Article(id=1190335351085437760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0812, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724169600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-21, revisedDate=1739030400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727663060, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727663060, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727663060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727663060, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1084, endPage=1092, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335351353873220, articleId=1190335351085437760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Multi-component pharmacokinetics of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule (JQJTC) is one of the commonly used dosage forms of Jinqi Jiangtang formula, derived from the classic Qianjin Huanglian Pill, which is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its pharmacokinetics is not still unclear. In this study, a stable and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of multiple components from JQJTC in mouse plasma and liver was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Then, the concentration changes of 16 components from JQJTC in plasma and liver of type 2 diabetic mice were determined and the kinetics was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the established UPLC-MS/MS method met the requirements for the determination of biological samples. The alkaloids, organic acids, flavonoids, and saponins were absorbed into mouse blood after JQJTC was administered by gavage, and there were significant differences in the rates of absorption, transport into liver and elimination and exposure levels of 16 components in plasma and liver. And the exposure of alkaloids, calycosin-7-glucoside and its glycosides, formononetin, and cycloastragenol in the liver were significantly higher than that in the plasma. The results provided a basis for further research on the pharmacodynamic substances of JQJTC. The use of all experimental animals has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Laboratory Animal of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. PZSHUTCM2401310001).

, correspAuthors=Rong SHI, Yue-ming MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tian TIAN, Yuan-yuan LI, Jia-sheng WU, Tian-ming WANG, An-ning LI, Di WU, Xiao-fei SUN, Rong SHI, Yue-ming MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190335654853710042, articleId=1190335351085437760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=小鼠体内金芪降糖胶囊多成分药代动力学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

金芪降糖方源自经典方剂千金黄连丸, 是最常用的治疗糖尿病的中药复方。金芪降糖胶囊(Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule, JQJTC) 为其临床常用剂型之一, 但其体内多成分的药动学规律尚不清楚。本研究首先建立了稳定、可靠的小鼠血浆与肝脏中JQJTC多成分的超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS) 定量分析方法; 并测定了2型糖尿病小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC后16种成分在血浆和肝脏中浓度变化, 分析了动力学规律。结果表明, 建立的UPLC-MS/MS方法符合生物样品测定的要求; 小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC后, 生物碱类成分、有机酸类成分、黄酮类及皂苷类成分均可吸收入血, 16种成分的吸收与消除速度、向肝脏的转运速度和暴露水平存在明显差异; 且生物碱类成分、毛蕊异黄酮苷及苷元、芒柄花素和环黄芪醇在肝脏中的暴露显著高于在血浆中的暴露。研究结果为JQJTC进一步的药效物质研究提供了基础。所有实验动物的使用已获得上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: PZSHUTCM2401310001)。

, correspAuthors=石荣, 马越鸣, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石荣, Tel/Fax: 86-21-51322386, E-mail:
马越鸣, E-mail:
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Representative chromatograms of the components of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule and internal standards in different plasma samples. A: Blank; B: Blank spiked with standards (LLOQ); C: Plasma obtained 2 h after oral administration of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule. Ⅰ: Rhizoma Coptidis ingredients; Ⅱ: Astragalus and honeysuckle ingredients; 1: Magnoflorine; 2: Epiberberine; 3: Berberine; 4: Coptisine; 5: Jatrorrhizine; 6: Berberrubine; 7: Palmatine; 8: IS, (+)-Carbamazepine; 9: Neochlorogenic acid; 10: Chlorogenic acid; 11: Cryptochlorogenic acid; 12: Calycosin-7-glucoside; 13: Ononin; 14: Calycosin; 15: Formononetin; 16: Astragaloside IV; 17: Cycloastragenol; 18: Carbamazepine; 19: Mycophenolic acid

, figureFileSmall=RT/yIuSRG68qeIfso6aENQ==, figureFileBig=B7ddKVO6/UWuL7zhyb2k+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349662684025035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=39Nq7F/f79Ytoop6nb09oA==, figureFileBig=RIR55Hu4y85P2uX2ozvxHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349662751133901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption=

Concentration-time curves of multiple components in mouse plasma after repeated oral dose of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule for 4 weeks (n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s)

, figureFileSmall=39Nq7F/f79Ytoop6nb09oA==, figureFileBig=RIR55Hu4y85P2uX2ozvxHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349662809854158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y7twim7VAYH4Y6I9Mx2qGQ==, figureFileBig=AKwqNXH7pMUQ03KAj79Jww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349662893740240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption=

Concentration-time curves of multiple components in mouse liver after repeated oral dose of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule for 4 weeks (n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s)

, figureFileSmall=y7twim7VAYH4Y6I9Mx2qGQ==, figureFileBig=AKwqNXH7pMUQ03KAj79Jww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190349662994403538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Polarity Precursor ion/Da Product ion/Da Collision energy/eV Retention time/min
Magnoflorine [M]+ 342.1 297.1 20. 4.18
Epiberberine [M]+ 336.1 320 36. 6.53
Coptisine [M]+ 320.1 292.1 32. 6.58
Jatrorrhizine [M]+ 338.1 322.1 36. 6.63
Berberrubine [M+H]+ 322.1 307.1 32. 6.94
Palmatine [M]+ 352.1 336.1 36. 7.35
Berberine [M]+ 336.1 320.1 36. 7.42
Carbamazepine1 [M+H]+ 237 194 27. 8.58
Ononin [M+H]+ 431 269 46. 8.87
Calycosin [M+H]+ 285 270 33. 9.25
Calycosin-7-glucoside [M+H]+ 447 285 34. 7.8
Formononetin [M+H]+ 269 197 51. 10.64
Cycloastragenol [M+H]+ 491.3 143.1 13. 12.36
Astragaloside IV [M+H]+ 785.5 143.1 22. 10.83
Chlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 4.16
Neochlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 2.54
Cryptochlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 4.75
Mycophenolic acid [M-H]- 319 191 -36. 10.96
Carbamazepine2 [M+H]+ 237 194 27. 9.87
), ArticleFig(id=1190349663065706708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of MS analysis of 16 target analysts and the internal standards (IS). Carbamazepine1: Cationic internal standard for Rhizoma Coptidis ingredients; Carbamazepine2: Cationic internal standard for Astragalus and honeysuckle ingredients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Polarity Precursor ion/Da Product ion/Da Collision energy/eV Retention time/min
Magnoflorine [M]+ 342.1 297.1 20. 4.18
Epiberberine [M]+ 336.1 320 36. 6.53
Coptisine [M]+ 320.1 292.1 32. 6.58
Jatrorrhizine [M]+ 338.1 322.1 36. 6.63
Berberrubine [M+H]+ 322.1 307.1 32. 6.94
Palmatine [M]+ 352.1 336.1 36. 7.35
Berberine [M]+ 336.1 320.1 36. 7.42
Carbamazepine1 [M+H]+ 237 194 27. 8.58
Ononin [M+H]+ 431 269 46. 8.87
Calycosin [M+H]+ 285 270 33. 9.25
Calycosin-7-glucoside [M+H]+ 447 285 34. 7.8
Formononetin [M+H]+ 269 197 51. 10.64
Cycloastragenol [M+H]+ 491.3 143.1 13. 12.36
Astragaloside IV [M+H]+ 785.5 143.1 22. 10.83
Chlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 4.16
Neochlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 2.54
Cryptochlorogenic acid [M-H]- 353 191 -25. 4.75
Mycophenolic acid [M-H]- 319 191 -36. 10.96
Carbamazepine2 [M+H]+ 237 194 27. 9.87
), ArticleFig(id=1190349663141204182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Regression equation r Linearity range/ng·mL-1 LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Magnoflorine Y = 0.038X - 0.000 44 0.998 6 0.4-80 0.40
Epiberberine Y = 0.080X + 0.002 7 0.998 9 0.4-80 0.40
Coptisine Y = 0.043X + 0.001 7 0.999 0 0.4-80 0.40
Jatrorrhizine Y = 0.046X + 0.001 9 0.998 6 0.2-40 0.20
Berberrubine Y = 0.14X - 0.002 6 0.998 2 0.4-80 0.40
Palmatine Y = 0.073X + 0.006 5 0.998 3 0.2-40 0.20
Berberine Y = 0.055X + 0.000 57 0.998 1 0.4-80 0.40
Ononin Y = 0.009 3X + 0.002 3 0.998 5 0.25-50 0.25
Calycosin Y = 0.008 6X + 0.002 2 0.998 4 0.2-40 0.20
Calycosin-7-glucoside Y = 0.005 9X + 0.000 55 0.998 8 0.2-40 0.20
Formononetin Y = 0.006X + 0.000 007 8 0.999 1 0.25-50 0.25
Cycloastragenol Y = 0.001 4X - 0.000 060 0.998 6 1-200 1.00
Astragaloside IV Y = 0.000 55X + 0.000 17 0.998 9 1-200 1.00
Chlorogenic acid Y = 0.001 1X + 0.000 32 0.999 6 2-400 2.00
Neochlorogenic acid Y = 0.000 46X - 0.000 024 0.999 7 2.5-500 2.50
Cryptochlorogenic acid Y = 0.000 11X + 0.000 024 0.999 1 2.5-500 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1190349663216701656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curves, linear ranges, and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the components of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule in plasma (n = 6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Regression equation r Linearity range/ng·mL-1 LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Magnoflorine Y = 0.038X - 0.000 44 0.998 6 0.4-80 0.40
Epiberberine Y = 0.080X + 0.002 7 0.998 9 0.4-80 0.40
Coptisine Y = 0.043X + 0.001 7 0.999 0 0.4-80 0.40
Jatrorrhizine Y = 0.046X + 0.001 9 0.998 6 0.2-40 0.20
Berberrubine Y = 0.14X - 0.002 6 0.998 2 0.4-80 0.40
Palmatine Y = 0.073X + 0.006 5 0.998 3 0.2-40 0.20
Berberine Y = 0.055X + 0.000 57 0.998 1 0.4-80 0.40
Ononin Y = 0.009 3X + 0.002 3 0.998 5 0.25-50 0.25
Calycosin Y = 0.008 6X + 0.002 2 0.998 4 0.2-40 0.20
Calycosin-7-glucoside Y = 0.005 9X + 0.000 55 0.998 8 0.2-40 0.20
Formononetin Y = 0.006X + 0.000 007 8 0.999 1 0.25-50 0.25
Cycloastragenol Y = 0.001 4X - 0.000 060 0.998 6 1-200 1.00
Astragaloside IV Y = 0.000 55X + 0.000 17 0.998 9 1-200 1.00
Chlorogenic acid Y = 0.001 1X + 0.000 32 0.999 6 2-400 2.00
Neochlorogenic acid Y = 0.000 46X - 0.000 024 0.999 7 2.5-500 2.50
Cryptochlorogenic acid Y = 0.000 11X + 0.000 024 0.999 1 2.5-500 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1190349663300587738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Dose
/g·kg-1
tmax Cmax t1/2 AUC0-t Liver/plasma AUC ratio
Plasma
/h
Liver
/h
Plasma
/ng·mL-1
Liver/ng·g-1 Plasma
/h
Liver
/h
Plasma
/ng·h·mL-1
Liver/ng·h·g-1
Magnoflorine 2.50 0.25 0.25 12.46 ± 1.33 27.5 ± 2.31 29.08 - 29.84 ± 2.08 51.91 ± 3.67 1.74
5.00 0.25 2.00 12.16 ± 1.41 60.49 ± 8.92 10.56 5.71 59.6 ± 4.08 266.37 ± 32.34** 4.47
Epiberberine 2.50 - 4.00 - 19.89 ± 6.94 - - - 117.61 ± 16.83 -
5.00 0.25 2.00 2.68 ± 1.13 710.84 ± 312.69 6.44 4.73 17.26 ± 2.3 2 493.17 ± 630.49** 144.45
Coptisine 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.13 ± 1.30 247.82 ± 100.16 9.51 5.98 64.47 ± 16.95 1 793.86 ± 385.69 27.82
5.00 8.00 4.00 7.69 ± 2.41 946.25 ± 262.58 8.08 6.16 103.1 ± 16.5 2 646.22 ± 529.63** 25.67
Jatrorrhizine 2.50 0.08 2.00 1.39 ± 0.29 29.30 ± 3.00 16.72 11.55 16.17 ± 3.59 335.95 ± 59.00 20.78
5.00 0.25 4.00 5.19 ± 2.02 158.28 ± 47.61 6.14 6.35 22.80 ± 4.78 2 402.29 ± 284.05** 105.36
Berberrubine 2.50 0.25 0.50 5.46 ± 0.58 888.99 ± 136.65 - 6.11 10.93 ± 0.45 15 326.31 ± 1 010.62 1 402.22
5.00 0.25 2.00 7.12 ± 1.43 1 706.88 ± 140.23 7.11 7.15 34.28 ± 1.89 22 762.53 ± 1 143.42** 664.02
Palmatine 2.50 - 2.00 - 51.98 ± 5.40 - 9.62 - 739.78 ± 207.56 -
5.00 0.25 4.00 8.59 ± 3.61 205.14 ± 66.04 6.77 4.81 28.49 ± 7.95 1 455.06 ± 139.86** 51.07
Berberine 2.50 0.08 4.00 18.32 ± 2.95 264.6 ± 23.49 36.52 10.07 363.61 ± 32.72 5 335.07 ± 1 474.04 14.67
5.00 0.25 4.00 50.7 ± 18.94 1 555.32 ± 406.91 16.49 6.93 378.16 ± 55.08 10 635.31 ± 968.41** 28.12
Ononin 5.00 0.25 0.50 7.34 ± 5.49 1.67 ± 0.23 2.08 2.13 12.66 ± 1.87 4.42 ± 1.10** 0.35
Calycosin 2.50 4.00 8.00 1.75 ± 0.74 75.83 ± 15.27 27.42 - 45.49 ± 4.23 2 733.86 ± 363.73 60.10
5.00 0.25 8.00 3.00 ± 1.60 97.42 ± 10.49 16.70 - 45.80 ± 7.98 2 789.41 ± 386.52** 60.90
Calycosin-7-glucoside 5.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 ± 0.25 1.89 ± 1.78 15.69 25.40 8.11 ± 1.05 43.29 ± 15.16* 5.34
Formononetin 2.50 - 0.25 - 45.81 ± 2.95 - - - 295.01 ± 9.47 -
5.00 0.25 0.25 6.58 ± 4.61 77.43 ± 15.08 2.53 9.46 7.80 ± 1.4 241.08 ± 14.99** 30.91
Cycloastragenol 2.50 4.00 4.00 12.17 ± 2.79 47.12 ± 12.40 4.95 5.20 68.07 ± 6.57 344.47 ± 39.06 5.06
5.00 6.00 6.00 15.15 ± 2.94 55.58 ± 13.79 4.00 2.69 107.84 ± 12.85 367.63 ± 39.75** 3.41
Aastragaloside IV 2.50 2.00 - 2.02 ± 0.26 - - - 8.92 ± 0.55 - -
5.00 2.00 - 4.03 ± 1.03 - 6.03 - 24.33 ± 2.64 - -
Chlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 0.50 93.71 ± 8.70 26.59 ± 3.70 12.77 - 270.11 ± 70.37 46.44 ± 5.55 0.17
5.00 2.00 0.25 163.48 ± 63.04 71.43 ± 16.81 11.71 16.88 753.57 ± 119.91 262.43 ± 34.64** 0.35
Neochlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 - 8.60 ± 1.52 - 2.35 - 13.91 ± 1.75 - -
5.00 2.00 2.00 14.66 ± 5.22 10.33 ± 1.27 1.28 1.74 59.18 ± 10.41 37.15 ± 3.24 0.63
Cryptochlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 0.25 25.91 ± 8.66 21.02 ± 3.47 - - 42.68 ± 7.60 33.92 ± 4.36 0.79
5.00 2.00 2.00 25.84 ± 23.49 36.69 ± 8.35 19.94 26.07 137.98 ± 42.97 200.97 ± 21.31 1.46
), ArticleFig(id=1190349663409639644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335351085437760, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of multiple components after repeated oral dose of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule for 4 weeks in mice. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± SE. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs plasma; -: Inconclusive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Component Dose
/g·kg-1
tmax Cmax t1/2 AUC0-t Liver/plasma AUC ratio
Plasma
/h
Liver
/h
Plasma
/ng·mL-1
Liver/ng·g-1 Plasma
/h
Liver
/h
Plasma
/ng·h·mL-1
Liver/ng·h·g-1
Magnoflorine 2.50 0.25 0.25 12.46 ± 1.33 27.5 ± 2.31 29.08 - 29.84 ± 2.08 51.91 ± 3.67 1.74
5.00 0.25 2.00 12.16 ± 1.41 60.49 ± 8.92 10.56 5.71 59.6 ± 4.08 266.37 ± 32.34** 4.47
Epiberberine 2.50 - 4.00 - 19.89 ± 6.94 - - - 117.61 ± 16.83 -
5.00 0.25 2.00 2.68 ± 1.13 710.84 ± 312.69 6.44 4.73 17.26 ± 2.3 2 493.17 ± 630.49** 144.45
Coptisine 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.13 ± 1.30 247.82 ± 100.16 9.51 5.98 64.47 ± 16.95 1 793.86 ± 385.69 27.82
5.00 8.00 4.00 7.69 ± 2.41 946.25 ± 262.58 8.08 6.16 103.1 ± 16.5 2 646.22 ± 529.63** 25.67
Jatrorrhizine 2.50 0.08 2.00 1.39 ± 0.29 29.30 ± 3.00 16.72 11.55 16.17 ± 3.59 335.95 ± 59.00 20.78
5.00 0.25 4.00 5.19 ± 2.02 158.28 ± 47.61 6.14 6.35 22.80 ± 4.78 2 402.29 ± 284.05** 105.36
Berberrubine 2.50 0.25 0.50 5.46 ± 0.58 888.99 ± 136.65 - 6.11 10.93 ± 0.45 15 326.31 ± 1 010.62 1 402.22
5.00 0.25 2.00 7.12 ± 1.43 1 706.88 ± 140.23 7.11 7.15 34.28 ± 1.89 22 762.53 ± 1 143.42** 664.02
Palmatine 2.50 - 2.00 - 51.98 ± 5.40 - 9.62 - 739.78 ± 207.56 -
5.00 0.25 4.00 8.59 ± 3.61 205.14 ± 66.04 6.77 4.81 28.49 ± 7.95 1 455.06 ± 139.86** 51.07
Berberine 2.50 0.08 4.00 18.32 ± 2.95 264.6 ± 23.49 36.52 10.07 363.61 ± 32.72 5 335.07 ± 1 474.04 14.67
5.00 0.25 4.00 50.7 ± 18.94 1 555.32 ± 406.91 16.49 6.93 378.16 ± 55.08 10 635.31 ± 968.41** 28.12
Ononin 5.00 0.25 0.50 7.34 ± 5.49 1.67 ± 0.23 2.08 2.13 12.66 ± 1.87 4.42 ± 1.10** 0.35
Calycosin 2.50 4.00 8.00 1.75 ± 0.74 75.83 ± 15.27 27.42 - 45.49 ± 4.23 2 733.86 ± 363.73 60.10
5.00 0.25 8.00 3.00 ± 1.60 97.42 ± 10.49 16.70 - 45.80 ± 7.98 2 789.41 ± 386.52** 60.90
Calycosin-7-glucoside 5.00 0.25 0.50 1.00 ± 0.25 1.89 ± 1.78 15.69 25.40 8.11 ± 1.05 43.29 ± 15.16* 5.34
Formononetin 2.50 - 0.25 - 45.81 ± 2.95 - - - 295.01 ± 9.47 -
5.00 0.25 0.25 6.58 ± 4.61 77.43 ± 15.08 2.53 9.46 7.80 ± 1.4 241.08 ± 14.99** 30.91
Cycloastragenol 2.50 4.00 4.00 12.17 ± 2.79 47.12 ± 12.40 4.95 5.20 68.07 ± 6.57 344.47 ± 39.06 5.06
5.00 6.00 6.00 15.15 ± 2.94 55.58 ± 13.79 4.00 2.69 107.84 ± 12.85 367.63 ± 39.75** 3.41
Aastragaloside IV 2.50 2.00 - 2.02 ± 0.26 - - - 8.92 ± 0.55 - -
5.00 2.00 - 4.03 ± 1.03 - 6.03 - 24.33 ± 2.64 - -
Chlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 0.50 93.71 ± 8.70 26.59 ± 3.70 12.77 - 270.11 ± 70.37 46.44 ± 5.55 0.17
5.00 2.00 0.25 163.48 ± 63.04 71.43 ± 16.81 11.71 16.88 753.57 ± 119.91 262.43 ± 34.64** 0.35
Neochlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 - 8.60 ± 1.52 - 2.35 - 13.91 ± 1.75 - -
5.00 2.00 2.00 14.66 ± 5.22 10.33 ± 1.27 1.28 1.74 59.18 ± 10.41 37.15 ± 3.24 0.63
Cryptochlorogenic acid 2.50 0.25 0.25 25.91 ± 8.66 21.02 ± 3.47 - - 42.68 ± 7.60 33.92 ± 4.36 0.79
5.00 2.00 2.00 25.84 ± 23.49 36.69 ± 8.35 19.94 26.07 137.98 ± 42.97 200.97 ± 21.31 1.46
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小鼠体内金芪降糖胶囊多成分药代动力学研究
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田甜 1 , 李园园 1 , 吴家胜 1 , 王天明 1 , 李安宁 2 , 吴迪 2 , 孙晓菲 2 , 石荣 3, * , 马越鸣 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 1084-1092
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 1084-1092
小鼠体内金芪降糖胶囊多成分药代动力学研究
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田甜1, 李园园1, 吴家胜1, 王天明1, 李安宁2, 吴迪2, 孙晓菲2, 石荣3, * , 马越鸣1, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
  • 2 吉林敖东延边药业股份有限公司, 吉林 延边 133700
  • 3 上海中医药大学科技实验中心, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

石荣, Tel/Fax: 86-21-51322386, E-mail:
马越鸣, E-mail:
Multi-component pharmacokinetics of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule in mice
Tian TIAN1, Yuan-yuan LI1, Jia-sheng WU1, Tian-ming WANG1, An-ning LI2, Di WU2, Xiao-fei SUN2, Rong SHI3, * , Yue-ming MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2Jilin Aodong Yanbian Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Yanbian 133700, China
  • 3Science and Technology Experimental Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0812
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金芪降糖方源自经典方剂千金黄连丸, 是最常用的治疗糖尿病的中药复方。金芪降糖胶囊(Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule, JQJTC) 为其临床常用剂型之一, 但其体内多成分的药动学规律尚不清楚。本研究首先建立了稳定、可靠的小鼠血浆与肝脏中JQJTC多成分的超高效液相色谱–三重四级杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS) 定量分析方法; 并测定了2型糖尿病小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC后16种成分在血浆和肝脏中浓度变化, 分析了动力学规律。结果表明, 建立的UPLC-MS/MS方法符合生物样品测定的要求; 小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC后, 生物碱类成分、有机酸类成分、黄酮类及皂苷类成分均可吸收入血, 16种成分的吸收与消除速度、向肝脏的转运速度和暴露水平存在明显差异; 且生物碱类成分、毛蕊异黄酮苷及苷元、芒柄花素和环黄芪醇在肝脏中的暴露显著高于在血浆中的暴露。研究结果为JQJTC进一步的药效物质研究提供了基础。所有实验动物的使用已获得上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: PZSHUTCM2401310001)。

金芪降糖胶囊  /  药代动力学  /  超高效液相色谱–串联质谱  /  小鼠

Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule (JQJTC) is one of the commonly used dosage forms of Jinqi Jiangtang formula, derived from the classic Qianjin Huanglian Pill, which is widely used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, its pharmacokinetics is not still unclear. In this study, a stable and reliable method for the quantitative analysis of multiple components from JQJTC in mouse plasma and liver was established by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Then, the concentration changes of 16 components from JQJTC in plasma and liver of type 2 diabetic mice were determined and the kinetics was analyzed. The results demonstrated that the established UPLC-MS/MS method met the requirements for the determination of biological samples. The alkaloids, organic acids, flavonoids, and saponins were absorbed into mouse blood after JQJTC was administered by gavage, and there were significant differences in the rates of absorption, transport into liver and elimination and exposure levels of 16 components in plasma and liver. And the exposure of alkaloids, calycosin-7-glucoside and its glycosides, formononetin, and cycloastragenol in the liver were significantly higher than that in the plasma. The results provided a basis for further research on the pharmacodynamic substances of JQJTC. The use of all experimental animals has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Laboratory Animal of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. PZSHUTCM2401310001).

Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule  /  pharmacokinetics  /  ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry  /  mouse
田甜, 李园园, 吴家胜, 王天明, 李安宁, 吴迪, 孙晓菲, 石荣, 马越鸣. 小鼠体内金芪降糖胶囊多成分药代动力学研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1084 -1092 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0812
Tian TIAN, Yuan-yuan LI, Jia-sheng WU, Tian-ming WANG, An-ning LI, Di WU, Xiao-fei SUN, Rong SHI, Yue-ming MA. Multi-component pharmacokinetics of Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 1084 -1092 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0812
糖尿病是一种复杂的代谢紊乱性疾病, 血糖水平持续升高为主要标志, 可导致多种并发症。目前我国患病人数位居世界首位, 预计在2045年, 将超过世界患病人数的五分之一[1]。因此, 关于糖尿病治疗药物的研究具有重要的意义。中药预防及治疗糖尿病即“消渴”具有悠久的历史, 现代中药复方仍然广泛应用于降糖及改善并发症, 其中金芪降糖方是首个经国家药监局批准的治疗糖尿病的中草药复方[2]
金芪降糖方源自唐代孙思邈所著《备急千金要方》中千金黄连丸优化改良而成, 由黄连、黄芪、金银花三味药组成[2], 临床常用剂型有片剂和胶囊。金芪降糖方可缓解2型糖尿病症状、改善糖耐量异常和逆转糖尿病前期及减轻并发症[2-4], 其主要作用机制有增加葡萄糖的利用与糖原合成、保护胰岛β细胞和改善胰岛素敏感性、抗炎及抗氧化应激等[2]。然而, 其在体内的药效物质尚不完全清楚。在大多数中药复方中, 潜在的药效成分通常是被吸收到血液中且能达到有效浓度的成分, 这些信息依赖于药代动力学研究阐明。中药复方药代动力学研究是阐明体内药效物质的重要方法[5]。虽然已有金芪降糖片药动学的研究阐明了其中生物碱类成分和有机酸类成分在大鼠的血药动力学规律[6, 7], 但尚未有方中黄芪成分药动学研究报道, 且这些成分在靶器官的分布情况尚不清楚。因此, 对金芪降糖方在体内药动学信息的了解并不全面, 不利于进一步的药效物质研究。
本文采用超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS) 建立小鼠血浆及肝脏中金芪降糖胶囊(Jinqi Jiangtang Capsule, JQJTC) 16种成分的定量分析方法, 并检测2型糖尿病模型小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC后血浆及肝脏多成分浓度动态变化, 探索这些成分在小鼠体内的药代动力学规律, 为进一步的药效物质研究提供基础。
药品和试剂  新绿原酸(neochlorogenic acid, 批号: N0805AS)、隐绿原酸(cryptochlorogenic acid, 批号: J0322AS)、小檗红碱(berberrubine, 批号: A1107AS)、盐酸巴马汀(palmatine, 批号: S0422AS)、盐酸黄连碱(coptisine, 批号: F1111AS)、霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid, 批号: M1203AS) 均购自大连美仑生物科技有限公司; 卡马西平(carbamazepine, 批号: H21M7L11256)、盐酸小檗碱(berberine, 批号: S01A10K94340)、药根碱(jatrorrhizine, 批号: Z06S6S3041) 购于上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 表小檗碱(epiberberine, 批号: 121009)、木兰花碱(magnoflorine, 批号: 2141-09-5) 购于中国食品药品检定研究院; 芒柄花苷(ononin, 批号: PS000671)、芒柄花素(formononetin, 批号: PS000674)、绿原酸(chlorogenic acid, 批号: PS000629)、黄芪甲苷(astragaloside IV, 批号: PS013184)、环黄芪醇(cycloastragenol, 批号: PS020250)、毛蕊异黄酮(calycosin, 批号: PS010251)、毛蕊异黄酮苷(calycosin-7-glucoside, 批号: PS000687) 购自成都普思生物科技股份有限公司, 以上标准品纯度均大于98%; 抗坏血酸(批号: UBK4F-OP) 购自上海梯希爱化成工业发展有限公司; 链脲佐菌素(streptozocin, STZ, 批号: V900890) 购自美国Sigma公司, 胰岛素ELISA试剂盒(批号: 90080) 购自美国Crystal Chem公司。JQJTC内容物(批号: 230311) 由吉林敖东延边药业股份有限公司提供。色谱纯甲醇、乙腈购自美国Honeywell Burdick & Jackson公司; 乙酸、乙酸铵(色谱纯) 均购于美国Tedia公司; 超纯水由Millipore Milli-Q纯水仪制备。
实验动物  SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠5周龄, 雄性, 购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限公司, 合格证号: SCXK (沪) 2017-0005; 饲养于上海中医药大学实验动物中心, 实验许可证号为SYXK (沪) 2020-0009。动物实验经过上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: PZSHUTCM2401310001), 遵守相应的规范和要求。
对照品溶液  分别用甲醇溶解精密称取的木兰花碱、表小檗碱、盐酸黄连碱、药根碱、小檗红碱、盐酸巴马汀、盐酸小檗碱、芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花素、黄芪甲苷、环黄芪醇、新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸对照品后, 取各标准品适量混合用甲醇配制浓度为分别为1.6、1.6、1.6、0.8、1.6、0.8、1.6、1、0.8、0.8、1、4、4、10、8、10 μg·mL-1的混合对照品储备液, 稀释2倍为工作液, 再用甲醇逐级稀释为工作液浓度的0.8、0.32、0.08、0.04、0.01、0.005倍的混合对照品系列工作液。配制对照品系列工作液中的第2、4、6个浓度点为混合对照品质控(quality control, QC) 工作液。
STZ溶液的制备  按照说明书配制2.5 mg·mL-1的STZ溶液。
JQJTC灌胃溶液的制备  取JQJTC内容物适量, 加入纯水配制成0.25 g·mL-1和0.50 g·mL-1的JQJTC灌胃液。
样本预处理  取30 µL血浆/肝匀浆样品加入90 µL含内标卡马西平5 ng·mL-1 (针对黄连成分)/含内标卡马西平5 ng·mL-1与霉酚酸300 ng·mL-1 (针对黄芪与金银花成分) 的甲醇溶液, 涡旋3 min, 4 ℃下14 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液(针对黄连成分)/上清液用纯水1∶1稀释(针对黄芪与金银花成分), 进样分析。
黄连  采用Agilent Infinity II 6470-6495 QQQ液质联用仪(美国Agilent公司)。色谱条件: 色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm); 流速0.3 mL·min-1; 柱温40 ℃; 进样量5 µL; 自动进样器温度: 6 ℃; 流动相为0.1%乙酸-5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A相)-乙腈(B相), 采用梯度洗脱: 0~2 min, 10% B; 2~4 min, 10%~20% B; 4~10 min, 20%~50% B; 10~13 min, 50%~95% B; 13~15 min, 95% B; 15~15.1 min, 95%~10% B; 15.1~16 min, 10% B。质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源(ESI), 干燥气温度200 ℃, 干燥气流量14 L·min -1, 毛细管电压4 000 V (+)、3 500 V (-), 喷雾气压35 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa), 鞘气温度300 ℃, 鞘气流量11 L·min -1, 加速电压5 V, 扫描方式为采用正离子的多反应监测模式(MRM), 各成分及内标的质谱检测参数见表 1
黄芪与金银花成分  采用ACQUITY UPLC超高效液相色谱(美国Waters Corporation公司) 串联API 5500液质联用仪(美国Applied Biosystems公司)。色谱条件: 色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm), 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 柱温40 ℃, 进样量5 µL, 自动进样器温度: 6 ℃。流动相为0.1%乙酸-5 mmol·L-1乙酸铵水溶液(A相)-0.2%甲酸乙腈(B相), 血浆梯度洗脱程序为0~2.5 min, 10%~20% B; 2.5~10 min, 20%~50% B; 10~10.5 min, 50%~60% B; 10.5~12.5 min, 60%~90% B; 12.5~14 min, 90% B; 14~14.1 min, 90%~10% B; 14.1~15 min, 10% B; 肝脏梯度洗脱程序为0~1 min, 10% B; 1~7.5 min, 10%~50% B; 7.5~8 min, 50%~10% B; 8~9 min, 10% B。质谱条件: ESI离子源, 离子源温度500 ℃, 干燥气流量14 L·min-1, 毛细管电压4 500 V (+)、4 500 V (-), 喷雾气压为50 psi, 辅助气压为50 psi, 扫描方式为采用正、负离子切换的MRM, 各成分及内标的质谱检测参数见表 1
标准曲线样品、QC样品配制  取27 µL小鼠空白血浆/肝匀浆, 分别加入3 µL混合对照品系列工作液或QC工作液混匀, 按“样本预处理”方法进样分析。
专属性  取6份不同小鼠的空白血浆, 空白血浆加混合标准品及内标的样品、给药后2 h的血浆样本, 各样品经预处理后进样分析。
线性关系和定量下限将“标准曲线样品”项下不同浓度血浆样品(n = 6), 取5 μL进样分析, 以各待测物浓度为横坐标, 待测物与内标物的峰面积比值为纵坐标, 用加权(W = 1/x2) 最小二乘法进行回归运算, 求得标准曲线。最低定量下限(lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) 的信噪比不小于10, 并且空白样品中的干扰峰不大于LLOQ样品中各成分峰面积的20%。
精密度和准确度  采用“QC样品配制”QC样本, 考察日内和日间(3批) 精密度和准确度, 以当日标曲计算实测浓度, 结果以相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD) 表示精密度和相对误差(relative error, RE) 表示准确度。RE (%) 与RSD (%) 要求均在±15%内, 每个分析批至少2/3的样品满足上述要求。
基质效应与回收率  取6份不同小鼠空白血浆, 经预处理之后加入QC工作液及内标溶液, 进样分析, 记录面积为A (n = 6); 取QC工作液及内标溶液, 以纯水代替空白血浆处理后进样分析, 记录面积为B (n = 6); 另取小鼠空白血浆制备QC样品, 进样分析, 记录面积为C (n = 6)。待测物和内标在各QC浓度的基质效应通过计算A/B面积的比值考察; 回收率通过计算C/A面积比值的考察, 应满足中、高浓度要求RE (%) 与RSD (%) 在±15%内; 低浓度要求在±20%内。
稳定性  取空白血浆制备QC样品(n = 3), 分别考察血浆加标品后湿冰放置4 h、-80 ℃反复冻融3次以及-80 ℃存放28天的稳定性, 以当日标准曲线计算实测浓度, 实测浓度与真实浓度的正负偏差应小于±15%。
肝脏样品方法学考察  肝脏组织样本测定方法学进行了部分验证, 包括专属性、标准曲线、线性范围、定量下限、精密度和准确度、提取回收率、基质效应等指标。线性范围、各成分定量下限、QC样本的浓度均与血浆样品方法学相同。
动物实验  小鼠分为正常组和糖尿病模型组。正常小鼠普通饲料, 糖尿病动物模型参考文献[8, 9]制备: 小鼠连续给予高脂饲料4周后, 禁食不禁水12 h后腹腔注射50 mg·kg-1 STZ, 每天1次, 连续5天。末次注射后, 测定小鼠72 h后空腹血糖值, 其大于11 mmol·L-1的小鼠为造模成功的2型糖尿病模型小鼠。将模型小鼠(n = 130) 按血糖值随机分为模型组(n = 10)、JQJTC低剂量组(2.5 g·kg-1, 临床等效剂量2倍), JQJTC高剂量组(5.0 g·kg-1), 低剂量和高剂量组再分别按取血时间点分为10组(0.083、0.25、0.5、2、4、6、8、12、24和48 h), 每组6只; 连续给药28天(给药期间仍继续给予高脂饲料)。在末次给药前各组动物禁食不禁水12 h, 取血浆和肝脏预处理后进样分析。
数据处理  药时曲线图结果以均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 采用WinNonLin软件计算达峰时间(tmax)、峰浓度(Cmax)、半衰期(t1/2)、曲线下面积(AUC0-t) 等药动学参数, 以均值±标准误($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± SE) 表示。两组的差异采用t检验进行分析, P < 0.05认为有显著性差异。
专属性结果见图 1, 16个成分和内标均选择性良好, 空白血浆中的内源性物质对测定成分无干扰。
16种成分的线性回归方程、线性范围和定量下限结果见表 2, 结果表明在一定浓度范围内各成分线性关系良好。
血浆中16种成分低、中、高QC及LLOQ的批内RSD在0.6%~8.3%之间, RE在-5.0%~10.4%之间; 批间RSD在1.6%~9.4%之间, RE在-5.2%~4.2%之间。
血浆中16种成分低、中、高浓度的提取回收率在86.4%~114.1%之间, RSD在0.9%~9.4%之间; 基质效应在88.1%~112.3%之间, RSD在0.6%~9.8%之间。内标提取回收率在97.8%~103.4%之间, RSD在1.2%~4.3%之间; 基质效应在96.7%~103.4%, RSD在2.3%~3.7%之间。
血浆加16种成分对照品后湿冰放置4 h后各成分RE在-1.7%~3.0%之间, RSD在0.1%~4.2%之间; -80 ℃反复冻融3次后RE在-1.9%~2.1%, RSD在0.1%~3.8%之间; -80 ℃存放28天后RE在-13.5%~1.0%, RSD在0.3%~6.4%之间。
各成分选择性良好, 且空白肝组织中的内源性物质对测定成分无干扰。
16个成分在浓度范围内线性关系良好, LLOQ与血浆方法一致, 低、中、高QC及LLOQ的批内RSD ≤ 14.8%, RE在-8.4%~12.1%之间; 批间RSD ≤ 10.6%, RE在-8.0%~8.9%之间。16种成分低、中、高浓度的提取回收率分别在87.8%~108.3%之间, RSD在0.4%~8.3%之间; 基质效应在89.0%~111.3%, RSD在0.8%~8.6%之间。内标的提取回收率在96.5%~101.6%之间, RSD在1.0%~6.0%之间; 内标基质效应在98.6%~102.5%之间, RSD在1.0%~3.5%之间。
2型糖尿病小鼠灌胃JQJTC后血浆中可定量检测到16种成分, 血药浓度-时间曲线见图 2, 药动学参数见表 3。这些成分的药动学具有如下特征: ①浓度水平高低差异大。一些成分的浓度较低, 如表小檗碱、巴马汀、芒柄花苷、芒柄花素、毛蕊异黄酮苷5种成分在低剂量中能测到浓度的点数过少, 未能画出浓度-时间曲线; 高剂量组浓度最高的绿原酸与最低的毛蕊异黄酮苷Cmax相差达163倍。②吸收的快慢相差大: 黄连生物碱类成分(黄连碱除外) 和黄酮类成分(低剂量毛蕊异黄酮除外) 吸收较快, 在0.25 h内达峰; 而黄连碱、环黄芪醇吸收较慢, 在4~8 h达峰。③消除快慢差异大。小檗红碱、黄芪甲苷、隐绿原酸低剂量的消除相的浓度点低于LLOQ, 未计算出t1/2; 芒柄花苷、芒柄花素和新绿原酸的消除快, t1/2 < 2.5 h; 而小檗碱、毛蕊异黄酮、毛蕊异黄酮苷、绿原酸消除慢, t1/2 ≥ 12 h。④暴露水平差异大: 高剂量组最高的绿原酸与最低的芒柄花AUC0-t相差达97倍。⑤大部分黄连生物碱类和绿原酸类成分的浓度存在双峰现象。
2型糖尿病小鼠灌胃JQJTC后肝脏中检测到的成分与血浆中基本一致, 浓度-时间曲线见图 3, 药动学参数见表 3。肝脏药物动力学特点: ①浓度高低差异大。黄芪甲苷及低剂量中芒柄花苷、毛蕊异黄酮苷、新绿原酸的浓度较低, 可测得浓度的点过少, 未能画出浓度-时间曲线; 但浓度高低的顺序不同于血浆, 高剂量组浓度最高的小檗红碱与最低的芒柄花苷Cmax相差达1 022倍; 且黄连生物碱类、黄芪黄酮苷元类成分和环黄芪醇肝脏浓度明显高于血浆浓度, 而芒柄花苷和绿原酸肝脏浓度低于血浆浓度。②转运速度。这些成分大都快速转运至肝脏, 肝脏浓度上升比较快。以高剂量组看, 黄连碱和绿原酸先于血浆浓度达峰, 芒柄花素、环黄芪醇和新/隐绿原酸达峰时间与血浆相近; 其他成分在血浆浓度达峰后, 肝脏浓度继续上升, 向肝脏转运持续时间较久。③消除速度。低剂量中的木兰花碱、表小檗碱、绿原酸类成分消除相浓度低于LLOQ, t1/2未算出; 毛蕊异黄酮、低剂量芒柄花素消除很慢, 末段的浓度变化不大, 无下降趋势, 未计算t1/2; 毛蕊异黄酮苷、芒柄花素、绿原酸、隐绿原酸肝脏t1/2均长于血浆半衰期, 其余成分的肝脏t1/2均短于或相近于血浆t1/2。④肝脏中暴露水平差异较大, 高剂量中最高的小檗红碱与最低的芒柄花苷AUC0-t相差达5 150倍; 大部分成分包括黄连生物碱类、毛蕊异黄酮苷及苷元、芒柄花素和环黄芪醇的肝脏暴露明显高于血浆(表 3)。
已报道的生物样品中金芪降糖方成分的分析方法只检测黄连生物碱类和绿原酸类成分[7, 10], 而没有检测黄芪类成分, 无法应用于全面阐明JQJTC多成分的药动学研究。因此, 本研究首先建立了测定血浆样品中JQJTC的16种成分(包括黄连、黄芪和金银花成分) 的UPLC-MS/MS方法。在方法建立过程中, 对样品前处理、液相条件、质谱条件进行筛选和优化, 最终选择蛋白沉淀为前处理方法; 选择两个流动相体系分别测定黄连成分、金银花及黄芪成分, 所建方法能实现同分异构体较好的分离, 各成分峰形良好, 方法学考察结果符合药典对生物样本测定要求, 与已有文献[6, 7]相比, 可快速测定血浆/肝脏中黄连生物碱类、绿原酸类、黄芪类成分。
将建立的方法成功地用于2型糖尿病小鼠灌胃给予JQJTC的药代动力学研究, 阐明了JQJTC在小鼠体内的血药和肝脏动力学特征。这些成分在吸收与消除速度、肝脏转运速度和暴露水平存在的差距较大, 呈现的多样性药动学特征有利于理解JQJTC的药效。①大部分黄连生物碱类成分和黄酮类成分吸收快, 这可能有利于给药后快速产生药效; 而黄连碱、环黄芪醇吸收较慢, 且有些成分如小檗碱、毛蕊异黄酮苷及苷元、绿原酸消除慢, 这可能有利于药效(在建立模型过程中, 也评价了JQJTC的药效, 其具有降血糖和改善胰岛素抵抗作用) 的维持。JQJTC多成分吸收与消除的多样性特征可能有利于复方的整体药效的发挥。②虽然除绿原酸外的绝大部分成分在血浆暴露水平均较低, 但大部分成分如黄连生物碱类、黄芪黄酮(芒柄花苷除外) 和环黄芪醇的肝脏暴露明显高于血浆, 甚至达到664倍, 存在肝脏中浓集现象。而肝脏是调节糖脂代谢重要的器官, 也是降糖效应重要的靶器官, 这些成分在肝脏中浓集可能有利于JQJTC产生降糖效应。
JQJTC多成分的药动学行为多样性的原因是复杂的: ①一些成分的血浆暴露水平低, 如小檗碱可能因P-糖蛋白介导的外排和肝肠代谢[11]等引起的首过效应所致; 黄芪甲苷暴露低, 可能因为口服后经肠道菌群水解[12]成皂苷元环黄芪醇, 而以环黄芪醇形式存在。②一些成分存在双峰现象如小檗碱等, 可能与小檗碱肝肠循环有关[13]。③黄连生物碱类成分的肝脏浓集可能因有机阳离子转运体、有机阴离子转运多肽等多种转运体介导了生物碱从血到肝脏的摄取所致[14-16]。④黄芪黄酮苷与相应的苷元在血浆中的暴露相近, 但在肝脏中苷元的暴露高于相应的苷, 且又明显高于苷元的血浆暴露, 呈现肝脏浓集, 这可能因黄芪黄酮苷毛蕊异黄酮苷和芒柄花苷分别在肠道菌群的作用下水解成苷元毛蕊异黄酮[17]和芒柄花素[18], 苷元快速且不断地转运至肝脏, 使肝脏浓度快速上升; 且苷元在肝脏形成的结合型代谢物排至肠道又可被肠菌水解, 然后被重吸收至肝脏形成肠肠循环[19], 使肝脏浓度下降缓慢, 从而使肝脏苷元的暴露明显增加。⑤环黄芪醇肝脏浓度高于血药浓度, 可能因其pKa = 14.6, 容易从细胞外液(pH 7.4) 转运到肝细胞内(pH 7.0) 所致; 而绿原酸类成分(如新绿原酸pKa = 3.9) 则相反, 使肝脏暴露明显低于血浆暴露。另外, 毛蕊异黄酮苷肝脏浓度也高于体循环, 其原因尚不清楚。上述这些多样性原因的确切机制有待进一步研究阐明。
以上结果提示了JQJTC的16种成分在小鼠体内的药动学规律, 可为临床JQJTC与其他降糖药物合理联合用药的进一步研究提供信息。例如, 研究表明二甲双胍与小檗碱联用可通过抑制有机阳离子转运体以及多药和毒素外排转运体1介导的转运引起药动学相互作用[20], 本研究结果中尽管小檗碱血浆暴露低可能对二甲双胍的肝脏摄取影响不明显, 但在肝脏的高暴露可能会抑制多药和毒素外排转运体1使二甲双胍的外排减少, 进而引起二甲双胍肝脏浓度的变化, 产生药物相互作用, 但相互作用发生的程度有待进一步评估。此外, 该研究也为进一步的JQJTC药效物质基础研究提供了参考, 从而有利于中药新药二次开发的剂型改革、质量控制、组分优化及作用机制研究, 可促进JQJTC的二次深度新药开发。
  • 上海中医药大学基金会项目(202301003)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0812
  • 接收时间:2024-08-21
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-21
  • 修回日期:2025-02-09
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上海中医药大学基金会项目(202301003)
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    1 上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
    2 吉林敖东延边药业股份有限公司, 吉林 延边 133700
    3 上海中医药大学科技实验中心, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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