Article(id=1190335348468192032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0943, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1734019200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727662435, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1744387200000, pubDateStr=2025-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727662435, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727662435, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727662435, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190335347767743264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='4', pageStart='843', pageEnd='1182', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727662269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761729313427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190342273276678998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1190335347767743264, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=864, endPage=874, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190335348715655972, articleId=1190335348468192032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress in bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Radiopharmaceuticals play a crucial role in nuclear medicine, with the development of radioligands being a key focus in this field. Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals have shown significant advantages in clinical applications, with the majority of FDA-approved targeting radiopharmaceuticals since 2018 being derived from peptides or peptidomimetics. Bicyclic peptides have emerged as a promising targeting moiety in radioligands, offering improved biophysical properties compared to linear or monocyclic peptide ligands. This article provides an overview of the methods for obtaining bicyclic peptide ligands, as well as highlighting the major clinical and preclinical advancements in bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. The review also discusses the future prospects of bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, offering insights for practitioners in the field of pharmaceutical science and nuclear medicine to keep up with the latest developments in radiopharmaceutical innovation.

, correspAuthors=Rui WANG, Kuan HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2021 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin GAO, Yuan MIAO, Si-qi ZHANG, Dun WANG, Rui WANG, Kuan HU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1190336104025919841, articleId=1190335348468192032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=双环肽靶向核药研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

核药是核医学的灵魂, 靶向配体发现是核药研创的核心。多肽核药在临床实践中展示出了显著的优势, 在已获批靶向核药中占据重要地位。作为核药配体的新锐力量, 双环肽开发技术近年来发展迅速, 其相较于传统多肽配体优势明显, 具有重要的临床转化潜力。该文总结了双环肽配体的获取方式, 概述了双环肽核药的主要临床和临床前研究进展, 对双环肽靶向核药的未来发展方向做出展望。以期为药学和核医学从业者了解多肽核药前沿提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王锐, 胡宽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王锐, E-mail:
胡宽, Tel: 13381066782, E-mail:
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Representative high-throughput screening systems for bicyclic peptides. uAA: Unnatural amino acid; SerOx: Oxidation of N-terminal Ser

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Structural formulas of representative natural bicyclic peptides

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Structural formulas of representative bicyclic-peptide radiopharmaceuticals

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Preclinical studies of EphA2-targeted bicyclic peptide radiopharmaceuticals[58, 59]. A: PET/CT imaging images of [18F]ETN in PC3 and 22Rv1 mouse models. Adapted from Ref. 58 with permission. Copyright © 2023 American Chemical Society; B: PET/MR images of [68Ga]Ga-BCY18469 in HT1080 (left), MCF-7 (middle) tumour-bearing mice and HT1080 (right) with blocking agent (T: Tumour, K: Kidney, B: Bladder); C: Time-activity-curve (TAC) for key organs from 0 to 60 min post-injection of [68Ga]Ga-BCY18469 in the HT1080 models; D: Detailed TACs for tumour and muscle (T: Tumour, M: muscle); E and F: SPECT/CT images of [111In]In-BCY18469 in PC3 tumour-bearing mice at 1 and 24 h; G: Quantitative data (%ID·g-1) from [111In]In-BCY18469 SPECT imaging. Adapted from Ref. 59 with permission. Copyright © 2024 Ivyspring International Publisher

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Multidisciplinary intersection drives development of bicyclic peptide-targeted radiopharmaceuticals

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Characteristic Linear peptide Monocyclic peptide Bicyclic peptide
-
Typical pattern - "Head-to-tail", "head-to-side-chain", "hide-chain-to-tail", "side-chain-to-side-chain" cyclization Bicycle tethered at three contact points in the peptide; peptide macrocycle with internal bridge; double-stapled peptide; double macrocyclic peptide
Stability - + ++
Rapid tissue penetration - + ++
Binding affinity + ++ +++
Bioavailability + ++ ++
Complex protein targets druggable - + ++
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Comparison of linear, monocyclic and bicyclic peptide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Characteristic Linear peptide Monocyclic peptide Bicyclic peptide
-
Typical pattern - "Head-to-tail", "head-to-side-chain", "hide-chain-to-tail", "side-chain-to-side-chain" cyclization Bicycle tethered at three contact points in the peptide; peptide macrocycle with internal bridge; double-stapled peptide; double macrocyclic peptide
Stability - + ++
Rapid tissue penetration - + ++
Binding affinity + ++ +++
Bioavailability + ++ ++
Complex protein targets druggable - + ++
), ArticleFig(id=1190350157897110214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335348468192032, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X1 X2 X3 Crosslinker Structural formula
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TBMB
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TATA
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TBAB
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TAAB
Cysteine/
N-terminus
Lysine/
cysteine
Cysteine/
cysteine
Bischlorooxime-
based
crosslinker
Lysine
Cysteine
Lysine
Bischlorooxime-
based
crosslinker
), ArticleFig(id=1190350157951636167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335348468192032, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scheme of typical chemical synthesis of bicyclic peptides and crosslinkers. TBMB: 1, 3, 5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene; TATA: 1, 3, 5-Triacryloyl-1, 3, 5-triazine; TBAB: N, N′, N′′-(benzene-1, 3, 5-triyl)-tris(2-bromoacetamide); TAAB: N, N′, N′′-benzene-1, 3, 5-triyltrisprop-2-enamide

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X1 X2 X3 Crosslinker Structural formula
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TBMB
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TATA
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TBAB
Cysteine Cysteine Cysteine TAAB
Cysteine/
N-terminus
Lysine/
cysteine
Cysteine/
cysteine
Bischlorooxime-
based
crosslinker
Lysine
Cysteine
Lysine
Bischlorooxime-
based
crosslinker
), ArticleFig(id=1190350158098436808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335348468192032, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target Indication Radionuclide Ligand Application Linker Crosslinker Ref.
Nectin-4 Advanced urothelial carcinoma Gallium-68 N188 Diagnosis - Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [57]
EphA2 PSMA-negative prostate cancer Fluorine-18 ETN Diagnosis - Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [58]
EphA2 Human fibrosarcoma Gallium-68
Indium-111
Lutetium-177
BCY18469 Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Therapy
-[B-Ala]-[Sar10]- Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [59]
MT1-MMP Fibrosarcoma Gallium-68
Lutetium-177
BCY-C2
BCY-D1
Diagnosis
Therapy
- TBMB [60]
MT1-MMP Non-small cell lung cancer Lead-212 BCY20603 Therapy Extended sarcosine
15 oligomer spacer
TBMB [61]
), ArticleFig(id=1190350158178128585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1190335348468192032, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of bicyclic peptide-targeted radiopharmaceuticals

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Target Indication Radionuclide Ligand Application Linker Crosslinker Ref.
Nectin-4 Advanced urothelial carcinoma Gallium-68 N188 Diagnosis - Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [57]
EphA2 PSMA-negative prostate cancer Fluorine-18 ETN Diagnosis - Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [58]
EphA2 Human fibrosarcoma Gallium-68
Indium-111
Lutetium-177
BCY18469 Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Therapy
-[B-Ala]-[Sar10]- Bischlorooxime-based crosslinker [59]
MT1-MMP Fibrosarcoma Gallium-68
Lutetium-177
BCY-C2
BCY-D1
Diagnosis
Therapy
- TBMB [60]
MT1-MMP Non-small cell lung cancer Lead-212 BCY20603 Therapy Extended sarcosine
15 oligomer spacer
TBMB [61]
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双环肽靶向核药研究进展
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高新 1 , 苗源 1, 2 , 张思琪 1 , 王钝 2 , 王锐 1, * , 胡宽 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(4): 864-874
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(4): 864-874
双环肽靶向核药研究进展
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高新1, 苗源1, 2, 张思琪1, 王钝2, 王锐1, * , 胡宽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2 沈阳药科大学制药工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

通讯作者:

王锐, E-mail:
胡宽, Tel: 13381066782, E-mail:
Research progress in bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals
Xin GAO1, Yuan MIAO1, 2, Si-qi ZHANG1, Dun WANG2, Rui WANG1, * , Kuan HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
出版时间: 2025-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0943
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核药是核医学的灵魂, 靶向配体发现是核药研创的核心。多肽核药在临床实践中展示出了显著的优势, 在已获批靶向核药中占据重要地位。作为核药配体的新锐力量, 双环肽开发技术近年来发展迅速, 其相较于传统多肽配体优势明显, 具有重要的临床转化潜力。该文总结了双环肽配体的获取方式, 概述了双环肽核药的主要临床和临床前研究进展, 对双环肽靶向核药的未来发展方向做出展望。以期为药学和核医学从业者了解多肽核药前沿提供参考。

靶向核药  /  双环肽  /  PET显像  /  高通量筛选  /  天然产物活性肽

Radiopharmaceuticals play a crucial role in nuclear medicine, with the development of radioligands being a key focus in this field. Peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals have shown significant advantages in clinical applications, with the majority of FDA-approved targeting radiopharmaceuticals since 2018 being derived from peptides or peptidomimetics. Bicyclic peptides have emerged as a promising targeting moiety in radioligands, offering improved biophysical properties compared to linear or monocyclic peptide ligands. This article provides an overview of the methods for obtaining bicyclic peptide ligands, as well as highlighting the major clinical and preclinical advancements in bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. The review also discusses the future prospects of bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals, offering insights for practitioners in the field of pharmaceutical science and nuclear medicine to keep up with the latest developments in radiopharmaceutical innovation.

targeted radiopharmaceutical  /  bicyclic peptide  /  PET imaging  /  high-throughput screening  /  natural peptide
高新, 苗源, 张思琪, 王钝, 王锐, 胡宽. 双环肽靶向核药研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (4) : 864 -874 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0943
Xin GAO, Yuan MIAO, Si-qi ZHANG, Dun WANG, Rui WANG, Kuan HU. Research progress in bicyclic peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (4) : 864 -874 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0943
核医学是现代医学的重要组成部分, 其原理是利用放射性同位素释放的射线进行疾病的无创诊断和精确治疗。核医学历经百余年发展, 已经成为人类发现、认识和对抗疾病的重要医疗手段。核药是核医学的灵魂, 是一类分子结构中包含放射性同位素的特殊药品。经典的靶向核药分子由3部分构成: 靶向配体、连接子和核素(部分含螯合体)[1]。其中靶向配体是核药的核心组成部分, 主要类型包括多肽、抗体和小分子。多肽配体相较于抗体, 组织穿透能力更强, 药物代谢性质优异; 相较于小分子, 靶标亲和力和选择性更优, 病灶内滞留时间更长; 因此靶向多肽核药在近年来获批上市的核药中占据主导地位[2, 3]
双环肽是一类结构中具有双重环状结构的约束肽(constrained peptides), 是一种新兴的核药多肽配体。与线性肽和单环肽相比, 紧凑和刚性的空间结构使得双环肽的代谢稳定性和靶标亲和力显著提高[4, 5]。双环肽结构使得多肽在较小的空间范围内实现更高的功能性密度, 其靶向病态蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interactions, PPIs) 界面的能力明显提高。此外, 良好的穿膜性使得双环肽核药瘤内滞留时间延长, 在靶向核素治疗方面具有广泛应用前景(表 1)[6-11]。值得一提的是, 通过调节双环肽的成环方式和氨基酸序列, 能够实现双环肽生物半衰期和放射性核素物理半衰期的良好适配, 从而提升辐射能利用度, 改善核药治疗效果, 降低毒副作用。目前已有多种双环肽靶向核药进入临床研究阶段, 其优势在人体内得到了进一步证实, 多重证据表明, 双环肽有望克服传统线肽和单环肽的不足, 极大提升靶向多肽核药的临床诊疗价值。
尽管双环肽靶向核药临床优势明显, 前景广阔, 目前新型双环肽靶向配体筛选获取的方式仍有限, 配体分子数量稀缺, 难以满足临床需求。本文就双环肽配体的发现以及其在核药领域中的应用进展进行综述, 分析双环肽核药在临床应用中的机遇, 并对双环肽核药的未来发展进行展望。
以天然线性多肽为靶向配体的核药通常存在体内稳定性差、靶标特异性不足和生物利用度低等局限性[12], 利用化学合成策略, 如合成中原位修饰(in-situ modification) 和合成后修饰(post-synthesis modification), 将线性肽人工改造成为环状约束肽结构, 已经成为了提升多肽成药性的常用方法[6, 12-15]
随着有机合成方法学的发展, 通过化学修饰构建双环肽的策略已有广泛报道, 并已成为当前双环肽配体获取的主要方式之一[16]。为了克服化学合成筛选双环肽配体效率低下的问题, 基因编码多肽结合后期修饰成环的高通量筛选策略, 逐渐成为了双环肽配体发现中高效和广受青睐的方法。某些反应条件温和、合成效率高、选择性好并且生物环境兼容的化学反应, 不仅可用于人工双环肽化学合成, 还广泛应用于基因编码的高通量筛选[17]。除了上述两种方法, 科学家在水生微生物等天然动植物中发现了大量双环肽次级代谢产物, 这些天然双环肽具有良好的生物活性和靶点特异性, 是双环肽配体开发的天然宝藏[18]。科学家通过现代结构生物学和药物化学手段, 解码天然双环肽构效关系, 为进一步“师法自然”提供了科学依据。近年来, 已有多种天然双环肽类似物库被报道[19]
广义上讲, 双环肽结构主要包括4种形式: 三位点偶联的双环肽[20]、基于大环的双位点偶联肽[21]、双重订书肽[22]及双大环肽偶联物[23]。双环肽的性质受到成环方式和连接化学双重调控, 双环肽的空间构象、稳定性和电荷分布在成环后将发生改变, 从而导致了其靶标亲和力、跨膜能力以及药代性质发生变化。发现新的成环化学, 以高原子经济性实现双环肽的绿色合成, 是目前化学合成双环肽的目标。过去30年, 已有超过10种构建双环肽的化学合成方法被报道, 并有多篇综述论文对此进行了介绍[11, 24, 25], 此文不再对这些方法进行全面综述。以下仅选取几种代表性的方法, 对化学合成双环肽的科学挑战加以简要阐述。
由于巯基的高亲核活性, 半胱氨酸在双环肽合成中发挥着重要作用。基于半胱氨酸的共价偶联化学、二硫桥键及金属螯合化学已被广泛报道用于合成双环肽。提升环化产率, 降低非特异性修饰, 是半胱氨酸三位点偶联双环肽合成中需要克服的关键难点。半胱氨酸烷基化生成双环肽的常用试剂是1, 3, 5-三-(溴甲基)苯[1, 3, 5-tris (bromomethyl) benzene, TBMB], 早在1985年, Kemp等[26]将TBMB用于环肽cyclo-(Gly-L-Cys-Gly)3的合成; Timmerman等[27]研究表明, TBMB可以很容易地与含有3个半胱氨酸的多肽发生环化, 反应速度极快, 一定条件下可在5 min内完成, 转化率大于90%。然而, 过量TBMB的引入可能导致线性肽的非特异性修饰, 对此具有类似对称性和巯基反应性的其他试剂, 例如1, 3, 5-三丙烯酰基六氢-1, 3, 5-三嗪(1, 3, 5-triacryloyl-1, 3, 5-triazine, TATA)、N, N′, N′′-(苯-1, 3, 5-三基)三(丙-2-烯酰胺) (N, N′, N′′-benzene-1, 3, 5-triyltrisprop-2-enamide, TAAB) 和N, N′, N′′-(苯-1, 3, 5-三基)三(2-溴乙酰胺) [N, N′, N′′-(benzene-1, 3, 5-triyl)-tris(2-bromoacetamide), TBAB] 也被陆续报道出来, 这些不同结构的环化试剂能够赋予双环肽不同的空间构象, 有助于生成结构高度多样化的双环肽库(表 2)[27-29]。通过半胱氨酸侧链形成二硫桥键, 无需引入外源组分, 是构建双环肽的理想方法之一。然而, 如何控制同一条多肽中多个半胱氨酸的定向配对, 是需要攻克的难题。Wu等[30]开发了一种利用三肽基序CXC来引导多肽半胱氨酸残基分子间和分子内二聚化的有效策略, 能够在复杂的氧化还原介质中实现正交二硫键配对, 合理高效地生成双环肽和三环肽, 为构建复杂二硫键桥环肽提供了可能。
在模拟生理环境的水相中发生的双环肽合成策略, 是近年来多肽合成化学研究的重点前沿领域。Chen等[29]提出一种基于半胱氨酸导向的邻近效应驱动的天然多肽双环化新策略, 利用氯肟基团(表 2), 在接近生理条件下(室温、水相和中性pH), 逐步实现双环肽的可控合成, 具有生物兼容性好、反应速度快和高效的特点, 反应仅需10 min即可完成, 为噬菌体展示双环肽库的构建及双环肽配体的筛选提供了新的思路。最近Voss等[31]提出利用金属离子Bi3+构建双环化多肽体系, 在生理pH条件下, 含有3个半胱氨酸残基的线性肽可与无毒的三价铋(III) 盐在特定pH条件下瞬时(秒级) 形成双环肽, 其稳定性明显提高, 利用该体系筛选出的先导化合物的活性较线性类似物提高130倍, 蛋白水解稳定性提高19倍。未来利用化学和生物学手段开发更多高效、温和、可及性强的双环肽合成方法学, 从而助力双环肽的高效率、高质量筛选, 是双环肽核药配体开发的重要方向。
通过人工修饰合成筛选获得具有高亲和力和特异性的配体通常效率低, 成本高。高通量筛选技术利用特定的载体展示出基因编码的线肽序列, 然后进行特定位点的高效双环化修饰, 最后与目标靶标蛋白共同孵育, 筛选出具有良好亲和力的双环肽序列, 可实现超高通量(> 109) 的多肽筛选, 获得苗头多肽的亲和力高(nmol·L-1级别), 并且可以同时应用在多个靶标的多肽亲和配体筛选上, 缩短了多肽亲和配体获取的周期, 降低了研发成本, 成为新型双环肽靶向配体的重要来源[32-36]
目前已有多种用于双环肽高通量筛选的方法[20, 37], 丰富了双环肽配体获取的途径(图 1)[29, 37-42]。He等[39]利用Bi3+配位的成环体系成功构建噬菌体双环肽分子库, 其筛选得到环化肽的亲和力(0.31 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1) 较线性肽(39 ± 6 μmol·L-1) 提高约100倍, 证明了利用噬菌体展示技术开发针对特定靶点的Bi3+双环肽的可行性, 加速了用于诊断或治疗应用的新型含铋双环肽的配体的开发。Mudd等[20]利用基于TATA环化支架分子的双环肽噬菌体文库对Nectin-4的可溶性胞外结构域进行高通量筛选, 获得了3个对靶蛋白具有良好亲和力的苗头肽序列, 经多轮迭代的化学优化后, 获得具有低纳摩尔亲和力(Kd = 2.50 nmol·L-1)、高靶点特异性、良好物化特性及高体外稳定性的Nectin-4靶向双环肽。值得一提的是, 噬菌体筛选过程中产生的大量数据在优化过程中发挥了关键作用, 再次证明了高通量筛选技术在双环肽配体开发优化中的重要价值。目前Nectin-4靶向多肽偶联药物BT8009已经进入III期临床试验, 是全球首个启动III期临床的Nectin-4靶向多肽偶联药物, 其在包括尿路上皮癌等多种实体瘤中具有良好的安全性和客观缓解率。
然而, 现存噬菌体筛选双环肽方法尚存在较多限制, 例如需要经过严格设计的不含半胱氨酸的噬菌体[28], 苛刻的氧化成环条件[41], 并且在筛选过程中容易产生双环异构体[40, 43], 此外, 由于在噬菌体中插入非天然氨基酸技术难度大, 极大地限制了噬菌体表达双环肽结构的多样性。与噬菌体展示技术相比, mRNA展示技术可以较为简单地利用非天然氨基酸来增加双环肽结构多样性[18, 44-46]。为了解决噬菌体库多肽筛选操作繁琐、纯化和筛选轮数多及亲和力有限的问题, Villequey等[44]利用mRNA展示技术构建了包括不含半胱氨酸的线性肽、含半胱氨酸的单环和双环肽在内的靶向成纤维细胞生长因子受体3c (FGFR3c) 胞外结构域肽库, 高效、简便地获得了对FGFR3c抑制率高、受体选择性和血浆稳定性良好的系列双环肽配体(Kd = 6.7~76.1 nmol·L-1), 亲和力相较线性肽和单环肽实现了指数级的提升。Sako等[37]将半胱氨酸和3种不同的非天然氨基酸Cab、Aha和Pgl同时掺入肽链中, 开发了一种通过在重编程遗传密码下使用重构的无细胞翻译系统合成双环肽的新方法, 实现多肽的级联环化过程。该技术与mRNA展示技术的完美结合为双环肽的筛选提供了一种强大的工具。Hacker等[47]通过掺入含有生物正交基团的非天然氨基酸, 利用mRNA展示技术构建了可调节环大小的θ桥式双环肽库, 该策略化学兼容性良好, 并筛选出具有良好链霉素亲和力(300~400 nmol·L-1) 和蛋白酶稳定性的双环肽配体。
对于富含二硫键的天然多肽进行定向修饰和合成是一个重大挑战。Dong等[38]设计合成了一种带有青霉胺的非天然双硫醇基序, 成功实现了对双环和三环结构多肽的定向诱导。利用该技术他们进一步构建了mRNA编码的双环肽文库, 成功地筛选出了具有纳摩尔亲和力(Kd = 3.3 nmol·L-1) 的双环肽配体, 为双环肽配体的高通量筛选提供了一种新型的、普适性高的、稳定的手段。需要指出的是, mRNA展示技术较为复杂, 应用范围受限。因此, 为了获得更多新型双环肽配体, 需要开发新型高效筛选技术, 综合利用多种筛选技术, 例如DNA编码文库技术, 酵母展示技术等, 避免单一筛选技术的固有局限性, 不断优化筛选的流程及效率, 以此增加双环肽的结构多样性, 从而获得更多优势先导双环肽配体。
除通过上述两种方式获取新型双环肽配体外, 自然界中存在种类丰富的活性双环肽, 是新型双环肽配体获取的潜在来源[18]。近些年, 多种活性双环肽分子从自然界中被分离出来, 其中大多数是从海洋生物中分离得到, 例如从隋氏蒂壳海绵中分离的Theonellamides K[48]和从水生链霉菌中分离的Nyuzenamides家族[49, 50]等。
结构解析发现, 天然活性双环肽大多具有经典的封闭大环双位点偶联结构, 其内部连接桥包括: 色氨酸-半胱氨酸桥[51], 半胱氨酸-半胱氨酸桥[21], 组氨酸-丙氨酸桥[52], 异酪氨酸桥[52, 53]等。活性研究表明, 天然双环肽分子大多具有一定的靶向性, 进一步对这些结构进行修饰和优化, 可以得到活性更佳的候选药物分子。例如α-鹅膏蕈碱(α-amanitin) 是一种含有色氨酸内桥的大环肽, 为鹅膏菌科鹅膏菌属死亡帽的主要毒性成分, 其可以抑制真核生物RNA聚合酶II和III, 阻碍转录过程[54]。Todorovic等[55]通过修饰和改造α-amanitin的结构, 成功获得了多种具有更强靶标结合能力的靶向双环肽。向日葵胰蛋白酶抑制剂(sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1, SFTI-1) 是一种带有二硫键内桥的大环肽, 可以抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶的活性。Durek等[56]通过向SFTI-1上引入特殊的四肽结构, 得到了针对黑皮质素受体的靶向双环肽, 显著提高激动剂活性(10-12 mol·L-1) 和选择性(30倍)。随着越来越多的天然活性双环肽分子被发现和分离, 以及人工合成和修饰天然活性双环肽的能力的不断增强, 相信未来这些配体也将在核药领域发挥重要的作用(图 2)[48, 49, 54, 55]
目前双环肽在核药领域的研究还处于起步阶段, 表 3[57-61]总结了目前在研的代表性双环肽核药的基本信息。从获得途径来看, 目前处于临床和临床前研究阶段的双环肽配体大多通过噬菌体筛选和人工修饰合成的组合方法获得。
Nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (Nectin-4) 是Nectin家族的一种I型跨膜蛋白, 又称脊髓灰质炎病毒受体4, 在正常组织细胞中表达量低, 但在多种恶性肿瘤中表达上调, 尤其是上皮起源的恶性肿瘤, 如尿路上皮癌, 使得Nectin-4成为多种恶性肿瘤的重要药物靶标[62-64]
2019年, Enfortumab Vedotin (EV) 作为首款治疗尿路上皮癌的靶向抗体药物偶联物被FDA批准上市。为辅助该药物治疗, Duan等[57]利用Nectin-4靶向双环肽[20]与核素Gallium-68及Gallium-68适配的常用螯合体1, 4, 7, 10-四氮杂环十二烷-1, 4, 7, 10-四乙酸(1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododecane-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraacetic acid, DOTA) 构建示踪剂[68Ga]Ga-N188 (图 3), 利用PET/CT成像无创显像患者Nectin-4的表达水平, 从而预测EV对患者的治疗效果。临床前研究表明, [68Ga]Ga-N188在细胞水平和动物水平对Nectin-4具有较好亲和力(给药1 h后荷瘤鼠的肿瘤/肌肉摄取率为3.98 ± 2.48); 在健康志愿者和晚期尿道癌患者的临床研究中, [68Ga]Ga-N188显示出对Nectin-4蛋白的高亲和力、高特异性以及良好的药代动力学特性和安全性(NCT05321316)。PET定量分析推断[68Ga]Ga-N188在胆囊、肾脏、甲状腺、膀胱和胰腺中的器官剂量值最高, 有效剂量为7.17 ± 1.08 μSv·MBq-1, 其中两名患者的轴向和冠状PET/CT图像表明[68Ga]Ga-N188和[18F]FDG均显示了转移淋巴结和/或肝转移灶的高摄取, IHC评分为Nectin-4 (++) 和Nectin-4 (+); 而另一患者的PET/CT图像显示[68Ga]Ga-N188在淋巴结转移灶无摄取, 而[18F]FDG显示高摄取, IHC评分为Nectin-4 (-), 证明了[68Ga]Ga-N188对Nectin-4阳性病灶的特异性和准确性更高, 在临床应用中将更具优势。[68Ga]Ga-N188的更多临床研究正处于志愿者招募阶段(NCT05593107), 作为双环肽靶向核药的先驱, 预计在不久的将来Nectin-4靶向核药将在临床中显示更多的价值。
人肝配蛋白A型受体2 (ephrin type-A receptor 2, EphA2) 属于肾上腺素受体家族, 在多种肿瘤组织中表达量显著上调[65-67], 是癌症诊断和治疗的高价值靶点。Gan等[58]基于EphA2靶向肽BCY6164[68]和与核素Fluorine-18开发了一种可以靶向前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate specific membrane antigen, PSMA) 阴性前列腺癌的双环肽靶向核素示踪剂[18F]ETN (图 3), 并在小鼠体内开展研究。结果如图 4A显示, [18F]ETN在PC3肿瘤(EphA2高表达) 中的摄取量明显高于22Rv1肿瘤(EphA2低表达) [(2.67 ± 0.14)% vs (0.40 ± 0.21)%ID·g-1]。肾脏是[18F]ETN的主要排泄器官, 除肾脏以外的非靶器官的放射摄取量低。[18F]ETN在PC3肿瘤中的特异性富集可能使其成为一种有希望的PSMA阴性前列腺癌诊断工具, 从而拓宽前列腺癌临床靶向核素诊疗的适用范围。El Fakiri等[59]利用化学修饰策略对EphA2靶向肽进行结构优化, 获得了候选配体分子BCY18469 (图 3), 并使用Ga-68、In-111和Lu-177进行放射性标记。在EphA2阳性的HT1080模型鼠中, PET/MR成像结果显示, [68Ga]Ga-BCY18469在肿瘤中摄取率高(1 h的摄取值为1.7 g·mL-1, 2 h为1.2 g·mL-1), 非肿瘤结合肽通过肾脏途径快速清除; 在EphA2阴性的MCF-7模型鼠中, [68Ga]Ga-BCY18469的肿瘤摄取率低, 且过量未标记配体封闭后HT1080模型鼠的肿瘤摄取率也显著降低, 表明该双环肽具有良好的特异性(图 4B~D); 在PC3荷瘤小鼠中, [111In]In-BCY18469的SPECT/CT成像实验结果进一步证实了该示踪剂在肿瘤中的高摄取, 给药1 h肿瘤摄取值为: (5.72 ± 1.47)%ID·g-1, 并在给药24 h时后仍显示出足够的对比度[肿瘤摄取值为: (2.32 ± 0.50)%ID·g-1], 同时通过肾脏途径排泄[肾脏摄取值为: (31.9 ± 3.4)%ID·g-1, 图 4EF]。
基质金属蛋白酶-1 (membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1, MT1-MMP) 是一种I型跨膜蛋白酶, 属于基质金属蛋白酶家族。它是细胞微环境的有效修饰剂, 在生理和病理条件下促进多种细胞类型的细胞迁移和侵袭[69, 70]。MT1-MMP在包括非小细胞肺癌、胃癌和乳腺癌在内的多种肿瘤中表达上调且与预后不良显著相关, 并且在正常组织中的表达量相对较低, 是核药开发的潜力靶标之一[71-73]
Eder等[60]利用噬菌体筛选鉴定出的MT1-MMP靶向双环肽(1.8 kDa) 偶联DOTA得到双环肽配体BCY-B3, 其亲和力Kd值为0.51 ± 0.03 nmol·L-1, 通过丙氨酸突变扫描和氨基酸替换策略, 获得具有更高稳定性的双环肽配体BCY-C2 (图 3), 其肿瘤摄取增加4.9倍; 为了满足靶向核素治疗的需求, 他们进一步通过长效脂化修饰和连接子修饰策略, 获得双环肽配体BCY-D1 (图 3), 给药6 h后肿瘤最大摄取值为(36.0 ± 1.1)%ID·g-1, PET/CT成像图显示了MT1-MMP靶向双环肽示踪剂良好的靶向特异性和药代动力学性质, 再次证明了噬菌体展示技术作为一个强大的平台, 在筛选高亲和力双环肽配体方面具有显著的优势。Bicycle Therapeutics公司和欧安诺医疗[61]联合公布了靶向MT1-MMP的双环肽核素药物[212Pb]Pb-BCY20603的临床前结果。Lead-212 (212Pb) 是一种α核素, α核素具有传能线密度高, 组织穿透距离短的特点, 安全性和有效性与β核素相比有显著提高[74]。在与单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody, mAb) 的对照实验中, 与[212Pb]Pb-MT1-MMP-mAb相比, [212Pb]Pb-BCY20603可以在肿瘤内迅速富集, 并且分布均匀, 而[212Pb]Pb-MT1-MMP-mAb在相同时间点的肿瘤内摄取量非常低, 并且分布不均。在治疗试验中, [212Pb]Pb-BCY20603的单次最高使用剂量可达1.48 MBq, 并且耐受性良好。这些结果表明双环肽配体在高效结合靶点、深入肿瘤组织方面优势更为突出。同时, 基于双环肽的α核素治疗也是未来值得关注的重要方向之一。
随着《医用同位素中长期发展规划(2021~2035年)》等政府文件的相继发布, 预计未来10~20年, 我国核药的短缺问题将得到有效缓解, 多种核药“卡脖子”难题也将被攻克。作为核药发展的核心环节, 包括双环肽在内的核药配体分子的发展也将迎来“黄金期”。双环肽靶向核药在癌症诊疗一体化的过程中大有可为, 并以高亲和力和高选择性结合靶点, 具有高特异性、高组织穿透性和良好的体内稳定性等多重优势。
值得注意的是, 目前核药双环肽配体的获取方式有限, 人工合成筛选效率低, 获得的双环肽亲和力有限; 天然产物中获得的双环肽靶点随机, 机制复杂, 并且难以合成。与之相比, 高通量筛选可以“先画靶, 再射箭”, 多箭齐发, 增加了筛选效率, 降低了随机性, 是核药双环肽配体开发的重要方向。然而, 现有双环肽配体的筛选方式有限, 且限制颇多, 无法满足临床的需求, 因此开发新的筛选方式是双环肽核药乃至整个双环肽研究领域的重点, 作为双环肽筛选技术领头羊的Bicycle Therapeutics公司凭借自主搭建的双环肽噬菌体展示平台先后与诺华公司和拜尔公司签订了多个高价值的订单, 为两家公司筛选特定靶点亲和的双环肽, 凸显了筛选方式对双环肽核药的价值。此外, 双环肽配体可以实现双重靶向性。由于其独特的双环状结构, 设计将两个环状肽分别靶向不同靶标, 有望显著提升药物靶向效率, 扩大靶点范围和适应症。
多学科交叉融合是未来双环肽靶向核药快速发展的重要推动力。将医学、生命科学、化学、药学, 以及高速发展的人工智能有机融合(图 5), 有望催生基于双环肽的重磅核药, 从而为肿瘤等重大疾病的临床需求提供全新的工具。展望未来, 双环肽核药需要从以下几方面开展研究, 加速从基础走向临床。①发展与噬菌体展示和mRNA展示相适应的成环化学, 进一步丰富双环肽的结构多样性; ②多组学与临床医学有机结合, 鉴定和发展双环肽的有效靶标, 拓展双环肽核药的适应症范围; ③强化机器学习等先进人工智能技术在双环肽靶向配体筛选中的应用, 借助人工智能优化双环肽亲和力和组织穿透能力; ④开展同质化的多中心临床研究, 尤其是双环肽靶向核素治疗药物与同类型非双环肽核素治疗药物的头对头试验, 挖掘和解析双环肽核药在疗效和安全性方面的优势以及存在的不足。作为多肽靶向核药的新星, 相信随着更多优势双环肽配体的发现, 未来一定会有越来越多的双环靶向核药进入临床研究, 推动基于核医学的精准医学的向前发展。
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  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2023-I2M-QJ-010)
  • 北京市科技新星创新新星和北京市科技新星计划交叉合作课题; 北京市自然科学基金-昌平创新联合基金(L234044)
  • 北京市自然科学基金-北京经济技术开发区创新联合基金(L248087)
  • 北京协和医学院中央高校基本科研业务费青年学者项目(3332023044)
  • 中国国家原子能机构核技术研究发展中心(放射性药物非临床评价) 开放基金(ZHYLYB2021005)
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2025年第60卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0943
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-12-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82372002)
中国医学科学院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费(2022-RC350-04)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2022-I2M-2-002)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-3-001)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2023-I2M-2-006)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2023-I2M-QJ-010)
北京市科技新星创新新星和北京市科技新星计划交叉合作课题; 北京市自然科学基金-昌平创新联合基金(L234044)
北京市自然科学基金-北京经济技术开发区创新联合基金(L248087)
北京协和医学院中央高校基本科研业务费青年学者项目(3332023044)
中国国家原子能机构核技术研究发展中心(放射性药物非临床评价) 开放基金(ZHYLYB2021005)
作者信息
    1 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物及核药基础与新药创制全国重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2 沈阳药科大学制药工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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