Article(id=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1320166565862027513, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1780329600000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-02, revisedDate=1782144000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681843560, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1789142400000, pubDateStr=2026-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681843560, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681843560, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681843560, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166565862027513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3490', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789142400000', pubDateStr='2026-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681836810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681836810, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3232, endPage=3244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166594395877792, articleId=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Revealing the mechanism of Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture in attenuating experimental asthma by regulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis based on multi-source data machine learning and immunoassays, columnId=1320166566939963642, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Mechanism and Translational Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Asthma, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases worldwide. Although current treatments can control symptoms, they are unable to fundamentally regulate the underlying immunopathological processes. Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (JPM) is a clinically used empirical prescription for the treatment of asthma. Previous studies have confirmed its efficacy in improving asthma symptoms, but its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic data from nasal brush samples of pediatric asthma patients (GSE152004) and lung tissue transcriptomic data from asthmatic mice (GSE41665) were integrated. Core targets were identified using machine learning, and their association with the immune microenvironment of asthma was explored through immune cell infiltration analysis. Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanistic validation were then performed in an ovalbumin (OVA) -induced asthma mouse model. The pharmacodynamic results showed that JPM significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) -4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of model mice and alleviated airway inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion, and collagen deposition. Machine learning identified seven core genes, among which IL-13 and interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1RL1) were significantly positively correlated and closely associated with the infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells such as activated dendritic cells and type 1 macrophage (M1).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) further demonstrated that JPM significantly downregulated the protein expressions of IL-13 and IL-1RL1 in BALF, suppressed the positive expressions of complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (C1QA) and subunit C (C1QC) in lung tissues, and reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the complement receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Collectively, these findings suggest that JPM may ameliorate the experimental asthma phenotype by interfering with the "epithelial alarmin-complement-mediated presentation-type 2 immune amplification" cascade axis (specifically through inhibiting IL-33/TSLP release, blocking C1QA/C1QC-LRP1 mediated antigen presentation, and modulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis), thereby systematically restoring the helper T cell 2 (Th2) immune microenvironment homeostasis. This study provides an experimental basis for further mechanistic investigation and clinical application of JPM. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (approval No.: 2026B039).
, authors=Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG
*, Yan-qiong ZHANG
*, authorsList=Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166597478691245, articleId=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于多源数据机器学习与免疫分析揭示小儿降气平哮合剂调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴改善实验性哮喘的机制, columnId=1320166567116124412, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
哮喘是全球常见的慢性气道炎症性疾病之一, 现有治疗虽可控制症状, 但难以从根本上调控免疫病理过程。小儿降气平哮合剂是临床治疗哮喘的经验方, 前期研究证实其可有效改善哮喘症状, 但作用机制尚待阐明。本研究整合哮喘患者鼻刷样本(GSE152004) 与哮喘小鼠肺组织(GSE41665) 转录组数据, 采用机器学习筛选核心靶点, 结合免疫细胞浸润分析探究其与哮喘免疫微环境的关联, 并在卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中开展药效学研究与机制验证。药效学结果显示, 小儿降气平哮合剂显著降低模型小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) 中白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-4、IL-5水平, 减轻气道炎症浸润、黏液分泌及胶原沉积。机器学习共筛选出7个核心基因, 其中IL-13与白细胞介素-1受体样蛋白1 (interleukin-1 receptor-like 1, IL-1RL1) 表达呈显著正相关, 且与活化树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞等促炎性免疫细胞浸润密切相关。酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、免疫组织化学与实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 验证表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可显著下调哮喘小鼠BALF中IL-13、IL-1RL1蛋白表达, 抑制肺组织补体C1q A链(C1QA)、C1q C链(C1QC) 的阳性表达, 并降低白细胞介素-33 (interleukin-33, IL-33)、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP) 及补体受体低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1) 的mRNA转录水平。综上, 小儿降气平哮合剂可能通过干预"上皮警报素?补体介导递呈-2型免疫放大"这一级联反应轴(即抑制IL-33/TSLP释放、阻断C1QA/C1QC-LRP1介导的抗原递呈、调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴), 系统性纠正哮喘2型辅助性T细胞(helper T cell 2, Th2) 免疫微环境失衡, 从而改善实验性哮喘表型。本研究为小儿降气平哮合剂的后续机制探索及临床应用提供了实验依据。动物实验获得中国中医科学院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2026B039)。
, authors=李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛
*, 张彦琼
*, authorsList=李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛, 张彦琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张景媛, 张彦琼, authorNote=
作者贡献:
李廷洋和王欣格共同负责开展动物实验和分子机制验证、文章撰写和修改; 公硕参与实验进展讨论与部分数据统计; 张景媛参与实验设计、提供研究思路、检查原始数据并修改论文; 张彦琼负责指导整体实验设计与研究方法、参与实验进展讨论、修改论文及提供研究经费支持。
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+ conventional dendritic cells type 2[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2023, 152: 1141-1152., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320166597726155182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166597738738095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, companyId=1320166597726155182, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320166597747126704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, companyId=1320166597726155182, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320166599756198358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Xy2bX0ps4A6OxGZbNF8+oA==, figureFileBig=oHVqHwGn+k4AuETqI+JA5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166599823307223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Effect of Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (JPM) on airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness in OVA-induced asthmatic mice. A: Schematic diagram of OVA-induced asthmatic mouse model establishment and drug administration; B: Airway hyperresponsiveness (Penh value) curves under increasing concentrations of methacholine; C: Expression levels of IL-4 in BALF detected by ELISA; D: Expression levels of IL-5 in BALF detected by ELISA. DEX: Dexamethasone; OVA: Ovalbumin; JPM-L: Low-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (10.4 mL·kg-1·d-1); JPM-M: Medium-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (20.8 mL·kg-1·d-1); JPM-H: High-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (41.6 mL·kg-1·d-1); Mch: Methacholine; Penh: Enhanced pause; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-5: Interleukin-5; BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. n = 3, x ± s. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=Xy2bX0ps4A6OxGZbNF8+oA==, figureFileBig=oHVqHwGn+k4AuETqI+JA5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601127735768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MtDS4uwJmWbsTFAnNoqSlg==, figureFileBig=mAuWsxpJc8hnP1FkbVubdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601194844633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Effect of JPM on lung histopathology, mucus secretion, and airway remodeling in asthmatic mice (200×). A: Representative images of HE staining, red arrows indicate inflammatory cell infiltration; B: Lung inflammation scores; C: PAS staining for mucus secretion and goblet cell hyperplasia; D: Quantitative analysis of mucus secretion; E: Masson staining for collagen deposition (blue); F: Quantitative analysis of collagen deposition area. Scale bar: 100 μm. HE: Hematoxylin-eosin; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff; Masson: Masson's trichrome. n = 5, x ± s. ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=MtDS4uwJmWbsTFAnNoqSlg==, figureFileBig=mAuWsxpJc8hnP1FkbVubdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601266147802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x51xGMLdvEb9LKtmgZFZtQ==, figureFileBig=OwyqYDpwbUTwmpheIv5cJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601350033883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Identification of intersection genes and construction of machine learning diagnostic models. A: Volcano plot of DEGs in the mouse (GSE41665) asthma dataset; B: Volcano plot of DEGs in the human (GSE152004) asthma dataset; C: Venn diagram showing the intersection of mouse DEGs, human DEGs, and JPM targets; D: AUC performance comparison of different machine learning algorithms; E: ROC curve of the optimal model in the training set; F: ROC curve of the optimal model in the validation set; G: Confusion matrix analysis of the diagnostic model in the training set; H: Confusion matrix analysis of the diagnostic model in the validation set. DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; AUC: Area under the curve; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; Lasso: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; GBM: Gradient boosting machine; SVM: Support vector machine; glmBoost: Generalized linear model boost; Stepglm: Stepwise generalized linear model, figureFileSmall=x51xGMLdvEb9LKtmgZFZtQ==, figureFileBig=OwyqYDpwbUTwmpheIv5cJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601438114268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NigMhek6D52ZusbDN34SXQ==, figureFileBig=eSowX2oBPqEggGVjFSa1rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601517806045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Expression patterns, diagnostic performance, and immune correlation of core genes. A: Boxplot of core gene expression levels in asthma vs control groups; B: ROC curves for evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of individual core genes; C: Correlation matrix of core genes; D: Correlation between IL-13 expression and immune cell infiltration abundance; E: Correlation between IL-1RL1 expression and immune cell infiltration abundance, figureFileSmall=NigMhek6D52ZusbDN34SXQ==, figureFileBig=eSowX2oBPqEggGVjFSa1rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601610080734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5GYlGCLMcJM5hQ17due3jw==, figureFileBig=9CH4yFZYi6hYcTt8ZOJ+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601668800991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Experimental validation of IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis and complement proteins in BALF and lung tissues (200×). A: Protein level of IL-13 in BALF detected by ELISA; B: Protein level of IL-1RL1 in BALF detected by ELISA; C: Representative IHC images of C1QA expression; D: Quantitative analysis of IOD for C1QA; E: Representative IHC images of C1QC expression; F: Quantitative analysis of IOD for C1QC. IHC: Immunohistochemistry; IOD: Integrated optical density. Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5, x ± s. ##P < 0.01, ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=5GYlGCLMcJM5hQ17due3jw==, figureFileBig=9CH4yFZYi6hYcTt8ZOJ+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601761075680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+ljU0Mc04XNEcSwbsG6iaw==, figureFileBig=7Tx0+XevLen5M59prA3JIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601844961761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Regulatory mechanisms of JPM on the "epithelial alarmin-complement-type 2 immunity" core axis in lung tissues of OVAinduced asthmatic mice. A−G: Detection of mRNA expression levels of various indicators in mouse lung tissue by RT-qPCR (A: IL-33; B: TSLP; C: C1QA; D: C1QC; E: LRP1; F: IL-1RL1; G: IL-13); H: Black arrows indicate pathological pathways promoting asthma progression; red fonts represent therapeutic targets of JPM. Upon allergen exposure, airway epithelial cells release alarmins (IL-33 and TSLP) to trigger cDC2 activation, which is further enhanced by the binding of complement components C1QA/C1QC to their receptor LRP1 on cDC2s. Mature cDC2s subsequently drive Th2 cell activation to secrete type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), a process facilitated by the interaction between IL-33 and its specific receptor IL-1RL1 (ST2) on Th2 cell. These cytokines ultimately lead to IgE production, eosinophil infiltration, and airway hyperreactivity. JPM alleviates asthma pathogenesis by precisely blocking the C1QA/C1QCLRP1 complement axis and the IL-1RL1/IL-13 pathway to suppress Th2 immune responses. RT-qPCR: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; cDC2: Conventional dendritic cell type 2; ST2: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (also known as IL-1RL1); IgE: Immunoglobulin E. n = 5, x ± s. ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=+ljU0Mc04XNEcSwbsG6iaw==, figureFileBig=7Tx0+XevLen5M59prA3JIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601920459234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer sequence (5'-3') | Reverse primer sequence (5'-3') |
|---|
| IL-33 | GAGTGGCGTTACCTGTGCTT | CGGGTGGGAACTAAAATGTCT |
| IL-1RL1 | CGCCAAGCTGCAATATCCCT | CCTTGGCTCTTGGAGAGCTT |
| TSLP | GCCATGATGAGGTGGTCTGAA | CCCTTTGACAGCTGGATTTGC |
| C1QA | GAAGGGCGTGAAAGGCAATC | CAAGCGTCATTGGGTTCTGC |
| C1QC | GTATTCACAGTCACCCGGCA | TTGGCCGTATGCGATGTGTA |
| LRP1 | TGTAGCAATGGTGGCTCCTG | ATACCAGAACACCACGCCAG |
| IL-13 | CCCGATACCAAAATCGAAGTA | CCCAGCAAAGTCTGATGTGAG |
| GAPDH | AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG | TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA |
), ArticleFig(id=1320166602000151011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Primer sequences of mouse genes used for real-time qPCR. IL-33: Interleukin-33; IL-13: Interleukin-13; IL-1RL1: Interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin; C1QA: C1q subcomponent subunit A; C1QC: C1q subcomponent subunit C; LRP1: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer sequence (5'-3') | Reverse primer sequence (5'-3') |
|---|
| IL-33 | GAGTGGCGTTACCTGTGCTT | CGGGTGGGAACTAAAATGTCT |
| IL-1RL1 | CGCCAAGCTGCAATATCCCT | CCTTGGCTCTTGGAGAGCTT |
| TSLP | GCCATGATGAGGTGGTCTGAA | CCCTTTGACAGCTGGATTTGC |
| C1QA | GAAGGGCGTGAAAGGCAATC | CAAGCGTCATTGGGTTCTGC |
| C1QC | GTATTCACAGTCACCCGGCA | TTGGCCGTATGCGATGTGTA |
| LRP1 | TGTAGCAATGGTGGCTCCTG | ATACCAGAACACCACGCCAG |
| IL-13 | CCCGATACCAAAATCGAAGTA | CCCAGCAAAGTCTGATGTGAG |
| GAPDH | AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG | TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA |
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