Article(id=1190335350628253917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1736265600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727662951, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727662951, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727662951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727662951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=976, endPage=988, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335353115476205, articleId=1190335350628253917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Yueju volatile oil treats high altitude sleep disturbance by modulating neurotransmitters and alleviating neuroinflammation, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of action of Yueju volatile oil (YJVO) in the treatment of high altitude sleep disturbance (HASD) mice, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the components of YJVO, while network pharmacology was applied to predict the mechanism of action. KM mice were selected and randomly assigned to several groups: the control group (control), the model group (model), and the YJVO treatment groups at low (YJVO-L, 200 μL·m-3), medium (YJVO-M, 400 μL·m-3), and high (YJVO-H, 800 μL·m-3) doses, as well as the diazepam group (DZP, 2 mg·kg-1). Except for the control group, all mice were subjected to a hypobaric oxygen chamber to establish the HASD model. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ethics No.: TEMPOR20230088). Co-sleeping and weight-bearing swimming experiments were conducted to assess the sleep-regulating effects of YJVO. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was employed to observe damage in hypothalamic and hippocampal brain tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to measure levels of melatonin (MT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), orexin-A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both plasma and brain tissues. Concurrently, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were detected to evaluate oxidative stress. Western blot was used to determine the expression of key proteins in the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1A) in hippocampal and hypothalamic tissues. The GC-MS results revealed that YJVO was identified to contain 68 components. Network pharmacology results indicated that the mechanism of YJVO in treating HASD involves multiple signaling pathways such as AGE-RAGE, TNF, serotonin, and NF-κB. Behavioral experiments indicated that YJVO significantly prolonged the sleep duration, reduced the sleep latency, and bolstered the physical endurance and anti-fatigue capabilities of mice (P < 0.01). H&E staining results showed significant improvement in the pathological damage of the hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues in HASD mice. ELISA results indicated that YJVO increased the concentrations of sleep-inducing neurotransmitters MT and GABA within brain tissues, decreased the levels of wakefulness-inducing neurotransmitters orexin-A and 5-HT in plasma, and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α (P < 0.01). Biochemical results indicated that YJVO could inhibit the production of MDA in the brain tissue of HASD mice and enhance the activity of SOD and GSH-PX (P < 0.01). Western blot results showed that YJVO downregulated the protein expression of phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB p65)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1), and IL-1β in the brain tissue of HASD mice (P < 0.01). IHC results demonstrated that YJVO downregulated the protein expression of 5-HT1A in the hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues of HASD mice (P < 0.01). The study findings indicate that YJVO demonstrates potent therapeutic effects in HASD mice, potentially through the modulation of neurotransmitters and the attenuation of neuroinflammation.

, correspAuthors=Ming YANG, Qin ZHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ai LI, Jian-hao YANG, Jia-qiao LI, Yue GAO, Peng-yi HU, Hui-xuan HU, Ming YANG, Qin ZHENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190336258351136840, articleId=1190335350628253917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=越鞠丸挥发油通过调节神经递质和缓解神经炎症治疗高原睡眠障碍, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文主要探讨越鞠丸挥发油(Yueju volatile oil, YJVO) 治疗高原睡眠障碍(high altitude sleep disturbance, HASD) 小鼠的药效和作用机制。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) 对YJVO成分进行鉴定, 应用网络药理学预测YJVO治疗HASD的作用机制。将KM小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、YJVO-L、M、H组(200、400、800 μL·m-3), 地西泮组(diazepam, DZP, 2 mg·kg-1), 除对照组外其余置于低压氧舱中诱导HASD模型。动物实验经江西中医药大学伦理委员会批准(伦理号: TEMPOR20230088)。以协同睡眠实验和负重游泳实验测试YJVO睡眠调节效果; H&E染色法观察下丘脑、海马脑组织的损伤情况; 采用酶联免疫法(ELISA) 检测脑组织中褪黑素(melatonin, MT)、γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素-1β (interleukin-1beta, IL-1β) 和血浆中五羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、食欲素-A (orexin-A)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 含量, 并测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-PX) 生化指标; Western blot检测NF-κB/NLRP3通路中关键蛋白的表达; 免疫组化法检测海马、下丘脑组织中五羟色胺1A受体(5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor, 5-HT1A) 的表达。GC-MS结果显示, YJVO共鉴定出68个成分。网络药理学结果显示YJVO治疗HASD机制涉及AGE-RAGE、TNF、血清素、NF-κB等多条信号通路。行为学实验结果表明, YJVO可显著增加小鼠的睡眠时长, 缩短睡眠潜伏期, 并提高其体能和抗疲劳能力(P < 0.01)。H&E结果显示, HASD小鼠海马、下丘脑组织病理损伤得到明显改善。ELISA结果显示YJVO上调脑组织中促眠递质MT、GABA, 下调血浆促觉醒递质orexin-A、5-HT水平, 并减少IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α炎症因子分泌(P < 0.01)。生化结果表明, YJVO能抑制HASD小鼠脑组织中MDA生成, 并提高SOD、GSH-PX活性(P < 0.01)。Western blot结果显示, YJVO下调HASD小鼠脑组织中磷酸化核因子-κB (phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B, p-NF-κB p65)/核因子κB (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB p65)、Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1, Caspase-1)、IL-1β蛋白表达(P < 0.01)。免疫组化结果显示, YJVO下调HASD小鼠海马、下丘脑组织中5-HT1A蛋白表达(P < 0.01)。研究结果表明, YJVO用于HASD小鼠后表现出良好的治疗效果, 其作用机制可能与调控神经递质和抑制神经炎症相关。

, correspAuthors=杨明, 郑琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨明,Tel: 86-791-87119032, E-mail:
郑琴,Tel: 86-791-87118658, E-mail:
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China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2009, 34: 1605-1611., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1190350318857716131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, awardId=ZYYCXTD-D-202207, language=CN, fundingSource=中药研制与中药安全性创新团队(ZYYCXTD-D-202207), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1190350318920630692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, awardId=CXTD22006, language=CN, fundingSource=中药制剂技术与装备创新团队(CXTD22006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1190350310351667523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350310364250436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350310351667523, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350310372639045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350310351667523, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350311345717574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311354106183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311345717574, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improvement and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311362494792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311345717574, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中药改良创新江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350311429603657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311442186570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311429603657, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311450575179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311429603657, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850)]), AuthorCompany(id=1190350311517684045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311526072654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311517684045, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4National Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Creation of Classic Prescriptions of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330103, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1190350311534461263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, companyId=1190350311517684045, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 江西中医药大学, 经典名方现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330103)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1190350317427458447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Bkm4TyYWdvHBFbdDGqyATQ==, figureFileBig=bGZY9xaJYeenouZXeTgyHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1190350317498761616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption=

Experimental process. YJVO: Yueju volatile oil; WB: Western blot; ICH: Immunohistochemistry

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Total ion flow diagram of YJVO

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KEGG analysis

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Mouse body weight, food intake, and behavior. A: Changes in body weight of mice; B: Changes in food intake of mice; C: Effect of YJVO on sleep duration; D: Effect of YJVO on sleep latency; E: Effect of YJVO on swimming time. n = 10, x±s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model

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YJVO ELISA and biochemical kit results. A: Melatonin (MT); B: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA); C: Orexin-A; D: 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); E: Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α); F: Interleukin-6 (IL-6); G: Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β); H: Malondialdehyde (MDA); I: Superoxide dismutase (SOD); J: Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX). n = 6, x±s. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model

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YJVO on attenuating brain injury. A: Effect of YJVO on hippocampal injury; B: Effect of YJVO on hypothalamic injury. Magnification: 200×. Scale bar: 50 µm

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YJVO inhibits NF-κB/NLRP3 expression. A: Phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB p65), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1), IL-1β, Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) WB bands; B: Caspase-1; C: IL-1β; D: p-NF-κB p65; E: NLRP3. n = 4, x±s. ##P < 0.01 vs control; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model

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Effect of YJVO on the expression of 5-HT1A in brain. A: ICH of hippocampal tissue; B: Average optical density (AOD) of 5-HT1A in hippocampal tissue; C: ICH of hypothalamic tissue; D: AOD of 5-HT1A in hypothalamic tissue. Magnification: 200×. Scale bar: 50 µm. n = 3, x±s. ##P < 0.01 vs control; **P < 0.01 vs model

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Potential mechanisms of YJVO anti-inflammatory and neurotransmitter modulation

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t/min Name Chemical formula CAS Relative content/%
39.89 (E)-Ligustilide C12H14O2 81944-08-3 13.98
36.604 Atractylon C15H20O 6989-21-5 9.11
41.021 Atractylodin C13H10O 55290-63-6 6.69
31.828 Germacrene B C15H24 15423-57-1 6.45
38.243 Cyperenone C15H22O 3466-15-7 4.6
25.339 Cyperene C15H24 2387-78-2 4.34
36.291 β-Eudesmol C15H26O 473-15-4 3.72
32.947 Caryophyllene oxide C15H24O 1139-30-6 2.5
39.304 Senkyunolide C12H16O2 63038-10-8 2.24
28.975 β-Selinene C15H24 17066-67-0 1.93
24.788 Berkheyaradulene C15H24 65372-78-3 1.78
26.842 γ-Elemene C15H24 29873-99-2 1.41
34.745 (-)-Isolongifolen-9-one C15H22O 26839-52-1 1.36
24.487 Modhephene C15H24 68269-87-4 1.27
30.659 Cyperen-epoxid C15H24O 25570-94-9 1.27
26.192 Caryophyllene C15H24 87-44-5 1.25
34.19 Humulene epoxide II C15H24O 19888-34-7 1.25
40.358 α-Cyperone C15H22O 473-08-5 1.21
37.341 3-Butylidenephthalide C12H12O2 551-08-6 1.11
30.952 (-)-Isoledene C15H24 95910-36-4 0.99
30.572 β-Sesquiphellandrene C15H24 20307-83-9 0.97
37.91 α-Bisabolol C15H26O 515-69-5 0.96
35.38 γ-Eudesmol C15H26O 1209-71-8 0.92
28.777 1-Methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)cyclohexa-1, 3-diene C15H24 451-55-8 0.88
27.821 1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 7, 8, 8a-Octahydro-1, 4, 6-trimethyl-4, 7-ethanoazulene C15H24 65128-08-7 0.75
39.5 Sedanolide C12H18O2 6415-59-4 0.73
31.569 α-Elemol C15H26O 639-99-6 0.69
28.562 2-Isopropenyl-4a, 8-dimethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7-octahydronaphthalene C15H24 103827-22-1 0.65
15.554 Terpinine-4-ol C10H18O 562-74-3 0.59
27.617 α-Caryophyllene C15H24 6753-98-6 0.56
35.766 Agarospirol C15H26O 23811-08-7 0.52
14.698 5-Pentyl-cyclohexa-1, 3-diene - 56318-84-4 0.47
13.804 Laevo-pinocarveol C10H16O 547-61-5 0.44
38.902 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-Hexahydro-3α, 8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl)azulene-1(2H)-one C15H22O 18374-76-0 0.43
11.657 Terpinolene C10H16 586-62-9 0.4
5.923 α-Pinene C10H16 80-56-8 0.34
24.203 (1R, 8aS)-1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 8a-Hexahydro-1, 8a-dimethyl-7-isopropylidenenaphthalene C15H22 27840-40-0 0.34
29.355 β-Guaiene C15H24 88-84-6 0.33
25.086 β-Elemene C15H24 515-13-9 0.31
10.425 γ-Terpinene C10H16 99-85-4 0.3
30.142 (R)-γ-Cadinene C15H24 39029-41-9 0.3
29.879 (+)-Delta-cadinene C15H24 483-76-1 0.23
30.357 Aromadendrene C15H24 489-39-4 0.23
32.718 Spathulenol C15H24O 6750-60-3 0.23
41.777 Z-Ligustilide C12H14O2 81944-09-4 0.23
7.188 β-Phellandrene C10H16 555-10-2 0.22
8.273 α-Phellandrene C10H16 99-83-2 0.21
17.414 3, 5, 5-Trimethyl-4-methylen-2-cyclohexen-1-on C10H14O 20548-00-9 0.21
24.357 α-Copaene C15H24 3856-25-5 0.19
9.045 O-Cymene C10H14 527-84-4 0.17
8.737 α-Terpinene C10H16 99-86-5 0.15
31.096 2-Epi-trans-β-caryophyllene C15H24 68832-35-9 0.15
31.207 Selina-3, 7(11)-diene C15H24 6813-21-4 0.15
32.529 (4S, 7R, 7aR)-3, 7-Dimethyl-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7a-hexahydro-1H-indene C15H24 351222-66-7 0.15
14.886 Pinocarvone C10H14O 30460-92-5 0.14
8.486 3-Carene C10H16 13466-78-9 0.12
7.29 β-Pinene C10H16 127-91-3 0.1
17.004 (-)-Verbenone C10H14O 1196-01-6 0.08
31.287 β-Calacorene C15H20 50277-34-4 0.08
9.306 Cineole C10H18O 470-82-6 0.07
7.809 Myrcene C10H16 123-35-3 0.06
20.465 Bornyl acetate C12H20O2 76-49-3 0.06
10.02 (Z)-β-Ocimene C10H16 13877-91-3 0.05
16.564 Safranal C10H14O 116-26-7 0.03
15.41 Pinocamphone C10H16O 547-60-4 0.02
23.972 Aromadendrene C15H24 72747-25-2 0.02
27.447 γ-Gurjunene C15H24 22567-17-5 0.02
4.267 m-Xylene C8H10 108-38-3 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1190350318723498402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335350628253917, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

GC-MS analysis of the chemical composition of YJVO

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/min Name Chemical formula CAS Relative content/%
39.89 (E)-Ligustilide C12H14O2 81944-08-3 13.98
36.604 Atractylon C15H20O 6989-21-5 9.11
41.021 Atractylodin C13H10O 55290-63-6 6.69
31.828 Germacrene B C15H24 15423-57-1 6.45
38.243 Cyperenone C15H22O 3466-15-7 4.6
25.339 Cyperene C15H24 2387-78-2 4.34
36.291 β-Eudesmol C15H26O 473-15-4 3.72
32.947 Caryophyllene oxide C15H24O 1139-30-6 2.5
39.304 Senkyunolide C12H16O2 63038-10-8 2.24
28.975 β-Selinene C15H24 17066-67-0 1.93
24.788 Berkheyaradulene C15H24 65372-78-3 1.78
26.842 γ-Elemene C15H24 29873-99-2 1.41
34.745 (-)-Isolongifolen-9-one C15H22O 26839-52-1 1.36
24.487 Modhephene C15H24 68269-87-4 1.27
30.659 Cyperen-epoxid C15H24O 25570-94-9 1.27
26.192 Caryophyllene C15H24 87-44-5 1.25
34.19 Humulene epoxide II C15H24O 19888-34-7 1.25
40.358 α-Cyperone C15H22O 473-08-5 1.21
37.341 3-Butylidenephthalide C12H12O2 551-08-6 1.11
30.952 (-)-Isoledene C15H24 95910-36-4 0.99
30.572 β-Sesquiphellandrene C15H24 20307-83-9 0.97
37.91 α-Bisabolol C15H26O 515-69-5 0.96
35.38 γ-Eudesmol C15H26O 1209-71-8 0.92
28.777 1-Methyl-4-(6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl)cyclohexa-1, 3-diene C15H24 451-55-8 0.88
27.821 1, 2, 3, 3a, 4, 7, 8, 8a-Octahydro-1, 4, 6-trimethyl-4, 7-ethanoazulene C15H24 65128-08-7 0.75
39.5 Sedanolide C12H18O2 6415-59-4 0.73
31.569 α-Elemol C15H26O 639-99-6 0.69
28.562 2-Isopropenyl-4a, 8-dimethyl-1, 2, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 6, 7-octahydronaphthalene C15H24 103827-22-1 0.65
15.554 Terpinine-4-ol C10H18O 562-74-3 0.59
27.617 α-Caryophyllene C15H24 6753-98-6 0.56
35.766 Agarospirol C15H26O 23811-08-7 0.52
14.698 5-Pentyl-cyclohexa-1, 3-diene - 56318-84-4 0.47
13.804 Laevo-pinocarveol C10H16O 547-61-5 0.44
38.902 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-Hexahydro-3α, 8α-dimethyl-5α-(1-methylethenyl)azulene-1(2H)-one C15H22O 18374-76-0 0.43
11.657 Terpinolene C10H16 586-62-9 0.4
5.923 α-Pinene C10H16 80-56-8 0.34
24.203 (1R, 8aS)-1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 8a-Hexahydro-1, 8a-dimethyl-7-isopropylidenenaphthalene C15H22 27840-40-0 0.34
29.355 β-Guaiene C15H24 88-84-6 0.33
25.086 β-Elemene C15H24 515-13-9 0.31
10.425 γ-Terpinene C10H16 99-85-4 0.3
30.142 (R)-γ-Cadinene C15H24 39029-41-9 0.3
29.879 (+)-Delta-cadinene C15H24 483-76-1 0.23
30.357 Aromadendrene C15H24 489-39-4 0.23
32.718 Spathulenol C15H24O 6750-60-3 0.23
41.777 Z-Ligustilide C12H14O2 81944-09-4 0.23
7.188 β-Phellandrene C10H16 555-10-2 0.22
8.273 α-Phellandrene C10H16 99-83-2 0.21
17.414 3, 5, 5-Trimethyl-4-methylen-2-cyclohexen-1-on C10H14O 20548-00-9 0.21
24.357 α-Copaene C15H24 3856-25-5 0.19
9.045 O-Cymene C10H14 527-84-4 0.17
8.737 α-Terpinene C10H16 99-86-5 0.15
31.096 2-Epi-trans-β-caryophyllene C15H24 68832-35-9 0.15
31.207 Selina-3, 7(11)-diene C15H24 6813-21-4 0.15
32.529 (4S, 7R, 7aR)-3, 7-Dimethyl-4-(2-methylprop-1-enyl)-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7a-hexahydro-1H-indene C15H24 351222-66-7 0.15
14.886 Pinocarvone C10H14O 30460-92-5 0.14
8.486 3-Carene C10H16 13466-78-9 0.12
7.29 β-Pinene C10H16 127-91-3 0.1
17.004 (-)-Verbenone C10H14O 1196-01-6 0.08
31.287 β-Calacorene C15H20 50277-34-4 0.08
9.306 Cineole C10H18O 470-82-6 0.07
7.809 Myrcene C10H16 123-35-3 0.06
20.465 Bornyl acetate C12H20O2 76-49-3 0.06
10.02 (Z)-β-Ocimene C10H16 13877-91-3 0.05
16.564 Safranal C10H14O 116-26-7 0.03
15.41 Pinocamphone C10H16O 547-60-4 0.02
23.972 Aromadendrene C15H24 72747-25-2 0.02
27.447 γ-Gurjunene C15H24 22567-17-5 0.02
4.267 m-Xylene C8H10 108-38-3 0.01
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李爱 1, 2 , 杨建豪 1, 2 , 李佳巧 1, 2 , 高月 3 , 胡鹏翼 1, 2 , 胡慧璇 1, 2 , 杨明 1, 4, * , 郑琴 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(4): 976-988
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(4): 976-988
越鞠丸挥发油通过调节神经递质和缓解神经炎症治疗高原睡眠障碍
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李爱1, 2, 杨建豪1, 2, 李佳巧1, 2, 高月3, 胡鹏翼1, 2, 胡慧璇1, 2, 杨明1, 4, * , 郑琴1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 2 中药改良创新江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
  • 3 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850
  • 4 江西中医药大学, 经典名方现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330103

通讯作者:

杨明,Tel: 86-791-87119032, E-mail:
郑琴,Tel: 86-791-87118658, E-mail:
Yueju volatile oil treats high altitude sleep disturbance by modulating neurotransmitters and alleviating neuroinflammation
Ai LI1, 2, Jian-hao YANG1, 2, Jia-qiao LI1, 2, Yue GAO3, Peng-yi HU1, 2, Hui-xuan HU1, 2, Ming YANG1, 4, * , Qin ZHENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 2Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Improvement and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
  • 3Academy of Military Medicine, Academy of Military Sciences, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100850, China
  • 4National Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Creation of Classic Prescriptions of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330103, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925
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本文主要探讨越鞠丸挥发油(Yueju volatile oil, YJVO) 治疗高原睡眠障碍(high altitude sleep disturbance, HASD) 小鼠的药效和作用机制。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) 对YJVO成分进行鉴定, 应用网络药理学预测YJVO治疗HASD的作用机制。将KM小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、YJVO-L、M、H组(200、400、800 μL·m-3), 地西泮组(diazepam, DZP, 2 mg·kg-1), 除对照组外其余置于低压氧舱中诱导HASD模型。动物实验经江西中医药大学伦理委员会批准(伦理号: TEMPOR20230088)。以协同睡眠实验和负重游泳实验测试YJVO睡眠调节效果; H&E染色法观察下丘脑、海马脑组织的损伤情况; 采用酶联免疫法(ELISA) 检测脑组织中褪黑素(melatonin, MT)、γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素-1β (interleukin-1beta, IL-1β) 和血浆中五羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、食欲素-A (orexin-A)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 含量, 并测定丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-PX) 生化指标; Western blot检测NF-κB/NLRP3通路中关键蛋白的表达; 免疫组化法检测海马、下丘脑组织中五羟色胺1A受体(5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor, 5-HT1A) 的表达。GC-MS结果显示, YJVO共鉴定出68个成分。网络药理学结果显示YJVO治疗HASD机制涉及AGE-RAGE、TNF、血清素、NF-κB等多条信号通路。行为学实验结果表明, YJVO可显著增加小鼠的睡眠时长, 缩短睡眠潜伏期, 并提高其体能和抗疲劳能力(P < 0.01)。H&E结果显示, HASD小鼠海马、下丘脑组织病理损伤得到明显改善。ELISA结果显示YJVO上调脑组织中促眠递质MT、GABA, 下调血浆促觉醒递质orexin-A、5-HT水平, 并减少IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α炎症因子分泌(P < 0.01)。生化结果表明, YJVO能抑制HASD小鼠脑组织中MDA生成, 并提高SOD、GSH-PX活性(P < 0.01)。Western blot结果显示, YJVO下调HASD小鼠脑组织中磷酸化核因子-κB (phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B, p-NF-κB p65)/核因子κB (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB p65)、Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1, Caspase-1)、IL-1β蛋白表达(P < 0.01)。免疫组化结果显示, YJVO下调HASD小鼠海马、下丘脑组织中5-HT1A蛋白表达(P < 0.01)。研究结果表明, YJVO用于HASD小鼠后表现出良好的治疗效果, 其作用机制可能与调控神经递质和抑制神经炎症相关。

越鞠丸挥发油  /  低压低氧  /  高原睡眠障碍  /  神经炎症  /  神经递质系统  /  网络药理学  /  GC-MS分析

To investigate the effect and underlying mechanism of action of Yueju volatile oil (YJVO) in the treatment of high altitude sleep disturbance (HASD) mice, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the components of YJVO, while network pharmacology was applied to predict the mechanism of action. KM mice were selected and randomly assigned to several groups: the control group (control), the model group (model), and the YJVO treatment groups at low (YJVO-L, 200 μL·m-3), medium (YJVO-M, 400 μL·m-3), and high (YJVO-H, 800 μL·m-3) doses, as well as the diazepam group (DZP, 2 mg·kg-1). Except for the control group, all mice were subjected to a hypobaric oxygen chamber to establish the HASD model. Animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ethics No.: TEMPOR20230088). Co-sleeping and weight-bearing swimming experiments were conducted to assess the sleep-regulating effects of YJVO. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was employed to observe damage in hypothalamic and hippocampal brain tissues. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was utilized to measure levels of melatonin (MT), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), orexin-A, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both plasma and brain tissues. Concurrently, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were detected to evaluate oxidative stress. Western blot was used to determine the expression of key proteins in the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to detect the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1A) in hippocampal and hypothalamic tissues. The GC-MS results revealed that YJVO was identified to contain 68 components. Network pharmacology results indicated that the mechanism of YJVO in treating HASD involves multiple signaling pathways such as AGE-RAGE, TNF, serotonin, and NF-κB. Behavioral experiments indicated that YJVO significantly prolonged the sleep duration, reduced the sleep latency, and bolstered the physical endurance and anti-fatigue capabilities of mice (P < 0.01). H&E staining results showed significant improvement in the pathological damage of the hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues in HASD mice. ELISA results indicated that YJVO increased the concentrations of sleep-inducing neurotransmitters MT and GABA within brain tissues, decreased the levels of wakefulness-inducing neurotransmitters orexin-A and 5-HT in plasma, and attenuated the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α (P < 0.01). Biochemical results indicated that YJVO could inhibit the production of MDA in the brain tissue of HASD mice and enhance the activity of SOD and GSH-PX (P < 0.01). Western blot results showed that YJVO downregulated the protein expression of phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B (p-NF-κB p65)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1), and IL-1β in the brain tissue of HASD mice (P < 0.01). IHC results demonstrated that YJVO downregulated the protein expression of 5-HT1A in the hippocampus and hypothalamus tissues of HASD mice (P < 0.01). The study findings indicate that YJVO demonstrates potent therapeutic effects in HASD mice, potentially through the modulation of neurotransmitters and the attenuation of neuroinflammation.

Yueju volatile oil  /  hypobaric hypoxia  /  high altitude sleep disturbance  /  neuroinflammation  /  neurotransmitters system  /  network pharmacology  /  GC-MS analysis
李爱, 杨建豪, 李佳巧, 高月, 胡鹏翼, 胡慧璇, 杨明, 郑琴. 越鞠丸挥发油通过调节神经递质和缓解神经炎症治疗高原睡眠障碍. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 976 -988 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925
Ai LI, Jian-hao YANG, Jia-qiao LI, Yue GAO, Peng-yi HU, Hui-xuan HU, Ming YANG, Qin ZHENG. Yueju volatile oil treats high altitude sleep disturbance by modulating neurotransmitters and alleviating neuroinflammation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 976 -988 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925
高原睡眠障碍(high altitude sleep disturbance, HASD) 是高海拔地区低压低氧环境引发的睡眠障碍, 表现为进入高海拔地区后睡眠起始困难、维持困难或二者兼有, 在日间觉醒期间机体伴有疲劳、注意力和记忆力下降、激怒、情绪低落等症状[1], 严重者认知功能受损, 危害生命安全[2]。临床表现包括换气不足、周期性呼吸、阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停、中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停等[3]。药物是防治HASD的主要方式, 临床上可使用的药物不足。在低压低氧环境下, 血脑屏障损伤、渗透性提高, 常规失眠药物极易诱发呼吸抑制, 加重机体缺氧损伤[4]。因此, 寻找一种安全有效的中药配方来预防和缓解HASD迫在眉睫。
中医将睡眠障碍归于“不寐”, 郁证是引发“不寐”的核心机制之一。《郁病论》提出“气血冲和, 万病不生, 一有怫郁, 诸病生焉”。《辨证录·不寐门》曰:“气郁既久, 则肝气不舒, 肝气不舒, 则肝血必耗, 肝血既耗, 则木中之血上不能润于心, 则不寐”。寒凝血瘀易诱发郁证从而导致失眠[5], 《医林改错》曰:“不寐一证乃气血凝滞”, 寒伤阳气造成血行凝涩, 久之血瘀脉中, 导致五脏失养, 进而五神飞扬, 引发“不寐”。从中医辨证来看, “气郁”、“血郁”是HASD的重要病机, 高海拔地区清气匮乏, 易导致宗气不足, 元气受损出现以气虚证为主的证候, 兼环境寒冷易出现寒凝血瘀、气虚血瘀证候, 因此在治疗时应该注重“解郁调神”。越鞠丸出自《丹溪心法·六郁》, 是治疗“郁”症的经典方剂, 由香附、川芎、苍术、神曲、栀子组成。功效以理气解“郁”为主, 兼以燥湿、化痰、活血、清火、消食, 六“郁”皆可解。越鞠丸和越鞠丸加减联合浅针治疗不同睡眠障碍均体现出良好的临床疗效, 对失眠患者治疗有效率达90%以上[6, 7], 可有效提高睡眠质量, 延长睡眠时间[8]。越鞠丸治疗失眠可使气机畅达, 神安自寐, 提示越鞠丸可能具有治疗HASD的潜力。在中医芳香疗法中, 部分中药挥发性药物能够通过皮肤、黏膜、穴位等途径吸收入体, 起到疏肝理气、解郁助眠作用[9]。越鞠丸挥发油(Yueju volatile oil, YJVO) 是越鞠丸的主要药效成分之一, 其用于治疗失眠的研究尚未见报道, 本实验基于分析研究YJVO化学成分, 结合网络药理学探讨并验证YJVO改善HASD的作用机制, 为YJVO的研究开发与临床用药提供借鉴。
实验药物与试剂  醋香附(Cyperus rotundus L)、川芎(Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.)、六神曲(批号: 2305003、2306006、2305009, 江西樟树天齐中药饮片有限公司); 麸炒苍术[Atractylodes loncea (Thunb). DC.] (批号: 231101, 亳州市京皖中药饮片厂); 炒栀子(Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis.) (批号: 23052604, 安徽协和成药业有限公司); 以上药材经江西中医药大学药学院刘荣华教授鉴定符合2020版《中国药典》规定。地西泮片(diazepam, DZP) (批号: 230403, 江西南华医药有限公司); γ氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、褪黑素(melatonin, MT)、五羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、白介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、白介素-1β (interleukin-1beta, IL-1β) 酶联免疫检测(ELISA)试剂盒(批号: H168-1-2、H256-1-1、H104-1-2、H007-1-2、H002-1-2), 丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GSH-PX) 生化指标检测试剂盒(批号: A003-1-2、A001-3-2、A005-1-2) 均购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 食欲素-A (orexin-A)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) ELISA试剂盒(批号: MM-45740M1、MM-0040M1, 江苏酶免生物科技有限公司); 五羟色胺1A受体(5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor, 5-HT1A) 抗体(批号: H651513017, 杭州华安生物技术有限公司); 核因子κB (nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB p65)、磷酸化核因子-κB (phosphorylate nuclear factor-kappa B, p-NF-κB p65)、半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1, Caspase-1)、IL-1β、Nod样受体蛋白3 (Nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 抗体(批号: 80979-1-RR、82335-1-RR、81482-1-RR、26048-1-AP、68102-1-IG, Proteintech公司); β-actin抗体(批号: GB11001, Servicebio公司)。正己烷(批号: D2314792, 阿拉丁公司); 4%多聚甲醛(批号: 23286549, Biosharp公司)。
主要仪器  LP-15000低压氧舱(玉研仪器); SCIENTZ-192高通量组织研磨机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司); Sunrise酶标仪[帝肯(上海) 实验器材有限公司]; 2K15C低温高速离心机(德国SIGMA公司); ECLIPSE 80I正置荧光显微镜(日本Nikon公司); 164-5070电泳电源、1658001电泳槽、170-3930转膜槽(美国BIO-RAD公司); E6673数字式翘板摇床(Beyotime公司); AX-Ⅱ暗匣(广东粤华医疗器械厂有限公司); 超声雾化香薰机(深圳市康美太实业有限公司); 香薰室(亚克力板制成的50 cm ×50 cm ×40 cm的带盖密封空间, 自制)。
实验动物  60只SPF级雄性昆明(KM) 小鼠[体重(23 ± 2) g, 3周龄], 购于湖南斯莱克景达动物实验有限公司, 生产许可证: SCXK (湘) 2019-0004, 饲养在温度(20 ± 2) ℃, 相对湿度45%~65%的江西中医药大学动物科技中心SPF级动物房中, 光照条件为12 h的明暗循环, 可自由饮水和摄食。动物实验经江西中医药大学伦理委员会批准(伦理号: TEMPOR20230088)。
YJVO的提取与供试品的制备  采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取, 根据文献[10]优化, 药材分别打粉, 按照2020版《中国药典》[11]越鞠丸(醋香附∶川芎∶炒苍术∶炒栀子∶神曲=1∶1∶1∶1∶1) 配伍, 加10倍水, 浸泡1 h, 提取6 h, 挥发油4 ℃避光密封保存。取YJVO 20 µL, 置于2 mL量瓶, 正己烷定容, 过滤, 即得。
GC-MS鉴定YJVO成分  色谱条件: HP-5毛细管色谱柱(30 m×250 µm×0.25 µm); 柱温: 初始温度60 ℃; 升温程序: 初始温度60 ℃, 保持3 min; 第1阶段以3 ℃·min-1上升到145 ℃, 保持4 min; 第2阶段以5 ℃·min-1上升到170 ℃, 保持1 min; 第3阶段以7 ℃·min-1上升到200 ℃, 保持5 min。载气: 氦气, 载气流速1 mL·min-1; 进样口温度为280 ℃; 分流进样, 进样量1.0 µL, 分流比为5∶1, 分流流速为1 mL·min-1。质谱条件: MS-EI离子源, 电子能量70 eV, 接口温度280 ℃; 离子源温度230 ℃; 采集方式为全扫描模式(full scan), 扫描范围m/z 20~650。通过与标准质谱图经NIST12质谱库检索及人工辅助分析, 鉴定主要化学成分, 并用面积归一化法计算其相对含量。
YJVO治疗HASD潜在靶点收集  借助中药系统药理学数据库分析平台TCMSP (https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php)、Swiss Target Prediction数据库(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) 对GC-MS鉴定YJVO成分靶点(YJVO-CT) 进行预测。高原睡眠障碍属于睡眠障碍的一类, 既会出现睡眠障碍的一般症状又有其特殊症状。睡眠障碍靶点(SDT), 关键字为“insomnia”、“dyssomnia”、“sleep disorder”; 高原条件下机体出现缺氧和睡眠呼吸暂停状态的特殊靶点(PST), 关键字为“sleep apnea”、“high altitude reaction”、“acute hypobaric hypoxia”、“hypoxia”; 将SDT和PST交集作为HASD疾病靶点库, 利用OMIM数据库(https://www.omim.org/)、Gene Cards数据库(https://www.genecards.org/)、Pharm GKB数据库(https://www.pharmgkb.org/)、TTD数据库(https://db.idrblab.net/ttd/)、Drug Bank数据库(https://go.drugbank.com/) 进行疾病靶点收集。
京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG) 富集分析  通过DAVID数据库(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/) 对交集靶点进行KEGG信号通路分析, 物种设置为“Homo sapiens”。采用微生信在线数据分析平台(http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn/) 对结果进行可视化。
动物分组、给药及造模  60只雄性KM小鼠随机分为对照组(control)、模型组(model)、地西泮组(DZP, 2 mg·kg-1)、经前期预实验结果确定越鞠丸挥发油低(YJVO-L, 200 μL·m-3)、中(YJVO-M, 400 μL·m-3)、高剂量(YJVO-H, 800 μL·m-3), 每组10只。YJVO加入适量的超纯水稀释混匀用超声雾化香薰机雾化给药, 每天吸嗅1 h, 连续吸嗅7天。模型组、对照组吸嗅等体积超纯水。结合文献[12]方法及预实验结果确定造模方式为: 低压氧舱设置中海拔设置5 000 m, 每隔3 min通气1 min, 通气量20 L, 压力升降速率为250 m·min-1。每天低压低氧暴露20 h, 其余4 h常压, 除对照组外, 其余间歇低压低氧处理7天。记录前5天各组体重和摄食量, 第5天进行戊巴比妥钠协同睡眠实验, 第6天进行负重游泳实验, 结束后, 禁食不禁水, 第7天给药30 min后, 摘眼球取血浆, 取小鼠全脑, 一部分用4%多聚甲醛固定, 用于病理检测; 另一部分于-80 ℃保存, 用于生化指标的测定和蛋白提取(图 1)。
戊巴比妥钠协同睡眠实验  给药30 min后, 小鼠腹腔注射戊巴比妥钠(57 mg·kg-1), 记录注射结束时间, 将小鼠腹部朝上置于垫子上记录翻正反射消失时间, 记录苏醒时间, 从而计算每只小鼠的睡眠潜伏期和睡眠时长。小鼠翻正反射消失1 min后视为入睡, 翻正反射恢复视为觉醒[13]
负重游泳实验  给药30 min后, 在小鼠尾根部夹10%体重的铅皮, 放入游泳箱, 观察和记录小鼠自入水后到头部沉入水面(8 s不浮起) 的时间。水温控制在(25 ± 1) ℃, 避免小鼠处于漂浮状态[14]
ELISA检测及生化指标检测  用ELISA试剂盒和生化指标试剂盒, 测定小鼠脑组织中GABA、MT、IL-6、IL-1β、SOD、GSH-PX和MDA含量, 血浆中TNF-α、5-HT、orexin-A含量, 操作严格按照说明书进行。
H&E染色  脑组织用4%多聚甲醛溶液固定后, 经100%、90%、70%分级乙醇脱水, 二甲苯玻璃化, 石蜡包埋, 制成4 μm厚的石蜡切片, 石蜡切片经二甲苯脱蜡, 分级乙醇浸泡, 苏木精染色5 min, 伊红染色2 min, 脱水。在200倍光学显微镜下观察海马、下丘脑区域。
Western blot  提取各组脑组织蛋白, BCA蛋白检测试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。将总蛋白(10 μg) 载入凝胶并进行凝胶电泳分离, 将蛋白转移到PVDF膜上, 与一抗NF-κB p65 (1∶1 000)、p-NF-κB p65 (1∶1 000)、NLRP3 (1∶1 000)、Caspase-1 (1∶1 000)、IL-1β (1∶1 000)、β-actin (1∶1 000) 在4 ℃下孵育过夜, 用TBST冲洗后, 加入二抗IgG (1∶15 000) 于室温孵育。结果通过化学发光(ECL) Western印迹检测系统显现。目标蛋白的表达水平与对照组β-actin进行归一化。
免疫组化  5-HT1A抗体孵育海马、下丘脑石蜡组织切片, 二抗山羊抗兔IgG孵育切片, 用DAB溶液观察信号, 用苏木精反染细胞核。阳性表达在显微镜下呈棕色。Image-Pro Plus 6.0软件检测阳性区域的平均光密度(average optical density, AOD) 评估蛋白表达水平。
统计学分析  所有结果均以均数±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示。结果使用IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0进行统计分析, 各组间的显著差异采用t检验或单向方差分析(ANOVA) 分析, P < 0.05认为有显著性, GraphPad Prism 8.0、Origin 2021软件对分析结果进行可视化。
通过检测YJVO得到总离子色谱(图 2), 一共鉴定出68个化合物, 占峰面积的83.72%, 主要为萜类和倍半萜类。各挥发性成分的出峰时间及相对质量分数, 见表 1。其中相对含量最高的是(E)-ligustilide (13.98%), 其次是atractylon (9.11%)、atractylodin (6.69%)、germacrene B (6.45%)、cyperenone (4.6%)、cyperene (4.34%)、β-eudesmol (3.72%)、caryophyllene oxide (2.5%)、senkyunolide (2.24%)。
共获得YJVO-CT 264个、SDT 2 016个、PST 2 727个, 取交集获得62个交集靶点。KEGG富集到99条通路, 主要涉及高级糖基化终末产物-受体(AGE-RAGE)、TNF、血清素系统、NF-κB等通路(图 3), 提示YJVO治疗HASD的主要机制可能与炎症反应和神经递质系统有关。AGE-RAGE相互作用可调控NF-κB, 诱导血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 产生, 引发血管生成[15]。TNF信号通路可引发细胞因子风暴, 进而上调丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK)、NF-κB等信号通路, 促进炎症发生。NF-κB信号通路是经典的炎症通路, NF-κB是一种影响广泛的转录调节因子, 参与炎症的调节过程, 既向上承接AGE-RAGE、TNF等信号通路, 又向下调节NLRP3小体[16]、环氧化酶2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)[17]、B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2)[18]等, 参与机体炎症、氧化应激、凋亡等过程, 研究表明低压低氧条件启动NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路造成小鼠脑损伤[19], 因此后续实验基于NF-κB/NLRP3探讨YJVO对HASD小鼠神经炎症的影响, 基于血清素系统探讨YJVO对HASD小鼠神经递质的影响。
图 4AB所示, 在低压低氧暴露过程中, 暴露第1天, 与对照组对比, 其余各组小鼠体重和摄食量骤降, 此后4天, YJVO各组体重增长率高于模型组和DZP组, 摄食量增长率高于模型组, 表明吸嗅YJVO后, 更有利于小鼠适应低压低氧环境。如图 4CD所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组的睡眠时长缩短(P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, DZP、YJVO-L、M各组显著延长睡眠时间(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); YJVO-L显著降低睡眠潜伏时间(P < 0.01), 其余各组降低但不显著。如图 4E所示, 与模型组相比, YJVO-L、M、H各组游泳时间增加, YJVO-H显著延长(P < 0.01)。表明YJVO能有效地改善HASD, 并缓解HASD带来的疲劳。
图 5A~D所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠脑组织中MT、GABA降低, 血浆中orexin-A、5-HT升高(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, DZP、YJVO-L、M、H各组均提高GABA的含量, YJVO-H提高MT的含量(P < 0.01); DZP、YJVO-L、M、H可降低orexin-A、5-HT含量(P < 0.01)。
图 5E~J所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组血浆中TNF-α, 脑组织中IL-6、IL-1β、MDA显著升高(P < 0.01), SOD、GSH-PX含量显著降低(P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, DZP、YJVO-L、M、H各组均显著降低IL-6、IL-1β含量(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), YJVO-H显著降低MDA含量(P < 0.05), YJVO-M、H显著降低TNF-α含量, 显著升高GSH-PX含量(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), YJVO-M显著升高SOD含量(P < 0.05)。
图 6AB所示, 对照组织整体结构基本正常, 细胞形态、大小正常, 神经元数量丰富, 排列较整齐。与对照组相比, 模型组海马和下丘脑组织整体结构异常, 神经元排列紊乱, 神经元数量急剧减少, 较多神经元细胞固缩坏死, 组织间质可见大量空泡变性。与模型组比较, DZP、YJVO-L、M、H各组的海马、下丘脑组织整体结构较为正常, 组织排列较为规整, 神经元数量均有不同程度增多, 固缩坏死及溶解现象明显减少。
图 7所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠脑组织中Caspase-1、IL-1β、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3表达显著升高(P < 0.01); 与模型组比较, DZP、YJVO-L、M、H使Caspase-1、IL-1β、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65、NLRP3蛋白表达显著降低(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 且YJVO-H剂量组降低量最为显著, 呈现剂量依赖性。
图 8所示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠海马、下丘脑组织中5-HT1A蛋白表达显著升高(P < 0.01); 与模型组对比, YJVO-M、YJVO-H海马组织中5-HT1A蛋白表达量显著降低, YJVO-H下丘脑组织中5-HT1A蛋白表达量显著降低(P < 0.01)。
中药挥发油具有抗焦虑、抗抑郁、镇静安神、神经保护作用等药理活性, 尤善“解郁调神”, 经嗅觉、皮肤等途径可达到缓和情绪、调节神志的作用, 对于防治抑郁、焦虑、失眠等疾病有独特的优势[20]。越鞠丸是解郁行气的经典名方, 该方以肝郁脾滞为要, 治之重在行气解郁, 气行则血行, 气行则痰、火、湿、食诸郁自解, 可通过“解郁调神”作用缓解抑郁症、失眠、焦虑障碍等神经系统疾病[21]。YJVO是越鞠丸的主要活性成分, 从中医理论看, YJVO具有芳香行气、活血化瘀作用, 可用于缓解高原睡眠障碍的寒凝血郁之症[22]。从药理作用看, YJVO能提高抑郁小鼠颈动脉血流速度, 扩张颈动脉血管径, 进而提高脑部血流量, 提示YJVO能调节气血失和; 同时, YJVO还能调节谷氨酸(glutamate, Glu)、5-HT等神经递质、抑制细胞凋亡、缓解氧化应激, 其抗抑郁作用强于越鞠丸[10], 表明YJVO可能适用于高原睡眠障碍。从药效成分看, YJVO中α-terpinene[23]α-cyperone[24]β-eudesmol[25]、3-butylidenephthalide[26]α-pinene[27]α-bisabolol[28]、(+)-delta-cadinene[29]等成分可通过调节体内炎症、氧化应激、神经凋亡, 发挥神经保护作用。综上, 从中医理论和现代药理研究YJVO都表现出治疗高原睡眠障碍的潜力。
HASD的发病机制复杂, 涉及缺氧损伤、昼夜节律、下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴、神经递质系统、睡眠呼吸稳定性、氧化应激、炎症反应[2, 4]。神经炎症是HASD重要发病机制, 如图 9所示, 低氧诱导脑内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 上升, 可直接启动NF-κB、NLRP3受体引发炎症反应, ROS还作用于小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞, 促进炎性细胞因子的产生, 如IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α[30], 启动NF-κB信号转导[31], 造成NF-κB p65磷酸化, 增强NLRP3的表达和合成[16], 促使Caspase-1转化为pro-caspase-1, 催化IL-1β和白介素-18 (interleukin-18, IL-18) 的前体分解, 促进IL-1β、IL-18的分泌[32], 炎症因子继续作用于NF-κB, 诱发级联神经炎症[33]。进一步导致睡眠结构改变, 睡眠质量下降, 神经炎症因子触发的反应最终可能会改变突触可塑性并导致认知障碍[30]。研究证实, 吸嗅YJVO后, 有效地保护HASD小鼠下丘脑、海马组织结构和功能的完整性, 一定程度上避免进一步造成机体认知损伤。下调MDA水平、升高SOD、GSH-PX活性, 减少自由基损伤, 提高机体在缺氧状态下的抗氧化能力, 有效抑制氧化应激反应。下调NLRP3、IL-1β、p-NF-κB p65、Caspase-1蛋白表达水平, 调节NF-κB信号通路, 有效抑制NLRP3炎症体的激活和IL-1β的分泌, 进而抑制级联神经炎症的发生, 起到治疗HASD作用。
神经递质是睡眠的重要影响因素, 是睡眠-觉醒的关键调节因子, 包括orexin-A、MT、GABA、5-HT、Glu、腺苷等递质[34]。食欲素是一种兴奋性神经肽, 人从平原地区进入高海拔地区1、24 h后, 食欲素分别上升10%、35%[35], 短期间歇性缺氧可激活食欲素神经元导致觉醒和睡眠片段, 从而引发睡眠障碍[36]。褪黑素由松果体分泌, 内源性褪黑素的合成维持着机体的昼夜节律稳定, 在高原睡眠障碍过程中褪黑素可通过抑制氧化应激、调节昼夜节律、改变睡眠结构, 从而提高睡眠质量[37, 38]。GABA是一种抑制性神经递质, 能支配促睡眠核团, GABA含量升高具有促眠作用[39]。血清素系统又称五羟色胺系统, 与认知、记忆、学习、性、注意力、呼吸稳定性、睡眠-觉醒周期和昼夜节律有关[40]。与其他睡眠障碍不同, 间歇性缺氧条件下, 5-HT可能参与呼吸稳定性的调节。间歇低压低氧诱发机体低血氧、高碳酸血症, 机体颈部感受器和效应器的长期激活导致呼吸运动输出的长期易化, 5-HT可以调节这种神经可塑性。同时, 研究发现严重缺氧引发机体发生代偿反应, 大鼠脑中缝大核5-HT1A受体表达上升, 发挥调节呼吸系统作用[41]。实验观察到HASD小鼠呼吸频率加快, 呼吸节奏紊乱, 呼吸稳定性降低, 可能导致睡眠时频繁醒来和对空气的感知不足, 减少总睡眠时间和慢波睡眠, 进而导致睡眠效率低下[42]。本研究发现短期低压低氧暴露后, 小鼠血浆中orexin-A、5-HT水平显著升高, 脑组织中MT和GABA显著降低, 5-HT1A蛋白表达升高。YJVO能通过下调orexin-A水平, 上调MT、GABA水平, 从而降低小鼠觉醒时间, 缩短睡眠潜伏期, 延长睡眠时长, 改善小鼠睡眠质量; 同时YJVO可通过降低脑组织中5-HT1A表达, 下调血浆中5-HT, 维持呼吸稳定, 从而维持睡眠稳定。以上结果提示, YJVO可通过调节神经递质干预HASD。
本研究构建HASD小鼠模型, 发现YJVO可通过抑制NF-κB/NLPR3信号通路缓解神经炎症、调节神经递质途径治疗HASD, 能有效地缓解低压低氧环境造成的睡眠问题。在实验过程中发现, 抗疲劳能力与睡眠状态的优劣不呈线性关系, 推测是因为睡眠和疲劳调控因子不同, 不同的因子对YJVO的有效阈值不一样造成的。随着YJVO剂量升高伴随着促睡眠能力减弱, 其原因可能是YJVO对中枢神经系统存在双向调节作用, 如芳香性中药麝香、石菖蒲挥发油既能兴奋中枢神经系统又能抑制神经系统, 在不同剂量下发挥不同作用[43, 44]。在接下来的研究中, 本课题组将进一步探索YJVO治疗HASD的药效物质基础, 希望能从物质基础层面揭示YJVO对中枢神经系统的双向调节作用。
  • 中药研制与中药安全性创新团队(ZYYCXTD-D-202207)
  • 中药制剂技术与装备创新团队(CXTD22006)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-08
基金
中药研制与中药安全性创新团队(ZYYCXTD-D-202207)
中药制剂技术与装备创新团队(CXTD22006)
作者信息
    1 江西中医药大学, 现代中药制剂教育部重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
    2 中药改良创新江西省重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330004
    3 中国人民解放军军事科学院军事医学研究院, 北京 100850
    4 江西中医药大学, 经典名方现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 江西 南昌 330103

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杨明,Tel: 86-791-87119032, E-mail:
郑琴,Tel: 86-791-87118658, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0925
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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