Article(id=1308842028453163249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0380, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1775318400000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-05, revisedDate=1779292800000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981856691, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981856691, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981856691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981856691, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2641, endPage=2653, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842028641906930, articleId=1308842028453163249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for analyzing spatial distribution and transformation of ginsenosides and lipids in steamed Panax ginseng, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the in-situ spatial distribution and dynamic transformation of ginsenosides and lipids during the steaming process of Panax ginseng, desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) was employed to analyze the main root sections steamed for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h in both the positive and negative ion modes. Ginsenosides were detected using 95% methanol containing 0.1 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl as the spray solvent, while lipids were detected using methanol containing 0.01 mmol·L-1 TFA. The spray solvent flow rate was 2 μL·min-1, with X and Y pixel sizes of 200 μm and a raster speed of 500-700 μm·s-1. The results showed that, after the steaming, most macromolecular ginsenosides underwent degradation reactions such as demalonylation, deglycosylation, and deacetylation, leading to an increase in the content of rare ginsenosides. With prolonged steaming time, the signal intensity of most lipids decreased, and their distribution contours became blurred. Through multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 29 differential markers were screened and identified, including seven ginsenosides and 22 lipids, which were mainly distributed in the epidermis, cortex, and xylem, and their content changes were closely correlated with the steaming time. DESI-MSI technology can intuitively reveal the spatial distribution and dynamic transformation patterns of chemical components during the steaming process of P. ginseng, and the screened markers provide new scientific basis for studying the processing mechanisms and quality evaluation of P. ginseng.

, authors=Ya-dan ZOU, Yong-jian WANG, Fei-fei YANG, Min ZHANG, Xin ZHANG, Wen-zhi YANG*, authorsList=Ya-dan ZOU, Yong-jian WANG, Fei-fei YANG, Min ZHANG, Xin ZHANG, Wen-zhi YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wen-zhi YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842031749886209, articleId=1308842028453163249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术分析人参蒸制过程中皂苷与脂质成分的空间分布与转化规律, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究人参蒸制过程中皂苷及脂质类成分的原位空间分布与动态转化规律, 本研究采用解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像(desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, DESI-MSI) 技术, 分别在正、负离子模式下对蒸制0、2、4、6、8、10 h的人参主根切片进行分析。皂苷检测采用含0.1 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl的甲醇-水(95∶5) 为喷雾溶剂, 脂质检测采用含0.01 mmol·L-1 TFA的甲醇为喷雾溶剂, 喷雾溶剂流速为2 μL·min-1, X和Y像素大小为200 μm, 光栅速度为500~700 μm·s-1。结果表明, 蒸制后人参多数大分子皂苷发生脱丙二酰基、脱糖基、脱乙酰基等降解反应, 稀有皂苷含量增加; 随蒸制时间延长, 多数脂质信号减弱、分布轮廓模糊。经多元统计分析, 共筛选鉴定出29个差异标志物, 包括7个皂苷和22个脂质, 主要分布于表皮、皮层及木质部, 其含量变化趋势与蒸制时间密切相关。DESI-MSI技术可直观揭示人参蒸制过程中化学成分的空间分布与动态转化规律, 所筛标志物为人参炮制机理研究及质量评价提供了新的科学依据。

, authors=邹雅丹, 王勇健, 杨飞飞, 张敏, 张鑫, 杨文志*, authorsList=邹雅丹, 王勇健, 杨飞飞, 张敏, 张鑫, 杨文志, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨文志, authorNote=

作者贡献:

邹雅丹、王勇健、杨飞飞负责实验实施、论文撰写与修改; 张敏、张鑫参与数据处理; 杨文志负责实验思路设计、稿件修改等工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨文志, E-mail:
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PKs: Polyketides; STs: Sterol lipids, figureFileSmall=bb4xugOCIP2D6cW7Gae/5g==, figureFileBig=HjnfJ9WBz4FpSkN6AKbk6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842036913074485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qex9Hx/4upoX+cdt9G09cA==, figureFileBig=LngYFB6A1Bj6+G6CNSci3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842036971794742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Analysis chart of ginsenoside composition difference in different processing time of Panax ginseng under the negative ion mode. A: PLS-DA score plot; B: VIP plot; C: DESI-MSI images. VIP: Variable importance in projection, figureFileSmall=qex9Hx/4upoX+cdt9G09cA==, figureFileBig=LngYFB6A1Bj6+G6CNSci3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037047292215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/Q6lfj6McGoGSd7wIwUTZg==, figureFileBig=ge/Q/emJTiWP3b6an9qbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037114401080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis chart of lipid composition difference under different processing time of Panax ginseng in the negative ion mode. A: PLS-DA score plot; B: VIP plot; C: DESI-MSI images, figureFileSmall=/Q6lfj6McGoGSd7wIwUTZg==, figureFileBig=ge/Q/emJTiWP3b6an9qbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037277978937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bOC224iNTb57hDcrVCF7/g==, figureFileBig=i+fAZhKtHcEG+dBZe4nO7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037336699194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=The analysis chart of lipid composition difference under different processing time of Panax ginseng in the positive ion mode. A: PLS-DA score plot; B: VIP plot; C: DESI-MSI images, figureFileSmall=bOC224iNTb57hDcrVCF7/g==, figureFileBig=i+fAZhKtHcEG+dBZe4nO7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037399613755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CK2wlRcgBeECdsEL6B/R4Q==, figureFileBig=Ls6pG7kfbRyahAdUEK05Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037466722620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Transformation network diagram of ginsenoside components under different steaming time of Panax ginseng in negative ion mode, figureFileSmall=CK2wlRcgBeECdsEL6B/R4Q==, figureFileBig=Ls6pG7kfbRyahAdUEK05Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842037546414397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeMarkerDifferential componentContent variation trend with increasing steaming time
Seven differential saponin markersMarker 1Vinaginsenoside R12Decrease
Marker 2Vinaginsenoside R21 (24S/R)Decrease
Marker 3Chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl esterDecrease
Marker 4Chikusetsusaponin IVaDecrease
Marker 5Ginsenoside Rh4/Rk3/Rh16Increase
Marker 66′-O-Acetyl-ginsenoside Rg1 (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7Ginsenoside Rh26Decrease
Eleven differential lipid markers in negative ion modeMarker 110, 13-Octadecadienoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 2PA (12:0/22:2(13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 3PalatinoseIncrease
Marker 4Palmitic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 5PA (14:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 613-Keto-9Z-octadecenoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7Stearic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 89Z-Octadecenedioic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 910Z-Hexadecenyl acetate (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 1016-Methyl-6Z, 9Z, 12Z-heptadecatrienoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 113b, 16a-Dihydroxyandrostenone sulfate (or isomer)Increase
Eleven differential lipid markers in positive ion modeMarker 1TG (15:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso3] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 2PA (P-16:0/16:1(9Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 3PA (O-16:0/18:4(6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 4TG (12:0/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 5TG (12:0/20:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 6TG (12:0/18:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7DG (14:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/0:0)[iso2] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 8TG (12:0/20:1(11Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 9Dehydrophytosphingosine (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 10PC (O-22:2(13Z, 16Z)/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 11PI (13:0/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)) (or isomer)Increase
), ArticleFig(id=1308842037634494782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The list of differential markers of ginsenoside and lipid in different processing time of Panax ginseng

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeMarkerDifferential componentContent variation trend with increasing steaming time
Seven differential saponin markersMarker 1Vinaginsenoside R12Decrease
Marker 2Vinaginsenoside R21 (24S/R)Decrease
Marker 3Chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl esterDecrease
Marker 4Chikusetsusaponin IVaDecrease
Marker 5Ginsenoside Rh4/Rk3/Rh16Increase
Marker 66′-O-Acetyl-ginsenoside Rg1 (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7Ginsenoside Rh26Decrease
Eleven differential lipid markers in negative ion modeMarker 110, 13-Octadecadienoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 2PA (12:0/22:2(13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 3PalatinoseIncrease
Marker 4Palmitic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 5PA (14:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 613-Keto-9Z-octadecenoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7Stearic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 89Z-Octadecenedioic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 910Z-Hexadecenyl acetate (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 1016-Methyl-6Z, 9Z, 12Z-heptadecatrienoic acid (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 113b, 16a-Dihydroxyandrostenone sulfate (or isomer)Increase
Eleven differential lipid markers in positive ion modeMarker 1TG (15:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso3] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 2PA (P-16:0/16:1(9Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 3PA (O-16:0/18:4(6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 4TG (12:0/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 5TG (12:0/20:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 6TG (12:0/18:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 7DG (14:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/0:0)[iso2] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 8TG (12:0/20:1(11Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 9Dehydrophytosphingosine (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 10PC (O-22:2(13Z, 16Z)/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) (or isomer)Decrease
Marker 11PI (13:0/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)) (or isomer)Increase
), ArticleFig(id=1308842039337382207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameAbbreviationAdducttRMS/MSVIP
[M‒H]‒[M+HCOO]‒[M+Cl]‒
1Chikusetsusaponin IVa or its isomerChikusetsusaponin IVa (or isomer)793.438 0//33.48793.442 8, 613.378 9,
569.387 5, 523.382 9,
455.356 0
2.40
2Vinaginsenoside R12 or its isomerVina-R12 (or isomer)671.437 1////4.32
3Vinaginsenoside R21 or its isomerVina-R21 (or isomer)833.489 9////3.37
4Chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester or its isomerChikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester (or isomer)//885.476 814.67619.425 2, 457.371 42.79
56′-O-Acetyl-ginsenoside Rg1 or its isomer6′-O-Ace-Rg1 (or isomer)841.495 0//10.90781.474 7, 637.432 6,
619.422 9, 529.394 1,
475.379 9
2.25
6Ginsenoside Rh26 or its isomerRh26 (or isomer)1 013.568 5//31.71785.502 0, 779.461 1,
605.437 0
2.08
7Ginsenoside Rh4/Rk3/Rh16 or its isomerRh4/Rk3/Rh16 (or isomer)//655.397 738.33381.233 6, 281.249 02.38
), ArticleFig(id=1308842039412879680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Characterization information table of ginsenoside ions at different steaming times based on UPLC/Vion IM-QTOF-MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Component nameAbbreviationAdducttRMS/MSVIP
[M‒H]‒[M+HCOO]‒[M+Cl]‒
1Chikusetsusaponin IVa or its isomerChikusetsusaponin IVa (or isomer)793.438 0//33.48793.442 8, 613.378 9,
569.387 5, 523.382 9,
455.356 0
2.40
2Vinaginsenoside R12 or its isomerVina-R12 (or isomer)671.437 1////4.32
3Vinaginsenoside R21 or its isomerVina-R21 (or isomer)833.489 9////3.37
4Chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester or its isomerChikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester (or isomer)//885.476 814.67619.425 2, 457.371 42.79
56′-O-Acetyl-ginsenoside Rg1 or its isomer6′-O-Ace-Rg1 (or isomer)841.495 0//10.90781.474 7, 637.432 6,
619.422 9, 529.394 1,
475.379 9
2.25
6Ginsenoside Rh26 or its isomerRh26 (or isomer)1 013.568 5//31.71785.502 0, 779.461 1,
605.437 0
2.08
7Ginsenoside Rh4/Rk3/Rh16 or its isomerRh4/Rk3/Rh16 (or isomer)//655.397 738.33381.233 6, 281.249 02.38
), ArticleFig(id=1308842039488377153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeComponent nameAbbreviationm/zAdductMS/MSVIP
PKs5, 7-Dihydroxy-3′, 4′-dimethoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone or its isomer5, 7-Dihydroxy-3′, 4′-dimethoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone (or isomer)381.079 3[M+K]+381.079 3, 365.105 3, 203.052 1, 152.071 05.40
GPsPI(13:0/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)) or its isomerPI 35:6 (or isomer)823.486 9[M+H‒H2O]+823.486 1, 807.518 0, 675.353 4, 405.351 42.51
PA(P-16:0/16:1(9Z)) or its isomerPA O-32:2 (or isomer)631.469 7[M+H]+/4.54
PA(O-16:0/18:4(6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z)) or its isomerPA O-34:4 (or isomer)655.473 3[M+H]+/4.24
PC(O-22:2(13Z, 16Z)/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPC O-44:5 (or isomer)895.720 0[M+NH4]+/2.54
SPsDehydrophytosphingosine or its isomerSPB 18:1;O3 (or isomer)316.284 9[M+H]+316.284 8, 298.274 3, 280.263 5, 262.252 9, 135.116 72.90
GLsTG(12:0/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 56:9 (or isomer)901.727 7[M+H]+901.728 1, 879.745 8, 599.504 1, 397.379 63.64
TG(12:0/20:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 54:5 (or isomer)919.712 2[M+K]+874.701 4, 683.639 1, 600.507 9, 595.472 1, 449.344 2, 337.274 13.37
TG(12:0/18:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 52:4 (or isomer)893.725 4[M+K]+893.727 1, 710.670 6, 613.493 4, 599.504 3, 574.491 13.19
DG(14:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/0:0)[iso2] or its isomerDG 36:5 (or isomer)615.499 0[M+H]+615.498 8, 598.491 4, 523.453 1, 335.264 22.92
TG(12:0/20:1(11Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 54:7 (or isomer)877.729 7[M+H]+851.713 8, 683.638 6, 600.508 5, 551.494 42.90
TG(15:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso3] or its isomerTG 59:13 (or isomer)917.701 3[M+H‒H2O]+899.713 5, 880.750 7, 712.669 9, 614.487 4, 576.507 54.92
FAsStearic acid or its isomerFA 18:0 (or isomer)283.262 0[M‒H]‒283.263 43.89
9Z-Octadecenedioic acid or its isomerFA 18:2;O2 (or isomer)311.221 3[M‒H]‒311.222 7, 293.211 8, 275.200 9, 211.134 2, 171.101 73.61
Palmitic acid or its isomerFA 16:0 (or isomer)255.232 8[M‒H]‒255.231 9, 237.225 75.37
10, 13-Octadecadienoic acid or its isomerFA 18:2 (or isomer)279.231 9[M‒H]‒279.231 8, 273.139 0, 261.221 411.74
10Z-Hexadecenyl acetate or its isomerSFE 18:1 (or isomer)281.248 6[M‒H]‒281.247 73.49
16-Methyl-6Z, 9Z, 12Z-heptadecatrienoic acid or its isomerFA 18:3 (or isomer)277.216 8[M‒H]‒277.216 33.39
13-Keto-9Z-octadecenoic acid or or its isomerFA 18:2;O (or isomer)295.227 9[M‒H]‒295.227 3, 277.216 6, 171.102 33.94
PA(12:0/22:2(13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPA 34:2 (or isomer)671.465 7[M‒H]‒631.382 0, 417.238 57.37
GPsPA(14:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPA 36:4 (or isomer)695.462 5[M‒H]‒695.465 2, 672.468 1, 409.234 9, 253.215 94.92
STs3b, 16a-Dihydroxyandrostenone sulfate or its isomerST 19:2;O3;S (or isomer)429.158 9[M+TFA‒H]‒429.158 6, 393.138 8, 375.126 6, 293.0032.12
OthersPalatinosePalatinose455.103 6[M+TFA‒H]‒279.232 17.12
), ArticleFig(id=1308842039568068930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842028453163249, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Characterization information table of ginseng lipid differential ions at different steaming times based on UPLC/Vion IM-QTOF-MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeComponent nameAbbreviationm/zAdductMS/MSVIP
PKs5, 7-Dihydroxy-3′, 4′-dimethoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone or its isomer5, 7-Dihydroxy-3′, 4′-dimethoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone (or isomer)381.079 3[M+K]+381.079 3, 365.105 3, 203.052 1, 152.071 05.40
GPsPI(13:0/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)) or its isomerPI 35:6 (or isomer)823.486 9[M+H‒H2O]+823.486 1, 807.518 0, 675.353 4, 405.351 42.51
PA(P-16:0/16:1(9Z)) or its isomerPA O-32:2 (or isomer)631.469 7[M+H]+/4.54
PA(O-16:0/18:4(6Z, 9Z, 12Z, 15Z)) or its isomerPA O-34:4 (or isomer)655.473 3[M+H]+/4.24
PC(O-22:2(13Z, 16Z)/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPC O-44:5 (or isomer)895.720 0[M+NH4]+/2.54
SPsDehydrophytosphingosine or its isomerSPB 18:1;O3 (or isomer)316.284 9[M+H]+316.284 8, 298.274 3, 280.263 5, 262.252 9, 135.116 72.90
GLsTG(12:0/22:3(10Z, 13Z, 16Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 56:9 (or isomer)901.727 7[M+H]+901.728 1, 879.745 8, 599.504 1, 397.379 63.64
TG(12:0/20:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 54:5 (or isomer)919.712 2[M+K]+874.701 4, 683.639 1, 600.507 9, 595.472 1, 449.344 2, 337.274 13.37
TG(12:0/18:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 52:4 (or isomer)893.725 4[M+K]+893.727 1, 710.670 6, 613.493 4, 599.504 3, 574.491 13.19
DG(14:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/0:0)[iso2] or its isomerDG 36:5 (or isomer)615.499 0[M+H]+615.498 8, 598.491 4, 523.453 1, 335.264 22.92
TG(12:0/20:1(11Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] or its isomerTG 54:7 (or isomer)877.729 7[M+H]+851.713 8, 683.638 6, 600.508 5, 551.494 42.90
TG(15:1(9Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z)/22:6(4Z, 7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso3] or its isomerTG 59:13 (or isomer)917.701 3[M+H‒H2O]+899.713 5, 880.750 7, 712.669 9, 614.487 4, 576.507 54.92
FAsStearic acid or its isomerFA 18:0 (or isomer)283.262 0[M‒H]‒283.263 43.89
9Z-Octadecenedioic acid or its isomerFA 18:2;O2 (or isomer)311.221 3[M‒H]‒311.222 7, 293.211 8, 275.200 9, 211.134 2, 171.101 73.61
Palmitic acid or its isomerFA 16:0 (or isomer)255.232 8[M‒H]‒255.231 9, 237.225 75.37
10, 13-Octadecadienoic acid or its isomerFA 18:2 (or isomer)279.231 9[M‒H]‒279.231 8, 273.139 0, 261.221 411.74
10Z-Hexadecenyl acetate or its isomerSFE 18:1 (or isomer)281.248 6[M‒H]‒281.247 73.49
16-Methyl-6Z, 9Z, 12Z-heptadecatrienoic acid or its isomerFA 18:3 (or isomer)277.216 8[M‒H]‒277.216 33.39
13-Keto-9Z-octadecenoic acid or or its isomerFA 18:2;O (or isomer)295.227 9[M‒H]‒295.227 3, 277.216 6, 171.102 33.94
PA(12:0/22:2(13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPA 34:2 (or isomer)671.465 7[M‒H]‒631.382 0, 417.238 57.37
GPsPA(14:0/22:4(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z)) or its isomerPA 36:4 (or isomer)695.462 5[M‒H]‒695.465 2, 672.468 1, 409.234 9, 253.215 94.92
STs3b, 16a-Dihydroxyandrostenone sulfate or its isomerST 19:2;O3;S (or isomer)429.158 9[M+TFA‒H]‒429.158 6, 393.138 8, 375.126 6, 293.0032.12
OthersPalatinosePalatinose455.103 6[M+TFA‒H]‒279.232 17.12
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基于解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术分析人参蒸制过程中皂苷与脂质成分的空间分布与转化规律
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邹雅丹 , 王勇健 , 杨飞飞 , 张敏 , 张鑫 , 杨文志 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2641-2653
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2641 -2653
基于解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术分析人参蒸制过程中皂苷与脂质成分的空间分布与转化规律
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邹雅丹, 王勇健, 杨飞飞, 张敏, 张鑫, 杨文志*
作者信息
  • 天津中医药大学, 现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 天津 301617
通讯作者:
杨文志, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

邹雅丹、王勇健、杨飞飞负责实验实施、论文撰写与修改; 张敏、张鑫参与数据处理; 杨文志负责实验思路设计、稿件修改等工作。

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for analyzing spatial distribution and transformation of ginsenosides and lipids in steamed Panax ginseng
Ya-dan ZOU, Yong-jian WANG, Fei-fei YANG, Min ZHANG, Xin ZHANG, Wen-zhi YANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0380
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为探究人参蒸制过程中皂苷及脂质类成分的原位空间分布与动态转化规律, 本研究采用解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像(desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, DESI-MSI) 技术, 分别在正、负离子模式下对蒸制0、2、4、6、8、10 h的人参主根切片进行分析。皂苷检测采用含0.1 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl的甲醇-水(95∶5) 为喷雾溶剂, 脂质检测采用含0.01 mmol·L-1 TFA的甲醇为喷雾溶剂, 喷雾溶剂流速为2 μL·min-1, X和Y像素大小为200 μm, 光栅速度为500~700 μm·s-1。结果表明, 蒸制后人参多数大分子皂苷发生脱丙二酰基、脱糖基、脱乙酰基等降解反应, 稀有皂苷含量增加; 随蒸制时间延长, 多数脂质信号减弱、分布轮廓模糊。经多元统计分析, 共筛选鉴定出29个差异标志物, 包括7个皂苷和22个脂质, 主要分布于表皮、皮层及木质部, 其含量变化趋势与蒸制时间密切相关。DESI-MSI技术可直观揭示人参蒸制过程中化学成分的空间分布与动态转化规律, 所筛标志物为人参炮制机理研究及质量评价提供了新的科学依据。

人参  /  解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像  /  皂苷  /  脂质  /  蒸制  /  空间代谢组学

To investigate the in-situ spatial distribution and dynamic transformation of ginsenosides and lipids during the steaming process of Panax ginseng, desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) was employed to analyze the main root sections steamed for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h in both the positive and negative ion modes. Ginsenosides were detected using 95% methanol containing 0.1 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl as the spray solvent, while lipids were detected using methanol containing 0.01 mmol·L-1 TFA. The spray solvent flow rate was 2 μL·min-1, with X and Y pixel sizes of 200 μm and a raster speed of 500-700 μm·s-1. The results showed that, after the steaming, most macromolecular ginsenosides underwent degradation reactions such as demalonylation, deglycosylation, and deacetylation, leading to an increase in the content of rare ginsenosides. With prolonged steaming time, the signal intensity of most lipids decreased, and their distribution contours became blurred. Through multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 29 differential markers were screened and identified, including seven ginsenosides and 22 lipids, which were mainly distributed in the epidermis, cortex, and xylem, and their content changes were closely correlated with the steaming time. DESI-MSI technology can intuitively reveal the spatial distribution and dynamic transformation patterns of chemical components during the steaming process of P. ginseng, and the screened markers provide new scientific basis for studying the processing mechanisms and quality evaluation of P. ginseng.

Panax ginseng  /  desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging  /  ginsenoside  /  lipid  /  steaming  /  spatial metabolomics
邹雅丹, 王勇健, 杨飞飞, 张敏, 张鑫, 杨文志. 基于解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术分析人参蒸制过程中皂苷与脂质成分的空间分布与转化规律. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2641 -2653 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0380
Ya-dan ZOU, Yong-jian WANG, Fei-fei YANG, Min ZHANG, Xin ZHANG, Wen-zhi YANG. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging for analyzing spatial distribution and transformation of ginsenosides and lipids in steamed Panax ginseng[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2641 -2653 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0380
中药人参为五加科植物人参Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.的干燥根和根茎。人参性甘、微苦、微温, 归脾、肺、心、肾经, 具有大补元气, 复脉固脱, 补脾益肺, 生津养血, 安神益智等功效, 可用于体虚欲脱, 肢冷脉微, 脾虚食少, 肺虚喘咳等[1]。人参含有包括皂苷类、多糖类、挥发油、氨基酸、肽类等多种活性成分[2]。现代药理研究表明, 人参具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化、抗疲劳、神经调节和免疫调节等药理活性[3-6]。中药炮制是指药物在应用或制成各种剂型前, 在中医药理论指导下, 按照医疗、调配、制剂的需要进行必要的加工过程[7]。红参为中药人参经蒸制法炮制后的熟制品, 经蒸制后红参药性由微温转温, 补气效果增强, 具有大补元气, 复脉固脱, 益气摄血的功效, 用于体虚欲脱、肢冷脉微、气不摄血、崩漏下血等症[8]。人参经炮制后会发生复杂的化学成分变化, 药性和形色味也相应改变, 这与其临证应用密切相关[7, 9, 10]。目前对人参炮制过程的研究多局限于化学成分的含量变化, 却鲜有涉及这些成分在组织中原位空间分布的研究。因此, 亟需建立一种可靠、直观的分析方法, 以揭示蒸制过程中人参化学成分的空间分布与转化规律。
随着现代分析技术的快速发展, 通过现代技术分析由于炮制引起的整体化学转化, 使得炮制具有更加科学的内涵[11-13]。质谱成像(mass spectrometry imaging, MSI) 是一种新兴的仪器分析方法, 因其无标记、原位和高通量成像的特性引起广泛的关注[14]。质谱成像技术可以快速、准确地分析复杂样品中的多种物质(如: 脂肪酸、磷脂、糖、黄酮、萜类等) 获得空间分布信息[15, 16]。质谱成像技术近年来的应用, 不仅成功揭示了植物组织中各类次生代谢产物的空间分布规律, 也为该技术在中药研究领域的深入发展奠定了重要基础[17]。其中解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像(desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging, DESI-MSI) 是一种大气压下原位分析技术, 凭借其无需复杂前处理、样品损伤小的特点, 既能用于药材表面化学成分的快速分析与成像, 也为研究药物在生物体表的渗透、吸收及分布提供了直观手段[2, 14, 18]。DESI-MSI结合代谢组学, 利用带电溶剂喷雾与高速气流的直接解吸离子化作用, 能够高效、原位地可视化组织中代谢物的空间定位, 为药用植物研究提供了全新视角[19]。近年来, MSI技术在人参研究中的应用多聚焦于不同部位间的代谢组学比较, 且所观察到的差异主要体现为人参皂苷。然而, 基于MSI技术分析不同蒸制时间下人参的化学成分差异及其空间分布的研究仍较为少见; 此外, 针对不同蒸制时间人参脂质的研究亦十分有限。不同于本团队前期基于DESI-MSI技术比较人参不同部位间皂苷和脂质空间分布的工作[18], 本研究聚焦于蒸制加工这一动态过程, 系统考察不同蒸制时间(0~10 h) 对人参主根中皂苷及脂质类成分的原位分布变化, 旨在从空间维度阐释蒸制对人参化学成分的影响。
本研究利用解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术, 系统表征了鲜人参根在蒸制0、2、4、6、8、10 h后, 其中皂苷和脂质类成分的空间分布变化, 并探究了蒸制过程介导的皂苷转化规律。进一步结合化学计量学方法, 从皂苷与脂质两个维度筛选不同蒸制时间下的差异代谢物, 以揭示其动态变化特征。该研究旨在从空间分布和代谢转化的角度, 为人参及其蒸制品的质量评价提供新的维度和科学依据。
仪器  ACQUITY UPLC I-Class/Vion IM-QTOF超高效液相色谱质谱联用仪配有DESI源的Xevo-G2 XS QTOF质谱仪(美国Waters公司); Leica CM3050 S型低温切片机(德国Leica Biosystems公司); 普通粘附载玻片(76 mm × 25 mm × 1 mm) (江苏世泰实验器材有限公司); 5804R高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); AX205十万分之一天平和BP121S万分之一天平(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); SB-4200DTS/P超声波提取仪(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)。
样品与试剂   4年生人参根采自吉林省通化市。经天津中医药大学李先宽副教授鉴定为人参Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer的根。所有样品于-80 ℃冰箱中保存。药材样品存放于天津中医药大学中医药研究院中药标准化技术实验室。
药材样品处理  取同产地、同批次、同一品相的4年生人参根6支, 6支人参分别为6个时间点的独立样品(每时间点1支), 用自来水冲洗去除表面泥土, 晾干后用纱布包裹。将包裹好的人参置于蒸锅笼屉内, 隔水常压蒸制, 待水沸腾(100 ℃) 后开始计时。分别于蒸制0 (鲜品)、2、4、6、8、10 h后取出, 室温晾凉, 用锡纸包裹。随后用刀片切取不同蒸制时间人参主根的相同部位, 用于后续分析。
样品包埋与冷冻切片  取厚度约3 cm的人参组织段, 置于锡箔纸制成的模具中, 用2.5%羧甲基纤维素钠溶液包埋, 于-80 ℃冷冻20 min。随后以OCT包埋剂将组织块固定在样品托上, 转移至Leica CM3050 S低温切片机, 在-18 ℃条件下切成40 μm厚度的切片。将切片贴附于普通载玻片, 于-20 ℃保存备用。
DESI-MSI分析条件及数据处理  皂苷类成分分析采用喷雾溶剂为含0.1 mmol·L-1 NH4Cl的甲醇-水(95∶5) 溶液, 脂质类成分分析采用喷雾溶剂为含0.01 mmol·L-1 TFA的甲醇溶液, 流速2 μL·min-1。成像参数: X轴与Y轴像素尺寸均为200 μm, 光栅扫描速度500~700 μm·s-1。质谱参数: 负离子模式下质量扫描范围m/z 50~1 500, 毛细管电压4.5 kV, 锥孔电压60 V, 离子源温度130 ℃ (皂苷类) /120 ℃ (脂质); 正离子模式下毛细管电压3.5 kV, 锥孔电压60 V, 离子源温度110 ℃。以亮氨酸脑啡肽溶液(400 pg·mL-1) 作为校正液进行质量数实时校准。质谱成像数据由MassLynx 4.2软件(美国Waters公司) 控制采集。采用HDI 1.6软件(美国Waters公司) 进行数据采集设置、原始数据处理及图像可视化。数据处理参数: 导入“.raw”格式原始数据; 峰提取质量范围m/z 100~1 500; 保留最强信号峰1 000个; 质量窗口0.02 Da; 启用质量锁定校正(正离子模式m/z 556.277 1, 负离子模式m/z 554.262 0), 质量偏差允许范围± 0.25 amu; 信号强度阈值500 counts; 样品校正频率每5 min一次, 校正时间60 s。
超高效液相色谱/高分辨质谱数据分析条件及数据处理  脂质成分分析采用ACQUITY UPLC I-Class/Vion IM-QTOF系统(美国Waters公司)。色谱分离在Waters ACQUITY BEH C18色谱柱(100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) 上进行, 柱温50 ℃。流动相为含0.1%甲酸的水(A) 和乙腈(B), 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 进样量3 µL。梯度洗脱程序: 0~3 min, 5%~30% B; 3~6 min, 30%~50% B; 6~15 min, 50%~70% B; 15~20 min, 70%~90% B; 20~23 min, 90% B; 23~25 min, 90%~100% B; 25~28 min, 100% B。在正负离子模式下采用HDMSE模式进行数据采集, 离子源参数设置如下: 负离子模式毛细管电压, 1.5 kV, 正离子模式毛细管电压, 2.0 kV; 锥孔电压, 80 V; 离子源温度, 100 ℃; 脱溶剂气体温度, 500 ℃; 去溶剂气体流量(N2), 50 L·h-1; 锥形气体流量(N2), 800 L·h-1; 扫描范围m/z, 100~1 200; 扫描时间, 0.3 s; 低能量碰撞能, 6 eV; 高能量斜坡碰撞能, 10~30 eV。以亮氨酸脑啡肽(200 ng·mL-1) 溶液进行实时质量校正, 流速10 µL·min-1。皂苷成分分析实验中使用的色谱柱与上述脂质实验一致, 柱温30 ℃。流动相为含0.1%甲酸的水(A) 和含0.1%甲酸的乙腈(B), 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 进样量5 µL。梯度洗脱程序如下: 0~2 min, 15%~18% B; 2~2.5 min, 18%~22% B; 2.5~8 min, 22% B; 8~12 min, 22%~29% B; 12~28 min, 29% B; 28~29 min, 29%~32% B; 30~31 min, 32%~46% B; 31~37 min, 46%~68% B; 37~40 min, 68%~95% B; 40~43 min, 95% B。在负离子模式下采用HDMSE模式进行数据采集, 离子源参数设置如下: 锥孔电压, 40 V; 离子源温度, 120 ℃; 扫描范围m/z, 250~1 500; 高能量斜坡碰撞能, 20~60 eV。其他参数同上述脂质实验。数据采集与处理由UNIFI 1.9.3.0软件(美国Waters公司) 完成。数据处理关键参数如下: 高能量阈值, 500.0 counts; 低能量阈值, 1 000.0 counts; 目标匹配偏差, 10.0 ppm; 碎片匹配偏差, 10.0 ppm; 负离子模式加合离子, +HCOO, -H, +Cl; 锁定质量, 合并带宽扫描3次; 质量窗口m/z, 0.5; 参比质量数: 554.262 0; 参比电荷: -1。
溶液的制备  质谱成像实验切片完成后, 将人参样品从样品托上取下, 用自来水冲洗去除残留的羧甲基纤维素钠, 自然晾干。随后置于低温粉碎机中粗粉碎后于冻干机中干燥48 h。取出后碾磨成细粉, 过60目筛, 备用。精密称取上述粉末样品100 mg, 置于15 mL试管中, 加入甲醇-水(7∶3) 溶液10 mL, 密封, 涡旋使溶解。于40 ℃水浴中超声提取(400 W, 40 kHz) 1 h。提取液于4 000 r·min-1 (1 699 ×g) 离心10 min, 取上清液转移至10 mL量瓶中, 用甲醇-水(7∶3) 溶液定容至刻度, 得浓度为10 mg·mL-1的皂苷供试品溶液。临用前, 取该溶液于14 000 r·min-1 (20 817 ×g) 离心10 min, 取上清液作为皂苷供试品溶液。精密称取上述粉末样品50 mg, 置于2 mL液相样品瓶中, 依次加入甲醇0.3 mL和甲基叔丁基醚1.0 mL, 密封。将样品瓶固定于摇床, 于25 ℃、70 r·min-1条件下震摇1 h。随后加入超纯水0.25 mL, 涡旋混匀, 于1 000 r·min-1 (106 ×g) 离心10 min, 使两相分离。吸取上层有机相转移至新样品瓶中。水相加入甲基叔丁基醚-甲醇-水(10∶3∶2.5) 混合溶剂0.4 mL, 重复上述提取过程, 合并两次上层有机相, 作为脂质供试品溶液。
多元统计分析  在人参不同蒸制时间(0、2、4、6、8、10 h) 主根组织的成像数据分析中, 首先选择目标分析数据创建共同的母离子列表, 并将其作为共同靶向列表对数据进行二次处理。采用HDI 1.6软件, 在相同强度范围下, 从6个不同蒸制时间的人参组织切片图像中分别勾选扇形感兴趣区域(region of interest, ROI)。皂苷数据分析时, 每个时间点样本勾选2个扇形ROI, 并重复分析相邻2张切片, 因此每个时间点获得4个ROI数据。脂质数据分析时, 采用相同方法, 每个时间点亦获得4个ROI数据。将各ROI内的离子质荷比(m/z) 及相应信号强度(基于总离子流图校准) 导出为数据矩阵, 格式为MVA。将上述数据矩阵导入SIMCA-P软件(V 14.1, 瑞典Umetrics公司), 分别建立主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA) 和偏最小二乘判别分析(partial least squares discrimination analysis, PLS-DA) 模型。PLS-DA模型采用交叉验证及置换检验进行验证, 以R2Y和Q2值评估模型的解释能力和预测能力, 确保模型可靠且无过拟合。通过模型分析, 筛选出人参不同蒸制时间下的皂苷和脂质差异成分, 进而构建与蒸制时间相关的差异标志物。
对同一批次6支4年生鲜人参根在蒸制0、2、4、6、8、10 h后的主根部位进行质谱成像数据采集与可视化分析, 比较不同蒸制时间下皂苷和脂质类成分的空间分布差异。总体而言, 多数人参皂苷主要分布于表皮层, 尤以相对分子质量较大的皂苷离子更为显著; 蒸制加工前后, 人参皂苷的分布与含量发生明显变化, 多数大分子皂苷因高温降解为小分子皂苷, 其离子信号强度呈下降趋势。脂质类成分亦因高温发生不同程度降解, 多数脂质离子信号强度随蒸制时间延长呈下降趋势。
如图1所示, 原人参三醇(protopanaxatriol, PPT)/原人参二醇(protopanaxadiol, PPD) 型皂苷中, Rg1/Rf和Re/Rd在主根和侧根中主要分布在表皮, 其中Rg1/Rf在韧皮部亦有少量分布, 随着蒸制时间延长, 上述成分含量呈下降趋势; 6‴-O-Ace-Re主要分布于表皮和韧皮层, 蒸制后迅速降解, 在蒸制后的切片中几乎无法检出; Rc/Rb2/Rb3和Rb1在主根中主要分布于皮部, 但蒸制后变化趋势不同: Rc/Rb2/Rb3含量明显降低, 而Rb1含量则显著增加。蒸制加工对齐墩果烷(oleanolic acid, OA) /丙二酰基(malonylated, Mal) 型皂苷影响更为显著, m-Rc/Rb2和m-Re/Rd在主根中主要分布在表皮和韧皮部, 蒸制2 h后含量急剧降低, 几乎无法检出, 表明丙二酰基对高温极为敏感; Ro在主根表皮、韧皮部和木质部呈清晰的轮廓状分布, 蒸制后其分布轮廓逐渐模糊, 含量亦明显降低。
如图2所示, 在负离子模式下, 不同亚型脂质离子的成像结果显示, 除脂肪酸类(fatty acids, FAs) 中的mevalonic acid随蒸制时间延长信号增强外, 其余脂质离子的信号强度均逐渐减弱。蒸制0 h时, 人参中脂质成分呈现清晰的成像轮廓, 例如FAs中的limoleic acid (or isomer) 主要集中分布于木质部, 甘油酯类(glycerolipids, GLs) 中的DG (13:0/20:3(8Z, 11Z, 14Z)/0:0)[iso2] (or isomer) 主要集中于形成层区域。蒸制后, 脂质成分含量下降, 离子响应强度减弱, 分布轮廓逐渐模糊。在正离子模式下(图3), 不同亚型脂质的成像分布特征更为明显。图中列举的3种GLs化合物(TG (16:0/18:2(9Z, 12Z)/20:4(5Z, 8Z, 11Z, 14Z))[iso6] (or isomer)、TG (15:0/17:2(9Z, 12Z)/20:2(11Z, 14Z))[iso6] (or isomer) 和TG (14:0/18:0/22:5(7Z, 10Z, 13Z, 16Z, 19Z))[iso6] (or isomer)) 在人参根部几乎均有分布, 蒸制2 h时信号强度升高, 随后随蒸制时间延长逐渐下降。聚酮类(polyketides, PKs) 化合物中的5, 7-dihydroxy-3′, 4′- dimethoxy-6, 8-dimethylflavone (or isomer) 和isochamaejasmin (or isomer) 在0 h时主要分布于韧皮部和木质部; 4′-O-methylpreglabridin (or isomer) 及甘油磷脂类(glycerophospholipids, GPs) 中的PG (18:3(9Z, 12Z, 15Z)/19:1(9Z)) (or isomer) 主要分布于表皮, 且含量随蒸制时间延长呈增加趋势。PS (20:1(11Z)/22:0) (or isomer) 含量随蒸制延长而下降。FAs中的methyl 18-bromo-15E, 17E-octadecadien-5, 7-diynoate (or isomer) 主要分布于表皮, 而poriferast-7-en-3β-ol (or isomer) 主要分布于韧皮部和木质部。
将HDI软件中以MVA格式导出的ROI质谱数据导入SIMCA-P软件进行多元统计分析。如图4A所示, 在负离子模式下, PLS-DA得分图显示0、4 h及其他蒸制时间点的人参样本明显聚类分离, 表明不同蒸制时间下皂苷成分存在显著差异。以VIP值> 2为阈值, 共筛选出117个差异离子(图4B)。通过与实验室人参属皂苷自建数据库[20]比对鉴定, 共鉴定得到7个人参皂苷成分(图4C和表1), 分别为: vina-R12 (or isomer)、vina-R21 (or isomer)、chikusetsusaponin IVa butyl ester (or isomer)、chikusetsusaponin IVa (or isomer)、Rh4/Rk3/Rh16 (or isomer)、6′-O-acetyl-Rg1 (or isomer)、Rh26 (or isomer)。空间分布特征分析显示, Rh4/Rk3/Rh16 (or isomer) 主要分布于人参主根的表皮和髓部, 且随蒸制时间延长其含量显著增加; 其余6个差异皂苷离子则随蒸制时间延长含量逐渐降低。多数皂苷主要分布于皮层部位, 随蒸制时间延长其分布轮廓逐渐模糊。上述7个皂苷成分可作为区分人参蒸制前后的潜在标志物。
如图5A所示, 在负离子模式下, PLS-DA得分图显示人参蒸制0、2、4、6、8和10 h各组样本明显聚类分离, 表明不同蒸制时间下脂质类成分存在显著差异。以VIP值> 2为阈值, 共筛选出76个差异离子(图5B)。经与公开的在线脂质数据网站(https://www.lipidmaps.org/) 和Human Metabolome Database网站(https://hmdb.ca/) 匹配比对鉴定, 共得到11个人参脂质差异成分, 包括7个FAs、2个GPs、1个甾醇酯类(sterol lipids, STs) 和1个其他类成分(图5C, 表1), 分别为: FA 18:2 (or isomer)、PA 34:2 (or isomer)、palatinose、FA 16:0 (or isomer)、PA 36:4 (or isomer)、FA 18:2;O (or isomer)、FA 18:0 (or isomer)、FA 18:2;O2 (or isomer)、SFE 18:1 (or isomer)、FA 18:3 (or isomer)、ST 19:2;O3;S (or isomer)。空间分布特征分析显示, ST 19:2;O3;S (or isomer) 和palatinose的离子强度随蒸制时间延长呈增强趋势, 其余9个差异离子则随蒸制时间延长明显减弱。其中, FA 18:2 (or isomer) 和FA 18:3 (or isomer) 在除髓部外的木质部含量较高, PA 34:2 (or isomer) 和FA 18:2;O2 (or isomer) 分布于除髓部和形成层外的部位, 而FA 18:2;O (or isomer) 则在形成层区域含量明显较高。上述11个人参脂质代谢差异成分可作为区分人参蒸制前后的潜在标志物。
如图6A所示, 在正离子模式下, PLS-DA得分图显示人参蒸制时间0、6/8、2/4/10 h三组之间明显聚类分散, 表明它们之间主成分差异明显。以VIP值> 2为阈值, 共筛选出107个差异离子(图6B)。如图6C和表1所示, 共得到11个人参脂质代谢差异成分, 包括6个GLs、4个GPs和1个鞘脂类(sphingolipids, SPs), 分别为: TG 59:13 (or isomer)、PA O-32:2 (or isomer)、PA O-34:4 (or isomer)、TG 56:9 (or isomer)、TG 54:5 (or isomer)、TG 52:4 (or isomer)、DG 36:5 (or isomer)、TG 54:7 (or isomer)、SPB 18:1;O3 (or isomer)、PC O-44:5 (or isomer) 和PI 35:6 (or isomer)。空间分布特征显示, 上述脂质差异离子多分布于人参的皮层和木质部。成像结果表明, 正离子模式下大多数脂质成分的离子强度随蒸制时间延长呈明显下降趋势, 仅PI 35:6 (or isomer) 呈增强趋势。
此外, 通过对切片样本的皂苷和脂质类成分提取处理进一步在UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS进行液质数据采集, 为不同蒸制时间下人参中的皂苷和脂质类化学差异标志物做补充鉴定。详见表2、3。
基于DESI-MSI技术平台, 通过对同一批次同品相人参在蒸制0、2、4、6、8、10 h后的皂苷成像分布图进行统一处理与分析, 推测蒸制介导的人参皂苷转化规律。如图7所示, 蒸制前后相比, 大部分人参皂苷因高温发生显著降解, 尤以分子量较大的皂苷为主, 其降解方式主要包括脱丙二酰基、脱糖基及脱乙酰基等。m-Rc、m-Rb1等丙二酰基皂苷通过脱丙二酰基降解, 生成对应的Rc、Rb1, 其含量高于蒸制前。Ra1、Ra3等多糖基皂苷通过脱葡萄糖或木糖等糖基降解, 对应离子蒸制后含量升高。此外, OA型皂苷Ro在蒸制后发生脱羧或脱糖降解, p-Rc1则发生脱乙酰基降解。以Rd为代表的三糖苷, 其含量随蒸制时间延长呈先升高后下降的趋势, 对应Rk1、Rg3等二糖苷的含量则呈递增趋势, 表明蒸制时间越长, 皂苷糖基脱落越多。随着蒸制时间进一步延长, 降解产物中出现了Rg3、Rk1、Rh2、Rh1等稀有皂苷。上述皂苷转化规律为人参蒸制前后的功效变化及临床用药差异提供了物质基础层面的理论依据。
本研究采用解吸附电喷雾离子化质谱成像技术, 系统分析了人参蒸制过程中皂苷及脂质类成分的原位空间分布与动态转化规律。研究结果表明, DESI-MSI技术能够在无需复杂样品前处理的条件下, 直观呈现不同蒸制时间人参根组织中化学成分的空间异质性, 为中药炮制机理研究提供了新的可视化分析手段。从皂苷类成分的空间分布来看, 多数人参皂苷主要分布于表皮和韧皮部, 这与皂苷类次生代谢产物在植物防御反应中的定位特征相一致[21]。蒸制过程中, 丙二酰基皂苷(如m-Rb1、m-Rc) 对高温极为敏感, 蒸制2 h后信号强度急剧降低, 并转化为对应的中性皂苷; 三糖苷类成分(如Rd) 随蒸制时间延长呈现先升后降的趋势, 并逐步生成Rk1、Rg3等二糖苷及Rh2稀有皂苷, 这一转化规律从空间代谢组学角度证实了“炮制增效”的科学内涵, 即蒸制过程通过改变皂苷的糖基数目和取代基结构, 可能增强其肠道吸收利用度和生物活性[22, 23]。现代药理研究表明, 上述稀有皂苷(如Rg3、Rh2) 具有显著的抗肿瘤、免疫调节及抗疲劳等活性[24-26], 人参经蒸制后这些成分的含量显著增加, 可为红参“大补元气”及补气增效的传统功效提供物质基础层面的科学阐释。脂质类成分在蒸制过程中同样表现出明显的时空变化特征, 随蒸制时间延长, 多数脂质离子信号强度减弱、分布轮廓模糊, 这一现象可能与高温诱导的脂质氧化降解有关。同时, 脂质氧化过程中产生的醛类等羰基化合物可能与体系中的氨基化合物(如氨基酸、磷脂酰乙醇胺等) 发生类似美拉德反应的缩合反应(即脂质介导的非酶促褐变), 加速脂质成分的消耗[27]。经多元统计分析, 共筛选鉴定出29个差异标志物(7个皂苷和22个脂质) 在不同蒸制时间点呈现显著的变化趋势, 有望用于建立基于多指标成分的人参蒸制品质量评价体系。本研究从空间代谢组学视角阐明了人参蒸制过程中的化学物质变化规律, 为人参炮制机理研究、质量评价及临床合理用药提供了新的科学依据和技术支撑。本研究尚存在一定局限性, 样品仅来源于吉林省通化市的4年生人参, 不同产地和不同生长年限的人参在皂苷与脂质组成上可能存在差异, 其蒸制转化规律是否具有普适性尚待进一步验证。此外, 人参中除皂苷和脂质外, 还含有多糖、挥发油、氨基酸及肽类等多种活性成分, 蒸制过程中这些成分同样可能发生化学变化并协同影响整体药效。后续研究可覆盖更广泛的化学成分类别, 并拓展样本来源, 以全面阐释人参蒸制的物质基础与炮制机理。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0380
  • 接收时间:2026-04-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-05
  • 修回日期:2026-05-21
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    天津中医药大学, 现代中药创制全国重点实验室, 天津 301617

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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