Article(id=1308842652452352998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0271, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773158400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-11, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789982005465, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789982005465, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789982005465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789982005465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3199, endPage=3206, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842652645290983, articleId=1308842652452352998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal dynamics of hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hyperforin is a key pharmacologically active constituent responsible for the antidepressant and other therapeutic effects of Hypericum perforatum. However, its content within medicinal materials varies significantly according to the harvest season and the plant organ, leading to inconsistencies in drug quality. To elucidate the dynamic patterns of hyperforin biosynthesis, this study systematically analyzed the accumulation of hyperforin and the expression levels of key biosynthetic genes in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of H. perforatum collected across different seasons. The results revealed that hyperforin accumulation exhibits distinct seasonal fluctuations and tissue specificity, following the order of flower > leaf > stem > root. Notably, the hyperforin content in leaves reached its peak in the second season. The expression patterns of key biosynthetic genes (e.g., HpPKS, HpPT1-4) were inconsistent with the accumulation trends of the final product in terms of both temporal (seasonal) and spatial (tissue) dynamics. Gene expression was predominantly active during the first season and was significantly high in roots, where hyperforin content was the lowest. These findings suggest that the regulation of hyperforin biosynthesis involves complex multi-level mechanisms, with an asynchronous regulatory relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of the final product. By dissecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of hyperforin biosynthesis from both the perspectives of metabolite accumulation and gene expression, this study not only provides a theoretical basis for further research into its regulatory mechanisms but also offers valuable insights for the quality control, metabolic regulation, variety breeding, and the development of science-based cultivation and harvesting strategies of H. perforatum.

, authors=Si-qi WU, Jia-yi REN, Jin-yong WANG, Bei-lei YU, Jun-gui DAI*, Ri-dao CHEN*, authorsList=Si-qi WU, Jia-yi REN, Jin-yong WANG, Bei-lei YU, Jun-gui DAI, Ri-dao CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-gui DAI, Ri-dao CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842653433820142, articleId=1308842652452352998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=贯叶金丝桃活性成分贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态变化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

贯叶金丝桃素是贯叶金丝桃发挥抗抑郁等药理活性的关键成分, 然而其在药材中的含量易受采收季节和用药部位的影响, 导致药材质量波动较大。为探究贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的动态规律, 本研究系统分析了不同季节采集的贯叶金丝桃根、茎、叶、花四种部位中贯叶金丝桃素的含量以及贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键酶基因的表达情况。结果表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的积累具有显著的季节波动性和组织特异性, 整体表现为花 > 叶 > 茎 > 根; 其中叶中的含量于第二季度达到峰值。关键生物合成基因(HpPKS、HpPT1~4等) 的表达强度与产物积累趋势在时间(不同季节) 和空间(不同部位) 上并不一致, 基因的活跃表达主要在第一季度, 且在贯叶金丝桃素含量最低的根部显著高表达, 提示该化合物的生物合成调控可能涉及复杂的多重环节, 基因表达与最终产物积累之间存在非同步的调控关系。本研究从产物积累和基因表达两个维度解析了贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空变化特征, 不仅为其合成调控机制的深入研究奠定了理论基础, 也为贯叶金丝桃药材的质量控制、代谢调控、品种选育及科学栽培与采收策略的制定提供了重要依据。

, authors=吴思琪, 任佳仪, 王靳勇, 俞蓓蕾, 戴均贵*, 陈日道*, authorsList=吴思琪, 任佳仪, 王靳勇, 俞蓓蕾, 戴均贵, 陈日道, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=戴均贵, 陈日道, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

吴思琪和任佳仪负责贯叶金丝桃样品的ITS鉴定、贯叶金丝桃素含量测定、数据分析和论文撰写; 王靳勇和吴思琪负责转录组数据的分析; 俞蓓蕾和吴思琪负责贯叶金丝桃样品的收集; 戴均贵和陈日道负责研究方案设计、实验指导、论文撰写与修改。所有作者参与论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
戴均贵, E-mail:
陈日道, E-mail:
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A: A whole H. perforatum plant, showing leaves, stems and roots; B: Comparison of hyperforin content in leaves (L) and stems (S) of plants collected from different geographic origins during the second season; C: Accumulation dynamics of hyperforin in roots (R), stems (S), leaves (L), and flowers (F) of plants from Enshi across different seasons (seasons 1-4). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n ≥ 3). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. ns: Not significant; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. 1-4: Season 1 to 4; ES: Enshi; CQ: Chongqing; YC: Yichang; BJ: Bijie; F: Flower; L: Leaf; S: Stem; R: Root, figureFileSmall=Ue3LhQS7mI0WCt6La18qgQ==, figureFileBig=dAkrYxWhACdhuvQpgrbsHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842657808478235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842652452352998, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pn4hDSRh3ZRf0arAR/WjyA==, figureFileBig=IiMJ/Vj60/of9Il18MOgzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842657867198492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842652452352998, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Overview of the full-length transcriptome sequencing data of H. perforatum. 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A: Expression profiles of key genes in the hyperforin biosynthetic pathway in leaves across four seasons (Q1-4), with samples collected from Enshi. BCKDHA, branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase; B: Expression profiles of key genes in the hyperforin biosynthetic pathway in roots, stems, leaves and flowers during the third growing season. 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贯叶金丝桃活性成分贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态变化
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吴思琪 , 任佳仪 , 王靳勇 , 俞蓓蕾 , 戴均贵 * , 陈日道 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3199-3206
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3199 -3206
贯叶金丝桃活性成分贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态变化
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吴思琪, 任佳仪, 王靳勇, 俞蓓蕾, 戴均贵* , 陈日道*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 国家卫生健康委员会天然药物生物合成重点实验室, 中国医学科学院酶与天然药物生物催化重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
戴均贵, E-mail:
陈日道, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

吴思琪和任佳仪负责贯叶金丝桃样品的ITS鉴定、贯叶金丝桃素含量测定、数据分析和论文撰写; 王靳勇和吴思琪负责转录组数据的分析; 俞蓓蕾和吴思琪负责贯叶金丝桃样品的收集; 戴均贵和陈日道负责研究方案设计、实验指导、论文撰写与修改。所有作者参与论文修改。

Spatio-temporal dynamics of hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum
Si-qi WU, Jia-yi REN, Jin-yong WANG, Bei-lei YU, Jun-gui DAI* , Ri-dao CHEN*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products, CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0271
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贯叶金丝桃素是贯叶金丝桃发挥抗抑郁等药理活性的关键成分, 然而其在药材中的含量易受采收季节和用药部位的影响, 导致药材质量波动较大。为探究贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的动态规律, 本研究系统分析了不同季节采集的贯叶金丝桃根、茎、叶、花四种部位中贯叶金丝桃素的含量以及贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键酶基因的表达情况。结果表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的积累具有显著的季节波动性和组织特异性, 整体表现为花 > 叶 > 茎 > 根; 其中叶中的含量于第二季度达到峰值。关键生物合成基因(HpPKS、HpPT1~4等) 的表达强度与产物积累趋势在时间(不同季节) 和空间(不同部位) 上并不一致, 基因的活跃表达主要在第一季度, 且在贯叶金丝桃素含量最低的根部显著高表达, 提示该化合物的生物合成调控可能涉及复杂的多重环节, 基因表达与最终产物积累之间存在非同步的调控关系。本研究从产物积累和基因表达两个维度解析了贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空变化特征, 不仅为其合成调控机制的深入研究奠定了理论基础, 也为贯叶金丝桃药材的质量控制、代谢调控、品种选育及科学栽培与采收策略的制定提供了重要依据。

贯叶金丝桃  /  贯叶金丝桃素  /  生物合成  /  时空动态  /  转录组

Hyperforin is a key pharmacologically active constituent responsible for the antidepressant and other therapeutic effects of Hypericum perforatum. However, its content within medicinal materials varies significantly according to the harvest season and the plant organ, leading to inconsistencies in drug quality. To elucidate the dynamic patterns of hyperforin biosynthesis, this study systematically analyzed the accumulation of hyperforin and the expression levels of key biosynthetic genes in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of H. perforatum collected across different seasons. The results revealed that hyperforin accumulation exhibits distinct seasonal fluctuations and tissue specificity, following the order of flower > leaf > stem > root. Notably, the hyperforin content in leaves reached its peak in the second season. The expression patterns of key biosynthetic genes (e.g., HpPKS, HpPT1-4) were inconsistent with the accumulation trends of the final product in terms of both temporal (seasonal) and spatial (tissue) dynamics. Gene expression was predominantly active during the first season and was significantly high in roots, where hyperforin content was the lowest. These findings suggest that the regulation of hyperforin biosynthesis involves complex multi-level mechanisms, with an asynchronous regulatory relationship between gene expression and the accumulation of the final product. By dissecting the spatiotemporal characteristics of hyperforin biosynthesis from both the perspectives of metabolite accumulation and gene expression, this study not only provides a theoretical basis for further research into its regulatory mechanisms but also offers valuable insights for the quality control, metabolic regulation, variety breeding, and the development of science-based cultivation and harvesting strategies of H. perforatum.

Hypericum perforatum  /  hyperforin  /  biosynthesis  /  spatiotemporal dynamics  /  transcriptome
吴思琪, 任佳仪, 王靳勇, 俞蓓蕾, 戴均贵, 陈日道. 贯叶金丝桃活性成分贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态变化. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3199 -3206 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0271
Si-qi WU, Jia-yi REN, Jin-yong WANG, Bei-lei YU, Jun-gui DAI, Ri-dao CHEN. Spatio-temporal dynamics of hyperforin in Hypericum perforatum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3199 -3206 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0271
贯叶金丝桃(Hypericum perforatum L.), 别名贯叶连翘、千层楼、圣约翰草(St. John's wort) 等, 属金丝桃科金丝桃属植物, 在我国河北、山西、陕西、湖北、贵州、四川、新疆等地均有分布。作为传统中草药, 贯叶金丝桃具有疏肝解郁、清热利湿、消肿通乳的功效[1], 是中成药舒肝解郁胶囊的原药材之一。同时, 贯叶金丝桃的标准化提取物在欧美等国家被广泛用于产后抑郁以及其他原因引起的轻到中度抑郁症的辅助治疗[2, 3], 相关产品全球年销售额超过60亿美元, 拥有广阔的市场需求。
贯叶金丝桃富含多异戊烯基酰基间苯三酚(PPAPs)、萘骈二蒽酮及黄酮等多种活性成分[4], 其中, PPAPs类化合物贯叶金丝桃素(hyperforin) 是贯叶金丝桃发挥抗抑郁作用的关键活性成分之一, 并兼具抗炎、神经保护、抗菌等多种药理活性, 药物开发潜力巨大[5]。然而, 该成分在不同批次药材中的含量波动显著, 受产地、气候、采收季节及用药部位的影响, 药材质量稳定性较差, 严重制约了其临床疗效的稳定发挥与资源的可持续利用[6]。研究表明, 光照、温度和土壤等环境因子均可显著调控贯叶金丝桃素的积累, 其调控效应复杂。例如, 栽培研究表明贯叶金丝桃素的积累偏好低温(19 ℃) 与弱光条件[7]; 而同时有研究表明高温(35 ℃) 条件在抑制光合作用的同时, 却能使叶片总过氧化物酶活性升高从而提升地上部分贯叶金丝桃素的含量[8]; 单次短时(40 min) UV-B辐照可在短期内显著诱导贯叶金丝桃素的积累, 但效应具有时效性[9]; 此外, 氮营养形态与浓度显著影响贯叶金丝桃素的积累, 硝酸盐缺乏会导致其含量显著下降[10]。生态建模研究进一步从宏观尺度证实, 物候阶段、海拔梯度、土壤有机碳含量及总氮含量是调控贯叶金丝桃素积累的关键生态因子, 且与含量呈显著正相关[11], 凸显了环境因子在其时空动态中的系统性作用。同时, 在离体培养体系中添加植物生长激素(如2, 4-D与激动素) 联合Fe3O4纳米颗粒的组合可显著提升贯叶金丝桃素含量[12]。这些研究共同表明, 贯叶金丝桃中贯叶金丝桃素的合成与分布, 受到自身遗传背景与多种环境因子的协同调控。
近年来, 贯叶金丝桃素的生物合成途径已基本阐明。其合成主要涉及三个代谢模块, 包括由聚酮途径从缬氨酸合成母核异丁酰基间苯三酚(PIBP)[13]、经甲基赤藓糖醇磷酸(MEP) 途径提供异戊二烯单元, 以及通过UbiA家族异戊烯基转移酶(HpPT1~4) 催化复杂骨架形成的关键异戊烯基化与环化步骤[14]。有研究表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的生物合成基因受到生物与非生物因素的多层次调控, 例如, 上游合成基因HpPKS1的表达受生物胁迫和组织微环境的影响: 在农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) 侵染条件下其表达显著抑制, 并在暗腺体组织中表达量低于无腺体组织[15]。贯叶金丝桃以夏、秋两季开花时采割的干燥地上部分入药[1], 由于不同采收季节及用药部位中贯叶金丝桃素的含量存在差异, 直接影响了药材的质量稳定性, 因此, 揭示其生物合成在时间和空间尺度上的变化机制具有重要意义。然而, 目前关于贯叶金丝桃素生物合成途径中关键酶基因在不同生长季节和组织部位的差异表达, 是否与该成分的“时-空”特异性积累直接相关, 尚缺乏系统研究。
为了从分子层面揭示贯叶金丝桃素积累时空变化的分子机制, 本研究通过对不同季节采集的贯叶金丝桃的根、茎、叶、花中的贯叶金丝桃素含量进行测定, 进一步通过转录组测序分析系统揭示贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键基因在植物不同部位的表达时序与组织特异性, 阐明基因表达动态与产物积累之间的联系, 以期为该药材的科学种植采收、质量控制和药用开发提供理论依据。
植物材料  实验所用贯叶金丝桃采集自湖北省恩施市、贵州省毕节市、湖北省宜昌市和重庆市等地区, 结合形态学和基因条形码技术进行品种鉴定。分别于一季度(3月)、二季度(6月)、三季度(9月)、四季度(12月) 采集不同产地贯叶金丝桃的根、茎、叶、花(三季度) 新鲜样品, 液氮速冻后置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存, 用于后续含量测定及转录组测序分析。每组样品采集均来源自不少于5株植物的生物学重复样本。
实验仪器与试剂  高效液相色谱仪(戴安UltiMate3000, 美国Thermo Scientific公司); 转录组测序(DNBSEQ测序平台, 华大基因公司); 梯度PCR仪(Mastercycler® Nexus, 德国Eppendorf公司); 电泳仪(DYY-6C)、电泳槽(DYCP-31DN), 北京六一仪器厂; 通用型植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒、克隆载体(pEASY®-Blunt), 北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司; 琼脂糖凝胶DNA回收试剂盒(FastPure, 南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司); PCR酶[KOD OneTM PCR Master Mix, 东洋纺(上海) 生物科技有限公司]; 引物合成和DNA测序由北京擎科新业生物技术有限公司完成。乙腈为高纯HPLC级(上海星可高纯溶剂有限公司), 实验用水为屈臣氏蒸馏水。贯叶金丝桃素对照品购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司(纯度≥ 95%)。
ITS鉴定  将-80 ℃冻存的贯叶金丝桃样品进行冷冻干燥后研磨成粉末, 采用通用型植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取总DNA。分别使用植物ITS2区通用引物对(ITS2F: 5′-ATGCGATACTTGGTGTGAAT-3′; ITS3R: 5′-GACGCTTCTCCAGACTACAAT-3′) 和psbA-trnH区通用引物对(F: 5′-GTTATGCATGAACGTAAT GCTC-3′; R: 5′-CGCGCATGGTG-GATTCACAATCC- 3′) 进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系在200 μL EP (Eppendorf) 管中进行, 反应总体积为30 μL, 反应体系包括: KOD One™ PCR Master Mix 15 μL, 正向引物0.45 μL (10 μmol·L-1), 反向引物0.45 μL (10 μmol·L-1), 贯叶金丝桃总DNA 1 μL (100 ng), ddH2O 13.1 μL。PCR反应程序为98 ℃预变性1 min, 循环反应(98 ℃ 10 s, 57 ℃ 5 s, 68 ℃ 10 s) 40次, 68 ℃延伸2 min。
采用FastPure胶回收试剂盒回收PCR产物片段, 与pEASY®-Blunt克隆载体连接, 转化DH5α感受态细胞, 经菌落PCR筛选后挑选阳性转化子进行DNA测序。采用BioEdit软件对所得序列进行校对, 去除引物区, 得到ITS2和psbA-trnH序列, 提交中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统(http://www.tcmbarcode.cn) 进行序列分析。
贯叶金丝桃素的含量测定  精密称取贯叶金丝桃干燥粉末50 mg, 加入1 mL甲醇溶液涡旋混匀, 超声提取40 min, 20 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清液进行HPLC分析。通过外标法计算样品中贯叶金丝桃素的含量, 结果以毫克每克干重(mg·g-1) 表示。采用戴安UltiMate3000高效液相色谱仪进行HPLC分析, 色谱柱为Capcell Pak C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为0.08%三氟乙酸水(A) 和添加0.08%三氟乙酸的乙腈(B), 梯度洗脱程序: 0~9 min, 40%~88% B; 9~29 min, 88%~91% B; 29~30 min, 91%~100% B; 30~35 min, 100% B。流速: 1 mL·min-1, 柱温: 35 ℃, 进样量: 10 μL。
转录组测序与生物信息学分析  将贯叶金丝桃不同产地/不同季节/不同部位的组织样本进行转录组测序(委托华大基因公司进行)。提取各部位组织的总RNA, 分别对总RNA进行富集和反转录等处理并构建单链环状DNA文库, 然后利用DNBSEQ平台进行测序。将获得的数据过滤掉低质量、接头污染以及未知碱基N含量过高的reads, 得到clean reads。然后对clean reads进行组装得到Unigene, 将Unigene进行功能注释后在All-Unigene的基础上计算基因表达水平指标FPKM (fragments per kilobase of exon model per million mapped fragments)。利用NR、NT、KOG、KEGG和GO等数据库对组装所得序列进行注释, 利用基因FPKM进行基因表达分析。
贯叶金丝桃素生物合成相关基因筛选与表达分析  基于已报道的贯叶金丝桃素完整生物合成途径, 选取贯叶金丝桃生物合成关键酶基因作为表达分析的目标基因。使用BioEdit软件进行序列比对和确认。将基因表达矩阵和待分析基因名称文件导入R语言(4.3版本), 使用pheatmap包生成基因表达热图。
统计学分析  用GraphPad Prism 9.5进行数据可视化处理, 所有代谢物含量与基因表达数据均以mean ± SD表示, 两组样本间通过双尾非配对t检验进行比较, 多组样本间通过单因素方差分析进行比较, P < 0.05表示具有统计学差异。
不同产地来源的贯叶金丝桃植物可能存在种内遗传差异, 同时也可能存在多种混伪品。通过基因条形码序列可对贯叶金丝桃进行准确鉴定[16]。本研究首先提取了不同产地贯叶金丝桃样品的基因组DNA, 进而通过PCR扩增了其中的ITS2区和psbA-trnH区基因片段。贯叶金丝桃基因组DNA经ITS2区通用引物PCR扩增后电泳检测得到约为500 bp大小的片段, 经psbA-trnH区通用引物PCR扩增后得到约为600 bp大小的片段。胶回收DNA片段, 与克隆载体连接后转化DH5α感受态细胞并进行测序分析。将获得的序列提交到中药材DNA条形码鉴定系统(http://www.tcmbarcode.cn) 进行序列分析, 鉴定结果显示提交序列与Hypericum perforatum (贯叶金丝桃) 的序列相似性为100.0%, 采集样品均为贯叶金丝桃。
为系统揭示贯叶金丝桃素的积累规律, 本研究通过高效液相色谱法对不同季节、不同产地来源的贯叶金丝桃根、茎、叶、花等组织中的贯叶金丝桃素含量进行了测定。结果表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的积累具有显著的组织分布差异和季节性波动, 并且同一生长期的不同产地来源的组织样品中贯叶金丝桃素的含量也存在明显差异(图1)。
鉴于贯叶金丝桃的药用部位主要为地上部分[2], 本研究首先比较了第二季度(主要营养生长期) 采集自恩施(ES)、重庆(CQ)、宜昌(YC) 和毕节(BJ) 四个产地的贯叶金丝桃植株叶片与茎中贯叶金丝桃素的含量。HPLC定量分析显示, 在叶片组织样品中(图1B), 恩施和重庆来源样品的贯叶金丝桃素含量相当(分别为27.44 ± 1.57和26.30 ± 7.46 mg·g-1), 且显著高于宜昌(18.13 ± 0.56 mg·g-1, P < 0.001) 和毕节(21.40 ± 1.12 mg·g-1, P < 0.01) 产地的样品。在茎组织样品中(图1B), 贯叶金丝桃素的含量普遍较低, 约为叶片含量的3%。其中, 恩施产地茎中的含量较高, 为0.89 ± 0.18 mg·g-1, 且与重庆产地样品存在显著差异(0.25 ± 0.12 mg·g-1, P < 0.01)。在第二季度采集地上部分样品中, 产自湖北恩施的贯叶金丝桃的贯叶金丝桃素含量在本研究检测的四个产地来源的样品中为最高。
为深入探究贯叶金丝桃素在植株体内的时-空分布模式, 我们进一步测定了恩施产地不同季度根、茎、叶和花组织中的含量。结果表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的积累在不同季节存在明显的波动, 且其积累呈现明显的部位差异: 花 > 叶 > 茎 > 根。主要积累器官(叶片) 中贯叶金丝桃素的含量在二季度达到全年峰值, 并显著高于第三、第四季度(P < 0.01)。值得指出的是, 贯叶金丝桃素在第三季度(盛花期) 花中大量富集, 达71.08 ± 8.11 mg·g-1, 但同时期叶中含量较第二季度有所下降, 茎中含量无显著差异(图1C)。总的来说, 第二、三季度为贯叶金丝桃的最佳采收期, 第三季度采集的花中贯叶金丝桃素含量较高, 但也需注意花在贯叶金丝桃药材中所占干重比例较小, 且在采收和运输过程中贯叶金丝桃的花和叶容易脱落损失[17], 因此在制定采收策略时, 应综合权衡上述多种因素的影响。
从时间动态看, 叶片中的积累高峰出现在第二季度, 这表明贯叶金丝桃素在叶片中的大量积累发生在植株由营养生长向生殖生长过渡的关键阶段, 其积累高峰出现于开花期(第三季度) 之前。这种时序差异提示, 叶片可能率先启动合成或在生长季早期进行中间产物的积累, 为花期在花中的爆发式富集提供前体或进行转运。这一过程很可能受到温度、光照等季节性环境因子的精密调控[7-9]。
从贯叶金丝桃素的空间组织分布差异来看, 除花外, 叶片作为贯叶金丝桃整个生长周期中的主要积累部位, 其较高积累水平可能与两方面有关: 其一, 叶片是光合碳固定的主要场所, 为贯叶金丝桃素骨架合成提供充足的异戊烯基前体; 其二, 氮素同化与代谢在叶片中最为活跃, 而氮营养已被证实是正向调控贯叶金丝桃积累的关键因子[10, 11]。
上述研究表明, 贯叶金丝桃素的积累存在明显的时-空分布差异。在空间上, 其优先富集于花和叶中; 在时间上, 叶片中的积累高峰出现在第二季度。为了从基因水平解析贯叶金丝桃素动态积累的分子机制, 本研究使用DNBSEQ平台对采集自恩施(ES) 和毕节(BJ) 两个产地的共31个样品进行了转录组测序。
如图2A所示, 使用单拷贝直系同源数据库BUSCO对组装的转录本进行质量评估, 通过与保守基因进行比较显示转录组组装的完整性较好。使用TransDecoder软件识别Unigene中可能的编码区域, 提取最长的开放阅读框, 然后通过Blast比对SwissProt数据库和使用Hmmscan搜索Pfam数据库预测蛋白编码区域(CDS)。预测的完整CDS长度分布在0~5 000 bp (图2B), 其中500~1 000 bp的片段数量最多。利用NR、NT、KOG、KEGG和GO等数据库对转录本进行功能注释, 其中在NR和GO数据库中检索到的转录本数量最多(60 361个和55 834个); 在KEGG数据库中检索到的转录本最少(23 942个), 见图2C。在GO数据库中贯叶金丝桃所有转录本被聚类为生物过程(biological process)、细胞组分(cellular component) 和分子功能(molecular function) 3个主要类别(图2D)。生物过程类别的转录本主要涉及细胞过程和代谢过程; 细胞组分类别的转录本主要涉及细胞、细胞部分、细胞器; 分子功能类别的转录本主要富集在结合和催化活性。通过对两个产地31个样品中所有转录本的FPKM区间(FPKM ≤ 1、FPKM 1~10、FPKM ≥ 10) 进行统计, 结果表明不同样品的基因表达量分布相似, 表达模式相对稳定(图2E)。
贯叶金丝桃素的生物合成杂合了植物聚酮途径(PKS) 和2-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸途径(MEP), 该合成过程始于上游模块生物合成酶(HpBCKDHA、HpCCL及HpPKS) 催化形成前体异丁酰基间苯三酚(PIBP), 继而下游由4个特异性UbiA家族异戊烯基转移酶HpPT1~4接受MEP途径来源的异戊烯基供体DMAPP和GPP, 依次催化PIBP的异戊烯基化及环化反应, 最终形成贯叶金丝桃素[14] (图3A)。
结合四个季度恩施产地样本的转录组数据, 我们对贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键基因在不同季节的表达情况进行了系统分析(图3A)。结果显示, 上游基因HpBCKDHA、HpPKS与下游的HpPT1~4均在第一季度表达最为活跃, 达到峰值; 而HpCCL1~2的表达高峰则出现在第四季度。值得注意的是, 尽管HpBCKDHA、HpPKS与HpPT1~4等核心合成基因在第一季度便已高度表达, 但贯叶金丝桃素在主要积累部位——叶片中的积累峰值出现在第二季度(图1C), 呈现出明显的时滞现象, 基因表达与产物积累趋势并不一致。
为进一步从基因水平探究贯叶金丝桃素在植株不同部位的生物合成差异, 本研究分析了第三季度采集自恩施的根、茎、叶、花样品中的贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键酶基因的表达情况。结果显示, 贯叶金丝桃素生物合成途径的上游关键酶基因(包括HpBCKDHA、HpCCL、HpPKS) 在根部呈现出全局性的高表达模式(图3B)。该表达特征与Wu等[13]的分析结果一致, 其报道贯叶金丝桃素生物合成前体PIBP的生物合成基因簇(BGC1) 在根中具有组成性高表达, 并于根组织中检测到核心前体PIBP的特异性积累。本研究进一步发现, 催化下游反应的异戊烯基转移酶基因(HpPT1~4) 同样在根部表达最为活跃; 然而, 贯叶金丝桃素在根部的积累水平却显著低于叶片和茎等其他部位。这一结果表明, 贯叶金丝桃素在植物体内可能存在器官间的运输与差异储存, 其具体机制尚待进一步深入研究。
贯叶金丝桃素是贯叶金丝桃发挥抗抑郁等药理活性的关键成分, 然而该化合物在植物中的含量因生长季节和组织部位不同而存在显著差异, 制约了其药材及相关制剂的质量均一性与疗效稳定性。本研究测定了不同季节贯叶金丝桃各部位中贯叶金丝桃素的含量, 发现其积累具有明显的季节波动性和组织特异性: 各部位含量排序为花 > 叶 > 茎 > 根, 且叶中含量在第二季度达到最高。在此基础上, 进一步通过分析生物合成关键酶基因的表达, 从基因水平揭示了贯叶金丝桃素动态积累的分子机制。值得注意的是, 贯叶金丝桃素生物合成关键酶基因(尤其是异戊烯基转移酶基因HpPT1~4) 在基因组中存在多个序列高度相似但功能分化的同源序列[14], 这使得设计能够特异性结合目标基因且避免交叉扩增的qPCR引物面临较大困难, 通过qPCR方式进行基因表达分析极易导致分析结果失真, 从而掩盖真实的基因表达差异。因此, 本研究采用转录组深度测序分析, 以FPKM值直接定量各基因的独立转录本, 有效避免了交叉干扰, 确保了表达分析的可靠性。结果发现, 关键生物合成基因(如HpPKS、HpPT1~4) 的表达水平与产物积累趋势在时间(季节) 和空间(组织) 维度上并不一致。
已有研究指出, 植物次生代谢产物的积累受环境因素(包括生物和非生物胁迫) 以及内部信号(植物激素等) 与转录调控网络(包括转录因子) 的影响[18, 19]。近年来, 转录因子网络对植物次生代谢产物积累的影响尤其受到关注[20], 研究表明, 在花青素与生物碱等次生代谢产物的合成中, MYB、bHLH、WRKY等转录因子常形成级联或反馈调节环路, 导致基因表达提前于代谢物积累[19]。蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula) 转录因子MYB2通过反馈调节环路控制花青素与原花青素在种子和花器官中的积累区域与起始时序[21]; 长春花(Catharanthus roseus) 中miR156a/SPLs形成的miRNA-转录因子级联网络通过时序性调控下游合成基因的表达, 控制长春碱的生物合成与积累动态[22]; 丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) 中SmPAL1-SmRCA蛋白互作模块通过调控苯丙氨酸代谢流, 决定酚酸与萜类的代谢流向分配[23]。这些研究共同揭示了转录因子网络通过提前激活或抑制合成基因的表达, 从而调控代谢产物时序积累的普遍调控机制。在贯叶金丝桃中已鉴定有多个具有胁迫响应与组织特异性的HpWRKY成员[24], 可能是潜在的早期调控候选因子。此外, 转录后调控因子、翻译后修饰、生物合成前体与辅因子的供应、产物跨细胞运输与区室化储存等过程, 以及光照、温度等环境因子对上述环节的调控, 都可能共同影响最终产物的积累[7-12]。因此, 贯叶金丝桃素生物合成基因表达与产物积累趋势不一致的现象可能是因为基因表达调控与最终产物的积累之间存在复杂的多重调控环节协同作用的结果。
综上所述, 本研究通过系统测定不同季节贯叶金丝桃各部位中贯叶金丝桃素的含量, 并结合其生物合成关键酶基因的表达分析, 系统解析了贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态变化规律, 明确了关键生物合成基因的表达与产物积累在季节变化中存在不一致性。研究结果为深入理解贯叶金丝桃素生物合成的时空动态机制提供了科学依据, 也为该药材的质量控制、基于生物合成途径的代谢调控、优良品种选育, 以及栽培管理和精准采收策略的制定, 提供了重要的理论支撑。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0271
  • 接收时间:2026-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-11
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 国家卫生健康委员会天然药物生物合成重点实验室, 中国医学科学院酶与天然药物生物催化重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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