Article(id=1308842127199658391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0103, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769011200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-22, revisedDate=1775404800000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981880234, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981880234, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981880234, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981880234, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2757, endPage=2772, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842127409373592, articleId=1308842127199658391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol. and phylogenetic relationships of Bupleurum L., columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Bupleurum L. (Apiaceae). It is recognized as a provincially protected rare medicinal plant in Shaanxi with the whole plant has acknowledged medicinal value. In this study, the complete plastid genome sequence of B. giraldii was sequenced and characterized, and comparative and phylogenetic analyses were then conducted alongside other published Bupleurum plastid genome sequences. The whole plastid genome of B. giraldii was 155 761 bp in length, which exhibited the conserved circular quadripartite structure consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 85 663 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 17 492 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa/IRb, 26 303 bp). A total of 129 genes were annotated, including 84 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, of which, 6 protein-coding genes, 7 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes were duplicated in the IR regions. A total of 66 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 34 tandem repeats, and 31 dispersed repeats were detected. In the plastid genome of B. giraldii, codons with the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value greater than 1 showed a tendency to end in adenine (A) or thymine (T), whereas those with an RSCU value less than 1 tended to end in cytosine (C) or guanine (G). Collectively, neutral plotting, ENC-plot, and PR2-plot analyses all revealed that natural selection might be the predominant factor shaping this codon usage bias. The plastid genome of Bupleurum species exhibited highly conserved gene order and content, along with little variation in overall size and GC content, no significant expansion or contraction of the IR regions was detected. Interspecific sequence variation mainly occurred in the non-coding intergenic regions, and sequence divergence in the LSC and SSC regions was significantly higher than that in the IR regions. Eleven divergence hotspot sequences were identified, located in the LSC and SSC regions respectively. Phylogenetic inferences inferred that all Bupleurum species clustered into a monophyletic clade with BSML = 100%, PP = 1, and which could be further divided into two independent lineages corresponding to subgenus Bupleurum and subgenus Penninervia. Bupleurum giraldii located in subgenus Bupleurum and showed the closest relationship to B. falcatum L. The complete plastid genome of B. giraldii was comprehensively investigated for the first time and its phylogenetic position in Bupleurum was elucidated with high resolution in this study, these results will provide basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of the germplasm resources of medicinal Bupleurum species.

, authors=Jin-hao CHEN1, Chen ZHAO1, Jing GAO1, 2, Yi-min LI1, 2, Gang ZHANG1, 2, Ying CHEN1, 2, Yong-gang YAN1, 2, Ming-ying ZHANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Jin-hao CHEN, Chen ZHAO, Jing GAO, Yi-min LI, Gang ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Yong-gang YAN, Ming-ying ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming-ying ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842128898351527, articleId=1308842127199658391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征解析及柴胡属种间系统发育关系分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

秦岭柴胡Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.为伞形科Apiaceae柴胡属Bupleurum L.多年生草本植物, 全草可药用, 是陕西省重点保护高山珍稀药用植物。本研究基于基因组浅层测序(genome skimming, GS) 方法测序获得秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列, 对其进行了组装、注释和特征解析, 并与同属已发表物种叶绿体全基因组进行了比较和种间系统发育关系分析。秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组呈保守的环状四分体结构, 长度为155 761 bp, 由一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 85 663 bp), 一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 17 492 bp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/IRb; 26 303 bp) 构成; 共注释得到129个基因, 包括84个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因, 其中6个蛋白编码基因、7个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因在IRs区发生重复。从秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列中共检测出66个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs), 34个串联重复序列(tandem repeats) 和31个散在重复序列(dispersed repeats)。密码子使用偏好性(codon usage bias, CUB) 分析结果显示, 当相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU) 大于1时, 偏向以A或T碱基结尾, 而小于1时, 则偏向以C或G碱基结尾; 中性绘图、ENC-plot和PR2-plot分析结果均表明, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择影响。柴胡属植物种间叶绿体全基因组序列长度、GC含量、基因组成及排列顺序高度保守, IRs区未检测到明显的扩张或收缩; 序列的种间变异主要发生在非编码的基因间区, 且LSC区、SSC区序列的变异程度显著高于IRs区, 共筛选到11条种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC和SSC区。系统发育分析结果显示, 柴胡属所有物种以BSML = 100%, PP = 1的支持率聚类为一个单系, 属下划分为柴胡亚属(subgenus Bupleurum) 和subgenus Penninervia 2个分支, 秦岭柴胡位于柴胡亚属, 与B. falcatum L.系统发育关系最近缘。本研究首次对秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征进行了全面解析, 澄清了秦岭柴胡在柴胡属内的系统发育位置, 研究结果将为柴胡属药用植物种质资源保护和合理开发利用提供理论基础。

, authors=陈锦豪1, 赵晨1, 高静1, 2, 李依民1, 2, 张岗1, 2, 陈莹1, 2, 颜永刚1, 2, 张明英1, 2, *, authorsList=陈锦豪, 赵晨, 高静, 李依民, 张岗, 陈莹, 颜永刚, 张明英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张明英, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

共同第一作者陈锦豪、赵晨负责实验、数据分析和论文初稿撰写; 通讯作者张明英负责实验设计、数据分析和论文指导; 高静、李依民、陈莹参与实验及数据分析; 张岗、颜永刚参与实验材料采集与论文指导。所有作者参与论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张明英, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
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GC12: Mean GC content at codon positions 1 and 2; A3: A content at the third position of the codon; T3: T content at the third position of the codon; G3: G content at the third position of the codon; C3: C content at the third position of the codon; GC3: Codon third position GC content, figureFileSmall=W670bijB4LNn3ZBC9rlpkg==, figureFileBig=/GXi1wwjOyMk06EbC4y0Cw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132249600492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PRGFUjMrZdLSfc5x7v1gPg==, figureFileBig=VubXsetQmhUqjx6fvZ6zSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132316709357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sequences identity of the complete plastid genomes of B. giraldii and the other 39 Bupleurum species, figureFileSmall=PRGFUjMrZdLSfc5x7v1gPg==, figureFileBig=VubXsetQmhUqjx6fvZ6zSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132383818222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3AmL7/vPb7sim9KpZKqZeg==, figureFileBig=l5LydLJWraNrjC7XuHdqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132450927087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison of the borders of LSC, SSC and IRa/b regions of the complete plastid genomes of B. giraldii and the other 39 Bupleurum species, figureFileSmall=3AmL7/vPb7sim9KpZKqZeg==, figureFileBig=l5LydLJWraNrjC7XuHdqwg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132522230256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AAJ7+l/GF7qp1cundhn28w==, figureFileBig=jn2vZXq22R5pAxOp+X2h6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132580950513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=The nucleotide diversity of the complete plastid genome sequences of B. giraldii and the other 39 Bupleurum species, figureFileSmall=AAJ7+l/GF7qp1cundhn28w==, figureFileBig=jn2vZXq22R5pAxOp+X2h6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132652253682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=rSJxqVDuJx5+sp2wLleMaQ==, figureFileBig=FwYV02dfycf4b7udSQeCsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132710973939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Phylogenetic tree of Bupleurum species constructed using the complete plastid genome sequences and the concatenated 11 highly divergent sequences based on Maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods (differences in topology were indicated by dotted lines). Numbers beside each node are bootstrap support values (BS) from maximum likelihood and posterior probabilities (PP) from Bayesian inference. * indicates nodes with BSML = 100%, PP = 1; numbers in brackets indicate BS and PP from the concatenated 11 highly divergent sequences, figureFileSmall=rSJxqVDuJx5+sp2wLleMaQ==, figureFileBig=FwYV02dfycf4b7udSQeCsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842132782277108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesAccessionGenomeLSCSSCIRsCDS
Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%
B. giraldiiMW442884155 76137.785 66335.817 49231.426 30342.879 80538.1
B. angustissimumNC_057639155 82937.785 59835.817 59931.326 31642.979 81538.1
B. aureumNC_077617155 56837.785 42835.917 51031.426 31542.879 87238.1
B. bicauleNC_057641155 92237.785 57835.817 60231.526 37142.879 83338.1
B. boissieuanumMN756856155 80037.785 80435.817 41031.526 29342.879 81138.1
B. chinenseOR387523155 79037.785 72935.817 50131.426 28042.879 89438.1
B. candolleiMT261183155 54137.885 25035.917 22131.526 29842.879 87938.2
B. commelynoideumOR508818155 01837.884 87835.917 50831.426 31642.879 88538.1
B. chaishouiOQ460233155 59237.785 49235.817 45631.426 32242.879 84438.1
B. densiflorumMT261184155 78737.785 47335.817 59231.426 36142.779 87038.1
B. euphorbioidesNC_053888154 87137.785 08935.817 71431.426 03442.979 55338.1
B. fruticosumNC_060426157 39137.786 85035.917 79331.326 37442.879 85138.1
B. hamiltoniiNC_056298155 32037.885 28035.917 46831.626 28642.879 80238.2
B. kweichowenseNC_058630155 02537.784 92235.917 50531.426 31142.879 87038.1
B. kaoiNC_063520155 93837.785 78435.817 53831.526 30842.879 91738.1
B. krylovianumOQ621986155 57437.785 38735.917 56631.426 31142.879 90338.1
B. longiradiatumOR508822155 89737.785 87735.817 44231.526 28942.879 89838.1
B. longicauleOQ621987155 14937.885 11435.917 41931.726 30842.879 93238.2
B. marginatum var. stenophyllumOR508825155 55337.885 35335.917 60231.726 29942.879 88238.2
B. marginatumOR508826155 47837.785 32935.917 60531.726 27242.879 88238.1
B. malconenseOQ460229155 56237.785 47635.917 46831.426 30942.879 84938.1
B. microcephalumOQ460231155 08037.885 31936.017 51131.626 12542.979 84638.2
B. pusillumMT261188155 22437.785 13235.817 50431.426 29442.879 86138.1
B. petiolulatumOQ621991155 22037.885 13435.917 47831.626 30442.879 90238.1
B. rockiiOQ621992155 17837.884 96235.917 57431.526 32142.879 97538.1
B. sibiricumOR387525155 77737.785 53735.817 61031.226 31542.879 90038.1
B. sibiricum var. jeholenseOR387524155 70637.785 63635.817 49031.526 29042.879 88238.1
B. scorzonerifoliumOQ621993155 96237.685 67635.817 61831.226 33442.879 88838.1
B. smithiiOR387522155 85837.685 62735.817 59731.326 31742.879 90038.1
B. triradiatumOQ621997155 69137.785 46035.817 53131.426 35042.879 87638.1
B. thianschanicumOQ621995155 38537.785 05435.917 61131.426 36042.779 84738.1
B. wenchuanenseOQ621998155 10837.885 32436.017 52431.526 13042.879 63038.1
B. yunnanenseOQ621999155 35737.885 29735.917 50231.626 27942.879 87838.2
B. yinchowenseNC_054205155 85137.685 62535.817 61231.326 30742.879 86438.1
B. dracaenoidesNC_050984155 14037.885 32335.917 53731.626 14042.879 83138.1
B. falcatumOR508821155 87237.785 74235.817 52831.426 30142.879 90138.1
B. gibraltaricumNC_060427157 30337.786 91835.817 64331.326 37142.879 82638.1
B. latissimumNC_033346155 62137.685 46935.817 54831.326 30242.879 80638.1
B. shanianumNC_058629154 92537.884 92535.917 47831.626 26142.879 78738.2
B. sikangenseNC_056803155 35737.785 25235.917 50131.526 30242.879 87038.1
), ArticleFig(id=1308842132857774581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Information of the plastid genomes of B. giraldii and the other 39 Bupleurum species. LSC: Large single copy; SSC: Small single copy; IRs: Inverted repeats; CDS: Coding sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesAccessionGenomeLSCSSCIRsCDS
Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%Length/bpGC/%
B. giraldiiMW442884155 76137.785 66335.817 49231.426 30342.879 80538.1
B. angustissimumNC_057639155 82937.785 59835.817 59931.326 31642.979 81538.1
B. aureumNC_077617155 56837.785 42835.917 51031.426 31542.879 87238.1
B. bicauleNC_057641155 92237.785 57835.817 60231.526 37142.879 83338.1
B. boissieuanumMN756856155 80037.785 80435.817 41031.526 29342.879 81138.1
B. chinenseOR387523155 79037.785 72935.817 50131.426 28042.879 89438.1
B. candolleiMT261183155 54137.885 25035.917 22131.526 29842.879 87938.2
B. commelynoideumOR508818155 01837.884 87835.917 50831.426 31642.879 88538.1
B. chaishouiOQ460233155 59237.785 49235.817 45631.426 32242.879 84438.1
B. densiflorumMT261184155 78737.785 47335.817 59231.426 36142.779 87038.1
B. euphorbioidesNC_053888154 87137.785 08935.817 71431.426 03442.979 55338.1
B. fruticosumNC_060426157 39137.786 85035.917 79331.326 37442.879 85138.1
B. hamiltoniiNC_056298155 32037.885 28035.917 46831.626 28642.879 80238.2
B. kweichowenseNC_058630155 02537.784 92235.917 50531.426 31142.879 87038.1
B. kaoiNC_063520155 93837.785 78435.817 53831.526 30842.879 91738.1
B. krylovianumOQ621986155 57437.785 38735.917 56631.426 31142.879 90338.1
B. longiradiatumOR508822155 89737.785 87735.817 44231.526 28942.879 89838.1
B. longicauleOQ621987155 14937.885 11435.917 41931.726 30842.879 93238.2
B. marginatum var. stenophyllumOR508825155 55337.885 35335.917 60231.726 29942.879 88238.2
B. marginatumOR508826155 47837.785 32935.917 60531.726 27242.879 88238.1
B. malconenseOQ460229155 56237.785 47635.917 46831.426 30942.879 84938.1
B. microcephalumOQ460231155 08037.885 31936.017 51131.626 12542.979 84638.2
B. pusillumMT261188155 22437.785 13235.817 50431.426 29442.879 86138.1
B. petiolulatumOQ621991155 22037.885 13435.917 47831.626 30442.879 90238.1
B. rockiiOQ621992155 17837.884 96235.917 57431.526 32142.879 97538.1
B. sibiricumOR387525155 77737.785 53735.817 61031.226 31542.879 90038.1
B. sibiricum var. jeholenseOR387524155 70637.785 63635.817 49031.526 29042.879 88238.1
B. scorzonerifoliumOQ621993155 96237.685 67635.817 61831.226 33442.879 88838.1
B. smithiiOR387522155 85837.685 62735.817 59731.326 31742.879 90038.1
B. triradiatumOQ621997155 69137.785 46035.817 53131.426 35042.879 87638.1
B. thianschanicumOQ621995155 38537.785 05435.917 61131.426 36042.779 84738.1
B. wenchuanenseOQ621998155 10837.885 32436.017 52431.526 13042.879 63038.1
B. yunnanenseOQ621999155 35737.885 29735.917 50231.626 27942.879 87838.2
B. yinchowenseNC_054205155 85137.685 62535.817 61231.326 30742.879 86438.1
B. dracaenoidesNC_050984155 14037.885 32335.917 53731.626 14042.879 83138.1
B. falcatumOR508821155 87237.785 74235.817 52831.426 30142.879 90138.1
B. gibraltaricumNC_060427157 30337.786 91835.817 64331.326 37142.879 82638.1
B. latissimumNC_033346155 62137.685 46935.817 54831.326 30242.879 80638.1
B. shanianumNC_058629154 92537.884 92535.917 47831.626 26142.879 78738.2
B. sikangenseNC_056803155 35737.785 25235.917 50131.526 30242.879 87038.1
), ArticleFig(id=1308842132933272054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene funcationType of genesName of genes
Self-replicationRibosomal RNArrn4.5, rrn5, rrn16, rrn23
Transfer RNAtrnA-UGCd, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnfM-CAU, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCCd, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU, trnI-GAUd, trnK-UUUd, trnL-CAA, trnL-UAG, trnL-UAAd, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU, trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG, trnR-UCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnS-GCU, trnT-UGU, trnT-GGU, trnV-GAC, trnV-UACd, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA
Ribosomal protein (small subunit)rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7, rps8, rps11, rps12a, e, rps14, rps15, rps16d, rps18, rps19b
Ribosomal protein (large subunit)rpl2d, rpl14, rpl16d, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
RAN polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1d, rpoC2
PhotosynthesisSubunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhAd, ndhBd, ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of photosystem IpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem ⅡpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of cytochromepetA, petBd, petDd, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpFd, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Other genesATP-dependent proteaseclpPe
MaturasematK
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoAaccD
Synthesis geneccsA
Proteins of unknown functionycf1c, ycf2, ycf3e, ycf4, infA
), ArticleFig(id=1308842133004575223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Gene composition in the plastid genome of B. giraldii. Bold font means genes duplicated in the IRs; a: Genes have two independent transcriptional units; b and c: Genes span the LSC/IRb and SSC/IRa regions, respectively; d and e: Genes have one and two introns, separately. NADH: Nicotinamide adenine diuncleotide; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CoA: Coenzyme A

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene funcationType of genesName of genes
Self-replicationRibosomal RNArrn4.5, rrn5, rrn16, rrn23
Transfer RNAtrnA-UGCd, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnfM-CAU, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCCd, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU, trnI-GAUd, trnK-UUUd, trnL-CAA, trnL-UAG, trnL-UAAd, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU, trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG, trnR-UCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnS-GCU, trnT-UGU, trnT-GGU, trnV-GAC, trnV-UACd, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA
Ribosomal protein (small subunit)rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7, rps8, rps11, rps12a, e, rps14, rps15, rps16d, rps18, rps19b
Ribosomal protein (large subunit)rpl2d, rpl14, rpl16d, rpl20, rpl22, rpl23, rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
RAN polymeraserpoA, rpoB, rpoC1d, rpoC2
PhotosynthesisSubunits of NADH dehydrogenasendhAd, ndhBd, ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of photosystem IpsaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem ⅡpsbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of cytochromepetA, petBd, petDd, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthaseatpA, atpB, atpE, atpFd, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubiscorbcL
Other genesATP-dependent proteaseclpPe
MaturasematK
Envelope membrane proteincemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoAaccD
Synthesis geneccsA
Proteins of unknown functionycf1c, ycf2, ycf3e, ycf4, infA
), ArticleFig(id=1308842133075878392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesLSCSSCIRsCDS
TRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRs
B. giraldii201450122131514121411
B. angustissimum201339228153812413
B. aureum91244114135109512
B. bicaule24133822101741212513
B. boissieuanum2612542141351412611
B. chinense2713471231471012710
B. candollei1313502281341211613
B. commelynoideum1612351141361212510
B. chaishoui1811442251351211612
B. densiflorum1214452261741411512
B. euphorbioides914381151351211511
B. fruticosum271132518155101256
B. hamiltonii1612482271551411612
B. kweichowense1312391261351211611
B. kaoi2018462231351211611
B. krylovianum1515452261351212612
B. longiradiatum2719432241351012610
B. longicaule1316471291331210413
B. marginatum var. stenophyllum912441281751811612
B. marginatum1112442291551811613
B. malconense1714391241351211610
B. microcephalum121437225115129711
B. pusillum1313411241341411610
B. petiolulatum1311382261331210411
B. rockii2312392161351013511
B. sibiricum1413384171551212513
B. sibiricum var. jeholense1916451231361214611
B. scorzonerifolium1913383271761213612
B. smithii2213372181551213512
B. triradiatum1418453251751411511
B. thianschanicum1512483291861211510
B. wenchuanense1114452271151210611
B. yunnanense1312493281331210412
B. yinchowense2014394171351210512
B. dracaenoides1317363271351210711
B. falcatum2118441251361411610
B. gibraltaricum291036618155811511
B. latissimum1814452271351212712
B. shanianum11114622101551611613
B. sikangense1414381271351412611
), ArticleFig(id=1308842133172347385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Numbers and types of the tandem repeats (TRs), dispersed repeats (DRs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs) detected in the LSC, SSC, and IRs of the plastid genomes of B. giraldii and the other 39 Bupleurum species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesLSCSSCIRsCDS
TRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRsTRsDRsSSRs
B. giraldii201450122131514121411
B. angustissimum201339228153812413
B. aureum91244114135109512
B. bicaule24133822101741212513
B. boissieuanum2612542141351412611
B. chinense2713471231471012710
B. candollei1313502281341211613
B. commelynoideum1612351141361212510
B. chaishoui1811442251351211612
B. densiflorum1214452261741411512
B. euphorbioides914381151351211511
B. fruticosum271132518155101256
B. hamiltonii1612482271551411612
B. kweichowense1312391261351211611
B. kaoi2018462231351211611
B. krylovianum1515452261351212612
B. longiradiatum2719432241351012610
B. longicaule1316471291331210413
B. marginatum var. stenophyllum912441281751811612
B. marginatum1112442291551811613
B. malconense1714391241351211610
B. microcephalum121437225115129711
B. pusillum1313411241341411610
B. petiolulatum1311382261331210411
B. rockii2312392161351013511
B. sibiricum1413384171551212513
B. sibiricum var. jeholense1916451231361214611
B. scorzonerifolium1913383271761213612
B. smithii2213372181551213512
B. triradiatum1418453251751411511
B. thianschanicum1512483291861211510
B. wenchuanense1114452271151210611
B. yunnanense1312493281331210412
B. yinchowense2014394171351210512
B. dracaenoides1317363271351210711
B. falcatum2118441251361411610
B. gibraltaricum291036618155811511
B. latissimum1814452271351212712
B. shanianum11114622101551611613
B. sikangense1414381271351412611
), ArticleFig(id=1308842133256233466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Repeat typeTypeRepeatsNumber
MononucletideA108
116
122
132
142
191
C141
G141
T1012
115
122
132
141
151
161
DinucleotideAT51
61
71
102
TA54
TrinucleotideATA41
ATT42
GAA41
GAT41
TAA41
TAT41
TTA41
PentanucleotideATAAT31
HexanucleotidesGGGAAT31
), ArticleFig(id=1308842133335925243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842127199658391, language=CN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Numbers and types of the detected SSRs in the plastid genome of B. giraldii

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Repeat typeTypeRepeatsNumber
MononucletideA108
116
122
132
142
191
C141
G141
T1012
115
122
132
141
151
161
DinucleotideAT51
61
71
102
TA54
TrinucleotideATA41
ATT42
GAA41
GAT41
TAA41
TAT41
TTA41
PentanucleotideATAAT31
HexanucleotidesGGGAAT31
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秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征解析及柴胡属种间系统发育关系分析
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陈锦豪 1 , 赵晨 1 , 高静 1, 2 , 李依民 1, 2 , 张岗 1, 2 , 陈莹 1, 2 , 颜永刚 1, 2 , 张明英 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2757-2772
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2757 -2772
秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征解析及柴胡属种间系统发育关系分析
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陈锦豪1, 赵晨1, 高静1, 2, 李依民1, 2, 张岗1, 2, 陈莹1, 2, 颜永刚1, 2, 张明英1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
  • 2陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046
通讯作者:
张明英, Tel: 86-29-38185165, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

共同第一作者陈锦豪、赵晨负责实验、数据分析和论文初稿撰写; 通讯作者张明英负责实验设计、数据分析和论文指导; 高静、李依民、陈莹参与实验及数据分析; 张岗、颜永刚参与实验材料采集与论文指导。所有作者参与论文修改。

Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol. and phylogenetic relationships of Bupleurum L.
Jin-hao CHEN1, Chen ZHAO1, Jing GAO1, 2, Yi-min LI1, 2, Gang ZHANG1, 2, Ying CHEN1, 2, Yong-gang YAN1, 2, Ming-ying ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Qinling Engineering Research Center for Application and Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Xi'an 712046, China
  • 2Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of "Qin Medicine", Xi'an 712046, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0103
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秦岭柴胡Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.为伞形科Apiaceae柴胡属Bupleurum L.多年生草本植物, 全草可药用, 是陕西省重点保护高山珍稀药用植物。本研究基于基因组浅层测序(genome skimming, GS) 方法测序获得秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列, 对其进行了组装、注释和特征解析, 并与同属已发表物种叶绿体全基因组进行了比较和种间系统发育关系分析。秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组呈保守的环状四分体结构, 长度为155 761 bp, 由一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 85 663 bp), 一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 17 492 bp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/IRb; 26 303 bp) 构成; 共注释得到129个基因, 包括84个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因, 其中6个蛋白编码基因、7个tRNA基因和4个rRNA基因在IRs区发生重复。从秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列中共检测出66个简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs), 34个串联重复序列(tandem repeats) 和31个散在重复序列(dispersed repeats)。密码子使用偏好性(codon usage bias, CUB) 分析结果显示, 当相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU) 大于1时, 偏向以A或T碱基结尾, 而小于1时, 则偏向以C或G碱基结尾; 中性绘图、ENC-plot和PR2-plot分析结果均表明, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择影响。柴胡属植物种间叶绿体全基因组序列长度、GC含量、基因组成及排列顺序高度保守, IRs区未检测到明显的扩张或收缩; 序列的种间变异主要发生在非编码的基因间区, 且LSC区、SSC区序列的变异程度显著高于IRs区, 共筛选到11条种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC和SSC区。系统发育分析结果显示, 柴胡属所有物种以BSML = 100%, PP = 1的支持率聚类为一个单系, 属下划分为柴胡亚属(subgenus Bupleurum) 和subgenus Penninervia 2个分支, 秦岭柴胡位于柴胡亚属, 与B. falcatum L.系统发育关系最近缘。本研究首次对秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征进行了全面解析, 澄清了秦岭柴胡在柴胡属内的系统发育位置, 研究结果将为柴胡属药用植物种质资源保护和合理开发利用提供理论基础。

柴胡属  /  秦岭柴胡  /  叶绿体基因组  /  序列变异  /  系统发育

Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol. is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Bupleurum L. (Apiaceae). It is recognized as a provincially protected rare medicinal plant in Shaanxi with the whole plant has acknowledged medicinal value. In this study, the complete plastid genome sequence of B. giraldii was sequenced and characterized, and comparative and phylogenetic analyses were then conducted alongside other published Bupleurum plastid genome sequences. The whole plastid genome of B. giraldii was 155 761 bp in length, which exhibited the conserved circular quadripartite structure consisting of a large single copy (LSC, 85 663 bp), a small single copy (SSC, 17 492 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IRa/IRb, 26 303 bp). A total of 129 genes were annotated, including 84 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 37 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 8 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, of which, 6 protein-coding genes, 7 tRNA genes and 4 rRNA genes were duplicated in the IR regions. A total of 66 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), 34 tandem repeats, and 31 dispersed repeats were detected. In the plastid genome of B. giraldii, codons with the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value greater than 1 showed a tendency to end in adenine (A) or thymine (T), whereas those with an RSCU value less than 1 tended to end in cytosine (C) or guanine (G). Collectively, neutral plotting, ENC-plot, and PR2-plot analyses all revealed that natural selection might be the predominant factor shaping this codon usage bias. The plastid genome of Bupleurum species exhibited highly conserved gene order and content, along with little variation in overall size and GC content, no significant expansion or contraction of the IR regions was detected. Interspecific sequence variation mainly occurred in the non-coding intergenic regions, and sequence divergence in the LSC and SSC regions was significantly higher than that in the IR regions. Eleven divergence hotspot sequences were identified, located in the LSC and SSC regions respectively. Phylogenetic inferences inferred that all Bupleurum species clustered into a monophyletic clade with BSML = 100%, PP = 1, and which could be further divided into two independent lineages corresponding to subgenus Bupleurum and subgenus Penninervia. Bupleurum giraldii located in subgenus Bupleurum and showed the closest relationship to B. falcatum L. The complete plastid genome of B. giraldii was comprehensively investigated for the first time and its phylogenetic position in Bupleurum was elucidated with high resolution in this study, these results will provide basis for the conservation and sustainable utilization of the germplasm resources of medicinal Bupleurum species.

Bupleurum L.  /  Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.  /  plastid genome  /  sequence variation  /  phylogeny
陈锦豪, 赵晨, 高静, 李依民, 张岗, 陈莹, 颜永刚, 张明英. 秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征解析及柴胡属种间系统发育关系分析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2757 -2772 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0103
Jin-hao CHEN, Chen ZHAO, Jing GAO, Yi-min LI, Gang ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Yong-gang YAN, Ming-ying ZHANG. Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol. and phylogenetic relationships of Bupleurum L.[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2757 -2772 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0103
柴胡属Bupleurum L.隶属于伞形科Apiaceae, 目前全球记载柴胡属植物约224种(https://powo.science.kew.org/), 中国分布有42种, 其中22种为中国特有[1], 36种具有药用价值[2], 以根或带根全草入药, 含有皂苷、挥发油、有机酸、黄酮、甾醇等多种药用活性成分, 具有抗炎、抗肿瘤、神经调节、免疫调节等功效[3, 4], 被广泛用于中医临床和现代药物开发研究。
由于丰富的物种多样性, 复杂的物种形成和演化历史, 柴胡属自建立以来其种间划分和系统发育关系问题长期受到关注[5]。Shu等[6]基于形态、解剖及花粉性状对中国药用柴胡14种、2变种和1个变型的分析结果首次提出将柴胡属划分为大叶柴胡亚属subgenus Longifolia (Wollf) Yuan (仅包含大叶柴胡B. longiradiatum Turcz.1个物种) 和真柴胡亚属subgenus Eubupleura (Briq.) Yuan, 后者又可分为大苞组section Ranunculoidea (Wolff) Yuan和小苞组section Falcata (Wolff) Yuan。Neves等[7]基于核糖体DNA ITS序列对柴胡属32个物种(35个代表个体) 的分子系统发育分析结果将柴胡属划分为柴胡亚属subgenus Bupleurum和Penninervia亚属(subgenus Penninervia)。Wang等[8]结合形态特征和分子证据(ITS、trnH-psbA及matK序列) 的系统发育分析结果与Neves等[7]的结果一致, 同样将柴胡属划分为柴胡亚属和subgenus Penninervia, 其中, 中国分布的物种均属于柴胡亚属。然而, 由于有限的分子片段所能提供的物种演化信息位点不足, 利用ITS、matK、rbcL、trnH-psbA和rps16等片段单独或联合分析所得的柴胡属种间系统发育关系支持率相对较低[5, 7, 8], 且不同分析结果所得的系统发育关系间存在冲突, 部分近缘物种界定模糊, 这不仅限制了对柴胡属分类修订、物种分化及种间亲缘演化关系的深入理解, 也直接影响了柴胡属药用植物种质资源的精准鉴定和分类保护。
秦岭柴胡B. giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.又称金柴胡, 主要分布于我国陕西、山西、宁夏、青海等地, 生长于海拔2 800~3 300米的高山草地, 全草可入药, 具有发表祛风、清肝利胆、清心火、通经之功效[2, 9], 是陕西省重点保护的高山珍稀药用植物, 也是陕西秦巴山区常用中草药[10]。秦岭柴胡的药用功效与同属北柴胡B. chinense DC.、狭叶柴胡B. scorzonerifolium Willd. (中药材柴胡的基原植物) 存在明显差异, 是柴胡属药用资源的重要补充。野外调查发现, 过度采挖导致生境破碎, 加之自身繁殖更新困难等因素, 秦岭柴胡野生居群的数量和分布范围持续缩减, 逐渐呈现零散分布的濒危态势, 亟需加强对其野生种质资源开展保护。明确其遗传背景与系统发育位置, 是开展遗传多样性评价、种质资源精准鉴定及制定有效保护策略的重要前提。然而, 秦岭柴胡在柴胡属的系统发育位置较少受到关注。Wang等[8]基于核基因间区ITS、叶绿体trnH-psbA和matK序列对中国柴胡属的系统发育分析结果显示, 秦岭柴胡位于柴胡亚属, 与贵州柴胡B. kweichowense R. H. Shan (trnH-psbA+matK) 或贵州柴胡+空心柴胡B. longicaule var. franchetii H. Boissieu (ITS+trnH-psbA+matK) 构成姐妹关系, Song等[5]基于ITS、matK、trnH-psbA和rbcL序列对东亚地区分布的柴胡属种间系统发育分析结果亦将秦岭柴胡与贵州柴胡+空心柴胡聚类为一个单系分支, 但支持率均相对较低(BSML = 67%~78%, PP = 0.75~0.95)。系统发育位置的不确定阻碍了对秦岭柴胡这一狭域分布的高山珍稀药用植物种质资源的精准评估与保护, 同时也将制约对其药用资源的合理开发利用。
叶绿体不仅是绿色植物及藻类等真核自养生物细胞进行光合作用的重要场所, 同时其编码的许多基因还直接或间接参与萜类、酚类等药用次生代谢产物的合成与调控[11]。作为一种半自主性细胞器, 其遗传物质叶绿体基因组(chloroplast genome) 可独立于核基因组之外进行自我复制和遗传[12]。被子植物叶绿体基因组结构稳定, 基因组成和排列顺序高度保守, 且基因组较小, 在细胞中常存在多个拷贝, 易于测序分析。同时, 由于其核苷酸替换率相对较低和单亲遗传特性, 使得叶绿体基因组序列成为植物类群种间划分、分子鉴定和系统发育关系重建研究的理想分子标记[13-16]。解析秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组的序列组成与结构特征, 明确其与同属近缘物种叶绿体基因组间的差异, 可为厘清其系统发育位置、完善柴胡属分类修订提供可靠的分子证据; 同时, 挖掘与次生代谢相关的基因组特征, 将进一步为秦岭柴胡药用特性分子基础的揭示提供线索, 促进其种质资源的保护和药用资源的合理开发利用。目前已有19 950个物种共42 784条叶绿体基因组序列在国家生物信息中心叶绿体基因组综合数据库(CGIR, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/cgir/) 收录和开放获取(截至2026年1月5日)。柴胡属北柴胡[17]、长茎柴胡B. longicaule Wall. ex DC[18]、云南柴胡B. yunnanense Franch.[19]、马尔康柴胡B. malconense R. H. Shan & Yin Li[20]等多个物种的叶绿体基因组特征已被解析, 并基于叶绿体全基因组序列开展了柴胡属部分物种的种间系统发育关系重建, 所得系统发育树的支持率较以往基于ITS、matK、rbcL、trnH-psbA和rps16等序列的分析结果得到显著提升。然而, 秦岭柴胡的叶绿体全基因组尚未见报道。
本研究以秦岭柴胡为研究对象, 基于二代高通量基因组浅层测序(genome skimming, GS) 方法测序获得叶绿体全基因组序列, 对其进行组装、注释和特征解析, 并与同属已发表物种的叶绿体全基因组进行序列变异比较和系统发育重建分析, 旨在全面解析秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组特征, 探讨柴胡属植物叶绿体全基因组序列的种间变异模式, 并澄清秦岭柴胡在柴胡属内的系统发育位置, 为秦岭柴胡的居群划分、种质资源鉴定及珍稀物种保护策略制定提供理论基础。
实验材料    野生秦岭柴胡新鲜幼嫩叶片材料采自陕西省宝鸡市太白县小文公庙附近(107.803 268 00°E、33.990 082 00°N), 硅胶快速脱水干燥保存, 同时采集凭证标本。凭证标本由陕西中医药大学药学院王继涛高级实验师鉴定(采集号: Bup_cp21, 采集人: 董栓录), 保存于陕西中医药大学中药标本馆。
基因组DNA提取与测序    利用高效植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(DP350, TIANGEN, 北京) 提取基因组总DNA, 1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA质量, Qubit 3.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 美国) 荧光定量仪检测DNA浓度。检测合格的基因组总DNA利用NEBNext® UltraTM Ⅱ DNA文库制备试剂盒(New England Biolabs, 美国) 构建长度约为500 bp的插入片段文库, 利用DNBSEQ-T7测序平台(深圳华大智造科技股份有限公司) 进行2×150 bp双端测序(paired-end)。测序数据质量控制标准为: Q20 ≥ 95%、Q30 ≥ 90%, N碱基比例 < 1%, 序列重复率 < 10%, 测序深度≥ 100×。测序工作由深圳华大基因股份有限公司武汉分公司完成。
叶绿体全基因组序列组装、拼接与注释    测序得到约6.90 Gb共40 640 242条原始序列(raw reads), 平均碱基覆盖度为4 515.551×。利用NGS QC Toolkit v.2.3.3[21]过滤去除接头及低质量序列(参数设置为cutoff value for percentage of read length = 80, cut-off value for PHRED quality = 30), 最终得到40 259 544条(占比99.06%) 高质量序列(clean reads)。根据Song等[5]、Wang等[8]基于ITS、trnH-psbA、matK及rbcL序列对柴胡属的分子系统发育分析结果, 北柴胡与秦岭柴胡、贵州柴胡及空心柴胡等物种亲缘关系较近, 聚类为一个单系。目前, 北柴胡叶绿体全基因组已有研究报道解析, 并在GenBank数据库开放获取。据此, 以GenBank数据库中收录的北柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列(检索号: MN756857) 为参考, 利用GetOrganelle v.1.7.5[22]对过滤后的序列进行组装(参数设置为get_ organelle_from_reads.py -1 R1.fq -2 R2.fq - o cp_output -R 15 -k 21, 45, 65, 85, 105 -F embplant), 获得序列重叠群(contigs), 再利用Bandage v.0.8[23]将组装获得的序列重叠群进行拼接并去除冗余序列, 并在Geneious v.8.0.2[24]中通过与参考序列比对确定两个反向重复区的方向, 最终获得完整的环状四分体叶绿体全基因组。利用CPGAVAS2[25]对组装拼接完成的秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列进行注释, 并在Geneious v.8.0.2中检查校正注释结果, 利用在线软件tRNAscan-SE[26] (https://toolkit.engineering.ucsc.edu/website-support/maintenance/) 确定tRNA基因的边界。利用OGDRAW[27] (https://chlorobox.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html) 在线绘制叶绿体全基因组图谱。组装并注释完成的叶绿体全基因组提交至GenBank数据库(检索号: MW442884)。
叶绿体全基因组重复序列检测    秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组中的散在重复序列(dispersed repeats), 包括正向重复(forward repeat)、反向重复(reverse repeat)、互补重复(complementary repeats) 以及回文重复(palindromic repeats), 利用REPuter[28] (https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer) 进行分析检测, 参数设置为: 最小重复序列长度= 30 bp, 重复序列间的相似度 > 90% (Hamming distance = 3, maximum computed repeats = 90, minimal repeat size = 30)。串联重复序列(tandem repeats) 利用Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF)[29] (https://tandem.bu.edu/trf/trf.unix.help.html) 分析检测, 参数为默认设置。简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs) 利用MISA (https://webblast.ipk-gatersleben.de/misa/) 进行分析, 参数设置为单核苷酸(mononucleotide) 重复单元≥ 10个, 二核苷酸(dinucleotide) 重复单元≥ 5个, 三核苷酸(trinucleotide) 与四核苷酸(tetranucleotide) 重复单元≥ 4个, 五核苷酸(pentanucleotide) 与六核苷酸(hexanucleotide) 重复单元≥ 3个, 且两个SSRs之间的距离不小于100 bp[30]。
密码子使用偏好性相关参数分析    为了避免短基因序列因密码子数量有限而导致密码子使用频率统计效力不足, 难以准确反映整体偏好性模式, 进而影响对自然选择或突变压力的解析[31], 从秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列中筛选长度大于300 bp的蛋白编码序列(coding sequence, CDS) 用于密码子使用偏好性(codon usage bias, CUB) 分析, 去除重复序列, 同时确保序列的起始密码子为ATG, 终止密码子为TAA、TGA、TAG, 共得到52条CDS序列。分别采用CodonW[32]软件和EMBOSS[33] (https://www.bioinformatics.nl/emboss-explorer/) 中的Cusp和Chips工具对筛选得到的52条CDS序列的相对同义密码子使用度(relative synonymous codon usage, RSCU)、密码子第3位上的碱基含量(A3、T3、C3、G3) 和第1、2、3位碱基GC含量(GC1、GC2、GC3)、总GC含量(GCall) 及有效密码子数(effective number of codon, ENC) 进行分析。
密码子使用偏好性影响因素分析    密码子使用偏好性是物种在长期演化过程中形成的遗传特征, 其形成受突变压力、自然选择、核苷酸组成等多种进化因素共同调控[34]。为探究秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组序列密码子使用偏好性的可能影响因素, 对上述筛选得到的52条CDS序列分别进行中性绘图分析、ENC-plot分析和PR2-plot分析。中性绘图分析以GC3为横坐标、GC12 (GC1与GC2的平均值) 为纵坐标, 绘制散点图并进行线性回归分析, 定量评估突变压力与自然选择的相对贡献。回归系数越接近1, 表明密码子使用偏好性主要受基因突变影响; 而回归系数越接近0, 则提示自然选择起主导作用[35]。ENC-plot分析以GC3为横坐标、ENC为纵坐标, 使用R语言绘制散点图, 依据公式ENC = 2+GC3s+29/[GC3s2+(1-GC3s)2] 绘制ENC期望值标准曲线, 通过量化密码子使用偏好强度(ENC值) 与密码子第三位GC含量(GC3s) 的关联, 结合期望值标准曲线判断突变压力与自然选择的主导作用。当密码子使用偏好性主要受突变压力影响时, ENC值分布于期望值标准曲线附近或其上; 当密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择影响时, ENC值偏离标准曲线[36]。密码子第3位碱基是影响其偏好性的关键位点, PR2-plot分析以G3/(G3+C3) 为横坐标、A3/(A3+T3) 为纵坐标, 绘制散点图, 分析密码子第3位碱基的使用差异[37]。
柴胡属种间叶绿体全基因组序列变异分析    目前柴胡属除秦岭柴胡外共有39个物种约208条(截至2025年8月31日, 不包括缺少分类信息的物种) 叶绿体全基因组序列在GenBank数据库开放获取。为探究柴胡属植物叶绿体全基因组序列的种间变异情况, 下载这39个物种的叶绿体全基因组序列(每个物种选取1条序列作为代表, 优先选取已正式发表个体), 使用mVISTA软件[38]基于LAGAN模型将秦岭柴胡与上述39个物种的叶绿体全基因组序列进行比对分析。同时, 利用在线工具CPJSdraw[39] (http://112.86.217.82:9929/#/tool/alltool/detail/335) 分析各序列IRs区收缩/扩张情况。此外, 将包括秦岭柴胡在内的所有40个物种的叶绿体全基因组序列(去掉一个IR区), 构建多序列矩阵, 使用MAFFT软件[40]完成序列比对, 并利用DnaSP软件[41]分析计算核苷酸多态性, 滑动窗口大小设置为600 bp, 步长设置为200 bp[17]。
系统发育分析    将秦岭柴胡与上述39个物种的叶绿体基因组序列构建多序列比对矩阵, 以柴胡属近缘类群伞形科当归属Angelica L.当归A. sinensis (Oliv.) Diels (MK688989) 和棱子芹属Pleurospermum Hoffmy.岩生棱子芹P. rupestre (Popov) K. T. Fu & Y. C. Ho. (NC_071807) 作为外类群, 分别利用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML) 和贝叶斯法(Bayesian inference, BI) 进行系统发育重建分析。序列比对使用MAFFT完成, 并在Geneious中对比对结果进行校正。ML分析的最优核苷酸替换模型为GTR+G, 利用RAxML-HPC BlackBox v.8.1.4构建系统发育树, 靴带支持率(bootstrap values, BS) 通过进行1 000次自展重复分析获得[42]。BI分析利用MrBayes v.3.2.7a[43]完成。通过JModeltest[44]在Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) 标准下获得最佳核苷酸替换模型TVM+I+G和相关参数, 以马尔科夫链的蒙特卡洛(Markov Chain Monte Carlo, MCMC) 方法设置4条链同时运行, 从一棵随机选择的树开始运行10 000 000代(ASDSF值小于0.01), 每1 000代保存一棵树, 舍弃25%的老化样本(burn-in samples), 利用剩余的样本构建一致树(consensus tree) 并计算后验概率(posterior probability, PP)。ML和BI分析均在CIPRES[45] (https://www.phylo.org) 中完成。
组装拼接得到的秦岭柴胡完整环状四分体叶绿体全基因组见图1, 序列总长度为155 761 bp, 包括一个大单拷贝区(large single copy, LSC; 85 663 bp)、一个小单拷贝区(small single copy, SSC; 17 492 bp) 和一对反向重复区(inverted repeats, IRa/IRb; 26 303 bp), 总GC含量为37.7%, LSC、SSC、IRs区和CDS序列的GC含量分别为35.8%、31.4%、42.8%和38.3% (表1)。
秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列共注释得到129个基因(表2), 包括84个蛋白编码基因、37个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。其中, rrn16、rrn23、rrn4.5、rrn5、trnA-UGC、trnI-CAU、trnI-GAU、trnL-CAA、trnN-GUU、trnR-ACG、trnV-GAC和rps7、rps12、rpl2、rpl23、ndhB、ycf2共17个基因分别在两个反向重复区发生重复; rps19和ycf1基因分别跨LSC/IRb和SSC/IRa边界, 并在IRa和IRb区分别存在其对应长度的序列拷贝; trnA-UGC、trnG-UCC、trnI-GAU、trnK-UUU、trnL-UAA、trnV-UAC和rpl16、rpl2、rpoC1、rps16、atpF、ndhB、ndhA、petB、petD各包含有1个内含子, clpP、ycf3和rps12各包含2个内含子; rps12为反式剪切基因, 其5′端和3′端分别位于LSC区和IR区, 被分成2个独立的转录单元。
柴胡属包括秦岭柴胡在内的40个物种(各序列GenBank检索号见表1) 叶绿体全基因组LSC、SSC、IRs区及CDS序列中所包含的重复序列(包括散在重复、串联重复和SSRs) 的分布信息见表3。秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列中共检测到31条长度≥ 30 bp的散在重复序列, 包括正向重复序列14条, 回文重复序列17条, 反向重复和互补重复序列均未检测到。其中, 有17条(占比54.74%) 分别位于基因间区(9条) 及内含子区(8条)。检测到34条长度在9~49 bp, 重复次数在2~6次的串联重复序列, 有22条(64.71%) 分别位于基因间区(21条) 及内含子区(1条)。检测到的SSRs的数量和类型见表4, 包括47个单核苷酸重复、9个双核苷酸重复、8个三核苷酸重复、1个五核苷酸重复和1个六核苷酸重复, 四核苷酸重复未检测到。其中, 单核苷酸A/T重复出现频率最高, 共45条, 占比68.18%, 其次为AT/AT (9条, 13.64%), 这些SSRs主要位于非编码的基因间区及内含子序列中(55条, 83.33%), 并且主要分布在LSC区(50个, 75.76%)。
秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组中筛选出的52条CDS序列共包含21 390个密码子, 编码20种氨基酸(图2)。其中, 编码亮氨酸(Leu) 的密码子使用频率最高, 共2 220次, 约占全部密码子总数的10.38%, 同义密码子为UUA、UUG、CUU、CUC、CUA、CUG; 编码半胱氨酸(Cys) 的密码子使用率最低, 仅227次, 占全部密码子总数的1.06%, 同义密码子为UGU、UGC。RSCU值大于1的密码子有32个, 以A/U碱基结尾的有29个, 占比90.63%; RSCU值小于1的密码子有32个, 以A/U碱基结尾的密码子有3个, 占比9.38%。其中, 编码亮氨酸的密码子UUA的RSCU值最高, 为1.96, 编码甲硫氨酸(Met) 的密码子AUG和编码色氨酸(Trp) 的密码子UGG的RSCU值均为1, 编码丝氨酸(Ser) 的密码子AGC的RSCU值最低, 为0.33。
52条蛋白编码基因序列密码子第1、2和3位碱基的GC含量GC1、GC2和GC3依次分别为33.81%~58.40%、29.31%~56.12%和21.70%~37.84%, 平均GC含量呈现出GC1 (46.98%) > GC2 (39.70%) > GC3 (28.98%), 且均小于50%, GCall为30.45~46.52, 平均为38.55%。ENC值为36.71~55.36, 除petD和rpl16外, 其余基因的ENC值均大于40。中性绘图分析结果显示, 所有基因均分布在对角线上方区域(图3A), GC3与GC12的回归分析显示, 两者相关系数为0.053, 回归曲线斜率为0.325, GC3与GC12无显著相关性。PR2-plot分析结果显示(图3B), 52条蛋白编码基因不均匀地分布在图中4个区域, 且主要集中在G3/(G3+C3) > 0.5、A3/(A3+T3) < 0.5的区域。ENC-plot分析结果显示多数叶绿体基因偏离ENC期望值标准曲线, 且多分布于曲线下方(图3C)。
柴胡属包括秦岭柴胡在内的40个物种叶绿体全基因组序列所编码的基因类别、数量及编码顺序高度保守(图4), 基因组总长度、LSC、SSC、IRs区及编码序列总长度存在较小差异, 其中叶绿体全基因组总长度变化范围为154 871 bp (B. euphorbioides Nakai)~157 391 bp (B. fruticosum L.), 相差2 520 bp, LSC、SSC、IRs区及编码序列长度最大差异依次分别为2 040、572、249和422 bp。序列的种间变异主要发生在非编码的基因间区, 且变异较高的区域多集中在LSC和SSC区, IRs区序列高度保守。所有40个物种叶绿体全基因组序列LSC、SSC及IRs区边界两侧的基因分布完全一致, IRs区没有出现明显扩张或收缩情况。其中, rps19基因跨LSC/IRb边界, 分别有195~209 bp和70~84 bp的序列分布在LSC区和IRb区; ycf1跨SSC/IRa边界, 分别有3 582~3 661、1 851~1 902 bp的序列分布在SSC区和IRa区(图5)。
核苷酸多样性分析结果显示(图6), 秦岭柴胡及同属39个物种叶绿体全基因组序列的核苷酸多样性指数(Pi) 为0.002 27~0.016 37, 平均值为0.009 86, LSC、SSC和IRs区序列的Pi值依次分别为0.001 57~0.033 59 (平均为0.010 95)、0.005 13~0.032 81 (平均为0.002 27) 和0~0.012 68 (平均为0.016 37), 共筛选到11条Pi值高于0.028 (0.028~0.034) 的种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC区(trnK_rps16、trnC_psbM、petN_ psbM、petN_psbM+psbM) 和SSC区(ndhF+ndhF_rpl32、ndhF_rpl32、rpl32+rpl32_trnL、ycf1×4)。
系统发育分析结果显示(图7), 柴胡属所有物种以BSML = 100%, PP = 1的支持率构成一个单系, 其中, 主要分布于地中海地区的B. fruticosum L.和B. gibraltaricum Lam.聚类为一支(BSML = 100%, PP = 1), 位于最基部, 构成subgenus Penninervias; 其余所有物种均属于柴胡亚属, 以支持率BSML = 100%, PP = 1聚类为一个单系, 并可进一步划分为4个次级单系分支(clade Ⅰ~Ⅳ, 除clade Ⅱ的支持率为BSML = 60%, PP = 1外, 其他3个次级分支的支持率亦均为BSML = 100%, PP = 1), 秦岭柴胡位于clade Ⅰ中, 和B. falcatum L.构成姐妹关系, 支持率亦为BSML = 100%, PP = 1。
秦岭柴胡在我国主要分布于陕西、山西、青海、甘肃及湖北等省份[46], 在陕西、甘肃及青海等地, 民间常以全草入药, 具有发表祛风、清肝利胆、清心火、通经之功效[10]。研究表明, 秦岭柴胡根及果实中含有丰富的柴胡总皂苷, 同时, 其茎、叶、果实中的黄酮类化合物含量均高于同属北柴胡、狭叶柴胡、小叶黑柴胡B. smithii Wolff var. parvifolium Shan et Y. Li等多个物种[47], 具有良好的药用价值和保护、研究及资源开发利用价值。本研究基于基因组浅层测序方法测序并组装分析获得秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组, 首次对其序列组成(包括GC含量、基因分布模式、密码子使用偏好性及相对同义密码子使用度等) 与结构特征(包括IRs区边界、重复序列分布等) 进行了全面解析, 并与同属已发表物种的叶绿体全基因组序列进行了比较分析。结果显示, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组具有被子植物叶绿体基因组典型的环状四分体结构, 其序列总长度、CG含量、所编码的基因类别、数量及编码顺序与柴胡属其他已报道物种高度一致[17, 19]。柴胡属包括秦岭柴胡在内的40个物种叶绿体全基因组序列总长度、LSC、SSC、IRs区及编码序列长度的种间差异范围依次为0~2 520 bp、3~2 040 bp、0~572 bp、0~249 bp和0~422 bp, 即种间序列长度差异主要来自LSC区。序列比对分析表明, LSC区长度的差异主要来自非编码序列中的重复序列(包括散在重复序列、串联重复序列和SSRs)。秦岭柴胡LSC、SSC和IRs区的GC含量依次分别为35.8%、31.4%和42.8%, 即IRs区序列的GC含量显著高于LSC和SSC区。进一步分析显示, IRs区所包含的rRNA基因序列均具有较高的GC含量(50.5%~56.5%, 平均为55.3%), 这可能是引起IRs区平均GC含量偏高的一个重要因素。
序列变异分析结果表明, 柴胡属40个物种叶绿体全基因组序列的种间变异主要集中在非编码基因间区及内含子区, 且LSC区和SSC区序列的变异程度显著高于IRs区。柴胡属植物种间叶绿体全基因组序列LSC、SSC和IRs区的核苷酸多样性Pi值依次为LSC (0.01 095) > SSC (0.01 637) > IRs (0.00 227), 与序列变异分析结果一致。此外, 共筛选到11条种间高变异序列, 分别位于LSC区和SSC区, 且其中7条分布于基因间区, 进一步证明柴胡属植物叶绿体全基因组序列的种间变异主要发生在LSC和SSC区的非编码序列中, 与Zhang等[17]、Huang等[19]、Chao等[20]及Li等[48]对柴胡属的研究结果一致, 亦与重楼属Paris L.[16]、黄精属Polygonatum Mill.[49]及忍冬属Lonicera L.[50]等被子植物其他类群叶绿体全基因组序列的种间变异模式一致。这11条种间高变异序列中, trnK_rps16、petN_ psbM、ndhF+ndhF_rpl32、ycf1及rpl32+rpl32_trnL分别与Zhang等[17]、Huang等[19]及Cheng等[49]对柴胡属、黄精属叶绿体基因组种间高变异序列分析筛选结果一致, 这些高变异序列可为柴胡属种间分子鉴定提供特异性候选分子标记。
简单重复序列是以少数核苷酸(通常为1~6个) 为重复单元的短串联重复序列, 亦称微卫星DNA, 在真核生物基因组中广泛存在。因其多态性高、两端侧翼序列高度保守, 并且在叶绿体基因组中遵循单亲遗传模式, 作为分子标记在群体遗传学、进化生物学及分子育种等相关研究中被广泛使用[51]。本研究分析结果显示, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体全基因组序列中的SSRs以单核苷酸重复为主要类型(占SSRs总数量的71.21%), 其次为二核苷酸重复(13.64%), 且单核苷酸SSRs中, A/T碱基重复类型占比95.74%, 二核苷酸SSRs中AT/TA重复类型占比100%, 三核苷酸SSRs亦主要由A/T碱基组合(ATA/ATT/TAA/TAT/TTA, 占比75%) 构成, 说明秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组序列中的SSRs有明显的A/T碱基使用偏好。此外, 这些SSRs主要分布在LSC区(50个, 占比75.76%), 两个IRs区分别检测到6个A/T碱基重复和1个G/C碱基重复, 而SSC区的2个SSRs亦均为A/T碱基重复。因此, 推测这些高A/T含量的SSRs可能是导致LSC区平均CG含量偏低的另一个原因。
遗传密码的简并性使得多数氨基酸能够被多个同义密码子编码。在演化过程中, 不同物种或同一物种的不同基因会表现出对特定同义密码子的非随机性选择, 即密码子使用偏好性。密码子使用偏好性在生物界中普遍存在, 其形成受自然选择与中性进化过程的共同作用[52, 53]。对秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因密码子使用偏好性分析结果表明, 当RSCU值大于1时, 密码子偏向以A/U碱基结尾。同时, 密码子三个位置的GC含量依次为GC1 (33.81%~58.40%, 平均为46.98%) > GC2 (29.31%~56.12%, 平均为39.70%) > GC3 (21.70%~37.84%, 平均为28.98%), 且GCall含量为30.45%~46.52% (平均为38.55%), 这些结果说明, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组在密码子不同位置上的GC含量分布不均匀, 整体上表现出对以A/U结尾的密码子的使用偏好。这也与主要分布于非编码区的SSRs的碱基组成A/T偏好呈现出高度统一性, 表明秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组编码区的密码子优化与非编码区的重复序列演化受到相似的碱基组成约束与演化驱动力, 进一步反映出细胞器基因组在结构与功能层面的协同演化规律。中性绘图分析结果显示, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组中52个蛋白编码基因分布相对集中, 均位于对角线上方, 且GC12与GC3无显著相关性(回归曲线相关系数为0.053), 说明秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因密码子的使用偏好性主要受自然选择的影响[54]。ENC值是衡量密码子使用偏好性强弱的重要指标, 秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组蛋白编码基因ENC值为36.71~55.36, 除petD和rpl16外, 其余基因的ENC值均大于40, 表明整体密码子使用偏好性较弱。此外, ENC-plot分析结果显示多数基因分布点偏离ENC期望值标准曲线, 且普遍分布于标准曲线下方, 说明密码子使用偏好受自然选择主导[55]。PR2-plot分析结果显示, 52个蛋白编码基因集中分布在G3/(G3+C3) > 0.5、A3/(A3+T3) < 0.5的区域, 说明秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组密码子第三位的碱基使用频率T > A、G > C, 即存在显著的密码子使用偏好性。结合中性绘图与ENC-plot等分析结果, 进一步表明自然选择作用是驱动秦岭柴胡叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性形成的主导因素。
Song等[5]、Wang等[8]基于ITS、trnH-psbA、matK及rbcL序列对柴胡属的分子系统发育分析结果将秦岭柴胡置于柴胡亚属, 并与贵州柴胡或贵州柴胡+空心柴胡亲缘关系最近, 但支持率普遍偏低(BSML = 67%~78%, PP = 0.75~0.95)。本研究在增加物种取样数量的基础上基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育分析结果以BSML = 100%, PP = 1的支持率支持柴胡属所有物种构成一个单系, 属下划分为两个单系, 分别对应柴胡亚属和Penninervias亚属, 秦岭柴胡位于柴胡亚属, 并与B. falcatum L.构成姐妹关系, 支持率亦为BSML = 100%, PP = 1。同时, 系统树中大多数分支节点的支持率均为BSML = 100%, PP = 1, 且种间系统发育关系与其他基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育重建分析结果高度一致[19, 20, 56]。为了进一步探讨种间高变异序列对柴胡属种间系统发育关系的分辨率, 将本研究筛选的11条种间高变异序列分别提取出来, 构建联合矩阵, 以最大似然法和贝叶斯法进行系统发育重建分析, 结果显示, 所得系统发育树拓扑结构与基于叶绿体全基因组序列的分析结果基本一致, 但节点支持率显著降低(BSML = 44%~84%, PP = 0.5~1), 说明相较于单个或有限的基因片段, 叶绿体全基因组包含更丰富的物种演化信息, 是解析柴胡属种间系统发育关系问题的一个有效途径。
形态上, 秦岭柴胡植株通常较矮小, 以茎丛生、基生叶渐狭成长叶柄为显著识别特征。Wolff等[57]首次将其发表为长茎柴胡的变种, 即Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. var. giraldii H. Wolff。此后, Shan等[58]和She等[1]在《中国植物志》及Flora of China中均沿用了这一变种处理, 将其置于长茎柴胡复合群。Wang等[8]综合形态与分子系统学的分析结果发现, 秦岭柴胡与长茎柴胡原变种B. longicaule var. longicaule的亲缘关系较远, 在系统发育树上分属不同的支系; 结合其茎丛生、叶具长柄等稳定的形态差异, 遂将其提升为独立的种Bupleurum giraldii (H. Wolff) Koso-Pol.。同时, 该研究结果显示, 空心柴胡与贵州柴胡以高支持率(BSML = 96%, PP = 1) 聚为一支(东亚Group Ⅱ内部的Clade E), 秦岭柴胡虽也属于东亚Group Ⅱ, 但分化时间较早, 系统发育位置相对独立。Bupleurum falcatum L.由林奈于1753年在《植物种志》 (Species Plantarum) 中正式描述并命名。该物种茎通常单生或少数丛生, 直立, 以叶片常呈镰刀状弯曲为典型特征。由于其地理分布范围横跨欧洲至中亚, 不同地理居群间常存在一定程度的形态变异。Song等[5]的研究指出, 秦岭柴胡和B. falcatum均起源于地中海盆地, 后经中亚扩散至东亚并独立演化。此外, 两者均以茎实心而与空心柴胡及同属其他物种相区别, 从地理分布和形态特征上为两者的近缘关系提供了支持。然而, 由于本研究仅以单一个体代表各物种, 难以全面揭示种内遗传变异, 后续研究需从物种水平与不同地理分布居群层面扩大取样, 结合地理分布、形态性状、核基因组数据等多方面证据, 进一步系统解析柴胡属种间划分和系统演化关系问题。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0103
  • 接收时间:2026-01-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
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    1陕西中医药大学药学院, 陕西省秦岭中草药应用开发工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 712046
    2陕西中医药大学, 陕西省中医药管理局"秦药"研发重点实验室, 陕西 西安 712046

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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