Article(id=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1320166565862027513, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1780329600000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-02, revisedDate=1782144000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681843560, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1789142400000, pubDateStr=2026-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681843560, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681843560, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681843560, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166565862027513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3490', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789142400000', pubDateStr='2026-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681836810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681836810, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3232, endPage=3244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166594395877792, articleId=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Revealing the mechanism of Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture in attenuating experimental asthma by regulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis based on multi-source data machine learning and immunoassays, columnId=1320166566939963642, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Mechanism and Translational Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Asthma, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases worldwide. Although current treatments can control symptoms, they are unable to fundamentally regulate the underlying immunopathological processes. Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (JPM) is a clinically used empirical prescription for the treatment of asthma. Previous studies have confirmed its efficacy in improving asthma symptoms, but its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic data from nasal brush samples of pediatric asthma patients (GSE152004) and lung tissue transcriptomic data from asthmatic mice (GSE41665) were integrated. Core targets were identified using machine learning, and their association with the immune microenvironment of asthma was explored through immune cell infiltration analysis. Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanistic validation were then performed in an ovalbumin (OVA) -induced asthma mouse model. The pharmacodynamic results showed that JPM significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) -4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of model mice and alleviated airway inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion, and collagen deposition. Machine learning identified seven core genes, among which IL-13 and interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1RL1) were significantly positively correlated and closely associated with the infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells such as activated dendritic cells and type 1 macrophage (M1).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) further demonstrated that JPM significantly downregulated the protein expressions of IL-13 and IL-1RL1 in BALF, suppressed the positive expressions of complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (C1QA) and subunit C (C1QC) in lung tissues, and reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the complement receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Collectively, these findings suggest that JPM may ameliorate the experimental asthma phenotype by interfering with the "epithelial alarmin-complement-mediated presentation-type 2 immune amplification" cascade axis (specifically through inhibiting IL-33/TSLP release, blocking C1QA/C1QC-LRP1 mediated antigen presentation, and modulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis), thereby systematically restoring the helper T cell 2 (Th2) immune microenvironment homeostasis. This study provides an experimental basis for further mechanistic investigation and clinical application of JPM. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (approval No.: 2026B039).

, authors=Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG*, Yan-qiong ZHANG*, authorsList=Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166597478691245, articleId=1320166594173579679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于多源数据机器学习与免疫分析揭示小儿降气平哮合剂调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴改善实验性哮喘的机制, columnId=1320166567116124412, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

哮喘是全球常见的慢性气道炎症性疾病之一, 现有治疗虽可控制症状, 但难以从根本上调控免疫病理过程。小儿降气平哮合剂是临床治疗哮喘的经验方, 前期研究证实其可有效改善哮喘症状, 但作用机制尚待阐明。本研究整合哮喘患者鼻刷样本(GSE152004) 与哮喘小鼠肺组织(GSE41665) 转录组数据, 采用机器学习筛选核心靶点, 结合免疫细胞浸润分析探究其与哮喘免疫微环境的关联, 并在卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中开展药效学研究与机制验证。药效学结果显示, 小儿降气平哮合剂显著降低模型小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) 中白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-4、IL-5水平, 减轻气道炎症浸润、黏液分泌及胶原沉积。机器学习共筛选出7个核心基因, 其中IL-13与白细胞介素-1受体样蛋白1 (interleukin-1 receptor-like 1, IL-1RL1) 表达呈显著正相关, 且与活化树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞等促炎性免疫细胞浸润密切相关。酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、免疫组织化学与实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 验证表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可显著下调哮喘小鼠BALF中IL-13、IL-1RL1蛋白表达, 抑制肺组织补体C1q A链(C1QA)、C1q C链(C1QC) 的阳性表达, 并降低白细胞介素-33 (interleukin-33, IL-33)、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP) 及补体受体低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1) 的mRNA转录水平。综上, 小儿降气平哮合剂可能通过干预"上皮警报素?补体介导递呈-2型免疫放大"这一级联反应轴(即抑制IL-33/TSLP释放、阻断C1QA/C1QC-LRP1介导的抗原递呈、调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴), 系统性纠正哮喘2型辅助性T细胞(helper T cell 2, Th2) 免疫微环境失衡, 从而改善实验性哮喘表型。本研究为小儿降气平哮合剂的后续机制探索及临床应用提供了实验依据。动物实验获得中国中医科学院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2026B039)。

, authors=李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛*, 张彦琼*, authorsList=李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛, 张彦琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张景媛, 张彦琼, authorNote=

# 共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李廷洋和王欣格共同负责开展动物实验和分子机制验证、文章撰写和修改; 公硕参与实验进展讨论与部分数据统计; 张景媛参与实验设计、提供研究思路、检查原始数据并修改论文; 张彦琼负责指导整体实验设计与研究方法、参与实验进展讨论、修改论文及提供研究经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张景媛, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
张彦琼, E-mail:
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A: Schematic diagram of OVA-induced asthmatic mouse model establishment and drug administration; B: Airway hyperresponsiveness (Penh value) curves under increasing concentrations of methacholine; C: Expression levels of IL-4 in BALF detected by ELISA; D: Expression levels of IL-5 in BALF detected by ELISA. DEX: Dexamethasone; OVA: Ovalbumin; JPM-L: Low-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (10.4 mL·kg-1·d-1); JPM-M: Medium-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (20.8 mL·kg-1·d-1); JPM-H: High-dose Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (41.6 mL·kg-1·d-1); Mch: Methacholine; Penh: Enhanced pause; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IL-4: Interleukin-4; IL-5: Interleukin-5; BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. n = 3, x ± s. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs model group, figureFileSmall=Xy2bX0ps4A6OxGZbNF8+oA==, figureFileBig=oHVqHwGn+k4AuETqI+JA5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601127735768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MtDS4uwJmWbsTFAnNoqSlg==, figureFileBig=mAuWsxpJc8hnP1FkbVubdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601194844633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of JPM on lung histopathology, mucus secretion, and airway remodeling in asthmatic mice (200×). 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HE: Hematoxylin-eosin; PAS: Periodic acid-Schiff; Masson: Masson's trichrome. n = 5, x ± s. ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=MtDS4uwJmWbsTFAnNoqSlg==, figureFileBig=mAuWsxpJc8hnP1FkbVubdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601266147802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x51xGMLdvEb9LKtmgZFZtQ==, figureFileBig=OwyqYDpwbUTwmpheIv5cJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601350033883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Identification of intersection genes and construction of machine learning diagnostic models. A: Volcano plot of DEGs in the mouse (GSE41665) asthma dataset; B: Volcano plot of DEGs in the human (GSE152004) asthma dataset; C: Venn diagram showing the intersection of mouse DEGs, human DEGs, and JPM targets; D: AUC performance comparison of different machine learning algorithms; E: ROC curve of the optimal model in the training set; F: ROC curve of the optimal model in the validation set; G: Confusion matrix analysis of the diagnostic model in the training set; H: Confusion matrix analysis of the diagnostic model in the validation set. DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; AUC: Area under the curve; ROC: Receiver operating characteristic; Lasso: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; GBM: Gradient boosting machine; SVM: Support vector machine; glmBoost: Generalized linear model boost; Stepglm: Stepwise generalized linear model, figureFileSmall=x51xGMLdvEb9LKtmgZFZtQ==, figureFileBig=OwyqYDpwbUTwmpheIv5cJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601438114268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NigMhek6D52ZusbDN34SXQ==, figureFileBig=eSowX2oBPqEggGVjFSa1rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601517806045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Expression patterns, diagnostic performance, and immune correlation of core genes. 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Scale bar: 100 μm. n = 5, x ± s. ##P < 0.01, ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=5GYlGCLMcJM5hQ17due3jw==, figureFileBig=9CH4yFZYi6hYcTt8ZOJ+ig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601761075680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+ljU0Mc04XNEcSwbsG6iaw==, figureFileBig=7Tx0+XevLen5M59prA3JIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601844961761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Regulatory mechanisms of JPM on the "epithelial alarmin-complement-type 2 immunity" core axis in lung tissues of OVAinduced asthmatic mice. A−G: Detection of mRNA expression levels of various indicators in mouse lung tissue by RT-qPCR (A: IL-33; B: TSLP; C: C1QA; D: C1QC; E: LRP1; F: IL-1RL1; G: IL-13); H: Black arrows indicate pathological pathways promoting asthma progression; red fonts represent therapeutic targets of JPM. Upon allergen exposure, airway epithelial cells release alarmins (IL-33 and TSLP) to trigger cDC2 activation, which is further enhanced by the binding of complement components C1QA/C1QC to their receptor LRP1 on cDC2s. Mature cDC2s subsequently drive Th2 cell activation to secrete type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), a process facilitated by the interaction between IL-33 and its specific receptor IL-1RL1 (ST2) on Th2 cell. These cytokines ultimately lead to IgE production, eosinophil infiltration, and airway hyperreactivity. JPM alleviates asthma pathogenesis by precisely blocking the C1QA/C1QCLRP1 complement axis and the IL-1RL1/IL-13 pathway to suppress Th2 immune responses. RT-qPCR: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction; cDC2: Conventional dendritic cell type 2; ST2: Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (also known as IL-1RL1); IgE: Immunoglobulin E. n = 5, x ± s. ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs control group; ****P < 0.000 1 vs model group, figureFileSmall=+ljU0Mc04XNEcSwbsG6iaw==, figureFileBig=7Tx0+XevLen5M59prA3JIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320166601920459234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primer sequence (5'-3')Reverse primer sequence (5'-3')
IL-33GAGTGGCGTTACCTGTGCTTCGGGTGGGAACTAAAATGTCT
IL-1RL1CGCCAAGCTGCAATATCCCTCCTTGGCTCTTGGAGAGCTT
TSLPGCCATGATGAGGTGGTCTGAACCCTTTGACAGCTGGATTTGC
C1QAGAAGGGCGTGAAAGGCAATCCAAGCGTCATTGGGTTCTGC
C1QCGTATTCACAGTCACCCGGCATTGGCCGTATGCGATGTGTA
LRP1TGTAGCAATGGTGGCTCCTGATACCAGAACACCACGCCAG
IL-13CCCGATACCAAAATCGAAGTACCCAGCAAAGTCTGATGTGAG
GAPDHAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTGTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1320166602000151011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1320166594173579679, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Primer sequences of mouse genes used for real-time qPCR. IL-33: Interleukin-33; IL-13: Interleukin-13; IL-1RL1: Interleukin-1 receptor-like 1; TSLP: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin; C1QA: C1q subcomponent subunit A; C1QC: C1q subcomponent subunit C; LRP1: Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primer sequence (5'-3')Reverse primer sequence (5'-3')
IL-33GAGTGGCGTTACCTGTGCTTCGGGTGGGAACTAAAATGTCT
IL-1RL1CGCCAAGCTGCAATATCCCTCCTTGGCTCTTGGAGAGCTT
TSLPGCCATGATGAGGTGGTCTGAACCCTTTGACAGCTGGATTTGC
C1QAGAAGGGCGTGAAAGGCAATCCAAGCGTCATTGGGTTCTGC
C1QCGTATTCACAGTCACCCGGCATTGGCCGTATGCGATGTGTA
LRP1TGTAGCAATGGTGGCTCCTGATACCAGAACACCACGCCAG
IL-13CCCGATACCAAAATCGAAGTACCCAGCAAAGTCTGATGTGAG
GAPDHAGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTGTGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA
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基于多源数据机器学习与免疫分析揭示小儿降气平哮合剂调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴改善实验性哮喘的机制
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李廷洋 , 王欣格 , 公硕 , 张景媛 * , 张彦琼 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究 2026,61(9): 3232-3244
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药学学报 |专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究 2026 , 61 (9) : 3232 -3244
基于多源数据机器学习与免疫分析揭示小儿降气平哮合剂调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴改善实验性哮喘的机制
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李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛* , 张彦琼*
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
通讯作者:
张景媛, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
张彦琼, E-mail:
作者简介:

# 共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

李廷洋和王欣格共同负责开展动物实验和分子机制验证、文章撰写和修改; 公硕参与实验进展讨论与部分数据统计; 张景媛参与实验设计、提供研究思路、检查原始数据并修改论文; 张彦琼负责指导整体实验设计与研究方法、参与实验进展讨论、修改论文及提供研究经费支持。

Revealing the mechanism of Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture in attenuating experimental asthma by regulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis based on multi-source data machine learning and immunoassays
Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG* , Yan-qiong ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2026-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656
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哮喘是全球常见的慢性气道炎症性疾病之一, 现有治疗虽可控制症状, 但难以从根本上调控免疫病理过程。小儿降气平哮合剂是临床治疗哮喘的经验方, 前期研究证实其可有效改善哮喘症状, 但作用机制尚待阐明。本研究整合哮喘患者鼻刷样本(GSE152004) 与哮喘小鼠肺组织(GSE41665) 转录组数据, 采用机器学习筛选核心靶点, 结合免疫细胞浸润分析探究其与哮喘免疫微环境的关联, 并在卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中开展药效学研究与机制验证。药效学结果显示, 小儿降气平哮合剂显著降低模型小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) 中白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-4、IL-5水平, 减轻气道炎症浸润、黏液分泌及胶原沉积。机器学习共筛选出7个核心基因, 其中IL-13与白细胞介素-1受体样蛋白1 (interleukin-1 receptor-like 1, IL-1RL1) 表达呈显著正相关, 且与活化树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞等促炎性免疫细胞浸润密切相关。酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、免疫组织化学与实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 验证表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可显著下调哮喘小鼠BALF中IL-13、IL-1RL1蛋白表达, 抑制肺组织补体C1q A链(C1QA)、C1q C链(C1QC) 的阳性表达, 并降低白细胞介素-33 (interleukin-33, IL-33)、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP) 及补体受体低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1) 的mRNA转录水平。综上, 小儿降气平哮合剂可能通过干预"上皮警报素?补体介导递呈-2型免疫放大"这一级联反应轴(即抑制IL-33/TSLP释放、阻断C1QA/C1QC-LRP1介导的抗原递呈、调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴), 系统性纠正哮喘2型辅助性T细胞(helper T cell 2, Th2) 免疫微环境失衡, 从而改善实验性哮喘表型。本研究为小儿降气平哮合剂的后续机制探索及临床应用提供了实验依据。动物实验获得中国中医科学院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2026B039)。

小儿降气平哮合剂  /  哮喘  /  IL-1RL1/IL-13轴  /  机器学习  /  免疫细胞浸润  /  多源数据整合

Asthma is one of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases worldwide. Although current treatments can control symptoms, they are unable to fundamentally regulate the underlying immunopathological processes. Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture (JPM) is a clinically used empirical prescription for the treatment of asthma. Previous studies have confirmed its efficacy in improving asthma symptoms, but its underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. In this study, transcriptomic data from nasal brush samples of pediatric asthma patients (GSE152004) and lung tissue transcriptomic data from asthmatic mice (GSE41665) were integrated. Core targets were identified using machine learning, and their association with the immune microenvironment of asthma was explored through immune cell infiltration analysis. Pharmacodynamic evaluation and mechanistic validation were then performed in an ovalbumin (OVA) -induced asthma mouse model. The pharmacodynamic results showed that JPM significantly reduced the levels of interleukin (IL) -4 and IL-5 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of model mice and alleviated airway inflammatory infiltration, mucus secretion, and collagen deposition. Machine learning identified seven core genes, among which IL-13 and interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1RL1) were significantly positively correlated and closely associated with the infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells such as activated dendritic cells and type 1 macrophage (M1).Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and real-time quantitative PCR (RTqPCR) further demonstrated that JPM significantly downregulated the protein expressions of IL-13 and IL-1RL1 in BALF, suppressed the positive expressions of complement C1q subcomponent subunit A (C1QA) and subunit C (C1QC) in lung tissues, and reduced the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and the complement receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Collectively, these findings suggest that JPM may ameliorate the experimental asthma phenotype by interfering with the "epithelial alarmin-complement-mediated presentation-type 2 immune amplification" cascade axis (specifically through inhibiting IL-33/TSLP release, blocking C1QA/C1QC-LRP1 mediated antigen presentation, and modulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis), thereby systematically restoring the helper T cell 2 (Th2) immune microenvironment homeostasis. This study provides an experimental basis for further mechanistic investigation and clinical application of JPM. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (approval No.: 2026B039).

Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture  /  asthma  /  IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis  /  machine learning  /  immune cell infiltration  /  multi-source data integration
李廷洋, 王欣格, 公硕, 张景媛, 张彦琼. 基于多源数据机器学习与免疫分析揭示小儿降气平哮合剂调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴改善实验性哮喘的机制. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3232 -3244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656
Ting-yang LI, Xin-ge WANG, Shuo GONG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Yan-qiong ZHANG. Revealing the mechanism of Xiao'er Jiangqi Pingxiao Mixture in attenuating experimental asthma by regulating the IL-1RL1/IL-13 axis based on multi-source data machine learning and immunoassays[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3232 -3244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656
哮喘是全球常见的慢性气道炎症性疾病之一, 疾病负担相关研究显示, 全球小儿哮喘患病率较1989年提升12.6%, 目前全球患病儿童已达2.62亿[1]。同时, 受人口增长、城市化进程加快及人口老龄化加剧等多重因素影响, 其疾病负担仍呈上升趋势, 给个人健康与社会医疗体系带来了沉重压力[2, 3]。以吸入性糖皮质激素为核心的规范化治疗可有效改善多数患者的临床症状并减少急性发作, 但对复杂免疫失衡状态及气道重塑的逆转作用仍有限; 对于部分控制不佳患者, 长期治疗仍面临疗效个体差异、不良反应和可及性等问题[4, 5]。此外, 传统免疫抑制剂毒副作用较大, 生物制剂虽为部分2型炎症哮喘患者提供了精准治疗选择, 但仍存在适用表型受限、费用较高及可及性不足等问题[6]。因此, 探索兼具疗效稳定性与安全性, 又能实现整体调控优势的治疗策略, 仍是哮喘研究亟需解决的关键科学问题。
中医药治疗哮喘历史悠久。中医理论认为, 哮喘发作的内因责之于肺、脾、肾三脏功能不足, 以伏痰为本; 外因为感受外邪, 病机关键在于痰气相搏、气道壅塞[7, 8]。小儿降气平哮合剂是基于“降气伏痰”理论, 由宋代《和剂局方》三拗汤与元代《韩氏医通》三子养亲汤化裁而成的临床验方, 临床常用于治疗哮喘“外寒内热、痰热闭阻”证, 在儿童哮喘的治疗中应用广泛。方中麻黄与苦杏仁为君药, 一宣一降, 共奏宣肺止咳、平喘降气之功; 黄芩清解肺热, 辅以化裁后的紫苏子、莱菔子、车前子作为臣药, 分消上、中、下三焦之痰气; 白芍与钩藤酸甘化阴, 平肝息风, 缓急止痛, 共为佐药[9]。临床研究表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可有效缓解喘息、咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷等症状[10]。前期研究表明, 该方可通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化, 以及调控腺苷单磷酸活化蛋白激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin, AMPK/ mTOR) 信号通路促进树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC)自噬性凋亡, 从而缓解哮喘气道炎症与2型免疫反应[9, 11]。但哮喘的发病机制涉及多种免疫细胞与炎症通路的协同调控, 既往研究多聚焦于单一信号通路的阐释, 未能从系统生物学视角揭示该复方中药“多靶点、多维度”的整合调控特征, 限制了其临床推广与应用[12-16]。
为此, 本研究采用“药效学评价−机制预测−靶点验证”的整合策略, 结合机器学习与免疫细胞浸润分析, 从多维数据网络中挖掘小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘的关键免疫分子[17-19]。首先构建卵清蛋白诱导的小鼠哮喘模型, 从气道病理学改变、气道高反应性及炎症因子水平等多层面, 系统评价该合剂的干预药效; 在此基础上, 整合哮喘小鼠肺组织转录组、哮喘患者鼻刷样本转录组及药物预测靶点数据, 筛选与疾病发生、药物干预密切相关的关键基因, 并通过机器学习模型识别具有稳定诊断与区分能力的核心分子; 进一步结合免疫细胞浸润分析, 系统解析核心基因与哮喘免疫微环境的关联特征; 最终采用酶联免疫吸附实验(enzymelinked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、免疫组化等方法验证关键靶点及信号通路, 初步阐释该合剂多维靶向调控哮喘免疫微环境的分子作用机制, 为小儿降气平哮合剂的进一步机制研究及临床应用提供实验依据。
无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF) 级健康6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[SCXK(京)2021-0006]。动物饲养于SPF级动物实验室内, 环境温度保持在18~ 22 ℃, 湿度40%~60%, 12 h昼夜交替, 自由饮食饮水。动物实验及相关程序均获得中国中医科学院动物伦理委员会批准(伦理审查编号: 2026B039)。
小儿降气平哮合剂(江苏省中医院院内制剂, 批号: 苏药制备字Z20220012003); 地塞米松(货号: D137736, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); Ⅱ级卵清蛋白(货号: A5253)、氯化乙酰甲胆碱(货号: A2251) 均购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; 氢氧化铝凝胶佐剂(货号: BS010) 购自陕西中晖赫彩生物医药科技有限公司。小鼠白细胞介素4 (interleukin 4, IL-4, EMC003.96)、白细胞介素5 (interleukin 5, IL-5, EMC108.96)、白细胞介素13 (interleukin 13, IL-13, EMC124.96) ELISA试剂盒均购自杭州联科生物技术股份有限公司; 小鼠白细胞介素1受体样蛋白1 (interleukin 1 receptor-like 1, IL-1RL1, JL43820-96T)的ELISA试剂盒购自上海江莱生物科技有限公司。补体C1q亚基C (complement C1q subcomponent subunit C, C1QC, 16889-1-AP) 多克隆抗体、补体C1q亚基A (complement C1q subcomponent subunit A, C1QA, 85719-4-RR) 重组单克隆抗体均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; TRIzol试剂(货号: 15596026)、RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit逆转录试剂盒(货号: K1622) 均购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; UltraSYBR Mixture (High ROX) 荧光定量PCR预混液(货号: CW2602M) 购自北京康为世纪生物科技股份有限公司。
30只小鼠适应性饲养1周后, 随机分为6组, 每组5只: 空白组(control)、模型组(model)、小儿降气平哮合剂低剂量组(10.4 mL·kg-1·d-1)、中剂量组(20.8 mL·kg-1·d-1)、高剂量组(41.6 mL·kg-1·d-1) 及地塞米松阳性对照组(1 mg·kg-1·d-1)。给药剂量依据小儿与小鼠体表面积换算: 以临床患儿(按20 kg计) 常规日用量50 mL为基准(即2.5 mL·kg-1·d-1), 按折算系数8.3计算, 中剂量设定为临床等效剂量(约20.8 mL·kg-1·d-1), 低、高剂量分别为临床等效剂量的0.5倍和2倍。采用卵清蛋白致敏与激发法构建小鼠哮喘模型。除空白组外, 其余各组小鼠分别于实验第1天和第15天腹腔注射致敏液200 μL (含II级卵清蛋白100 μg、4% 氢氧化铝凝胶佐剂50 μL及0.9% 氯化钠溶液150 μL) 进行致敏处理。实验第19天起至第25天, 各给药组每日连续灌胃相应剂量的药物, 连续给药7 d; 空白组与模型组同期灌胃等体积纯水。第21天起至第25天, 各给药组及模型组小鼠在每日给药2 h后, 置于雾化箱中采用3%卵清蛋白溶液进行连续5 d的雾化吸入激发(每次30 min)。实验期间密切观察小鼠一般状态, 记录存活率。末次激发24 h后, 完成气道高反应监测, 随后处死小鼠。采集血液样本, 离心分离血清备用; 取材时结扎小鼠右肺主支气管, 左肺反复冲洗, 收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) (4 ℃离心后取上清用于ELISA), 完整剥离右肺组织并切分(一部分置于4% 多聚甲醛中固定, 用于后续病理及免疫组化染色; 另一部分置于−80 ℃保存, 用于肺组织RNA提取与RT-qPCR机制验证)。
气道高反应性是评价哮喘模型构建成功与否的重要标准。本研究于末次激发后24 h, 运用全身体积描记检测系统评估小鼠气道高反应性。将小鼠置于体积描记腔中, 待其呼吸平稳后, 通过雾化吸入不同浓度梯度递增的氯化乙酰甲胆碱溶液, 系统自动记录并计算Penh值, 以Penh值作为整体气道反应性的间接评价指标。
严格按照各ELISA试剂盒说明书的操作步骤, 取BALF上清液样本, 定量检测样本中Th2型炎症因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13)、核心靶向蛋白(IL-1RL1) 的表达水平, 使用多功能酶标仪测定各孔吸光度(A) 值并计算实际浓度。
取经4% 多聚甲醛固定的右肺组织, 经脱水、透明、常规石蜡包埋后, 切成4 μm厚的切片, 依次进行3种组织形态学染色[苏木精−伊红染色(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)、过碘酸−希夫染色(periodic acid-Schiff, PAS)、马松三色染色(Masson's trichrome, Masson)] 及免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry, IHC) 染色, 具体方法如下。进行HE染色, 在显微镜下观察肺组织结构破坏及气道周围炎性细胞浸润情况, 并采用半定量分级法(0~ 4分) 进行主观炎症评分[20, 21]。进行PAS染色, 以评估气道杯状细胞增生与黏液分泌状态, 基于PAS阳性细胞占比采用五级量化标准进行评分。进行Masson三色染色, 显微镜下观察气道胶原纤维沉积情况, 并利用Image J软件统计计算胶原沉积面积与整体面积的比值。此外, 进行IHC染色, 将切片脱蜡抗原修复后, 分别加入C1QA (1∶250) 和C1QC (1∶100) 特异性一抗孵育, DAB显色后于显微镜下观察其在肺组织中的定位与表达, 采用Image J软件测定积分光密度(integrated optical density, IOD) 值进行相对表达量定量分析。
从GEO (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo)公共基因表达数据库中下载哮喘小鼠肺组织转录组数据集(GSE41665) 与哮喘患者鼻刷样本转录组数据集(GSE152004), 本研究团队未参与其原始数据生成。对筛选得到的数据集进行标准化处理, 采用主成分分析进行样本质量控制, 剔除离群样本。利用R语言对两个独立数据集分别进行差异表达分析, 以|log2FC|>1且P<0.05为阈值, 筛选哮喘状态下显著上调与下调的差异表达基因。同时, 利用BATMAN-TCM 2.0数据库检索小儿降气平哮合剂中各组分中药的药物靶点。检索过程中仅保留已知靶点, 以确保靶点预测的可靠性。随后, 利用EVenn (www.bic.ac.cn/test/venn/#/) 将小鼠样本差异基因集、临床样本差异基因集, 与获取的小儿降气平哮合剂潜在药物靶点集合进行交集比对。通过提取三者的核心交集基因, 界定与疾病病理机制及药物干预效应密切相关的特征基因集。
本研究以小鼠数据集(GSE41665) 作为训练集, 临床数据集(GSE152004) 作为外部验证集。数据经Z-score标准化处理以消除量纲影响, 并设定全局随机种子(seed = 123) 以确保结果的可重复性。所有分析均在R语言(v4.4.1) 环境中完成。为挖掘高维数据的预测潜力, 本研究采用“特征筛选+分类预测”的组合策略, 构建了包含绝对收缩和选择算子(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, Lasso)、梯度提升机(gradient boosting machine, GBM)、支持向量机(support vector machine, SVM)、广义线性模型推进(generalized linear model boost, glmBoost) 及逐步广义线性模型(stepwise generalized linear model, Stepglm) 在内的12种机器学习算法的疾病诊断模型。本研究针对不同算法的数学特性, 采用了自适应的内部验证与参数寻优策略(如对Lasso回归和GBM采用10折交叉验证, 对XGBoost采用5折交叉验证, 对随机森林依赖其内置的袋外误差OOB估计, 逐步回归则基于AIC准则) 以防止模型过拟合; 同时设定严格的特征选择阈值, 自动剔除最终保留基因数≤ 5个的低维模型组合。模型拟合后, 利用pROC (v1.19.0.1) 包计算各组合模型在训练集与验证集中的受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC) 曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC), 并通过ComplexHeatmap (v2.20.0) 包绘制热图进行可视化。最终, 将训练集与验证集AUC均值最高者界定为最优诊断模型, 并进一步提取最优模型中的核心基因, 进行单基因ROC分析与共表达相关性矩阵分析, 以评估其独立诊断效能与内在联系。
采用CIBERSORT免疫细胞浸润评估算法对转录组样本数据进行处理, 定量计算各样本中树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞、活化CD4记忆T细胞等各类免疫细胞的浸润丰度与比例。运用Spearman秩相关检验, 计算机器学习筛选出的核心关键基因(如IL-13、IL-1RL1等) 表达水平与各类免疫细胞浸润丰度之间的相关系数, 以推测药物核心靶点调控气道炎症微环境的潜在生物学途径。
取小鼠肺组织, 采用TRIzol试剂提取总RNA, 经微量分光光度计检测浓度及纯度合格后, 使用RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit逆转录试剂盒将总RNA反转录为cDNA。PCR反应体系为10 μL, 采用UltraSYBR Mixture (High ROX) 荧光定量PCR预混液进行扩增, 反应条件为: 95 ℃预变性10 min; 95 ℃变性5 s, 60 ℃退火30 s, 共循环40次; 扩增结束后进行熔解曲线分析: 95 ℃ 15 s、60 ℃ 1 min、95 ℃ 15 s。以GAPDH为内参基因, 分析扩增曲线并记录Ct值, 采用2−ΔΔCt法计算目标基因[白细胞介素-33 (interleukin-33, IL-33)、IL-1RL1、胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP)、C1QA、C1QC、低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, LRP1)、IL-13] mRNA的相对表达量。实验引物由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成, 序列详情见表 1。
采用GraphPad Prism 10软件对实验数据进行统计学分析。计量资料以均数±标准差(x ± s) 表示。多组间数据比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 若方差齐则采用LSD检验, 若方差不齐则采用Dunnett's T3检验。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
本研究通过卵清蛋白致敏与激发构建小鼠哮喘模型, 并给予不同剂量的小儿降气平哮合剂或地塞米松进行干预(图 1A)。气道高反应性检测结果显示, 在氯化乙酰甲胆碱激发浓度为12.5 mg·mL-1及以下低阈值时, 各组小鼠的Penh值波动较大, 组间无显著统计学差异(P>0.05)。当氯化乙酰甲胆碱激发浓度达到25 mg·mL-1时, 模型组小鼠的气道阻力较对照组显著升高(P<0.001), 表明模型小鼠具备明显的气道高反应性特征, 提示小鼠哮喘模型构建成功。在药物干预方面, 当氯化乙酰甲胆碱激发浓度达到25 mg·mL-1时, 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂中、高剂量组小鼠的气道阻力显著降低(P<0.05, 图 1B), 说明中、高剂量的小儿降气平哮合剂能够有效缓解哮喘小鼠的气道高反应性。此外, ELISA检测结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组BALF中Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5水平显著升高(P<0.01); 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂中、高剂量组的IL-4表达水平显著降低(P<0.001, P<0.01, 图 1C), 且各剂量组的IL-5表达水平也均显著下降(P<0.05, P<0.01, 图 1D)。
在确认小儿降气平哮合剂改善气道炎症与高反应性的基础上, 本研究进一步评估其对肺组织病理损伤、黏液分泌及气道重塑的影响。HE染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组支气管及血管周围可见大量炎症细胞浸润现象, 肺泡壁增厚且结构紊乱。与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组及地塞米松组的炎症细胞浸润明显减少, 肺组织病理损伤显著改善(图 2A)。与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组及地塞米松组的肺炎症评分均显著低于模型组(P<0.000 1, 图 2B)。PAS染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组气道上皮杯状细胞显著增生, 管腔内黏液分泌增多(P<0.000 1); 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组及地塞米松组的杯状细胞化生及黏液沉积均明显减轻(P<0.001, P<0.000 1, 图 2C、D)。Masson染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组支气管周围出现明显的胶原纤维沉积, 提示气道重塑发生(P<0.000 1); 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组及地塞米松组胶原沉积面积显著减少(P<0.000 1, 图 2E、F), 提示小儿降气平哮合剂能有效抑制哮喘小鼠的气道重塑。
上述药效学结果表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可有效改善卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠气道炎症、黏液分泌及气道重塑。为进一步揭示其潜在分子机制, 本研究整合多源转录组数据与机器学习方法, 筛选小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘的核心靶点。基于转录组学分析策略, 对小鼠哮喘数据集GSE41665 (包含60例正常对照样本与46例哮喘模型样本) 及临床哮喘数据集GSE152004 (包含165例健康对照样本与222例哮喘患者样本) 进行差异分析。结果显示, 小鼠肺组织样本中鉴定出282个差异基因(251个上调、31个下调, 图 3A), 患者鼻刷样本中鉴定出632个差异基因(399个上调、233个下调, 图 3B)。将上述差异基因与小儿降气平哮合剂活性成分的潜在靶点取交集, 共获得23个核心候选基因(图 3C)。
在此基础上, 以GSE41665为训练集、GSE152004为验证集, 采用12种机器学习算法构建疾病诊断模型。对比分析发现, glmBoost+Stepglm (forward) 模型表现最优(图 3D)。该模型在训练集(AUC = 1.000) 和验证集(AUC = 0.928) 中均具有极高的诊断效能(图 3E、F)。混淆矩阵分析进一步支持了该模型区分哮喘样本与正常样本的高灵敏度与特异性(图 3G、H)。最优模型共纳入7个模型基因, 分别为ADRA2A、FST、IL-1RL1、C1QA、C1QC、IL-13和KCNJ5, 后续进一步对其进行差异表达、诊断效能及免疫浸润相关性分析。
对最优诊断模型[glmBoost + Stepglm(forward)]筛选出的7个模型基因进行差异表达分析、单基因诊断效能评估、基因间相关性分析以及免疫浸润相关性分析, 进一步评估其在哮喘中的潜在生物学意义。
差异表达分析显示, 与对照组相比, 哮喘组中ADRA2A、FST、IL-1RL1、C1QA、C1QC、IL-13的表达水平显著上调, 而KCNJ5的表达水平显著下调(图 4A)。单基因ROC分析显示, 7个核心基因均具有较高的诊断价值, 其中ADRA2A和IL-13的AUC达1.000 (图 4B)。基因相关性分析显示, C1QA与C1QC (P<0.001, r = 0.95)、IL-13与IL-1RL1 (P<0.001, r = 0.72)之间存在显著正相关, 提示其可能存在共调控关系(图 4C)。
免疫浸润相关性分析表明, 核心基因IL-13和IL- 1RL1的表达水平与活化树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞及活化CD4+记忆T细胞的浸润程度呈显著正相关(P<0.001, 图 4D、E)。综合上述结果, IL-1RL1/IL-13及C1QA/C1QC呈现出较强的轴向关联特征, 提示其可能是小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘免疫微环境的重要分子基础。
为验证上述机器学习与免疫浸润分析所得的核心分子在哮喘发病中的作用及小儿降气平哮合剂的干预效应, 本研究进一步在卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中开展实验验证。ELISA检测结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组小鼠BALF中IL-13和IL-1RL1蛋白水平显著升高(P<0.000 1); 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组IL-13与IL-1RL1的蛋白水平均显著降低(P<0.001, P<0.000 1, 图 5A、B)。IHC染色结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型肺组织中补体蛋白C1QA和C1QC的阳性染色(褐色) 显著增强; 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组C1QA和C1QC的阳性表达均明显减弱(图 5C、E)。IOD定量分析进一步支持, 与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组可显著降低C1QA与C1QC的表达水平(P<0.000 1, 图 5D、F)。
为在转录水平验证小儿降气平哮合剂对上述分子的调控, 采用RT-qPCR检测小鼠肺组织中相关基因的mRNA水平(图 6A~G)。结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组肺组织中起始环节的气道上皮源性警报素IL-33和TSLP的mRNA表达水平显著上调(P<0.000 1); 参与抗原递呈阶段的补体成分C1QA、C1QC及其特异性表面受体LRP1的转录水平亦均显著升高(P<0.001, P<0.000 1); 进而, 驱动下游2型免疫反应的核心受体IL-1RL1及其效应分子IL-13的mRNA表达水平同样呈现显著上调趋势(P<0.000 1)。与模型组相比, 小儿降气平哮合剂干预后上述基因的转录水平均受到了显著抑制(P<0.000 1)。上述结果提示, 小儿降气平哮合剂可抑制“上皮警报素−补体-2型免疫”级联反应中多个节点的转录激活。图 6H为小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘免疫级联反应的机制示意图。
气道慢性炎症、气道高反应性及气道重塑是哮喘的核心病理特征, 其发生发展与Th2型细胞过度活化及多种炎症介质的级联放大密切相关[22-24]。既往研究表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂可通过抑制NLRP3炎症小体活化及调控AMPK/mTOR通路促进DC自噬性凋亡, 从而缓解气道炎症[9, 11]。然而, 哮喘涉及多免疫细胞与炎症通路的复杂网络, 单一环节的机制解析难以全面阐释复方中药的整合调控特征。为此, 本研究采用“药效评价−机制预测−靶点验证”的整合策略, 结合多源转录组数据、机器学习及免疫浸润分析, 系统筛选小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘的关键分子, 并通过卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠模型进行验证。
本研究首先证实, 小儿降气平哮合剂可显著降低哮喘小鼠BALF中Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-5水平, 减轻气道高反应性, 改善肺组织炎症浸润、杯状细胞增生及胶原沉积。这些结果与前期临床观察一致, 为后续机制探索奠定了可靠的药效学基础[10]。
为揭示小儿降气平哮合剂的分子机制, 本研究整合哮喘小鼠肺组织与患儿鼻刷样本转录组数据, 结合小儿降气平哮合剂潜在靶点, 筛选出23个核心候选基因, 并通过12种机器学习算法构建诊断模型。最优模型(glmBoost+Stepglm forward) 在训练集与验证集中均表现优异, 从中提取7个核心基因, 包括IL-13、IL-1RL1、C1QA、C1QC等。值得注意的是, IL-13与IL-1RL1在转录水平上呈显著正相关, 且两者均与活化树突状细胞、M1型巨噬细胞及活化CD4+记忆T细胞的浸润丰度呈显著正相关。IL-13是介导气道高反应性、黏液高分泌及气道重塑的核心效应分子[25-27]; IL-1RL1 (ST2) 则是上皮源性警报素IL-33的特异性受体, 在启动和放大2型炎症中发挥枢纽作用[28-30]。两者在哮喘中的共表达及与促炎免疫细胞的正相关关系, 提示IL-1RL1/IL-13轴可能是哮喘免疫微环境失衡的关键驱动环节[31, 32]。从现代免疫学角度看, 这一过程常由过敏原刺激下气道屏障上皮细胞释放的起始警报素IL-33、TSLP所触发。此外, 补体成分C1QA与C1QC亦呈高度正相关。补体C1q在哮喘中的作用具有细胞来源与疾病阶段依赖性: 既往研究认为C1q可作为调节性树突状细胞的标志物抑制过敏性炎症[33]; 但近期证据表明, 在过敏原暴露阶段, cDC2来源的C1q可与其表面特异性受体LRP1结合, 增强抗原递呈效率, 促进cDC2的功能成熟与Th2极化[34]。本研究中哮喘小鼠肺组织IL-33、TSLP、C1QA/C1QC及其受体LRP1的显著高表达, 从“上皮源性始动−补体介导递呈”的连续免疫级联层面, 支持其在哮喘中主要发挥促炎作用。
进一步的机制实验验证显示, 小儿降气平哮合剂各剂量组均可显著下调哮喘小鼠肺组织中IL-33、TSLP、LRP1等基因的mRNA表达, 降低BALF中IL-13与IL-1RL1蛋白水平, 同时抑制肺组织中C1QA与C1QC的阳性表达。结合前述免疫浸润分析结果, 小儿降气平哮合剂可能通过以下途径改善哮喘: ①抑制IL-33、TSLP等上皮警报素的释放, 阻断其对IL-1RL1/ IL-13轴的触发, 减少Th2型炎症核心网络的活化, 从而降低IL-4、IL-5水平, 减轻气道炎症与高反应性; ②下调C1QA/C1QC及其受体LRP1的表达, 阻断补体与LRP1结合介导的抗原递呈增强效应, 限制cDC2的异常活化与功能成熟, 从而靶向阻断“上皮警报素−补体-2型免疫”核心轴, 打破“炎症网络过度激活−微环境失衡−免疫细胞异常活化”的恶性循环。
在过敏原暴露刺激下, 气道屏障上皮细胞释放上皮警报素(IL-33、TSLP) 并触发cDC2活化; 活化后的cDC2通过分泌补体成分C1QA与C1QC特异性结合其表面受体LRP1, 可显著促进cDC2的抗原递呈与功能成熟, 进而与IL-33共同激活表达IL-1RL1 (ST2) 的Th2细胞, 驱动2型细胞因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13) 的级联释放, 最终共同导致过敏原特异性IgE产生、嗜酸性粒细胞浸润以及支气管高反应性等2型哮喘核心致病特征(图 6H)。
中医认为哮喘的核心病机为“痰气交阻、肺失宣降”, 伏痰为本, 外邪为标。小儿降气平哮合剂以麻黄、苦杏仁为君宣肺降气、平喘止咳, 黄芩为臣清解肺热, 紫苏子、莱菔子、车前子分消三焦痰气, 白芍、钩藤佐以缓急, 全方共奏“宣降清化、分消痰气”之功。本研究发现, 小儿降气平哮合剂可显著下调IL-1RL1及IL-13的表达, 而IL-33、TSLP引发的“上皮警报素−补体-2型免疫”核心轴异常级联是2型炎症的启动信号, 其过度活化可视为中医“肺热”的现代生物学表征之一, 因此小儿降气平哮合剂全面抑制该轴各个环节相当于“清解肺热”, 从而减轻炎症免疫失衡; 同时, IL-13直接诱导气道平滑肌收缩、黏液分泌及胶原沉积, 小儿降气平哮合剂通过抑制IL-13降低气道高反应性、减少胶原沉积, 体现了“宣肺”以恢复气机通畅、“平喘”以缓解气道痉挛的效应; 此外, 杯状细胞化生及黏液高分泌是“痰浊”的病理基础, 小儿降气平哮合剂减少黏液分泌与C1QA/C1QC表达, 从化痰和阻断补体介导的抗原递呈两个层面实现“分消痰气、使邪有出路”。上述关联表明, 小儿降气平哮合剂通过多靶点调控IL-1RL1/ IL-13轴及补体系统, 系统性纠正Th2型免疫微环境失衡, 从而在分子水平上实现了“宣降清化、分消痰气”的治疗理念。
本研究仍存在以下不足: 第一, 未通过基因敲除或中和抗体等方法直接验证IL-1RL1/IL-13轴在小儿降气平哮合剂干预中的必要性, 且本研究尚缺乏小儿降气平哮合剂的系统化学表征, 难以评价批次稳定性, 后续将开展小儿降气平哮合剂化学物质基础及其与靶蛋白结合模式的研究; 第二, 给药方案为雾化激发前给药, 未能模拟临床哮喘急性发作后的治疗场景, 后续需优化给药时机; 第三, 训练集(小鼠肺组织) 与外部验证集(人鼻刷样本) 存在跨物种、跨组织异质性, 可能影响模型的泛化能力; 同时, 机器学习筛选出的ADRA2A、FST和KCNJ5尚未开展实验验证, 后续将进一步明确其在小儿降气平哮合剂干预哮喘中的作用。第四, 受限于样本量, 阳性药地塞米松在BALF中IL-4、IL-5等Th2细胞因子上的抑制作用未达到预期, 可能影响阳性对照有效性的判定, 后续将优化地塞米松剂量及给药方案、扩大样本量, 并在临床队列中进一步验证核心诊断模型。
综上所述, 本研究整合多源数据机器学习与免疫浸润分析, 结合动物实验验证, 首次提示小儿降气平哮合剂可能通过调控IL-1RL1/IL-13轴, 并抑制补体C1QA/C1QC表达, 改善卵清蛋白诱导的哮喘小鼠气道炎症、高反应性及重塑。这一发现从现代免疫学角度阐释了小儿降气平哮合剂“降气伏痰、宣肺平喘”的科学内涵, 为其临床合理用药(尤其儿童哮喘) 提供了实验依据, 也为中药复方“多靶点、整体调节”优势提供了新的研究范例。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0656
  • 接收时间:2026-06-02
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-02
  • 修回日期:2026-06-23
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    中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700

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张景媛, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
张彦琼, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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