Article(id=1308842661788872759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0353, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1774886400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-31, revisedDate=1778688000000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789982007690, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789982007690, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789982007690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789982007690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3207, endPage=3216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842662128611384, articleId=1308842661788872759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of
Chaenomeles speciosa from Xuancheng, Anhui, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
The traditional Chinese medicinal material Mugua is derived from the dried fruit of Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (Rosaceae). The material produced in Xuancheng, Anhui Province, is regarded as a geo-authentic medicinal material and is commonly referred to as "Xuan Mugua". C. speciosa is a medicinal and edible plant with a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we sequenced and assembled the complete chloroplast genome of C. speciosa using the Illumina platform and performed comprehensive genome annotation. Repetitive sequences were analyzed with REPuter and MISA, codon usage bias was evaluated via relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), and comparative analyses of inverted repeat (IR) boundaries and phylogenetic relationships were conducted among closely related Chaenomeles species. The chloroplast genome is 159 991 bp in length, exhibiting a typical quadripartite structure with a GC content of 36.5%, and encodes 126 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 35 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. Seventy-six simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 55 long repeat sequences were identified, with SSRs primarily consisting of A/T mononucleotides and predominantly located in the large single copy (LSC) and intergenic regions. Codon usage analysis showed that 30 codons have a preference (RSCU > 1), mostly ending with A/U. Comparative analysis of IR boundaries indicated high conservation within the genus. Genome variation analysis revealed four highly variable regions in the LSC (trnR-atpA, petN-psbM, trnT-GGU-psbD, trnV-M). Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that Chaenomeles is monophyletic, with C. speciosa closely related to C. japonica and C. tibetica. This work provides the first detailed characterization of the C. speciosa chloroplast genome and phylogeny, and the identified SSRs and highly variable regions represent valuable resources for germplasm identification and evolutionary studies in Chaenomeles.
, authors=Si-jia WANG
1, Kang-ru QI
1, Zhi-qiang ZHAO
1, Qing-ying FANG
1, Han-wen YU
1, Juan LIANG
1, *, Liang-ping ZHA
1, 2, *, authorsList=Si-jia WANG, Kang-ru QI, Zhi-qiang ZHAO, Qing-ying FANG, Han-wen YU, Juan LIANG, Liang-ping ZHA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan LIANG, Liang-ping ZHA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842665630855239, articleId=1308842661788872759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=安徽宣城木瓜叶绿体基因组特征与系统发育关系研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
中药木瓜来源于蔷薇科植物贴梗海棠Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Naka的干燥果实, 安徽宣城产的“宣木瓜”为道地药材, 其药用历史悠久, 也是著名的药食同源中药。本研究采用Illumina平台测序, 组装注释获得宣城木瓜的叶绿体全基因组, 利用REPuter、MISA分析重复序列, 基于相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU) 分析密码子使用偏好性, 并结合木瓜属近缘种进行反向重复区(inverted repeat, IR) 边界比较与系统发育分析。结果显示, 宣城木瓜叶绿体基因组全长159 991 bp, 呈典型四分体结构, GC含量为36.5%。共注释获得126个基因, 包括83个蛋白编码基因、35个tRNA和8个rRNA。共鉴定到76个简单重复序列(SSR) 和55个长重复序列, SSR位点以A/T单核苷酸为主, 多分布于大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC) 及间隔区。密码子使用偏好性分析表明, 30种密码子具有偏好性(RSCU > 1), 多偏好A/U结尾。IR边界比较显示木瓜属内高度保守。基因组变异分析, 鉴定出位于LSC区域的4个高度可变区trnR-atpA、petN-psbM、trnT-GGU-psbD、trnV-M。系统发育分析表明, 木瓜属形成一个单系分支, 其中宣木瓜与毛叶木瓜、西藏木瓜亲缘关系最近。本研究首次对宣城木瓜叶绿体全基因组和系统发育进行了全面解析, 筛选的SSR位点和4个基因高变异区可为其种质鉴定与系统发育研究提供基础。
, authors=汪思嘉
1, 戚康茹
1, 赵志强
1, 方清影
1, 余函纹
1, 梁娟
1, *, 查良平
1, 2, *, authorsList=汪思嘉, 戚康茹, 赵志强, 方清影, 余函纹, 梁娟, 查良平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁娟, 查良平, authorNote=
作者贡献:
汪思嘉参与数据收集、数据分析、文章初稿撰写和修订; 余函纹、戚康茹、赵志强、方清影参与数据收集、讨论和文章修订; 查良平、梁娟参与研究方案设计、数据分析指导和文章修订。
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1安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012)])]), Author(id=1308842667266633837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zlp_ahtcm@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308842667367297136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, authorId=1308842667266633837, language=EN, stringName=Liang-ping ZHA, firstName=Liang-ping, middleName=null, lastName=ZHA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, *, address=
1School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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2省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308842669892268156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9n9opTex4AMoG58uQl4vTw==, figureFileBig=y8BanWkQdAxVxKpuC7g45Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842669963571325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Chloroplast genome map of Chaenomeles speciosa. Genes are color-coded by function as indicated in the legend. Genes inside and outside the circle are transcribed in clockwise and counterclockwise directions, respectively. The gray region of the inner circle represents the GC content of the chloroplast genome. LSC: Large single-copy; SSC: Small single-copy; IRa: Inverted repeat A; IRb: Inverted repeat B, figureFileSmall=9n9opTex4AMoG58uQl4vTw==, figureFileBig=y8BanWkQdAxVxKpuC7g45Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670122954878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3yLkQSuoM3L89BAJJ1/9Xg==, figureFileBig=/wrR1CLWwS6Z4tvpNAuETQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670190063743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Types and numbers of SSRs in the chloroplast genome of Chaenomeles speciosa, figureFileSmall=3yLkQSuoM3L89BAJJ1/9Xg==, figureFileBig=/wrR1CLWwS6Z4tvpNAuETQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670252978304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PpEHaw25/YDmNit7tAUBKw==, figureFileBig=DO9htzO+RFjco6Cc4yHzmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670320087169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Codon content of the 20 amino acids in all protein-coding genes of the chloroplast genome of Chaenomeles species. Different colors in the bars correspond to the codons displayed in the same colors below the figure. RSCU: Relative synonymous codon usage; Ala: Alanine; Arg: Arginine; Asn: Asparagine; Asp: Aspartic acid; Cys: Cysteine; Gln: Glutamine; Glu: Glutamic acid; Gly: Glycine; His: Histidine; Ile: Isoleucine; Leu: Leucine; Lys: Lysine; Met: Methionine; Phe: Phenylalanine; Pro: Proline; Ser: Serine; Thr: Threonine; Trp: Tryptophan; Tyr: Tyrosine; Val: Valine, figureFileSmall=PpEHaw25/YDmNit7tAUBKw==, figureFileBig=DO9htzO+RFjco6Cc4yHzmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670383001730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NRaF4CUkTQ8GHPwYGVD//g==, figureFileBig=ucKiQcSF2OEyIyJvpjx9Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670433333379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Comparison of chloroplast genome sequence identity between Chaenomeles speciosa and four other Chaenomeles species. The horizontal axis represents genome size, while the vertical axis denotes sequence similarity ranging from 50% to 100%. Coding regions, non-coding regions, and tRNA or rRNA genes are distinguished in the graph using different colors, figureFileSmall=NRaF4CUkTQ8GHPwYGVD//g==, figureFileBig=ucKiQcSF2OEyIyJvpjx9Bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670496247940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YJSNTMwSfyhz+Up8TH+EaA==, figureFileBig=yUBv5NoCPH+tV9Zg1KXamw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670550773893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Nucleotide diversity of the five Chaenomeles species chloroplast genomes. Window length: 600 bp; Step size: 200 bp. Pi: Nucleotide diversity, figureFileSmall=YJSNTMwSfyhz+Up8TH+EaA==, figureFileBig=yUBv5NoCPH+tV9Zg1KXamw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670617882758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UJuZZjNu6vGyvVWlva9pUA==, figureFileBig=ajWNg2/uFv5OrnfdCRAkDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670680797319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Boundary comparison of IR and SC regions of chloroplast genomes in five Chaenomeles species. Gene names and their sequence lengths are displayed in boxes and above the boxes, respectively. JLB: LSC/IRb boundary; JSB: IRb/SSC boundary; JSA: SSC/IRa boundary; JLA: IRa/LSC boundary, figureFileSmall=UJuZZjNu6vGyvVWlva9pUA==, figureFileBig=ajWNg2/uFv5OrnfdCRAkDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670743711880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yfuIbTJYpeOW+X3drYa2Eg==, figureFileBig=xXlNrdAqIOVM1oke++aRIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670810820745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Phylogenetic tree based on common genes of the 13 complete chloroplast genomes using maximum likelihood (ML), figureFileSmall=yfuIbTJYpeOW+X3drYa2Eg==, figureFileBig=xXlNrdAqIOVM1oke++aRIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842670882123914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Category | Gene group | Gene name | Number |
| Photosynthesis | Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ | psaA, psaB, psaC, psaJ, psaI | 5 |
| Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ | psbA, psbK, psbI, psbM, psbD, psbC, psbZ, psbJ, psbF, psbE, psbB, psbT, psbN, psbH | 14 |
| Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase | ndhJ, ndhK, ndhC, ndhB(2)#, ndhF, ndhD, ndhE, ndhG, ndhI, ndhA#, ndhH | 12 |
| Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex | petN, petA, petL, petG, petB#, petD# | 6 |
| Large subunit of rubisco | rbcL | 1 |
| Subunits of ATP synthase | atpA, atpF#, atpH, atpI, atpE, atpB | 6 |
| Self-replication | Proteins of large ribosomal subunit | rpl33, rpl20, rpl36, rpl14, rpl16#, rpl22, rpl2(2)#, rpl23(2), rpl32 | 11 |
| Proteins of small ribosomal subunit | rps12(2)##, rps16#, rps2, rps14, rps4, rps18, rps11, rps8, rps3, rps19, rps7(2), rps15 | 14 |
| Subunits of RNA polymerase | rpoC2, rpoC1#, rpoB, rpoA | 4 |
| Ribosomal RNAs | rrn16S(2), rrn23S(2), rrn4.5S(2), rrn5S(2) | 8 |
| Transfer RNAs | trnH-GUG, trnK-UUU#, trnQ-UUG, trnS-GCU(2), trnR-UCU, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC, trnT-GGU, trnS-UGA, trnG-GCC, trnfM-CAU, trnT-UGU, trnL-UAA#, trnF-GAA, trnV-UAC#, trnM-CAU, trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, trnI-CAU(2), trnL-CAA(2), trnV-GAC(2), trnI-GAU(2)#, trnA-UGC(2)#, trnR-ACG(2), trnN-GUU(2) | 35 |
| Other genes | Maturase | matK | 1 |
| Protease | clpP## | 1 |
| Envelope membrane protein | cemA | 1 |
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase | accD | 1 |
| c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene | ccsA | 1 |
| Conserved open reading frames | ycf3##, ycf4, ycf2(2), ycf1 | 5 |
| Total | | | 126 |
), ArticleFig(id=1308842670945038475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842661788872759, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Annotation information of the chloroplast genome of Chaenomeles speciosa. (2): Copy Number; #: One intron; ##: Two introns
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Category | Gene group | Gene name | Number |
| Photosynthesis | Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ | psaA, psaB, psaC, psaJ, psaI | 5 |
| Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ | psbA, psbK, psbI, psbM, psbD, psbC, psbZ, psbJ, psbF, psbE, psbB, psbT, psbN, psbH | 14 |
| Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase | ndhJ, ndhK, ndhC, ndhB(2)#, ndhF, ndhD, ndhE, ndhG, ndhI, ndhA#, ndhH | 12 |
| Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex | petN, petA, petL, petG, petB#, petD# | 6 |
| Large subunit of rubisco | rbcL | 1 |
| Subunits of ATP synthase | atpA, atpF#, atpH, atpI, atpE, atpB | 6 |
| Self-replication | Proteins of large ribosomal subunit | rpl33, rpl20, rpl36, rpl14, rpl16#, rpl22, rpl2(2)#, rpl23(2), rpl32 | 11 |
| Proteins of small ribosomal subunit | rps12(2)##, rps16#, rps2, rps14, rps4, rps18, rps11, rps8, rps3, rps19, rps7(2), rps15 | 14 |
| Subunits of RNA polymerase | rpoC2, rpoC1#, rpoB, rpoA | 4 |
| Ribosomal RNAs | rrn16S(2), rrn23S(2), rrn4.5S(2), rrn5S(2) | 8 |
| Transfer RNAs | trnH-GUG, trnK-UUU#, trnQ-UUG, trnS-GCU(2), trnR-UCU, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC, trnT-GGU, trnS-UGA, trnG-GCC, trnfM-CAU, trnT-UGU, trnL-UAA#, trnF-GAA, trnV-UAC#, trnM-CAU, trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, trnI-CAU(2), trnL-CAA(2), trnV-GAC(2), trnI-GAU(2)#, trnA-UGC(2)#, trnR-ACG(2), trnN-GUU(2) | 35 |
| Other genes | Maturase | matK | 1 |
| Protease | clpP## | 1 |
| Envelope membrane protein | cemA | 1 |
| Acetyl-CoA carboxylase | accD | 1 |
| c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene | ccsA | 1 |
| Conserved open reading frames | ycf3##, ycf4, ycf2(2), ycf1 | 5 |
| Total | | | 126 |
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