SIRT1的相对蛋白表达水平显著降低(P < 0.01)。与DSS组相比, 粗靛治疗组以剂量依赖性上调P-AMPK/AMPK和SIRT1相关蛋白表达水平, CD-L (100 mg·kg-1) 组P-AMPK/AMPK和SIRT1相对蛋白表达水平与DSS组相比无统计学差异(P > 0.05), 其中P-AMPK/AMPK的相对蛋白表达水平略低于DSS组。此外, 与DSS组相比, DH-H (400 mg·kg-1)、DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 和DH-L (100 mg·kg-1) 组P-AMPK/AMPK和SIRT1的相对蛋白表达水平显著升高(P < 0.05), 而DH-50组P-AMPK/AMPK和SIRT1相对蛋白表达水平与DSS组比较差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。靛花组P-AMPK/AMPK相对蛋白表达水平无剂量依赖性, 提示CD-H (400 mg·kg-1)、DH-H (400 mg·kg-1)、DH-M (200 mg·kg-1)、DH-L (200 mg·kg-1) 能有效促进DSS诱导的UC小鼠APMK磷酸化和SIRT1表达增加。
目前, 大量研究表明青黛对DSS诱导的UC动物模型有明显的缓解作用。本课题组也对青黛治疗UC的作用机制进行了研究, 发现青黛治疗UC的主要成分为靛蓝和靛玉红, 靛蓝和靛玉红具有调节肠道菌群、减轻炎症和修复肠道屏障的作用[32]。然而, 其对肠道屏障的修复作用机制未作深入研究。此外, 抑制NLRP3炎性小体的形成和激活已成为UC治疗的一种策略。目前还未有关于粗靛和靛花对于UC疗效的对比研究。本研究比较了粗靛和靛花在UC治疗中的疗效, 并从肠道屏障和NLRP3炎性小体的形成和激活两方面探索其作用机制, 对其临床应用发展具有重要意义。同时, 在同等疗效下, 靛花的使用剂量约为粗靛的一半, 这一发现对于理解青黛的质-效关系以及阐明制备方法对质量的影响具有重要意义。靛花低剂量高疗效可能是由于靛蓝和靛玉红有效药用成分含量较高, 未来可使用与粗靛、靛花相同含量的靛蓝、靛玉红单体进行UC疗效对比, 进一步探索其发挥作用的主要成分机制。
肠道屏障的完整性可以防御炎症因子和细菌的入侵, 进一步减轻肠道炎症[33]。以occludin和ZO-1为代表的TJs蛋白是肠上皮细胞构成屏障功能的最主要结构成分, 在维持肠道通透性、组织分化和体内平衡中发挥重要作用[34]。青黛可以增强结肠黏膜修复相关细胞因子和occludin蛋白的表达, 促进结肠黏膜损伤的修复。同样, 本研究结果表明, 粗靛和靛花可以显著增加ZO-1和occludin的表达, 表明粗靛和靛花对肠道上皮屏障完整性有保护作用, 特别是CD-H (400 mg·kg-1) 和CD-M (200 mg·kg-1)。
越来越多的证据有力地证实NLRP3炎症小体及其相关信号分子在UC中的作用。NLRP3-/-小鼠相比于野生型小鼠可以减轻结肠炎症[35], 而缺乏caspase1的小鼠UC临床症状有所改善[36]。这些研究表明, 抑制NLRP3炎性小体的形成和激活可能是UC的有效治疗方法。NLRP3是NLRP3炎症小体的重要组成部分。ASC对于NLRP3炎性小体的激活至关重要, 它包含两个转导结构域, 一个是pyrin结构域, 可以连接上游NLRP3, 另一个是caspase募集结构域, 可以在炎性小体形成时募集并连接下游caspase1[16]。本研究结果表明, 粗靛和靛花显著降低NLRP3/ASC/caspase1的激活。最近的一项研究表明, 脂联素肽通过上调AMPK磷酸化抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活并减轻炎症[37]。在炎症条件下, AMPK的磷酸化水平降低, 进而影响炎症介质的表达和下游生物功能[20]。AMPK的抗炎作用依赖于SIRT1, 也伴随着AMPK磷酸化的增加[38]。因此, 本研究检测了粗靛和靛花是否通过激活AMPK/SIRT1来发挥其对UC的保护作用。结果表明, 粗靛和靛花促进了AMPK和SIRT1的激活, 而DSS诱导的UC小鼠AMPK和SIRT1水平下降。这表明AMPK/SIRT1通路可能是DSS诱导UC小鼠NLRP3炎症小体激活的关键因素。然而, 粗靛和靛花上调AMPK磷酸化的机制尚不清楚, 还需进一步研究其机制。此外, 未来的研究可以结合共表达分析或干预实验(如AMPK或SIRT1的激活或抑制剂), 观察NLRP3活性的相应变化, 以进一步确认AMPK/SIRT1对NLRP3的调控关系。
一项临床试验表明, 在8周内每天服用2.0 g青黛的UC患者中, 约60%患者实现了肠黏膜愈合, 但观察到部分不良反应[25]。另一项研究显示, 与其他治疗组相比, 每天服用1.0 g青黛对肠黏膜愈合的疗效更佳[39]。本研究结果表明, 在相同的治疗效果下, 靛花的剂量大约是粗靛的1/2。提示较低剂量青黛可以达到相同的疗效, 降低不良反应的发生率, 可以更好地发挥青黛的临床应用价值。
综上所述, 粗靛和靛花能有效缓解DSS诱导UC小鼠症状。本研究证实了粗靛和靛花可以保护肠道屏障, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体的形成和激活。此外, NLRP3炎症小体的抑制可能与AMPK/SIRT1通路有关。综合各项实验结果进一步评价粗靛和靛花的疗效, 特别是DH-M (200 mg·kg-1) 的效果明显优于粗靛。值得注意的是, 本研究仍有一定的局限性。本研究初步探索特定时间点下粗靛与靛花对于UC小鼠肠道屏障与炎症小体的治疗机制。研究指标在单一时间点下检测可能无法清晰阐明肠道屏障标志物改善与炎症因子、NLRP3炎症小体变化之间的因果关系。未来的研究应包含多个时间点, 以深入理解其动态变化和因果关系。
目前, 青黛主要以粉末形式使用, 由于用量大、有机物提取不完全, 严重影响了青黛新制剂的开发。本研究证实了低剂量靛花治疗UC的良好疗效, 进一步为青黛新制剂的开发提供参考。研究人员不仅要寻求青黛质量与产量之间的平衡, 而且要探索优质青黛与粗质青黛在临床剂量转换和疗效等效方面的平衡。同时, 本研究的最终目的是促进生产有效成分含量高、价格低、临床安全性好的优质青黛。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目面上项目(82173976)
  • 国家重点研发计划中医药现代化研究(2018YFC1707205)
  • 江西中医药大学全国重点实验室项目(2023QJZDSYS003)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0673
  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
  • 修回日期:2024-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金项目面上项目(82173976)
国家重点研发计划中医药现代化研究(2018YFC1707205)
江西中医药大学全国重点实验室项目(2023QJZDSYS003)
作者信息
    1 成都中医药大学药学院, 西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611137
    2 四川联成迅康医药股份有限公司, 四川 雅安 625000
    3 江西中医药大学现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330000
    4 成都中医药大学, 天府中医药创新港四川省经典名方二次创新开发工程研究中心, 四川 成都 611930

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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