Article(id=1308841974145315623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0180, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770652800000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-10, revisedDate=1777392000000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981843743, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981843743, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981843743, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981843743, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2554, endPage=2566, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841974384390952, articleId=1308841974145315623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction and preliminary antitumor efficacy study of an oncolytic virus derived from chimpanzee adenovirus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with solid tumors accounting for the majority of cases in adults. Advanced and metastatic solid tumors are responsible for most cancer-related deaths; however, current treatments still fail to achieve both high efficacy and low toxicity. In this study, we constructed an oncolytic virus (OV) named SKM_KK010(h) based on chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 23 (SAdV-23). This OV utilizes an optimized human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter to drive e1a gene expression, thereby restricting viral replication and oncolysis to tumor cells. Additionally, it carries the csf2 transgene, which encodes human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), to activate systemic anti-tumor immunity. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that SKM_KK010(h) selectively kills a broad range of tumor cell lines — including colon, bladder, liver, lung, and prostate cancer cells — while exhibiting no cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Viral replication in tumor cells was 100- to 1 000-fold higher than in normal cells. Furthermore, SKM_KK010(h) selectively and efficiently expresses bioactive GM-CSF in the tested tumor cells, reaching a level of 147.60 ± 7.63 ng per 106 cells per 24 h (e.g., in LoVo cells), far exceeding the in vivo efficacy threshold (40 ng per 106 cells per 24 h) required to elicit potent antitumor immunity. In contrast, GM-CSF expressions were undetectable or minimal in normal cells. In a LoVo xenograft mouse model, intratumoral injection of SKM_KK010(h) effectively inhibited tumor growth, achieving a relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C%) of 33.01%. In summary, we have successfully developed a safe and effective oncolytic chimpanzee adenovirus with strong potential as a platform for next-generation oncolytic virotherapy. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines (Ethics Approval Number: IACUC-KYB2301P).

, authors=Yi-hang SU1, Yun-jie WAN1, Hao-yue ZHANG1, Yu-qing XIAO1, Yan-wen WANG1, Cheng WANG1, Hao YUAN1, Xiang-yang ZHOU2, *, Yao XIAO1, *, authorsList=Yi-hang SU, Yun-jie WAN, Hao-yue ZHANG, Yu-qing XIAO, Yan-wen WANG, Cheng WANG, Hao YUAN, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Yao XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiang-yang ZHOU, Yao XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841977077134131, articleId=1308841974145315623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于黑猩猩腺病毒载体的溶瘤病毒构建及其抑瘤效果的初步研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

癌症是人类第二大死因, 其中实体瘤占成人癌症多数; 晚期及转移性实体瘤更是导致死亡的主要原因, 目前针对这类实体瘤仍缺乏高效且低毒的治疗策略。本研究基于黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23构建了一株溶瘤病毒SKM_KK010(h)。该病毒采用优化的人端粒酶逆转录酶(human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT)启动子驱动e1a基因表达, 实现病毒在肿瘤细胞中的特异性复制与溶瘤作用; 病毒同时携带csf2基因, 编码粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF), 用以激活系统性抗肿瘤免疫。实验显示, SKM_KK010(h)可特异性杀伤结肠癌、膀胱癌、肝癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等多种肿瘤细胞, 而对正常细胞无影响; 其在肿瘤细胞中的复制水平可达正常细胞的100~1 000倍。此外, 该病毒可以选择性地在受试肿瘤细胞中高效表达具有生物活性的GM-CSF, 每24 h每106个细胞表达量可达147.60 ± 7.63 ng (如LoVo细胞), 远超体内起效阈值(每24 h每106个细胞表达量40 ng); 而在正常细胞中GM-CSF几乎不表达。在人结肠癌LoVo细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型中, 瘤内注射SKM_KK010(h)可有效抑制肿瘤生长(T/C值为33.01%)。本研究成功构建了一株安全有效的溶瘤黑猩猩腺病毒, 证明黑猩猩腺病毒载体在溶瘤病毒开发中具有良好的应用潜力。动物实验经伦理委员会批准, 符合相关伦理标准(伦理审批编号: IACUC-KYB2301P)。

, authors=苏一航1, 万云捷1, 张皓月1, 肖宇晴1, 王妍雯1, 王成1, 袁浩1, 周向阳2, *, 肖瑶1, *, authorsList=苏一航, 万云捷, 张皓月, 肖宇晴, 王妍雯, 王成, 袁浩, 周向阳, 肖瑶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周向阳, 肖瑶, authorNote=

作者贡献:

苏一航、王妍雯和袁浩负责病毒构建、制备和表征实验及数据分析; 万云捷、张皓月、肖宇晴和王成负责细胞实验及数据分析; 万云捷、肖瑶负责动物实验设计及数据分析; 苏一航负责文章初稿撰写; 周向阳负责概念提出、项目指导和文章审阅; 肖瑶负责课题设计、研究过程与数据分析指导以及文章整体构思和修改工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
周向阳, E-mail:
肖瑶, E-mail:
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Construction and evaluation of novel rhesus monkey adenovirus vaccine vectors [J]. J Virol, 2015, 89: 1512-1522., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841977286849332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841977295237941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, companyId=1308841977286849332, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1SKM Pharma Tech. (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841977303626550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, companyId=1308841977286849332, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1旷宇博捷医药科技(上海)有限公司, 上海 201204)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841977370735415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841977379124024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, companyId=1308841977370735415, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2SKM Pharma Tech Inc., Hatfield, PA 19440, USA), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841977383318329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, companyId=1308841977370735415, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2SKM Pharma Tech Inc., Hatfield, PA 19440, USA)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841981518902131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y4ul+Tnm0iAnPZX4BxWFSw==, figureFileBig=TqoyvDME0KYYZUhMIyvrhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841981577622388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Genome structure diagram and restriction enzyme analysis of SKM_KK010(h). A: Schematic representation of the genome structure of the wild-type chimpanzee adenovirus SAdV23 and the recombinant chimpanzee adenovirus SKM_KK010(h). B: Restriction analysis of the pSKM_KK010(h) plasmid. Left panel: Gel image; Right panel: Gel simulation. C: Restriction analysis of the SKM_KK010(h) viral genome from passages 3(P3), 6(P6), 9(P9), and 12(P12). Left panel: Gel image; Right panel: Gel simulation. ITR: Inverted terminal repeat; mP: The modified human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter; E4O6: e4orf6; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; M: The 1 kb plus DNA ladder, figureFileSmall=y4ul+Tnm0iAnPZX4BxWFSw==, figureFileBig=TqoyvDME0KYYZUhMIyvrhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841981749588853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YhWdeFDwegjiht583lk4WA==, figureFileBig=nEaMCs8TIdMFc/y+QA8Siw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841981825086326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=C6-E4-eGFP can infect a variety of tumor and normal cells. Successful infection was defined by the presence of green, fluorescent foci on a micrograph, figureFileSmall=YhWdeFDwegjiht583lk4WA==, figureFileBig=nEaMCs8TIdMFc/y+QA8Siw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841981896389495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oahsI1iKUXWv/Emr4NW8wQ==, figureFileBig=mqlVepoeAHjwYtKWpobwlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841981976081272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Tumor cell-specific cytotoxicity of SKM_KK010(h). A: Cytopathic effect (CPE) of SKM_KK010(h) on various cell lines. Representative images from one of two independent experiments with consistent results are shown. Each experiment was performed with only one well per condition. B and C: Cytotoxicity of SKM_KK010(h) to tumor and normal cell lines, respectively. MOI: Multiplicity of infection. Data represent the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments, each experiment has three replicates, figureFileSmall=oahsI1iKUXWv/Emr4NW8wQ==, figureFileBig=mqlVepoeAHjwYtKWpobwlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841982034801529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4efcNtOBJCvwYcPLBQRrDA==, figureFileBig=nrF5N7d+IIZl9VUdQDnLbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841982106104699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Replication of SKM_KK010(h) in various cell lines. Data represent the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments, each performed in duplicate. Statistical significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=4efcNtOBJCvwYcPLBQRrDA==, figureFileBig=nrF5N7d+IIZl9VUdQDnLbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841982185796476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NjQFQXXKOkQSbNYwir2yeQ==, figureFileBig=5fgNDNCnAJq5OCKNF0uKGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841982261293949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Antitumor efficacy of SKM_KK010(h) in a mouse LoVo cell xenograft tumor model. Red numbers on the x-axis denote the days of intra-tumoral SKM_KK010(h) injections. A: Average tumor volume over time. From the day indicated by the vertical dashed line onward, tumor volumes in all oncolytic virus-treated groups were significantly smaller than those in the control group (P < 0.01); B: Tumor growth inhibition rate (%TGITV) over time; C: Relative tumor proliferation rate (%T/CRTV) over time. Values below the horizontal dashed line (≤ 40%) indicate effective tumor suppression; D: Average body weight over time; E: Percent body weight change (%BWC) in mice over time. n = 5 per group, data are presented as mean ± SEM. PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline, figureFileSmall=NjQFQXXKOkQSbNYwir2yeQ==, figureFileBig=5fgNDNCnAJq5OCKNF0uKGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841982324208510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cancer typeCell lineC1 (1∶10 dilution)C2 (1∶100 dilution)
Breast cancerDU4475a+++++
CAL-148a++++++
MDA-MB-231b++++
Lung cancerNCI-H146a++++++
NCI-H1048a++++++
NCI-H292b+++
NCI-H69b+++
NCI-H358b+++
A549b++++
Liver cancerHUH-1b++++
Hep3Ba++++++
Thyroid cancerCAL-62a++++++
LymphomaJeko-1c--
DBc--
Bladder cancerHT-1376a+++++
RT4a++++++
SW780a++++++
Skin cancerA-2058a++++++
Kidney cancerCaki-1a++++++
Prostate cancer22Rv1a++++++
DU145b++++
MelanomaA375b++++
SarcomaA-673a+++++
SJSA-1b+++
Colon cancerLoVoa++++++
SW480a++++++
Oral mucosal cancerDOKb+++
Ovarian cancerA2780b++++
SKOV3a+++++
OV-90a+++++
Tongue squamous cell carcinomaSCC-9b++++
LeukemiaTF-1 (suspension)b+-
Pancreatic cancerPSN-1b+-
Panc 03.27b++++
Capan 2b+-
Panc-1b++++
Gastric cancerHGC-27b+++
Human embryonic kidney cells293Aa++++++
HEK293a++++++
Human normal retinal pigment epithelial cellsARPE-19a++++++
Human normal ovarian epithelial cellsIOSE-80a++++++
Human normal foreskin fibroblast cellsBJb+-
Human fetal lung fibroblast cellsMRC-5b++++++
), ArticleFig(id=1308841982517146495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Infectivity of C6-E4-eGFP toward a panel of tumor and normal cell lines. +++ indicates ≥ 70% of cells show bright fluorescence; ++ indicates 30% to 70% of cells show moderate to strong fluorescence; + indicates ≤ 30% of cells show weak fluorescence; - indicates no fluorescent cells or ≤ 5% with faint signal (considered as background). a, b and c denote strong, intermediate and poor infectivity, respectively

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cancer typeCell lineC1 (1∶10 dilution)C2 (1∶100 dilution)
Breast cancerDU4475a+++++
CAL-148a++++++
MDA-MB-231b++++
Lung cancerNCI-H146a++++++
NCI-H1048a++++++
NCI-H292b+++
NCI-H69b+++
NCI-H358b+++
A549b++++
Liver cancerHUH-1b++++
Hep3Ba++++++
Thyroid cancerCAL-62a++++++
LymphomaJeko-1c--
DBc--
Bladder cancerHT-1376a+++++
RT4a++++++
SW780a++++++
Skin cancerA-2058a++++++
Kidney cancerCaki-1a++++++
Prostate cancer22Rv1a++++++
DU145b++++
MelanomaA375b++++
SarcomaA-673a+++++
SJSA-1b+++
Colon cancerLoVoa++++++
SW480a++++++
Oral mucosal cancerDOKb+++
Ovarian cancerA2780b++++
SKOV3a+++++
OV-90a+++++
Tongue squamous cell carcinomaSCC-9b++++
LeukemiaTF-1 (suspension)b+-
Pancreatic cancerPSN-1b+-
Panc 03.27b++++
Capan 2b+-
Panc-1b++++
Gastric cancerHGC-27b+++
Human embryonic kidney cells293Aa++++++
HEK293a++++++
Human normal retinal pigment epithelial cellsARPE-19a++++++
Human normal ovarian epithelial cellsIOSE-80a++++++
Human normal foreskin fibroblast cellsBJb+-
Human fetal lung fibroblast cellsMRC-5b++++++
), ArticleFig(id=1308841982596838273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeCell lineMOI/IFU per cellELISA/ng (per 106 cells per 24 h)Relative bioactivity
Normal cellARPE-19515.15 ± 1.23n.t.
IOSE-80511.89 ± 0.86n.t.
BJ50.04 ± 0.01n.t.
MCF-10A50.28 ± 0.02n.t.
Cancer cellLoVo20544.82 ± 16.261.40 ± 0.09
10305.60 ± 16.19
5147.60 ± 7.63
254.14 ± 3.45
SW48020155.17 ± 8.221.65 ± 0.10
1049.04 ± 5.25
516.36 ± 1.21
25.10 ± 0.44
SW78020248.05 ± 30.33n.t.
533.87 ± 4.60n.t.
Hep3B539.23 ± 1.92n.t.
LNCaP53.02 ± 0.48n.t.
), ArticleFig(id=1308841982668141442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841974145315623, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Production and relative bioactivity of GM-CSF from SKM_KK010(h)-transduced cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data are presented as the mean ± SEM from independent experiments. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate. n.t.: Not tested

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TypeCell lineMOI/IFU per cellELISA/ng (per 106 cells per 24 h)Relative bioactivity
Normal cellARPE-19515.15 ± 1.23n.t.
IOSE-80511.89 ± 0.86n.t.
BJ50.04 ± 0.01n.t.
MCF-10A50.28 ± 0.02n.t.
Cancer cellLoVo20544.82 ± 16.261.40 ± 0.09
10305.60 ± 16.19
5147.60 ± 7.63
254.14 ± 3.45
SW48020155.17 ± 8.221.65 ± 0.10
1049.04 ± 5.25
516.36 ± 1.21
25.10 ± 0.44
SW78020248.05 ± 30.33n.t.
533.87 ± 4.60n.t.
Hep3B539.23 ± 1.92n.t.
LNCaP53.02 ± 0.48n.t.
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基于黑猩猩腺病毒载体的溶瘤病毒构建及其抑瘤效果的初步研究
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苏一航 1 , 万云捷 1 , 张皓月 1 , 肖宇晴 1 , 王妍雯 1 , 王成 1 , 袁浩 1 , 周向阳 2, * , 肖瑶 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2554-2566
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2554 -2566
基于黑猩猩腺病毒载体的溶瘤病毒构建及其抑瘤效果的初步研究
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苏一航1, 万云捷1, 张皓月1, 肖宇晴1, 王妍雯1, 王成1, 袁浩1, 周向阳2, * , 肖瑶1, *
作者信息
  • 1旷宇博捷医药科技(上海)有限公司, 上海 201204
  • 2SKM Pharma Tech Inc., Hatfield, PA 19440, USA
通讯作者:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

苏一航、王妍雯和袁浩负责病毒构建、制备和表征实验及数据分析; 万云捷、张皓月、肖宇晴和王成负责细胞实验及数据分析; 万云捷、肖瑶负责动物实验设计及数据分析; 苏一航负责文章初稿撰写; 周向阳负责概念提出、项目指导和文章审阅; 肖瑶负责课题设计、研究过程与数据分析指导以及文章整体构思和修改工作。

Construction and preliminary antitumor efficacy study of an oncolytic virus derived from chimpanzee adenovirus
Yi-hang SU1, Yun-jie WAN1, Hao-yue ZHANG1, Yu-qing XIAO1, Yan-wen WANG1, Cheng WANG1, Hao YUAN1, Xiang-yang ZHOU2, * , Yao XIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1SKM Pharma Tech. (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201204, China
  • 2SKM Pharma Tech Inc., Hatfield, PA 19440, USA
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0180
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癌症是人类第二大死因, 其中实体瘤占成人癌症多数; 晚期及转移性实体瘤更是导致死亡的主要原因, 目前针对这类实体瘤仍缺乏高效且低毒的治疗策略。本研究基于黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23构建了一株溶瘤病毒SKM_KK010(h)。该病毒采用优化的人端粒酶逆转录酶(human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT)启动子驱动e1a基因表达, 实现病毒在肿瘤细胞中的特异性复制与溶瘤作用; 病毒同时携带csf2基因, 编码粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF), 用以激活系统性抗肿瘤免疫。实验显示, SKM_KK010(h)可特异性杀伤结肠癌、膀胱癌、肝癌、肺癌、前列腺癌等多种肿瘤细胞, 而对正常细胞无影响; 其在肿瘤细胞中的复制水平可达正常细胞的100~1 000倍。此外, 该病毒可以选择性地在受试肿瘤细胞中高效表达具有生物活性的GM-CSF, 每24 h每106个细胞表达量可达147.60 ± 7.63 ng (如LoVo细胞), 远超体内起效阈值(每24 h每106个细胞表达量40 ng); 而在正常细胞中GM-CSF几乎不表达。在人结肠癌LoVo细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型中, 瘤内注射SKM_KK010(h)可有效抑制肿瘤生长(T/C值为33.01%)。本研究成功构建了一株安全有效的溶瘤黑猩猩腺病毒, 证明黑猩猩腺病毒载体在溶瘤病毒开发中具有良好的应用潜力。动物实验经伦理委员会批准, 符合相关伦理标准(伦理审批编号: IACUC-KYB2301P)。

黑猩猩腺病毒载体  /  端粒酶逆转录酶启动子  /  GM-CSF  /  溶瘤病毒  /  免疫治疗

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with solid tumors accounting for the majority of cases in adults. Advanced and metastatic solid tumors are responsible for most cancer-related deaths; however, current treatments still fail to achieve both high efficacy and low toxicity. In this study, we constructed an oncolytic virus (OV) named SKM_KK010(h) based on chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 23 (SAdV-23). This OV utilizes an optimized human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter to drive e1a gene expression, thereby restricting viral replication and oncolysis to tumor cells. Additionally, it carries the csf2 transgene, which encodes human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), to activate systemic anti-tumor immunity. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that SKM_KK010(h) selectively kills a broad range of tumor cell lines — including colon, bladder, liver, lung, and prostate cancer cells — while exhibiting no cytotoxicity toward normal cells. Viral replication in tumor cells was 100- to 1 000-fold higher than in normal cells. Furthermore, SKM_KK010(h) selectively and efficiently expresses bioactive GM-CSF in the tested tumor cells, reaching a level of 147.60 ± 7.63 ng per 106 cells per 24 h (e.g., in LoVo cells), far exceeding the in vivo efficacy threshold (40 ng per 106 cells per 24 h) required to elicit potent antitumor immunity. In contrast, GM-CSF expressions were undetectable or minimal in normal cells. In a LoVo xenograft mouse model, intratumoral injection of SKM_KK010(h) effectively inhibited tumor growth, achieving a relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C%) of 33.01%. In summary, we have successfully developed a safe and effective oncolytic chimpanzee adenovirus with strong potential as a platform for next-generation oncolytic virotherapy. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and conducted in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines (Ethics Approval Number: IACUC-KYB2301P).

chimpanzee adenoviral vector  /  human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter  /  GM-CSF  /  oncolytic viruses  /  immunotherapy
苏一航, 万云捷, 张皓月, 肖宇晴, 王妍雯, 王成, 袁浩, 周向阳, 肖瑶. 基于黑猩猩腺病毒载体的溶瘤病毒构建及其抑瘤效果的初步研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2554 -2566 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0180
Yi-hang SU, Yun-jie WAN, Hao-yue ZHANG, Yu-qing XIAO, Yan-wen WANG, Cheng WANG, Hao YUAN, Xiang-yang ZHOU, Yao XIAO. Construction and preliminary antitumor efficacy study of an oncolytic virus derived from chimpanzee adenovirus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2554 -2566 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0180
癌症是一个重大的公共卫生问题, 也是造成中国疾病负担的重要因素。中国是世界上癌症新发和死亡人数最多的国家之一。在中国, 新发癌症病例数位居前列的癌种有肺癌、结直肠癌、甲状腺癌和肝癌等, 而肺癌、肝癌和胃癌死亡率居前三[1]。
当前肿瘤治疗的研究热点是肿瘤免疫治疗, 是一种利用患者自身免疫系统产生或放大抗肿瘤免疫应答的新型疗法模式, 其具备激活机体免疫系统精准识别并清除肿瘤细胞的能力[2]。肿瘤免疫疗法包括免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI)、CAR-T细胞(chimeric antigen receptor T cell)疗法等多种方法。尽管这些疗法在部分实体瘤中取得了显著进展, 但在高度免疫抑制的肿瘤微环境中, 这些疗法仍存在局限性[3], 包括总体应答率低、T细胞浸润和持久性不足[4]以及肿瘤耐药[5]等问题, 难以实现肿瘤的完全治愈。
溶瘤病毒(oncolytic viruses, OVs)是一种新兴的肿瘤免疫疗法, 它能特异性感染并裂解肿瘤细胞, 而对正常组织的毒副作用较低; 其次, 溶瘤病毒可通过诱导免疫细胞浸润、促进炎性因子释放及增强抗原呈递, 从而重塑免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境[6]; 同时, 它能通过多种途径激活和增强全身性抗肿瘤免疫反应, 产生持久的免疫记忆[7], 从而在杀伤原发病灶的同时有助于抑制肿瘤的复发与转移。随着IMLYGIC®、DELYTACT®和安柯瑞®等溶瘤病毒产品的获批, 该类疗法在黑色素瘤、恶性胶质瘤及头颈部肿瘤等适应症中展示了明确的临床价值[8]。近年来, 这些产品与免疫检查点抑制剂、化疗或局部治疗的联合应用已显示出协同抗肿瘤效应, 在多项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期研究中显著改善了响应率[9, 10]。尽管如此, 现有溶瘤病毒疗法仍面临若干关键挑战。一方面, 瘤内注射给药方式限制了其在转移性或深部病灶中的应用; 另一方面, 宿主预存或诱导的抗病毒免疫可能削弱重复给药效率与全身性抗肿瘤免疫激活[11]。
腺病毒是目前全球临床试验中使用最为广泛的溶瘤病毒载体[12]。其中, 基于人腺病毒5型(AdHu5)的载体应用最广。然而, 人群中高比例的预存中和抗体以及较强的肝脏嗜性[13, 14], 在一定程度上限制了其治疗效果和安全性[15]。因此, 开发能够有效规避预存免疫且肝毒性较低的新型腺病毒载体已成为重要方向。黑猩猩腺病毒(chimpanzee adenovirus, ChAd)因其较低的预存中和抗体水平[16]、减弱的肝脏趋向性[17]以及良好的免疫激活能力[8]被认为是极具潜力的腺病毒载体。目前市场上黑猩猩腺病毒用于肿瘤免疫治疗的产品缺乏, 相关研究成果也十分有限。鉴于此, 本研究尝试对黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23进行多处遗传改造, 构建了一种新型溶瘤黑猩猩腺病毒, 命名为SKM_KK010(h)。
本研究首先将e1a基因的天然启动子替换为经优化的肿瘤特异性人端粒酶逆转录酶(human telomerase reverse transcriptase, hTERT)启动子, 以实现病毒在肿瘤细胞中的特异性复制和杀伤。其次, 将e4orf6基因替换为人腺病毒5型的e4orf6基因, 以解决HEK293细胞中的病毒产量及hexon蛋白表达异常的问题, 从而提升病毒在HEK293细胞中的复制效率和感染性滴度检测的准确性[16]。最后, 在病毒基因组中插入了编码人源粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF)蛋白的cDNA, 以增强溶瘤病毒的免疫刺激作用。该细胞因子已被证明是一种有效的免疫因子, 能诱导特异性且持久的抗肿瘤免疫反应[18, 19]。
本论文主要围绕该溶瘤病毒的构建与表征、肿瘤选择性、细胞毒性、GM-CSF的表达与活性以及体内抑瘤效果等方面展开初步研究, 旨在为其后续体内实验和临床转化提供实验基础。
病毒构建材料    本研究使用的野生型黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23的基因组序列在NCBI的登录号为AY530877.1。本研究中使用的重组黑猩猩腺病毒载体pSKM1为本实验室委托南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司通过基因合成的方式构建; pUC57-Brick质粒由南京金斯瑞生物科技有限公司提供。
细胞系和培养条件    人胚胎肾细胞HEK293购自苏州海星生物科技有限公司; 人前列腺癌细胞22Rv1购自中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心细胞库; 人乳腺癌细胞MCF7由重庆医科大学附属第一医院任国胜教授赠送; 人结肠癌细胞SW480、人结肠癌细胞LoVo、人肝癌细胞Hep3B、人膀胱癌细胞SW780、人前列腺癌细胞LNCaP、人皮肤成纤维细胞BJ、人正常卵巢上皮细胞IOSE-80和人视网膜上皮细胞ARPE-19购自北京北纳创联生物技术研究院; 人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF 10A购自上海烜雅生物科技有限公司; 人血液白血病细胞TF-1购自南京科佰生物科技有限公司; 人小细胞肺癌细胞NCI-H1048由中美冠科生物(太仓)有限公司提供。所有细胞系均经过STR鉴定, 并且为支原体检测合格。
上述细胞的培养, 除TF-1外, 均使用细胞产品说明书指定的基础培养基添加1%青霉素-链霉素(P/S)和10%胎牛血清(FBS)。TF-1需额外添加2 ng·mL-1 GM-CSF。SW480和SW780采用密封细胞培养瓶, 其他细胞采用透气细胞培养瓶, 所有细胞均在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。
实验动物    BALB/c Nude雌性小鼠, 8~10周龄, 体重18~20 g, 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 动物合格证号: 110011231108651672。小鼠皮下异种移植瘤模型研究服务由上海美迪西生物医药股份有限公司提供, 动物研究伦理审批编号为IACUC-KYB2301P。实验期间所有实验动物均饲养于上海美迪西生物医药SPF级别动物实验室。
试剂    细胞基础培养基DMEM/F12 (货号: PM150312)、F12K (货号: PM150910)、RPMI-1640 (货号: PM150110)、MEM (货号: PM150467)、L15 (货号: PM151012)均购自武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司; DMEM-H (货号: SH30243.01)和胎牛血清(FBS, 货号: SH30406.05)购自美国Hyclone公司; 青霉素-链霉素溶液(100X, 货号: C100C5)和胰蛋白酶消化液(货号: C100C1)购自苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司; 重组人GM-CSF (CHO表达)蛋白(货号: 7954-GM-100/CF)购自美国R&D Systems公司; Recombinant Human GM-CSF Protein (货号: 91102ES08)购自翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司。细胞活力检测试剂CellCounting-Lite® 2.0 Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (货号: DD1101-02)购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; CPE实验使用的4%多聚甲醛(货号: E672002)购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司; 0.5%结晶紫(货号: C0121)购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; HUMAN GM-CSF ELISA KIT (货号: EH012-96)购自上海吉泰依科赛生物科技有限公司; GM-CSF标准品(货号: 7954-GM/CF)购自美国R&D Systems公司; MagMAXTM病毒/病原体核酸分离试剂盒(货号: A42352)和TaqManTM Fast Advanced Master Mix (货号: 4444557)购自美国Applied BiosystemsTM公司。
仪器与设备    梯度型PCR仪T100 (美国Bio-Rad公司); 超微量可见分光光度计NANO DROP ONEC、全自动磁珠纯化仪King Fisher Flex、qPCR仪Quant StudioTM 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System (美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 倒置显微镜CKX53配备荧光模块和数码成像系统(日本Olympus公司); 超速离心机Optima XE-90 (美国Beckman公司); 酶联免疫斑点分析仪CTL S6 Ultimate M2 (美国Cellular Technology Ltd.公司); 多功能酶标仪Spectra Max M5 (美国Molecular Devices公司)。
病毒构建、制备与表征    首先, 在软件SnapGene software (www.snapgene.com)上对野生型黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23的基因组进行设计、改造: 包括删除其e1a和e1b基因, 并在删除位点插入两个非回文序列的酶切位点Ⅰ-CeuⅠ; 删除E3区域的开放阅读框3至7 (e3orf3~e3orf7), 并在删除位点插入两个非回文序列的酶切位点Ⅰ-SceⅠ; 将SAdV23的e4orf6基因替换为人腺病毒5型的e4orf6基因; 在SAdV23基因组末端各插入一个PacⅠ酶切位点。设计好的核苷酸序列交由金斯瑞公司进行基因合成, 并且克隆至pUC57-Brick质粒的EcoRV位点, 形成重组黑猩猩腺病毒平台质粒pSKM1 (核苷酸序列见专利202510942695.3)。溶瘤病毒质粒pSKM_KK010(h)是在pSKM1的基础上采用基因合成和传统分子克隆的方法构建而成的(详细构建流程以及相关核苷酸序列见专利202510942695.3)。pSKM_KK010(h)的构造特点包括: 第一, 包含野生型SAdV23的e1a和e1b基因, 在其上游插入一段经过改造的hTERT启动子序列(命名为mP); 第二, 在pSKM1的e3orf3~e3orf7删除区域插入人源GM-CSF蛋白的cDNA。
使用低内毒素的质粒中抽试剂盒对构建好的pSKM_KK010(h)质粒进行提取, 并利用BglⅡ和AseⅠ两种酶分别进行酶切鉴定。酶切鉴定正确的克隆, 交由金唯智公司对插入的外源基因序列、克隆位点序列及其上下游进行Sanger测序, 进一步验证其正确性。
验证正确的重组腺病毒质粒使用PacⅠ酶切后, 转染HEK293细胞, 并在HEK293细胞中进行病毒拯救。待细胞出现95%病变后, 收集细胞; 将收集的细胞在-80和37 ℃之间反复冻融3次。离心, 取上清继续感染HEK293细胞进行病毒扩增。待收集40至80盘150 mm细胞培养皿的病毒后, 通过氯化铯密度梯度离心对病毒进行纯化, 并利用柱层析法对病毒进行脱盐处理[20], 即得到纯化的重组黑猩猩腺病毒SKM_KK010(h)。
使用超微量分光光度计测定纯化病毒的OD260, 按照公式VP = OD260 × 1.1 × 1012计算得到病毒的物理滴度, 单位为VP·mL-1 (viral particles·mL-1) [21]。病毒的感染性滴度通过免疫组化法测定。将病毒进行梯度稀释后感染HEK293细胞。48 h后, 用甲醇(生工, 货号A506806-0500)对细胞进行固定和通透; 添加腺病毒六邻体蛋白一抗进行孵育(英国Abcam公司, 货号ab7428), 充分清洗后添加辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP)标记的二抗进行孵育(北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司, 货号SSA007), 充分清洗后, 利用增强型DAB显色试剂盒进行显色(上海泽叶生物科技有限公司, 货号ZY-81223)。在显微镜下观察每个病毒稀释度下细胞染色情况(阳性细胞呈棕褐色), 选取合适的病毒稀释度进行拍照, 并对照片上棕褐色点进行计数。按照公式, 病毒感染性滴度(IFU·mL-1) = (每个视野中阳性细胞数×每个孔的视野数) / (病毒体积/ mL ×稀释因子), 确定病毒原液的感染性滴度[22]。
使用QIAmp Blood Mini Kit (德国Qiagen公司, 货号51104)提取病毒基因组DNA。然后, 使用AseⅠ和BglⅡ分别对病毒基因组DNA进行酶切鉴定。用纯化的病毒感染HEK293细胞, 连续传代至第12代(P12)。分别在第6代(P6)、第9代(P9)和P12收集病毒, 进行纯化和基因组提取。使用AseⅠ和BglⅡ分别对上述病毒基因组DNA进行酶切鉴定, 用以判断病毒连续传代下基因组的稳定性。
病毒感染能力检测    病毒感染能力检测使用的是与SKM_KK010(h)骨架相同, 但是携带增强型绿色荧光蛋白(enhanced green fluorescent protein, eGFP)报告基因的非复制型重组病毒C6-E4-eGFP。C6-E4-eGFP用于吸附和进入细胞的功能蛋白与SKM_KK010(h)保持一致, 因此可以替代SKM_KK010(h)用于本实验, 绿色荧光蛋白可以直接观察到病毒是否成功感染细胞。将细胞按一定数量接种至24孔板, 使24 h后细胞汇合度达到80%左右, 每孔接种1 mL细胞培养液。24 h后, 将病毒C6-E4-eGFP以病毒原液(感染性滴度为2.67×1010 IFU·mL-1)作为初始浓度(记为C0), 用杜氏磷酸缓冲盐溶液(Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, DPBS)对病毒原液进行10倍梯度稀释, 依次获得C1~C4四个连续浓度梯度。以15 µL每孔将病毒及阴性对照DPBS以多点滴加的方式加入24孔板。将接毒后的24孔板置于含5% CO2、37 ℃细胞培养箱中培养, 72 h后进行拍照。
细胞病变效应实验(cytopathic effect assays, CPE)    将细胞按一定数量接种至96孔板, 使用含10% FBS的培养基培养, 使其24 h后汇合度达到80%~100%[23]。24 h后, 将SKM_KK010(h)以感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI) 0~100感染细胞; 将细胞放入37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养7 d。每日在显微镜下观察细胞的病变情况和杀伤效果。当观察到病毒MOI为1所感染的HEK293细胞完全裂解时, 终止实验。用4%的多聚甲醛固定细胞, 并用0.5%结晶紫染色[24]。用酶联免疫斑点分析仪对培养板进行拍照记录。
细胞杀伤检测(cytotoxicity assays)    将细胞按一定数量接种至96孔板, 使用含5%FBS的培养基培养, 使其24 h后汇合度达到70%~80%。24 h后, 将SKM_KK010(h)以MOI 0、1、10、50、100和500感染细胞[24], 每个MOI做3个复孔, 0 MOI作为空白对照。将96孔板放入37 ℃、5% CO2的环境中培养10 d, 期间对细胞进行换液和补液操作。具体方法为感染3天后从每孔中吸出100 μL培养基, 加入50 μL含5% FBS的培养基; d6后加入50 μL含5% FBS的培养基; d9后从每孔吸出100 μL培养基, 加入50 μL含5% FBS的培养基。培养10 d后, 吸走全部培养基上清, 加入100 μL DPBS和50 μL CellCounting-Lite 2.0的检测试剂, 吹打混匀后避光孵育20 min[25]。使用Spectra Max M5仪器上的化学发光模式, 检测生物化学发光信号。每个实验独立重复3次。细胞存活率=实验孔数值/ 空白孔平均值。
荧光实时定量PCR测定病毒复制    将细胞按一定数量接种至24孔板, 使用含5% FBS的培养基培养, 使其24 h后汇合度达到70%~80%。24 h后, 将SKM_KK010(h)以MOI 5感染细胞。同时, 设置无病毒空白对照(MOI = 0), 在其中加入与病毒同体积的DPBS; 设置无细胞空白对照, 即仅加入培养基和同样数量的病毒。在37 ℃、5% CO2的环境中继续培养72 h后将培养板置于-80 ℃冰冻, 随后在室温解冻[25]。解冻后, 将每孔中所有内容物转移至1.5 mL离心管中, 并根据MagMAXTM病毒/病原体核酸分离试剂盒和全自动磁珠处理系统KingFisher Flex的使用说明, 对所有样品进行基因组提取。
样本中病毒的拷贝数通过实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)检测确定。将已知浓度的pSKM_KK010(h)质粒作为标准品进行10倍浓度梯度稀释, 拷贝数范围为5×101~5×107·μL-1。对上述标准品进行qPCR, 绘制标准曲线。样品中病毒基因组的拷贝数通过标准曲线计算获得。其中qPCR使用的引物分别为EForward (5′-3′)-tcaaccaccaccgcaacgc, EReverse (5′-3′)-tggatgtggaagggcacgta; 探针为EProbe (5′-3′)-taccgctccatgctcctgggc (5′-FAM; 3′-BHQ1)。在30 µL的总反应体系中包含模板(样品或标准品) 10 µL, PCR Mix (2×) 15 µL, EForward (20 μmol·L-1) 0.3 µL, EReverse (20 μmol·L-1) 0.3 µL, EProbe (20 μmol·L-1) 0.3 µL以及无核酸酶水4.1 µL。PCR程序为95 ℃ 60 s (循环1次), 95 ℃ 10 s以及60 ℃ 30 s (共循环40次)。
GM-CSF的表达及活性检测    将细胞按一定数量接种至24孔板, 使用含5% FBS的培养基于37 ℃、5% CO2环境中培养, 使其24 h后汇合度达到80%~100%[26]。24 h后, 除LNCaP细胞外, 其他细胞将培养基换成含2% FBS的培养基。将SKM_KK010(h)以一定MOI感染细胞。同时, 设置无病毒空白对照(MOI = 0), 在其中加入与病毒同体积的DPBS。感染后继续培养24或48 h。随后, 收取上清液, 用于GM-CSF产量和活性检测。
使用Human GM-CSF ELISA试剂盒, 按照说明书, 使用SpectraMax M5仪器对样品进行GM-CSF产量检测[27]。除标准曲线的测定使用了R&D Systems的重组GM-CSF标准品外, 其余试剂和操作步骤均按照试剂盒说明书进行。每个样品检测2次, 每个实验独立重复3次。
采用GM-CSF依赖型细胞TF-1, 对上述GM-CSF的生物学活性进行检测[25]。收集TF-1细胞并用分析培养基(RPMI1640, 0.5% FBS, 1% P/S)对细胞清洗3次, 以洗去完全培养基中残余GM-CSF[28]。每孔接种10 000个细胞至96孔板, 接种体积80 μL。将标准品和样品进行梯度稀释后加入细胞, 每孔加样40 μL。将96孔板放入37 ℃、5% CO2的环境中培养48 h。48 h后, 用CellCounting-Lite 2.0对细胞存活进行检测, 每个孔检测3次, 绘制药物浓度和细胞活率曲线, 计算药物或标准品的EC50。每个实验独立重复3次。样品的相对活性(relative bioactivity) =标准品EC50 / 样品EC50。
小鼠体内抗肿瘤功效研究    在BALB/c Nude小鼠右侧背部皮下接种含有1×106个LoVo细胞的悬液, 每天观察并测量肿瘤大小。在平均肿瘤体积达到100 mm3左右时, 将小鼠随机分为3组, 分别为PBS组、高剂量(HD)组(8×109 IFU)和低剂量(LD)组(1.6×109 IFU), 每组5只。分组后分别瘤内注射50 μL的PBS、SKM_KK010(h) (1.6×1011 IFU·mL-1)和SKM_KK010(h) (3.2×1010 IFU·mL-1), 每周注射2次, 持续给药3周。每日观察记录动物临床症状, 每周2次给小鼠称重并测量肿瘤体积大小。在d31, 安乐死所有小鼠, 收集样本, 称量瘤重。溶瘤病毒对肿瘤抑制效果的评价指标按下述方法计算: 肿瘤生长抑制率(%TGITV) = (1-TVT/TVC)×100%, 其中TVT和TVC分别为治疗组和阴性对照组平均肿瘤体积; 相对肿瘤体积(relative tumor volume, RTV) = Vt / V0, 其中V0为分组时的肿瘤体积, Vt为每一次测量时的肿瘤体积; 相对肿瘤增殖率(%T/CRTV) =TRTV/CRTV×100%, 其中TRTV和CRTV分别为治疗组和阴性对照组的RTV; 抑瘤率(%TGITW) = (1-TWT/TWC)×100%, 其中TWT和TWC分别为治疗组和阴性对照组平均肿瘤重量; 动物体重变化率(%BWC) = (BWt-BW0)/BW0×100%, 其中BWt为每次测量时动物体重, BW0为分组时动物体重。根据中国NMPA《细胞毒类抗肿瘤药物非临床研究技术指导原则》 (2006年11月), %T/CRTV ≤ 40%并经统计学分析P < 0.05为有效。药物相关动物死亡数超过20%, 则认为该药物剂量具有严重毒性。
本实验研究中, 实验数据均以mean ± SEM表示。以时间点为X轴, 以肿瘤体积(mm3)为Y轴绘制肿瘤生长曲线; 以时间点为X轴, 动物体重(g)为Y轴绘制动物体重变化曲线。
数据处理    除特别说明外, 所有实验均进行3次独立重复, 采用GraphPad Prism 9.4进行数据分析和作图, 结果均采用mean ± SEM表示, 采用双尾t-检验进行组间比较, P < 0.05为显著性差异, P < 0.01为极显著差异。
重组腺病毒SKM_KK010(h)的基因组构造(图1A)包括将SAdV23的天然启动子(native promoter)替换为经过改造的hTERT启动子序列(命名为mP), 在E3区域删除部分基因, 并插入人源GM-CSF蛋白, 将SAdV23的e4orf6基因替换为人腺病毒5型的e4orf6基因。对于SAdV23的所有改造, 均在质粒上完成, 得到包含重组病毒完整基因组的载体pSKM_KK010(h)。对pSKM_KK010(h)进行AseⅠ和BglⅡ单酶切鉴定, 电泳图谱(图1B左侧)与模拟酶切图谱(图1B右侧)对比, 结果一致, 说明质粒pSKM_KK010(h)构建成功。后续利用Sanger测序对多个关键位点进行确认, 进一步验证了分子克隆的正确性(结果未展示)。质粒pSKM_KK010(h)用PacⅠ酶切线性化后, 转染HEK293细胞进行病毒包装、扩培和纯化[29]。对纯化的病毒(P3代)进行AseⅠ和BglⅡ单酶切鉴定。电泳图谱(图1C, 左侧)与模拟图谱(图1C, 右侧)对比, 结果一致, 说明病毒基因组结构正确, 病毒包装成功。随后, 将P3代病毒继续在HEK293细胞中连续传至P6、P9和P12代。对这3个代次的病毒提取基因组, 并对基因组进行AseⅠ和BglⅡ单酶切鉴定。电泳图谱(图1C, 左侧)结果与模拟图谱(图1C, 右侧)结果一致, 表明P6、P9和P12代病毒基因组结构均正确。该结果说明, 病毒可以在HEK293细胞中连续稳定传代, 最高可达12代。
C6-E4-eGFP是本研究自主设计并构建的一款带有绿色荧光指示功能的重组黑猩猩腺病毒, 方便用于在荧光显微镜下实时观察病毒对各类细胞的感染情况。在基因组结构方面, C6-E4-eGFP由黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23的病毒骨架改造而来, 仅在非必需区域插入了eGFP表达盒。其衣壳蛋白及受体结合域(fiber/penton base)与SAdV23及SKM_KK010(h)完全一致, 这种设计确保了病毒在吸附、进入细胞等生物学行为上与原初病毒高度同质, 因此, 该病毒保留了与亲本株一致的细胞感染特性, 能够准确代表SAdV23或SKM_KK010(h)在多种细胞上的感染能力。将C6-E4-eGFP以不同稀释度感染37株肿瘤细胞(包含18种肿瘤细胞系)及6株人正常细胞, 用荧光显微镜观察绿色荧光的情况并拍照记录。数据显示C6-E4-eGFP对测试的大多数细胞具有感染能力, 但感染能力的强弱有差别(图2和表1)。图2展示了C6-E4-eGFP感染不同细胞系后代表性的荧光照片, 可以看到, 病毒有效感染人结肠癌细胞系(LoVo、SW480)、人膀胱癌细胞(SW780)、人肝癌细胞(Hep3B)后使细胞发出绿色荧光, 荧光强度随病毒用量增多而增加; 同时, 病毒对人视网膜上皮细胞(ARPE-19)、人正常卵巢上皮细胞(IOSE-80)也有一定的感染能力, 而人皮肤成纤维细胞(BJ)未出现荧光, 表明病毒无法有效感染BJ细胞。
将SKM_KK010(h)以不同MOI分别感染多种人肿瘤细胞系和正常细胞。培养7 d后, 用多聚甲醛固定细胞, 后用结晶紫对细胞进行染色。当病毒杀伤细胞, 细胞死亡并脱落, 无法被固定, 结晶紫不能对其染色, 导致对应区域为无色; 未被杀伤的细胞仍保持贴壁, 可被固定及染色, 使对应区域呈蓝紫色。因此, 96孔板内的染色结果可反映病毒对细胞的杀伤情况。
图3A显示, SKM_KK010(h)对所有测试的肿瘤细胞系均有杀伤。在MOI为100时, 病毒对除MCF-7以外的所有肿瘤细胞系都有完全或接近完全的杀伤(MOI为100的孔几乎都未被染色)。相反地, 对于四株正常细胞IOSE-80、ARPE-19、MCF-10A和BJ, 即使在MOI为100时, 也未观察到任何杀伤(即MOI为100的孔被完全染色)。这些数据综合反映了SKM_KK010(h)对细胞的杀伤具备肿瘤特异性。此外, SKM_KK010(h)对不同肿瘤细胞的杀伤情况也存在差异: 在LoVo和Hep3B细胞中SKM_KK010(h)表现出更强的杀伤能力, 即在MOI为10的孔, 可观察到大部分区域未被染色(表明大部分细胞死亡脱落); 对于Hep3B和LoVo细胞, 完全杀伤可在MOI低至20时观察到; 而在SW480、SW780、LNCaP、22Rv1、NCI-H1048和MCF-7中, 病毒MOI达到或超过50时, 才观察到大部分细胞死亡并脱落。
将病毒以不同MOI感染细胞, 一段时间后, 通过测量ATP研究细胞存活情况, 可以定量反映病毒在不同浓度下对多种细胞的杀伤。图3B显示溶瘤病毒SKM_KK010(h)对肿瘤细胞系Hep3B、LNCaP、SW780、SW480和LoVo杀伤效果明显; 并且, 病毒的杀伤效果随感染复数的增加而显著增强; 此外, 相同MOI条件下, 病毒对于不同肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果有差异, 这些与结晶紫染色观察到的结果基本一致。如图3B所示在中等MOI (100、50)下, Hep3B、LoVo和SW780细胞活力检测显示杀伤效果明显, 而SW480和LNCaP的杀伤效果不明显。如图3C所示, 在相同感染复数的条件下, 正常组织细胞如ARPE-19、MCF-10A、BJ和IOSE-80中, 并未检测到细胞活率减少。并且, 在光学显微镜下观察到细胞形态完整健康。上述研究说明溶瘤病毒SKM_KK010(h)可以特异性杀伤多种肿瘤细胞, 同时对正常细胞基本没有影响。
本研究随后通过对病毒基因组拷贝数的定量检测, 研究了SKM_KK010(h)感染不同细胞后的复制情况。本研究检测了3株杀伤效果比较明显的细胞株Hep3B、SW780和LoVo及两株正常细胞ARPE-19和IOSE-80。图4显示SKM_KK010(h)在Hep3B、SW780和LoVo中大量复制。此外, SKM_KK010(h)在不同细胞中的复制能力存在差异, 其中在Hep3B中病毒基因组的复制最为显著, 接近每细胞70 000拷贝; 在SW780和LoVo细胞中的复制能力相当, 接近每细胞12 000拷贝。形成鲜明对比的是相同试验条件下, 在正常细胞ARPE-19和IOSE-80中, 并未检测到明显病毒基因组复制, 平均拷贝数分别为每细胞60拷贝和每细胞550拷贝, 与肿瘤细胞中的病毒基因组拷贝数相比存在显著差异(分别为P < 0.001或P < 0.000 1)。上述结果说明, SKM_KK010(h)可以选择性地在肿瘤细胞中增殖, 证明分子克隆中设计的肿瘤特异性启动子可实现预期效果。
通过对SKM_KK010(h)携带的GM-CSF基因在不同细胞中表达情况的检测, 观察到SKM_KK010(h)感染细胞后, 可以在所有测试的肿瘤细胞系中高度表达GM-CSF蛋白; 但是, 在正常人皮肤成纤维细胞BJ及人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF 10A中几乎检测不到GM-CSF的表达; 在ARPE-19和IOSE-80细胞中可以检测到表达但是产量很低。其中用MOI 5感染不同肿瘤细胞系后, 结果显示人结肠癌细胞LoVo中GM-CSF表达量最高, 可达到每24 h每106个细胞表达147.60 ± 7.63 ng, 其次是Hep3B和SW780细胞, 每24 h每106个细胞GM-CSF表达量分别为39.23 ± 1.92、33.87 ± 4.60 ng。这些数据综合反映了GM-CSF的表达具备一定程度的肿瘤特异性。本研究随后分析了SKM_KK010(h)分别以20、10、5和2的MOI感染SW480、LoVo人结肠癌细胞; 分别以20和5的MOI感染SW780人膀胱癌细胞后GM-CSF的表达情况。结果表明, 在各肿瘤细胞系中, GM-CSF的表达水平随MOI的增加而升高, 且两者之间呈现近似线性关系。以LoVo细胞为例, MOI为5时, 每24 h每106个细胞GM-CSF表达量为147.60 ± 7.63 ng; MOI提高至10时, 每24 h每106个细胞表达量增至305.60 ± 16.19 ng。
之前Kitamura等[30]报道显示GM-CSF在体外可以促进细胞因子依赖的TF-1细胞的增殖。因此利用这一特性, 本研究通过检测LoVo和SW480两株细胞表达的GM-CSF在体外促进TF-1细胞增殖的能力, 并与纯化的GM-CSF标准品的此项能力进行比较, 判断病毒感染细胞后所产生的GM-CSF是否具有相应的生物活性。实验结果显示, 病毒感染人类肿瘤细胞后表达的GM-CSF具有生物活性, 并且其生物活性不亚于标准品(表2)。
作者随后研究了SKM_KK010(h)在人结肠癌细胞LoVo异种移植瘤小鼠中的抗肿瘤效果。图5A展示了肿瘤体积随时间变化曲线。可以观察到, 相比于溶媒对照组(PBS组), SKM_KK010(h) HD组(每只小鼠每次给药8×109 IFU)和LD组(每只小鼠每次给药1.6×109 IFU)的肿瘤体积增长速度极为缓慢。给药大约15 d后(图5A垂直虚线), 给药组的肿瘤体积相比于对照组出现显著差异(P < 0.01)。通过计算, 可观察到, 每个肿瘤体积测量点的肿瘤生长抑制率(%TGITV)随实验给药逐步上升, 停止给药后抑制率仍能保持一定水平(图5B)。通过计算每个肿瘤体积测量点的相对肿瘤增殖率(%T/CRTV) (图5C), 可观察到, 大约在17~21 d之间, HD组对肿瘤产生有效抑制, %T/CRTV降低至40%以下。在d31时, PBS组平均肿瘤重量为1.084 ± 0.098 g, HD组及LD组平均肿瘤重量分别为0.335 ± 0.125、0.508 ± 0.119 g, %TGITW分别为69.10%、53.14% (数据未展示), 与PBS组相比均有极显著性差异(P < 0.001, P < 0.01); %T/CRTV分别为33.01%、47.99%, 与PBS组相比均有极显著性差异(P < 0.01)。实验结果表明, SKM_KK010(h)在每只小鼠每次给药1.6×109 IFU剂量下, 能够显著抑制结肠癌细胞LoVo在小鼠体内的生长和增殖(P < 0.01); SKM_KK010(h)在每只小鼠每次给药8×109 IFU剂量下能够有效抑制结肠癌细胞LoVo在小鼠体内的生长和增殖(P < 0.01, 图5C)。
本研究还初步评估了SKM_KK010(h)的安全性。d31, PBS组动物平均体重与d0实验开始时相比下降5.96% (1.29 g), 其他给药组动物平均体重与d0相比下降0.33%~6.58% (0.09~1.50 g), 见图5E。推测小鼠体重下降是由肿瘤的负荷引起, 并未观察到与SKM_KK010(h)相关的毒副作用。
SKM_KK010(h)是一种基于黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23的条件复制型溶瘤病毒[31]。溶瘤病毒发挥作用的前提是高效感染肿瘤细胞, 因此感染的广谱性是其关键特性。研究表明, SAdV23属于腺病毒E组, 该组腺病毒主要通过细胞表面的柯萨奇病毒和腺病毒受体(Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, CAR)进入细胞[32], 因此, SKM_KK010(h)理论上保留了野生型SAdV23的广谱细胞感染能力。为验证这一点, 本研究采用感染能力与SKM_KK010(h)相同的绿色荧光报告病毒C6-E4-eGFP (含相同病毒骨架并表达增强型绿色荧光蛋白), 检测了其对37株肿瘤细胞和6株正常细胞的感染能力。结果显示, C6-E4-eGFP能感染多种类型的肿瘤及正常细胞系, 表现出较好的广谱性; C6-E4-eGFP对不同细胞的感染效率存在差异, 其中, 对人结肠癌、人膀胱癌以及人前列腺癌细胞系的感染能力尤为突出。因此推测这与CAR受体的表达水平有关。通过公共数据库中肿瘤细胞RNA-seq数据[33, 34]分析(可应要求提供), 发现多数易感肿瘤细胞的CAR表达较高。但是Caki-1和Cal-62细胞几乎不表达CAR, 却仍被高效感染。这提示E组腺病毒可能还利用除CAR以外的其他受体进入细胞。腺病毒受体种类广泛, 例如, CD46 (membrane cofactor protein, MCP, 膜辅蛋白)是多数B族腺病毒的受体[35]; DSG-2 (desmoglein 2, 受体桥粒芯蛋白2)是B2族腺病毒Ad3和Ad7的受体[36, 37]; αvβ3 (整合素αvβ3)可作为HAdV-D26在上皮细胞的受体(而CAR和CD46均不起作用)[38]。Caki-1和Cal-62细胞的CD46、DSG-2以及αvβ3的表达水平均较高。由此可以推测SKM_KK010(h)可能通过这些受体感染上述细胞。此外, SKM_KK010(h)完全不感染JEKO-1和DB细胞, 这两株细胞的CAR受体以及其他上述受体的表达均极低。综上, 可以假设黑猩猩腺病毒SAdV23除通过CAR外, 还能借助其他受体感染肿瘤细胞, 不过目前相关研究证据尚十分有限。对SAdV23细胞受体的深入研究, 将为溶瘤病毒设计及适应症选择提供重要指导。
为提升SKM_KK010(h)病毒对肿瘤细胞的选择性, 本研究将其e1a基因的天然启动子替换为经过优化的hTERT启动子mP。该启动子在hTERT阳性且视网膜母细胞瘤蛋白(retinoblastoma protein, RB)阴性的肿瘤细胞中表现出较高活性, 而在正常细胞中活性显著降低, 从而特异性地调控e1a基因表达, 促进病毒选择性地在肿瘤细胞内复制并诱导溶瘤效应[25]。在细胞病变实验(固定时间结晶紫染色)和细胞毒性实验(固定时间ATP含量测定)中, SKM_KK010(h)均显示出肿瘤特异性杀伤作用: 即对肿瘤细胞产生显著杀伤效果, 而对正常细胞没有影响。同时细胞病变和毒性实验结果分析发现不同肿瘤细胞对SKM_KK010(h)的敏感性存在差异, 即在相同MOI条件下, 其病变程度和存活率差异明显。该差异可能归因于肿瘤细胞表面受体表达水平的差异, 从而影响病毒感染效率; 细胞内信号通路的异质性亦可调控病毒复制与杀伤, 例如激活PI3K/AKT通路可能通过抑制凋亡并营造亲病毒环境而增强病毒增殖[39]。然而, 一个有趣的现象是: SKM_KK010(h)在高MOI下对SW480和SW780细胞具有剂量依赖性的杀伤效应, 但在低MOI (1和10)条件下, 通过ATP水平测得的细胞活性在10 d培养期内出现短暂升高(超过100%)。这一现象与腺病毒采用的代谢劫持策略相符。腺病毒早期蛋白, 特别是E1A, 已知能通过激活MYC和HIF-1α信号通路, 主动重编程宿主细胞代谢以促进病毒快速复制与组装, 从而上调糖酵解, 导致宿主细胞进入“高代谢”状态[40]。加上持续的营养补充, 最终使得检测时受感染细胞的ATP含量远大于未感染细胞。此外也有可能, 在为期10 d的培养中, 达到完全汇合状态的对照细胞因接触抑制而进入代谢活性降低的静息状态; 相反, 低MOI感染的细胞则保持旺盛的代谢活力, 甚至可能因邻近细胞裂解而出现代偿性增殖。因此, CellCounting-Lite 2.0检测显示的“ > 100%细胞活性”可能源于其检测原理的局限性, 反映的是单细胞代谢产出的提升, 而非绝对细胞数量的真实增加, 结晶紫染色的结果也可印证这点。类似这种代谢“爆发”现象在其他溶瘤病毒研究中亦有报道, 通常出现在CPE最终显现之前[41]。
实验结果进一步显示, SKM_KK010(h)的基因组拷贝数表现出明显的肿瘤特异性, 即肿瘤细胞中的病毒基因组拷贝数显著高于正常细胞。作为病毒增殖的关键步骤, 病毒基因组复制的这种差异提示, 该病毒可选择性在肿瘤细胞中复制。后续可通过量化感染后子代病毒颗粒产量对这一假设进行检验。值得注意的是, 在正常细胞中病毒基因组并非完全不可检测; 例如, 在IOSE-80细胞中观察到每个细胞约含有550个基因组拷贝。该拷贝数可能源于添加的病毒本身或mP启动子在某些正常组织中的低水平活性。相比之下, 肿瘤细胞如Hep3B中的拷贝数极高(每个细胞约含有74 494个基因组拷贝), 超过正常细胞100倍。据此, 可以推测, 病毒在正常细胞中无法有效复制基因组, 从而限制其产生足够数量的、完整的子代病毒去感染新的宿主细胞。此外, 观察到的基因组复制并不必然等同于有效的病毒增殖或细胞杀伤, 此假设可由本文中细胞病变效应和细胞毒性实验结果予以佐证。综上所述, 这些发现有力支持了溶瘤病毒SKM_KK010(h)在肿瘤细胞杀伤和基因组复制方面所具备的肿瘤特异性, 符合设计预期。
为加强全身性抗肿瘤免疫应答, 本研究在SKM_ KK010(h)病毒基因组中插入了编码人源GM-CSF蛋白的cDNA。溶瘤病毒感染肿瘤细胞后, 理论上可在原位高效分泌GM-CSF, 募集并激活抗原呈递细胞, 促进肿瘤抗原呈递和效应T细胞活化, 从而与病毒溶瘤效应协同诱导全身抗肿瘤特异性免疫反应, 实现对原发瘤及远处转移瘤的有效清除[42]。多种表达GM-CSF的溶瘤病毒在临床试验中已展现出有效的免疫激活作用[43, 44]。体外实验显示, SKM_KK010(h)感染肿瘤细胞后可高效表达具有生物活性的GM-CSF, 而在正常细胞中表达量极低或几乎不表达。在LoVo人结肠癌细胞中, 每24 h每106个细胞产生的具有生物活性的GM-CSF超过40 ng, 即Dranoff等[18]报道的有效激活系统性抗肿瘤免疫的剂量阈值。据此推测, SKM_ KK010(h)有望在体内产生治疗剂量的GM-CSF, 从而激活全身性抗肿瘤免疫。此外, GM-CSF表达水平与MOI呈正相关, 与Ramesh等[27]的报道一致。因此推测可通过优化溶瘤病毒体内注射剂量来调控GM-CSF水平, 以最大化其免疫激活效果。在临床转化层面, SKM_KK010(h)在人结肠癌细胞中展现的高GM-CSF表达有助于优化给药剂量与次数。首先, 局部高表达可增强树突细胞募集和抗肿瘤免疫, 可能允许使用较低给药剂量实现有效治疗, 从而降低载体相关毒性和生产成本。其次, 参考CG0070 (表达GM-CSF的溶瘤人腺病毒)临床试验结果, 单次给药后GM-CSF局部高表达仅维持2~3天, 而多次给药可延长免疫激活窗口[43]。黑猩猩腺病毒载体的低人群预存免疫水平[45, 46]也进一步支持重复给药策略。当然, 最终给药方案仍需通过临床试验确定。拟开展的Ⅰ期剂量爬坡试验将系统评估最大耐受剂量(MTD)或推荐Ⅱ期剂量(RP2D)、系统性GM-CSF暴露(血清水平)及注射部位反应, 以确定最佳给药方案。
基于体外数据及实际成瘤可行性, 本研究选用LoVo异种移植瘤模型初步验证SKM_KK010(h)的抑瘤效果。结果显示, HD组SKM_KK010(h)可有效抑制肿瘤生长, 且小鼠对该病毒显示出良好的耐受性。这些发现初步证实了SKM_KK010(h)在LoVo异种移植瘤模型中有很好的抗肿瘤功效。结合体外实验中SKM_KK010(h)感染肿瘤细胞后可高效表达具有生物活性的GM-CSF, 为后续在免疫健全小鼠模型中进一步考察其溶瘤作用及抗肿瘤免疫激活提供了初步体内证据和实验基础。本研究初步验证了SKM_KK010(h)的直接溶瘤效应, 但未能评估其免疫调节功能。基于SKM_KK010(h)对于一系列小鼠肿瘤细胞系的CPE实验结果(数据未展示), 后续研究拟采用C57BL/6小鼠接种MC38结肠癌细胞系, 建立同源肿瘤移植模型, 并使用表达鼠源GM-CSF的病毒, 通过设置以下分组系统解析溶瘤作用与免疫调节效应的贡献及其协同机制: ① PBS对照组; ②复制缺陷GM-CSF表达组; ③无GM-CSF表达可复制组; ④ GM-CSF表达可复制组。在实验周期中采集血样进行超敏电化学发光(meso scale discovery, MSD)多因子检测及GM-CSF定量分析; 终点采集肿瘤组织进行流式细胞术以解析肿瘤浸润免疫细胞谱型, 并用脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记法(terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end labeling, TUNEL)染色评估肿瘤细胞凋亡, 全面评估SKM_KK010(h)的溶瘤与免疫协同抗肿瘤机制, 为其临床转化提供数据支持。
综上所述, 本研究将黑猩猩腺病毒改造成具有优异肿瘤特异性的免疫治疗性溶瘤病毒, 初步证明了该策略的可行性, 为进一步优化并探索其临床应用潜力奠定了基础。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0180
  • 接收时间:2026-02-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-10
  • 修回日期:2026-04-29
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    1旷宇博捷医药科技(上海)有限公司, 上海 201204
    2SKM Pharma Tech Inc., Hatfield, PA 19440, USA

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科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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