Article(id=1308842594378019312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0259, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1773072000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-10, revisedDate=1776873600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981991618, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981991618, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981991618, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981991618, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3056, endPage=3064, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842594604511729, articleId=1308842594378019312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparison of HSV-1 full-cycle models of "primary infection-latency-reactivation" established by corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation and analysis of their potential application advantages in traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that establishes latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia following primary infection. Its reactivation can be triggered by both internal and external factors, including heat stress, emotional stress, excessive consumption of warm-natured foods, and the administration of tonic and warming traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The fire-heat symptoms in the upper facial region induced by HSV-1 reactivation are consistent with the "Shanghuo" syndrome described in TCM. In this study, HSV-1 infection models established by corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation were systematically compared. Dynamic changes throughout the entire "primary infection-latency-reactivation" cycle were monitored using multiple parameters, including mortality, body weight, ocular manifestations, viral glycoprotein B (gB) mRNA expression, and restless behavior. This study aimed to provide a basis for model selection in investigating the biological mechanisms underlying TCM "Shanghuo" and for screening anti-HSV-1 therapeutics. The results showed that during the primary infection phase (0-14 d), mice in both groups exhibited body weight loss and ocular surface inflammation, with an earlier onset (3 d vs 5 d) and more severe ocular damage observed in the corneal scarification group. During the latency phase (28 days post-infection), latency-associated transcript (LAT) was detected in the trigeminal ganglia in both groups, with a higher latency rate in the corneal scarification group (100% vs 87.5%). Following heat stress-induced reactivation, the intranasal inoculation group exhibited a significantly higher reactivation rate (85.7% vs 66.6%), more pronounced restless behavior, and elevated levels of gB mRNA expression and viral titers in brain tissue compared with the corneal scarification group. In conclusion, both corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation successfully establish HSV-1 models encompassing the full cycle of primary infection, latency, and reactivation. Dynamic monitoring of infection stages can be achieved by detecting gB mRNA in eye wash fluid. The corneal scarification model, characterized by a high latency rate and prominent ocular manifestations, is suitable for studies of viral keratitis and related therapeutic evaluation. In contrast, the intranasal inoculation model, with a higher reactivation rate and marked restless behavior, exhibits similarities to the restless manifestations of the TCM "Shanghuo" heat pattern, suggesting its potential utility in evaluating the efficacy of heat-clearing TCMs. Animal experiments conducted in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan University (approval No. IACUC-20260311-06).

, authors=Ling-zhi REN1, Mei-qi HUANG1, Kurihara HIROSHI1, Jie NIU1, 2, *, Yi-fang LI1, *, Rong-rong HE1, authorsList=Ling-zhi REN, Mei-qi HUANG, Kurihara HIROSHI, Jie NIU, Yi-fang LI, Rong-rong HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie NIU, Yi-fang LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842597532135932, articleId=1308842594378019312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=角膜划线与滴鼻感染两种途径构建HSV-1“感染-潜伏-激活”全周期模型及潜在中医药应用优势比较, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

单纯疱疹病毒1型(herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1) 是一种嗜神经病毒, 原发感染后可长期潜伏于三叉神经节, 并可因高温、压力、食用油炸食品或服用温补中药等多种内外因素诱导再激活。课题组前期研究揭示HSV-1的潜伏再复发是中医“上火”证候的关键生物学基础。本研究对比角膜划痕与滴鼻感染构建的HSV-1模型, 从死亡率、体重、眼部症状、病毒mRNA及躁动行为等多维度, 追踪其“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全周期变化, 为探究中医“上火”研究、抗HSV-1药物筛选提供可靠的模型选择依据。结果显示, 原发感染阶段(0~14 d) 两组小鼠均体重下降伴眼表炎症, 角膜划痕组眼表损伤出现更早(3 d vs 5 d) 且程度更显著; 潜伏阶段(感染后28 d), 两组三叉神经均检测到潜伏相关转录本(latency-associated transcript, LAT), 角膜划痕组潜伏率更高(100% vs 87.5%); 热应激再激活阶段, 滴鼻组激活率(85.7% vs 66.6%)、小鼠躁动行为、脑组织gB mRNA水平、病毒滴度均显著高于角膜划痕组。综上, 两种方式均能成功构建HSV-1全周期模型, 且可通过检测洗眼液gB mRNA实现病毒感染各阶段动态追踪。角膜划痕模型潜伏率高、眼部症状典型, 适用于研究病毒潜伏、病毒性角膜炎药物研发等相关应用; 滴鼻模型激活率高, 小鼠伴显著躁动行为, 与中医“上火”热证的躁动行为具有相似性, 更适合用于清热中药的药理研究。本研究涉及的动物实验已获得暨南大学伦理委员会的审批(批准号: IACUC-20260311-06)。

, authors=任凌志1, 黄美琪1, 栗原博1, 牛杰1, 2, *, 李怡芳1, *, 何蓉蓉1, authorsList=任凌志, 黄美琪, 栗原博, 牛杰, 李怡芳, 何蓉蓉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=牛杰, 李怡芳, authorNote=

作者贡献:

任凌志、黄美琪负责实验、数据分析统计和论文撰写; 李怡芳、何蓉蓉、牛杰、栗原博参与实验设计指导、论文修改、提供研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
牛杰, E-mail:
李怡芳, E-mail:
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GeneSpeciesSequence (5'-3')
LATHSV-1F: CGGCGACATCCTCCCCCTAAGC
LATHSV-1R: GACAGACGAACGAAACGTTCCG
GAPDHMouseF: TCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAG
GAPDHMouseR: GTTGAAGTCGCAGGAGACAA
gBHSV-1F: AACGCGACGCACATCAAG
gBHSV-1R: CTGGTACGCGATCAGAAAGC
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Primer sequences used in the experiment. LAT: Latency-associated transcript; gB: Glycoprotein B; HSV-1: Herpes simplex virus type 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesSequence (5'-3')
LATHSV-1F: CGGCGACATCCTCCCCCTAAGC
LATHSV-1R: GACAGACGAACGAAACGTTCCG
GAPDHMouseF: TCAAGAAGGTGGTGAAGCAG
GAPDHMouseR: GTTGAAGTCGCAGGAGACAA
gBHSV-1F: AACGCGACGCACATCAAG
gBHSV-1R: CTGGTACGCGATCAGAAAGC
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角膜划线与滴鼻感染两种途径构建HSV-1“感染-潜伏-激活”全周期模型及潜在中医药应用优势比较
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任凌志 1 , 黄美琪 1 , 栗原博 1 , 牛杰 1, 2, * , 李怡芳 1, * , 何蓉蓉 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3056-3064
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3056 -3064
角膜划线与滴鼻感染两种途径构建HSV-1“感染-潜伏-激活”全周期模型及潜在中医药应用优势比较
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任凌志1, 黄美琪1, 栗原博1, 牛杰1, 2, * , 李怡芳1, * , 何蓉蓉1
作者信息
  • 1暨南大学药学院/广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心/中医药国际化研究粤港澳高校联合实验室/中医药与大健康广东省工程研究中心/广州市疾病易感性与中医药防治重点实验室, 广东 广州 510632
  • 2广州中医药大学科技创新中心, 广东 广州 510006
通讯作者:
牛杰, E-mail:
李怡芳, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

任凌志、黄美琪负责实验、数据分析统计和论文撰写; 李怡芳、何蓉蓉、牛杰、栗原博参与实验设计指导、论文修改、提供研究经费。

Comparison of HSV-1 full-cycle models of "primary infection-latency-reactivation" established by corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation and analysis of their potential application advantages in traditional Chinese medicine
Ling-zhi REN1, Mei-qi HUANG1, Kurihara HIROSHI1, Jie NIU1, 2, * , Yi-fang LI1, * , Rong-rong HE1
Affiliations
  • 1Jinan University College of Pharmacy/Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility/Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Universities Joint Laboratory for the Internationalization of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Health Products/Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 2Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0259
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单纯疱疹病毒1型(herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1) 是一种嗜神经病毒, 原发感染后可长期潜伏于三叉神经节, 并可因高温、压力、食用油炸食品或服用温补中药等多种内外因素诱导再激活。课题组前期研究揭示HSV-1的潜伏再复发是中医“上火”证候的关键生物学基础。本研究对比角膜划痕与滴鼻感染构建的HSV-1模型, 从死亡率、体重、眼部症状、病毒mRNA及躁动行为等多维度, 追踪其“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全周期变化, 为探究中医“上火”研究、抗HSV-1药物筛选提供可靠的模型选择依据。结果显示, 原发感染阶段(0~14 d) 两组小鼠均体重下降伴眼表炎症, 角膜划痕组眼表损伤出现更早(3 d vs 5 d) 且程度更显著; 潜伏阶段(感染后28 d), 两组三叉神经均检测到潜伏相关转录本(latency-associated transcript, LAT), 角膜划痕组潜伏率更高(100% vs 87.5%); 热应激再激活阶段, 滴鼻组激活率(85.7% vs 66.6%)、小鼠躁动行为、脑组织gB mRNA水平、病毒滴度均显著高于角膜划痕组。综上, 两种方式均能成功构建HSV-1全周期模型, 且可通过检测洗眼液gB mRNA实现病毒感染各阶段动态追踪。角膜划痕模型潜伏率高、眼部症状典型, 适用于研究病毒潜伏、病毒性角膜炎药物研发等相关应用; 滴鼻模型激活率高, 小鼠伴显著躁动行为, 与中医“上火”热证的躁动行为具有相似性, 更适合用于清热中药的药理研究。本研究涉及的动物实验已获得暨南大学伦理委员会的审批(批准号: IACUC-20260311-06)。

单纯疱疹病毒1型  /  原发感染  /  潜伏再激活  /  角膜划线感染  /  滴鼻感染

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that establishes latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia following primary infection. Its reactivation can be triggered by both internal and external factors, including heat stress, emotional stress, excessive consumption of warm-natured foods, and the administration of tonic and warming traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). The fire-heat symptoms in the upper facial region induced by HSV-1 reactivation are consistent with the "Shanghuo" syndrome described in TCM. In this study, HSV-1 infection models established by corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation were systematically compared. Dynamic changes throughout the entire "primary infection-latency-reactivation" cycle were monitored using multiple parameters, including mortality, body weight, ocular manifestations, viral glycoprotein B (gB) mRNA expression, and restless behavior. This study aimed to provide a basis for model selection in investigating the biological mechanisms underlying TCM "Shanghuo" and for screening anti-HSV-1 therapeutics. The results showed that during the primary infection phase (0-14 d), mice in both groups exhibited body weight loss and ocular surface inflammation, with an earlier onset (3 d vs 5 d) and more severe ocular damage observed in the corneal scarification group. During the latency phase (28 days post-infection), latency-associated transcript (LAT) was detected in the trigeminal ganglia in both groups, with a higher latency rate in the corneal scarification group (100% vs 87.5%). Following heat stress-induced reactivation, the intranasal inoculation group exhibited a significantly higher reactivation rate (85.7% vs 66.6%), more pronounced restless behavior, and elevated levels of gB mRNA expression and viral titers in brain tissue compared with the corneal scarification group. In conclusion, both corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation successfully establish HSV-1 models encompassing the full cycle of primary infection, latency, and reactivation. Dynamic monitoring of infection stages can be achieved by detecting gB mRNA in eye wash fluid. The corneal scarification model, characterized by a high latency rate and prominent ocular manifestations, is suitable for studies of viral keratitis and related therapeutic evaluation. In contrast, the intranasal inoculation model, with a higher reactivation rate and marked restless behavior, exhibits similarities to the restless manifestations of the TCM "Shanghuo" heat pattern, suggesting its potential utility in evaluating the efficacy of heat-clearing TCMs. Animal experiments conducted in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Jinan University (approval No. IACUC-20260311-06).

herpes simplex virus type 1  /  primary infection  /  latency and reactivation  /  corneal scarification  /  intranasal inoculation
任凌志, 黄美琪, 栗原博, 牛杰, 李怡芳, 何蓉蓉. 角膜划线与滴鼻感染两种途径构建HSV-1“感染-潜伏-激活”全周期模型及潜在中医药应用优势比较. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3056 -3064 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0259
Ling-zhi REN, Mei-qi HUANG, Kurihara HIROSHI, Jie NIU, Yi-fang LI, Rong-rong HE. Comparison of HSV-1 full-cycle models of "primary infection-latency-reactivation" established by corneal scarification and intranasal inoculation and analysis of their potential application advantages in traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3056 -3064 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0259
单纯疱疹病毒1型(herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1) 是一种在人群中广泛流行的嗜神经性双链DNA病毒。2020年流行病学统计数据显示, 全球约64.2%的人口曾感染过该病毒[1]。HSV-1原发感染多累及口鼻黏膜与角膜组织, 引发口唇疱疹、疱疹病毒性角膜炎等临床症状[2]。急性感染消退后, 病毒可沿神经轴突逆行转运至三叉神经节(trigeminal ganglion, TG) 等外周感觉神经元内, 并在此建立终身潜伏感染状态。高温、情绪应激、紫外线、免疫抑制, 以及过量食用油炸食品、温补中药干预等, 均能促使潜伏状态的HSV-1重新激活, 进而导致眼、口、鼻等头面部区域反复出现炎症表现[3-6]。另有研究提示, HSV-1再激活过程中产生的炎症反应可进一步影响中枢神经系统功能, 诱发焦虑、躁动等异常行为, 这与中医“火性炎上、扰动心神”的病机特点相呼应。近年来, 越来越多研究证实, HSV-1的反复再激活所引发的慢性神经炎症, 可能参与认知功能减退进程, 并与阿尔茨海默病发病风险的上升存在显著关联[7]。
“上火”是中医理论中一类常见证候, 特指体内阳热亢盛或外感热邪所致的机体异常状态, 临床上该证候不仅表现为颜面部(上焦) 局部火热症状, 如口舌生疮、目赤肿痛、咽喉灼痛等, 还常伴随心烦失眠、急躁易怒、坐卧不宁等“火扰心神”相关的异常行为表现。现代快节奏生活模式下, 人群长期处于高度应激状态, 导致“上火”证候的发生率日益升高, 在人群中愈发普遍。然而, 目前“上火”的生物学基础尚不明确, 缺乏与现代医学对接的客观评价指标及可重复的疾病模型, 这严重制约了其机制研究以及清热类中药疗效的规范化评价。近年来, 本课题组围绕“上火”的现代生物学内涵开展了一系列探索性研究, 发现其典型的颜面部症状与HSV-1复发引发的临床表现高度契合[8]。基于这一关联, 本课题组进一步利用HSV-1潜伏感染模型, 初步阐明了清热消炎宁等部分清热中药“清热泻火”作用的科学内涵[9, 10]。上述研究结果提示, 通过探索不同接种途径下HSV-1的感染特点, 对其“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全过程进行感染表型分析, 可为深入揭示“上火”的生物学内涵、完善清热类中药的药效评价体系提供重要支撑, 具有重要的研究价值。
在HSV-1感染小鼠模型的构建中, 角膜划痕(corneal scarification, CS) 和滴鼻感染(intranasal inoculation, IN) 是目前应用最广泛的两种造模方式。然而, 现有相关研究多局限于单一感染时期的病毒载量检测或病理改变, 尚未对两种模型在HSV-1感染全病程中的病毒动力学特征、潜伏效率, 以及再激活后小鼠的行为表型(尤其是与中医“上火”证候密切相关的躁动行为) 进行系统性对比分析。基于上述研究空白, 本研究采用平行对照设计, 对比角膜划痕与滴鼻两种感染途径, 成功构建了HSV-1感染小鼠“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全周期模型, 并对其进行了系统性评价。本研究从死亡率、体重动态变化、眼部病变症状、三叉神经中潜伏相关转录本(latency-associated transcript, LAT) 表达、洗眼液中病毒gB mRNA水平、再激活后小鼠脑组织中病毒载量及小鼠躁动行为等多个维度, 动态追踪了病毒感染全周期的病理生理演变过程。研究结果有望为中医“上火”证候提供更为立体、可量化的现代生物学模型, 同时为清热类中药药效评价、抗HSV-1药物筛选等不同应用场景提供适宜的实验模型选择依据, 从而填补现有研究的不足。
实验动物  6~8周龄SPF级BALB/c雄性小鼠(体重22~25 g) 购自珠海百试通生物科技有限公司[许可证号: SCXK (粤)2020-0051]。自由摄食标准饲料及饮水(温度22 ± 2 ℃, 湿度50% ± 10%, 12 h明暗交替循环)。小鼠经一周适应性喂养后开展实验, 本研究涉及的动物感染性实验和相关样本采集在生物安全Ⅱ级(BSL-2) 实验室进行。动物福利和实验过程均遵循暨南大学动物伦理委员会的规定(批准号: IACUC-20260311-06)。
实验试剂  结晶紫(上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司, 货号: 548-62-9); 甲基纤维素(货号: ST1510-100g) 和胎牛血清(货号: C0234) 均购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; DMEM (上海生工生物工程股份有限公司, 货号: E600008-0500); 反转录试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司, 货号: RP1105-50T)。
仪器  小动物麻醉仪(上海玉研科学仪器有限公司, 型号ABS-4); 万分之一天平(德国Sartorius公司, 型号BS210); 多功能组织研磨仪(上海净信科技有限公司, 型号QM100); 行为学分析系统[诺达思(北京) 信息技术有限责任公司, 型号EthoVision XT 14]; PCR仪(杭州朗基科学仪器有限公司, 型号A300); 多功能酶标仪(芬兰Labsystems公司, 型号MK-3); 荧光PCR仪(美国Bio Rad公司, 型号CFX Connect System)。
病毒与细胞  本研究使用的HSV-1 F株在Vero细胞上进行扩增, 使用含10%胎牛血清(FBS, Gibco公司)、100 u·mL-1青霉素和100 μg·mL-1链霉素的DMEM培养基, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中传代培养。病毒在Vero细胞中扩增后, 采用空斑形成单位(plaque-forming units, PFU) 法测定滴度, 分装后于-80 ℃保存备用。实验中所使用的Vero细胞和HSV-1毒株均由暨南大学王一飞课题组馈赠。
动物分组与HSV-1感染模型建立  小鼠经一周适应性饲养后, 随机分为4组: 角膜划痕假处理组(CS_Mock)、角膜划痕接种(CS) 组、滴鼻假处理组(IN_Mock) 及滴鼻接种(IN) 组。角膜划痕组小鼠在异氟烷麻醉下, 用27 G针头于双眼角膜中央行3条交叉划痕, 每眼滴加20  μL含5×105 PFU的HSV-1病毒液; 滴鼻组经双侧鼻腔缓慢滴入共20  μL (每侧10  μL) 含5×105 PFU的HSV-1病毒液; 相应假处理组则接受除病毒接种外的相同操作。每日记录小鼠的体重、生存状况、摄食饮水量、眼部炎症、行为及活动。
热应激诱导潜伏HSV-1激活  于HSV-1感染后第32天, 对小鼠进行热应激处理以诱导TG内潜伏病毒的再激活。具体操作如下: 将小鼠置于恒温水浴锅内, 水温精确控制在43 ± 0.5 ℃。小鼠头部保持固定在水面上方防止呛水, 仅躯干及四肢浸没于水中, 持续15 min。热应激处理后, 立即用预热的干毛巾擦干小鼠体表水分, 并将其放于保温箱(37 ℃) 中恢复10 min, 待小鼠基本恢复后重复上述热应激操作, 连续3次。在热应激处理前后1 h, 观察小鼠行为表现有无异常。
小鼠眼表症状评分[11]  在小鼠感染后第3、5、7、14、28天及热应激后采用裂隙灯显微镜观察眼表病变, 并对眼表症状进行评分(0~4分): 0分=正常; 1分=少量分泌物, 无眼睑水肿; 2分=眼睑水肿介于1~3分, 可有分泌物分泌; 3分=眼睑明显肥厚水肿, 眼睑痉缩, 眼半睁; 4分=大量分泌物糊住双眼, 睁眼困难或无法睁眼。
外观评分  根据感染HSV-1小鼠发病症状自拟量表对小鼠毛发、状态等进行评估, 0~4分(0分=毛发有光泽, 光滑; 1分=部分毛发竖发; 2分=背部全部毛发竖发; 3分=毛发蓬松凌乱; 4分=焦粹)。
自主活动评分  根据感染HSV-1小鼠发病症状自拟量表评估小鼠行动、姿态等, 0~3分[0分=活动行为正常(摄食、饮水、攀爬、行走、打斗等); 1分=活动减少, 只在笼底活动, 轻微弓背(> 135°); 2分=自主活动减少, 伴强烈应激反应, 弓背严重(90~120°); 3分=佝偻, 静止不动, 伴颤抖]。
旷场实验(open field test, OFT)  于第28天(潜伏期) 和第35天(再激活期) 进行测试。测试环境为隔音、恒温(22 ± 1 ℃)、恒湿(50% ± 5%) 的行为学实验室, 测试时间统一为上午9:00至下午13:00 (小鼠活动期), 将小鼠置于40 cm × 40 cm白色敞箱中央, 记录10 min运动轨迹, 分析总移动距离。
高架十字迷宫(elevated plus maze, EPM)  测试在旷场后24 h进行, 以避免连续测试造成的动物应激数据误差, 测试环境和旷场实验相同。装置含两开放臂(30 cm × 5 cm) 和两封闭臂(30 cm × 5 cm × 15 cm), 离地50 cm。小鼠置于中心面向开放臂, 记录5 min内进入开放臂停留时间百分比。
qRT-PCR检测组织基因的表达  小鼠断颈处死后迅速分离TG和其余脑组织, 液氮速冻后-80 ℃保存。采用Trizol法提取总RNA, 测定浓度与纯度。1 μg RNA经试剂盒反转录为cDNA。逆转录反应体系20 μL, 反应条件为37 ℃, 15 min; 85 ℃, 5 s; 4 ℃; PCR扩增反应体系为25 μL, 反应程序为94 ℃, 3 min; 30个循环(94 ℃, 30 s; 55 ℃, 30 s; 72 ℃, 1 min); 72 ℃, 5 min。数据采用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对表达量。引物序列如表1所示。
病毒滴度测定  TG取出后, 立即用预冷的含2%青霉素-链霉素的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 冲洗3次。随后将组织转移至含有10% FBS、1% L-谷氨酰胺、100 u·mL-1青霉素及100 μg·mL-1链霉素的DMEM培养基中, 经超声破碎制成匀浆。所得组织悬液经3次反复冻融处理以充分释放病毒, 然后接种于已铺有Vero细胞单层的培养板中, 在37  ℃、5% CO2条件下吸附3 h。吸除上清液, PBS洗涤3次后, 加入含5% FBS、1% L-谷氨酰胺及双抗(100 u·mL-1青霉素+ 100 μg·mL-1链霉素) 的DMEM培养基, 继续培养4天。收集培养上清, 再次接种至新的铺有Vero细胞的6孔板, 37 ℃吸附3 h后, 加入1 mL覆盖液(含0.5% FBS与1%甲基纤维素), 继续孵育7天。终止培养后, 弃去覆盖液, 每孔加入500 μL 4%甲醛溶液固定30 min; 随后吸除固定液, 加入500 μL 0.5%结晶紫染色液染色30 min。最后用自来水轻柔冲洗, 待空斑清晰显现后进行计数。
统计学分析  数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0软件进行统计分析。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 重复测量数据: 采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA); 采用Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线, 并采用Log-rank检验进行组间比较。P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
通过角膜划线与滴鼻两种方法构建HSV-1感染模型, 实验流程如图1A所示, 小鼠于第0天分别经角膜划痕及滴鼻途径接种HSV-1, 假手术组使用等量生理盐水进行同样操作。感染第28天检测病毒潜伏状态, 第32天时, 采用热应激(43 ℃, 15 min, 连续3次) 处理以诱导病毒再激活。自感染HSV-1第1天起, 监测并记录小鼠的体重及存活情况。结果显示, 与假手术组相比, 角膜划线和滴鼻组小鼠的体重均从感染后第5天显著下降, 至第10天降至最低点(较基线下降约16%), 随后逐渐回升, 至第28天基本恢复至正常水平(图1B、C), 在第32天热应激后体重小幅下降之后逐渐回升。在生存率上, 角膜划痕组小鼠的死亡率为18.1%, 滴鼻组为27.2% (图1D), 假手术组小鼠均未出现死亡。以上结果表明, 角膜划痕与滴鼻两种接种方式对小鼠的体重及生存率的影响无显著差异。
HSV-1急性感染会诱发小鼠明显眼部炎症, 典型病理表现为角膜上皮损伤、结膜充血及炎性细胞浸润, 眼表症状可作为评估病毒感染严重程度的核心指标。实验结果显示, 与假手术组相比, 角膜划痕组小鼠自感染第3天开始出现明显的角膜混浊、炎症症状, 感染第7天最为严重, 之后逐渐减轻; 滴鼻组小鼠在发病阶段同样表现出眼部炎症, 但其角膜病变及眼睑肿胀的整体严重程度均轻于角膜划痕组(图2A)。对应的眼表症状评分结果进一步证实, 角膜划痕组小鼠在感染第7天的症状评分显著高于滴鼻组及对照组(图2B)。上述实验结果表明, 角膜划痕感染会直接造成眼表机械性损伤, 在急性感染期引发更为显著的眼部局部炎症反应, 这与滴鼻感染途径的局部病理表现存在明显差异。
为评估感染的全身性影响, 本研究同时依照体征的评分对照图对小鼠的一般行为状态进行了动态评分(图2E)。结果显示, 与假手术组相比, 角膜划痕组与滴鼻组小鼠在感染后第5~14天均表现出毛发蓬乱、弓背、活动减少等典型病态体征, 一般外观评分与自发活动异常评分均于第7天达到峰值, 且两组在急性期的全身性症状无显著差异(图2C、D), 并且再激活后评分有所上升, 以上结果表明, 角膜划痕途径在急性期引起更严重的眼表局部炎症, 而滴鼻途径所致眼部症状较轻; 在全身性行为表现方面, 两组小鼠在急性期均出现典型的病态体征, 且严重程度无显著差异。
采用旷场实验与高架十字迷宫实验, 对两种感染模型小鼠的行为学特征进行系统分析, 评估HSV-1再激活对小鼠行为功能的影响。旷场实验结果显示, 在病毒潜伏阶段(latency), 滴鼻组与角膜划痕组小鼠的总运动距离无显著统计学差异; 经热应激诱导病毒再激活后, 滴鼻组小鼠总移动距离出现显著下降, 角膜划痕组小鼠总移动距离虽也有一定程度降低, 但仍显著高于滴鼻组, 提示滴鼻途径建立的HSV‑1潜伏模型, 再激活后对小鼠运动功能的抑制作用更显著(图3A、B)。高架十字迷宫实验结果表明, 潜伏期滴鼻组与角膜划痕组小鼠在开放臂停留时间百分比相近, 未观察到明显躁动样行为(图3C、D); 病毒再激活后, 滴鼻组小鼠开放臂停留时间显著缩短, 表现出典型的躁动样行为; 角膜划痕组小鼠开放臂停留时间虽有下降, 但下降幅度显著低于滴鼻组, 提示其躁动行为表现相对轻微。上述实验结果表明, HSV-1再激活可使小鼠运动能力下降, 并诱发躁动样行为; 滴鼻感染造成的行为异常更明显, 对中枢神经系统的损伤也更严重。
为明确不同感染途径对HSV‑1潜伏建立与再激活效率的差异, 本研究对小鼠洗眼液中gB mRNA和TG中LAT mRNA的时序表达进行了检测。实验结果显示, 在HSV-1感染的前7天内, 角膜划痕组与滴鼻组小鼠洗眼液中gB mRNA表达量均快速上升, 并于感染后第7天达到峰值(图4A), 提示此阶段病毒处于活跃复制期; 至感染后第28天, 角膜划痕组gB mRNA表达回落至基线水平, 已完全进入潜伏状态; 而滴鼻组仍有低水平表达, 尚未完全潜伏。热应激后(感染后第36天), 两组gB mRNA表达均再次升高, 其中滴鼻组的表达水平显著高于角膜划痕组, 但两组在全时间程的整体变化无显著性差异。在潜伏建立阶段(感染后第28天), 两组小鼠TG中LAT mRNA表达均显著升高; 且在全时间程中, 角膜划痕组的LAT mRNA表达水平显著高于滴鼻组, 整体变化差异显著(图4B)。感染后第28天统计显示, 角膜划痕组病毒潜伏率为100%, 而滴鼻组潜伏率为87.5% (图4C)。热应激诱导再激活后, 两组TG中LAT mRNA表达均出现下降, 提示病毒潜伏状态被打破。再激活率统计结果表明, 滴鼻组病毒再激活率为85.7%, 角膜划痕组再激活率为66.6%, 提示滴鼻感染模型的病毒再激活效率更高(图4D)。综上可知, 角膜划痕更利于HSV‑1在小鼠TG中形成稳定潜伏, 滴鼻途径则在热应激后具有更高再激活效率, 二者在病毒潜伏与再激活特性上差异明显。
为评估HSV-1再激活后脑内病毒载量水平, 本研究通过空斑法检测了HSV-1再激活后的病毒复制情况, 空斑实验结果显示(图5A、B), 再激活后滴鼻组脑组织病毒滴度显著高于角膜划痕组, 表明滴鼻感染导致再激活后脑中病毒复制更为活跃, 提示该途径可能在中枢神经系统中具备更强的致病潜力。以上结果表明, 滴鼻途径建立的潜伏感染再激活后可引发脑内更高的病毒载量。
目前用于HSV-1研究的动物模型主要包括兔、大鼠、小鼠、豚鼠及树鼩等非人灵长类动物等。其中, 小鼠模型因其体型小、饲养成本低、遗传背景清晰、感染途径多样, 且在病毒嗜神经性、潜伏建立及免疫应答等方面与人类高度相似, 已成为HSV-1基础与转化研究中最广泛应用的实验体系[12]。既往研究中, 不同感染途径各有侧重: 角膜划痕模型多用于病毒性角膜炎及TG潜伏机制研究, 鼻内接种模型则更常用于分析病毒的中枢侵袭及神经炎症[13, 14]。然而, 在同一实验体系下对两种途径进行系统性比较, 并覆盖“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全程的研究仍较为缺乏。本研究利用角膜划痕与滴鼻两种接种方式, 分别构建HSV-1潜伏动物模型, 以此来探讨不同感染途径在急性期发病症状、眼部炎症损伤、病毒潜伏及再激活效率、再激活后病毒载量及行为的差异特征。结果发现, 角膜划痕感染表现为眼部更严重的损伤和更高的潜伏效率, 呈现出外周主导的响应特征; 而滴鼻感染虽并未对眼表造成严重的表面损伤, 但死亡率略高于角膜划痕组, 同时再激活后伴随更强烈的中枢及行为学异常, 主要表现为动物躁动行为的改变, 整体呈现中枢主导的响应特征。
本研究中观察到的两种HSV-1感染途径的表型差异, 核心原因可能在于二者在病毒神经传导路径、潜伏感染建立特征及中枢损伤程度上存在明显不同[15]。角膜组织富含三叉神经末梢, HSV-1感染眼部后, 可沿微管逆行向神经元胞体移动[16]。急性感染期, 病毒主要定植于第五脑神经(三叉神经) 感觉通路的神经元及相关支持细胞中, 涵盖TG、神经根、感觉主核、中脑核、下行脊髓束及其核团, 部分情况下可向大脑皮层扩散。进入潜伏期后, HSV-1基因组主要集中于下行核与中脑核的神经元内[17], 这表明, 角膜划痕模型的潜伏与再激活主要集中于外周神经节, 因此临床表现以显著眼部病变为主, 而对中枢边缘系统的侵袭程度相对有限[18-20]。与之相比, 鼻腔黏膜与嗅觉上皮紧密相连, HSV-1感染嗅觉受体神经元后, 可通过嗅球内僧帽细胞的顺行轴突运输迅速侵入中枢。该通路无需跨越血脑屏障, 使病毒能更快速、广泛地播散至杏仁核、海马等边缘系统脑区, 也与本实验中滴鼻组更高的死亡率相吻合[21]。尽管TG长期被视为主要潜伏库, 但现有研究证实病毒亦可在嗅球、杏仁核、海马、脑干及皮层等多脑区建立潜伏[22, 23], 其再激活可致局部神经元损伤与持续神经炎症。由于杏仁核和海马等结构在情绪调节中的关键作用[24, 25], 滴鼻途径的中枢嗜性更强, 可能对情绪调控环路造成更广泛的扰动[26], 这或许解释了再激活后小鼠普遍出现躁动行为, 而滴鼻组躁动倾向更为显著的原因, 与前文行为学结果一致。
本研究不同于传统HSV-1感染仅以“是否建立潜伏”为标准的评价模式, 在同一实验条件下, 从多维度指标对角膜划痕与滴鼻两种感染途径开展“原发感染-潜伏-再激活”全周期对比。不仅观察了眼部病变、病毒gB与LAT mRNA表达水平等病毒动力学特征, 还建立并验证了以洗眼液病毒mRNA水平评估HSV-1感染进程的方法。本研究结合行为学指标量化了潜伏感染再激活所引发的行为异常, 明确了滴鼻模型更偏向中枢损伤、角膜划痕模型更偏向外周局部病变的差异特点。两种模型的神经入侵路径虽明显不同, 但再激活后均能诱发类似躁动行为, 表现为总运动距离减少、开放臂停留时间缩短, 提示中枢神经系统受累是行为异常的共同原因。综上, 两种途径均可成功构建HSV‑1潜伏再激活模型, 但适用方向不同: 角膜划痕模型适合研究三叉神经通路内病毒-宿主互作、潜伏机制、眼部病变及药物干预; 滴鼻模型则更能模拟病毒中枢播散与神经炎症过程, 更贴近临床相关研究, 可为模型选择提供实验参考。结合本课题组前期对“上火”生物学内涵的探索, 本研究进一步从中医药研究角度对两种模型的应用价值进行了分析。“上火”是中医典型证候, 临床既可见目赤肿痛等头面部局部热象, 也伴有急躁、不宁等“火扰心神”相关情志改变。本研究建立的两种模型可分别对应上述核心表现: 角膜划痕模型潜伏稳定性更高, 再激活后眼部症状典型且靶向性强, 能够较好模拟“上火”所致目赤肿痛等局部特征, 可为病毒性角膜炎相关研究及清热解毒类中药的疗效评价提供理想载体; 滴鼻模型再激活效率更高, 且再激活后小鼠的躁动样行为更为突出, 这与“火扰心神”所致的情志异常具有相关性。提示该模型在清热中药的筛选及药效初步评价方面具有较好的应用潜力。两种模型互为补充, 可为进一步阐释“上火”的生物学基础、推动清热类中药药效评价的标准化与现代化提供可靠的模型支撑。
本研究仍存在一定局限性。本研究采用的qRT‑PCR与空斑实验仅能反映组织水平的病毒核酸与活病毒载量, 无法直观揭示病毒与炎症因子在特定细胞类型及细化脑区中的空间分布。此外, 本研究仅选用对HSV-1更易感的BALB/c小鼠, 未比较不同品系、年龄小鼠的表型差异; 也未纳入侧腹、足垫、唇部等其他感染途径。未来可结合空间转录组、多重免疫荧光等技术, 在单细胞及神经环路水平解析LAT阳性神经元类型、病毒再激活的关键脑区以及神经元-胶质细胞相互作用, 并系统比较小鼠品系、年龄和感染途径对模型的影响, 进一步优化模型, 为药物靶点筛选及疗效评价标志物的研究提供更深入的机制支撑。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0259
  • 接收时间:2026-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-10
  • 修回日期:2026-04-23
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    1暨南大学药学院/广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心/中医药国际化研究粤港澳高校联合实验室/中医药与大健康广东省工程研究中心/广州市疾病易感性与中医药防治重点实验室, 广东 广州 510632
    2广州中医药大学科技创新中心, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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