Article(id=1308841968290070753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768838400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-20, revisedDate=1772985600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981842348, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981842348, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981842348, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981842348, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2544, endPage=2553, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841968524951778, articleId=1308841968290070753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Liquiritin ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via activation of Nrf2, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the protective effects of liquiritin (LQ) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice and explores the underlying mechanisms. A drug-induced liver injury model was established in mice by intragastric administration of APAP (300 mg·kg-1). LQ was administered intragastrically at 1 h after APAP treatment. Serum biochemical indices, oxidative stress markers, and hepatic histopathological changes were evaluated at 6 h after APAP administration to comprehensively assess the ameliorative effects of LQ (animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, approval Nos. PZSHUTCM2401080003 and PZSHUTCM2510170008). Furthermore, Western blot (WB), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and in vitro cell models were employed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that LQ (25 and 50 mg·kg-1) significantly ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), hepatic oxidative stress (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) and alleviated the inflammatory response (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). WB and qPCR analyses revealed that LQ promoted the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and upregulated downstream gene expression in APAP-induced mouse livers (P < 0.05). Notably, the protective effects of LQ were abolished in Nrf2 knockout mice. These findings indicate that LQ alleviates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity primarily by activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway to counteract oxidative stress.

, authors=Kun-yu ZHANG1, Yu MENG1, Shu-hui LI1, Bin LU1, Meng-juan WEI1, 2, *, Li-li JI1, *, authorsList=Kun-yu ZHANG, Yu MENG, Shu-hui LI, Bin LU, Meng-juan WEI, Li-li JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meng-juan WEI, Li-li JI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841969749688557, articleId=1308841968290070753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=甘草苷激活Nrf2改善对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文主要探究甘草苷(liquiritin, LQ)改善对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP)诱导小鼠肝损伤的作用及其潜在机制。采用APAP (300 mg·kg-1)灌胃诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型, 1 h后灌胃给药LQ, APAP给药6 h后检测血清生化指标和氧应激指标, 并结合肝脏病理形态变化, 全面评价甘草苷对小鼠肝损伤的改善作用(本实验获得上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号为PZSHUTCM2401080003, PZSHUTCM2510170008)。采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot, WB)、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)及体外细胞模型, 深入探究LQ改善小鼠肝毒性的作用机制。结果显示, LQ (25和50 mg·kg-1)能够显著改善APAP诱导的小鼠肝损伤(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 有效减轻肝脏氧化应激(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001)与炎症(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)反应。WB及qPCR实验结果表明, LQ能够促进APAP诱导的小鼠肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)的核转位激活(P < 0.05), 促进Nrf2下游基因的表达; 而在Nrf2敲除小鼠中, LQ的改善作用消失。以上结果表明, LQ能够通过激活Nrf2抗氧化信号通路, 抵御肝脏氧应激损伤, 从而发挥改善APAP诱导肝毒性的药效。

, authors=张坤宇1, 孟宇1, 李姝慧1, 陆宾1, 卫梦娟1, 2, *, 季莉莉1, *, authorsList=张坤宇, 孟宇, 李姝慧, 陆宾, 卫梦娟, 季莉莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卫梦娟, 季莉莉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

张坤宇负责完成实验操作、采集数据、分析数据和撰写文章; 孟宇负责实验操作、采集和分析数据; 李姝慧负责实验操作、采集数据; 陆宾负责指导完善实验方案; 卫梦娟和季莉莉设计、指导和完善实验方案、文章审阅和修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
卫梦娟, Tel: 86-21-51322456, E-mail:
季莉莉, E-mail:
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A: Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity (n = 5); B: Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity (n = 5); C, D: Representative H&E staining images (C) and quantification of liver necrotic area (D) (n = 3) (scale bars: 100 μm). Mean ± SD. #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 vs control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs APAP group, figureFileSmall=HFTV7/LGC0mYSjBR2lwe0w==, figureFileBig=6mgPZKYQDRi6O7YUTBD4ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841974371811615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=28Es/A/3jxq8jBf2bEerXw==, figureFileBig=lipCacGrH1nBV/mVR4i/OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841974438920480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=LQ alleviated hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation in DILI mice. A: Liver reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels; B: Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content; C: Liver glutathione (GSH) content; D: Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; E: Liver myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity; F: Hepatic Il1b, Il6, Ptgs2 and Tnf mRNA expression. n = 5, mean ± SD. ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs APAP group, figureFileSmall=28Es/A/3jxq8jBf2bEerXw==, figureFileBig=lipCacGrH1nBV/mVR4i/OA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841974506029345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PbL6Mnk/f2S/2xEa0uAAvA==, figureFileBig=NfSiAi9Jqmebbq2HbNIzxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976267637026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=LQ promoted nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in DILI mice. A, B: Hepatic Nrf2 protein expression (n = 3); C: Hepatic Gclc, Gclm, Hmox1, Nqo1, and Sod1 mRNA expression (n = 5); D, E: Hepatic GCLC and GCLM proteins expression (n = 3). Mean ± SD. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs control group; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs APAP group, figureFileSmall=PbL6Mnk/f2S/2xEa0uAAvA==, figureFileBig=NfSiAi9Jqmebbq2HbNIzxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976343134499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VK0zLflmB0LifX2zP6WUmQ==, figureFileBig=tC/vQGjOUqamlz22yn31kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976410243364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=LQ protected primary hepatocytes against APAP-induced cytotoxicity and activated Nrf2 in vitro. A: Cell viability of primary hepatocytes treated with APAP (7.5 mmol·L-1) and LQ (10 and 25 μmol·L-1) for 24 h (n = 6); B: Intracellular ROS levels (n = 3); C: Nrf2 transcriptional activity in L-02-ARE cells (n = 6). Mean ± SD. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs control group; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs APAP group, figureFileSmall=VK0zLflmB0LifX2zP6WUmQ==, figureFileBig=tC/vQGjOUqamlz22yn31kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976506712357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nHHs4MNe/1N+Oscf9/Rbeg==, figureFileBig=Yd9Zr3MiDw5K8w81id79jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976578015526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=The protective effect of LQ against DILI is dependent on Nrf2. A: Serum ALT activity; B: Serum AST activity; C: Representative H&E staining images of liver sections (scale bars: 100 μm); D: Quantification of necrotic area; E: Liver ROS levels; F: Liver GSH content. n = 3, mean ± SD. #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 vs control; *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs APAP group; &P < 0.05, && P < 0.01 vs Nrf2+/+ group, figureFileSmall=nHHs4MNe/1N+Oscf9/Rbeg==, figureFileBig=Yd9Zr3MiDw5K8w81id79jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841976649318695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameSpeciesPrimerSequence
ActbMouseForward5'-TTCGTTGCCGGTCCACACCC-3'
Reverse5'-GCTTTGCACATGCCGGAGCC-3'
GclcMouseForward5'-CGGAGGAACGATGTCTGAGT-3'
Reverse5'-CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC-3'
GclmMouseForward5'-AGGAGCTTCGGGACTGTATCC-3'
Reverse5'-GGGACATGGTGCATTCCAAAA-3'
Hmox1MouseForward5'-AAGCCGAGAATGCTGAGTTCA-3'
Reverse5'-GCCGTGTAGATATGGTACAAGGA-3'
Il1bMouseForward5'-TCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAGAG-3'
Reverse5'-AGGTCCACGGGAAAGACACAGG-3'
Il6MouseForward5'-CTCCCAACAGACCTGTCTATAC-3'
Reverse5'-CCATTGCACAACTCTTTTCTCA-3'
Nqo1MouseForward5'-GACAGGAGCGACCAGCACATTC-3'
Reverse5'-GTACTGGCCGGTCTCCGTACC-3'
Ptgs2MouseForward5'-CAAGCACAATAGATGCACAAGAAG-3'
Reverse5'-ATATAGAATGCGTAGAGAGGGGAG-3'
Sod1MouseForward5'-TGTCCATTAAGATCGTGTGAT-3'
Reverse5'-TCATCTTGTTTCTCATGGACCA-3'
TnfMouseForward5'-ATGTCTCAGCCTCTTCTCATTC-3'
Reverse5'-GCTTGTCACTCGAATTTTGAGA-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1308841976737399080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841968290070753, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

List of primers for real-time PCR. Actb: β-Actin; Gclc: Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; Gclm: Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit; Hmox-1: Heme oxygenase 1; Il1β: Interleukin 1 beta; Il6: Interleukin 6; Nqo1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; Ptgs2: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2; Sod1: Superoxide dismutase 1; Tnf: Tumor necrosis factor; Forward: Forward primers; Reverse: Reverse primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameSpeciesPrimerSequence
ActbMouseForward5'-TTCGTTGCCGGTCCACACCC-3'
Reverse5'-GCTTTGCACATGCCGGAGCC-3'
GclcMouseForward5'-CGGAGGAACGATGTCTGAGT-3'
Reverse5'-CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC-3'
GclmMouseForward5'-AGGAGCTTCGGGACTGTATCC-3'
Reverse5'-GGGACATGGTGCATTCCAAAA-3'
Hmox1MouseForward5'-AAGCCGAGAATGCTGAGTTCA-3'
Reverse5'-GCCGTGTAGATATGGTACAAGGA-3'
Il1bMouseForward5'-TCGCAGCAGCACATCAACAAGAG-3'
Reverse5'-AGGTCCACGGGAAAGACACAGG-3'
Il6MouseForward5'-CTCCCAACAGACCTGTCTATAC-3'
Reverse5'-CCATTGCACAACTCTTTTCTCA-3'
Nqo1MouseForward5'-GACAGGAGCGACCAGCACATTC-3'
Reverse5'-GTACTGGCCGGTCTCCGTACC-3'
Ptgs2MouseForward5'-CAAGCACAATAGATGCACAAGAAG-3'
Reverse5'-ATATAGAATGCGTAGAGAGGGGAG-3'
Sod1MouseForward5'-TGTCCATTAAGATCGTGTGAT-3'
Reverse5'-TCATCTTGTTTCTCATGGACCA-3'
TnfMouseForward5'-ATGTCTCAGCCTCTTCTCATTC-3'
Reverse5'-GCTTGTCACTCGAATTTTGAGA-3'
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甘草苷激活Nrf2改善对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的研究
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张坤宇 1 , 孟宇 1 , 李姝慧 1 , 陆宾 1 , 卫梦娟 1, 2, * , 季莉莉 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(7): 2544-2553
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (7) : 2544 -2553
甘草苷激活Nrf2改善对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的研究
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张坤宇1, 孟宇1, 李姝慧1, 陆宾1, 卫梦娟1, 2, * , 季莉莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 中药新资源与品质评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
  • 2上海市中医药国际标准化研究院, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
卫梦娟, Tel: 86-21-51322456, E-mail:
季莉莉, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

张坤宇负责完成实验操作、采集数据、分析数据和撰写文章; 孟宇负责实验操作、采集和分析数据; 李姝慧负责实验操作、采集数据; 陆宾负责指导完善实验方案; 卫梦娟和季莉莉设计、指导和完善实验方案、文章审阅和修改。

Liquiritin ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via activation of Nrf2
Kun-yu ZHANG1, Yu MENG1, Shu-hui LI1, Bin LU1, Meng-juan WEI1, 2, * , Li-li JI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2Shanghai Academy of International Standardization for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0081
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本文主要探究甘草苷(liquiritin, LQ)改善对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP)诱导小鼠肝损伤的作用及其潜在机制。采用APAP (300 mg·kg-1)灌胃诱导小鼠急性肝损伤模型, 1 h后灌胃给药LQ, APAP给药6 h后检测血清生化指标和氧应激指标, 并结合肝脏病理形态变化, 全面评价甘草苷对小鼠肝损伤的改善作用(本实验获得上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 批准号为PZSHUTCM2401080003, PZSHUTCM2510170008)。采用蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot, WB)、实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, qPCR)及体外细胞模型, 深入探究LQ改善小鼠肝毒性的作用机制。结果显示, LQ (25和50 mg·kg-1)能够显著改善APAP诱导的小鼠肝损伤(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 有效减轻肝脏氧化应激(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001)与炎症(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)反应。WB及qPCR实验结果表明, LQ能够促进APAP诱导的小鼠肝脏中核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)的核转位激活(P < 0.05), 促进Nrf2下游基因的表达; 而在Nrf2敲除小鼠中, LQ的改善作用消失。以上结果表明, LQ能够通过激活Nrf2抗氧化信号通路, 抵御肝脏氧应激损伤, 从而发挥改善APAP诱导肝毒性的药效。

甘草苷  /  对乙酰氨基酚  /  氧化应激  /  药物性肝损伤  /  核因子E2相关因子2

This study investigates the protective effects of liquiritin (LQ) against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in mice and explores the underlying mechanisms. A drug-induced liver injury model was established in mice by intragastric administration of APAP (300 mg·kg-1). LQ was administered intragastrically at 1 h after APAP treatment. Serum biochemical indices, oxidative stress markers, and hepatic histopathological changes were evaluated at 6 h after APAP administration to comprehensively assess the ameliorative effects of LQ (animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, approval Nos. PZSHUTCM2401080003 and PZSHUTCM2510170008). Furthermore, Western blot (WB), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and in vitro cell models were employed to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that LQ (25 and 50 mg·kg-1) significantly ameliorated APAP-induced liver injury (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), hepatic oxidative stress (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001) and alleviated the inflammatory response (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). WB and qPCR analyses revealed that LQ promoted the nuclear translocation and activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and upregulated downstream gene expression in APAP-induced mouse livers (P < 0.05). Notably, the protective effects of LQ were abolished in Nrf2 knockout mice. These findings indicate that LQ alleviates APAP-induced hepatotoxicity primarily by activating Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway to counteract oxidative stress.

liquiritin  /  acetaminophen  /  oxidative stress  /  drug-induced liver injury  /  nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
张坤宇, 孟宇, 李姝慧, 陆宾, 卫梦娟, 季莉莉. 甘草苷激活Nrf2改善对乙酰氨基酚诱导小鼠肝损伤的研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2544 -2553 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0081
Kun-yu ZHANG, Yu MENG, Shu-hui LI, Bin LU, Meng-juan WEI, Li-li JI. Liquiritin ameliorates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via activation of Nrf2[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2544 -2553 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0081
对乙酰氨基酚(acetaminophen, APAP)作为全球使用最为广泛的解热镇痛药, 被世界卫生组织列入基本药物清单, 是治疗疼痛和发热的一线药物[1]。尽管在治疗剂量下其安全性良好, 但过量服用APAP会导致严重的药物性肝损伤(drug-induced liver injury, DILI)[2]。流行病学数据显示, APAP诱导的DILI已成为导致急性肝衰竭的主要原因之一[3-5]。目前, N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC)是临床唯一批准的针对APAP的特异性解毒剂。然而, NAC不仅存在严重的胃肠道不良反应, 其治疗效果还严格依赖于给药时间窗口(通常需在摄入APAP后8 h内使用)[6], 这极大地限制了其临床应用。因此, 深入探索DILI的发病机制并寻找高效、低毒且治疗时间窗更宽的潜在新型治疗药物迫在眉睫[7]。
现有的病理学研究表明, 氧化应激是APAP诱导DILI发生发展的核心驱动因素。APAP的毒性代谢产物N-乙酰基-4-苯醌亚胺(N-acetyl-4-benzoquinone imine, NAPQI)会耗竭肝细胞内的谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH), 导致线粒体功能障碍、DNA断裂, 从而产生严重的氧化损伤[8]。因此, 增强机体的内源性抗氧化防御系统是治疗DILI的关键策略。核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2)被认为是细胞抗氧化反应的主要调节因子。在氧化应激状态下, Nrf2易位至细胞核, 与小Maf蛋白(MafF、MafG或MafK)形成异二聚体, 识别并结合下游基因启动子区域的抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE), 从而启动包括GSH合成酶在内的一系列抗氧化基因的转录表达。激活Nrf2通路能够减轻多种化学性肝损伤, 如抗结核药物[9, 10]、抗肿瘤药[11-13]、降脂药[14]、抗免疫药[15]等。以上内容提示, Nrf2可能是治疗DILI的理想靶点。
甘草作为一种传统的草本植物, 在中医药理论中具有“清热解毒”和“调和诸药”的核心功效, 常被用于缓解药物毒性, 即中医所谓的“药毒”。现代药理学研究证实, 甘草及其复方(如芍药甘草汤)对APAP诱导的肝损伤具有显著的保护作用[16], 但其具体的效应物质基础尚需进一步明确。甘草苷(liquiritin, LQ)是中国药典规定的甘草主要质控指标成分之一, 属于黄酮类化合物。既往研究表明, LQ在骨质疏松[17]、癌症及肿瘤[18, 19]、神经系统疾病[20]等模型中表现出显著的抗氧化、抗炎、抗血管新生、抗铁死亡等活性。有研究报道, LQ的苷元甘草素能通过经典与非经典通路激活Nrf2并保护肝脏免受氧化性肝损伤[21], 在肝脏脂肪变性中也能激活Nrf2发挥改善作用[22]。LQ和甘草素均能够激活Nrf2缓解野百合碱诱导的肝窦阻塞综合征[23]。然而, LQ是否能通过调控Nrf2信号通路改善APAP诱导的DILI, 目前尚缺乏系统性的研究证据。
实验动物     6~8周龄、体重18~20 g的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司, 合格证号: SCXK (沪) 2022-0004。Nrf2基因敲除(Nrf2-/-)的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠[24]由上海斯丹赛生物技术有限公司提供。小鼠在上海中医药大学实验动物中心进行饲养, 饲养环境严格控制标准室温(22 ± 1 ℃), 相对湿度维持在(65% ± 5%), 并采用12 h明暗交替循环。所有实验均已获得上海中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会的批准, 批准号为PZSHUTCM2401080003, PZSHUTCM2510170008。
药品与试剂    丙氨酸转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT; 货号: C009-1-1)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST; 货号: C010-1-1)、谷胱甘肽(货号: A006-2-1)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA; 货号: A003-1-2)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD; 货号: A001-3-2)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO; 货号: A044-1-1)检测试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 2',7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, H2DCFDA; 货号: D399)购自美国MedChemExpress公司; Trizol (货号: AL11815A)购自宝日医生物技术有限公司; 焦碳酸二乙酯(货号: J301KA8421)、SYBR green premix (货号: 11201ES08)、Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay Kit萤火虫荧光素酶报告基因检测试剂盒(11401ES60)均购自翌圣生物科技股份有限公司; PrimeScript® RTMaster Mix (货号: AG11728)购自艾科瑞生物; LQ (货号: FX-10017)购自成都普菲德生物技术有限公司; NAC (货号: A1217601)购自北京经科宏达生物技术有限公司; DMEM培养基(货号: MA0212)购自美仑生物技术有限公司; William's E培养基(货号: A1217601)购自美国Gibco公司; 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS; 货号: 12484028)、NE-PER® nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents (货号: 78835)均来自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; APAP (货号: 117K0017)、苏木精(货号: HHS16)、伊红Y (货号: E6003)均购自美国Sigma公司; 谷氨酰半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚单位(glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, GCLC)抗体(货号: A4499)购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit, GCLM)抗体(货号: CY5156)、核纤层蛋白B1 (Lamin B1)抗体(货号: AB0054)购自上海埃必威生物技术有限公司; Nrf2抗体(货号: GXT103322)购自GeneTex Inc.; 过氧化物酶结合的山羊抗兔二抗(货号: 111-035-003)购自美国Jackson Immuno Research公司; 多聚甲醛(货号: 80096628)购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
仪器    BioTek Synergy H4酶标仪(美国Bio-Tek公司); 低温离心机、微量移液器(德国Eppendorf公司); -80 ℃低温冰箱(美国Thermo Fisher公司); QuantStudio 6 flex实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国Life Technology公司); 病理切片扫描机和荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司); 制冰机、高压蒸汽灭菌锅(日本SANYO公司)。
DILI小鼠模型与给药
LQ改善小鼠DILI实验的动物分组将25只C57BL/6J小鼠随机分成5组, 每组5只, 组别分别为: ①正常对照组(Cont); ②模型组(APAP, 300 mg·kg-1); ③ APAP + LQ低剂量组(25 mg·kg-1); ④ APAP + LQ高剂量组(50 mg·kg-1); ⑤阳性对照组(NAC, 800 mg·kg-1)。
探究Nrf2在LQ改善小鼠DILI重要性的动物实验分组雄性野生型(Nrf2+/+)小鼠或Nrf2敲除(Nrf2-/-)小鼠共18只, 随机分为6组, 每组3只, 组别分别为: ① Nrf2+/+ control组; ② Nrf2+/+ APAP组(300 mg·kg-1); ③ Nrf2+/+ APAP + LQ组(50 mg·kg-1); ④ Nrf2-/- control组; ⑤ Nrf2-/- APAP组(300 mg·kg-1); ⑥ Nrf2-/- APAP + LQ组(50 mg·kg-1)。
小鼠适应性喂养1周后, 于实验开始前禁食过夜, APAP组、APAP + LQ组单次灌胃APAP 300 mg·kg-1, 对照组单次灌胃等量生理盐水, 灌胃APAP 1 h后, APAP + LQ组分别单次灌胃相应剂量的LQ, 阳性对照组单次腹腔注射相应剂量的NAC, 对照组单次灌胃等量生理盐水。灌胃APAP 6 h后, 小鼠经麻醉处理后处死。随后, 迅速收集小鼠的血液和肝组织, 用于后续实验。此外, 将每组小鼠的部分肝叶固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中, 用于后续制作病理切片, 以观察肝脏组织的病理学变化。
血清ALT、AST酶活力检测    将血液样本静置2 h后, 离心取上清。按照试剂盒的说明检测血清中的ALT和AST活力水平。
肝脏MDA、SOD、MPO含量测定    剪取适量肝脏制备10%匀浆。根据试剂盒说明检测肝脏中的MDA、SOD、MPO含量。
小鼠原代肝细胞分离    将小鼠麻醉后打开腹腔, 从下腔静脉以流速约为3 mL·min-1灌入灌流液, 待肝脏充盈后剪断肝门静脉使血液流出, 待肝脏颜色变白后将灌流液换为消化液, 利用消化液将肝脏内部充分消化。取下消化好的肝脏置于50 mL离心管中, 置冰上。在超净台中将肝脏研磨至肝细胞完全脱落, 以70 μm滤网将肝细胞过滤离心(50 ×g, 3 min, 4 ℃), 沉淀即为肝实质细胞。移去上清后加入5 mL铺板培养基并让细胞沉淀重悬, 离心(200 ×g, 10 min, 4 ℃), 保留细胞沉淀并加入等体积90% Percoll和铺板培养基, 上下颠倒混匀。离心(200 ×g, 10 min, 4 ℃), 弃上清后即得原代肝细胞。
GSH含量测定    剪取适量肝脏或收集适量细胞, 根据试剂盒说明检测GSH含量。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)含量测定    剪取适量肝脏或收集适量细胞, 加入PBS制备10%匀浆, 4 ℃离心取上清测蛋白含量, 沉淀重悬于含10 μmol·L-1 H2DCFDA的预冷PBS, 避光37 ℃孵育1 h, 立即检测荧光强度并以同样本蛋白浓度校正, 以空白组为基准计算相对ROS水平。
肝组织形态学观察    取相同部位的新鲜肝脏组织放在4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 常规脱水、石蜡包埋并切片, 用于H&E染色, 光学显微镜下观察拍照。
Real-time PCR分析    按照Trizol试剂盒说明书提取小鼠肝脏组织RNA。RNA根据PrimeScript® RTMaster Mix试剂盒说明书步骤逆转录为cDNA, 得到的cDNA按照SYBR green premix试剂盒说明进行操作; 在实时荧光定量PCR仪上进行real-time PCR扩增。目标基因的相对表达量用β-actin标准化, 采用2-ΔΔCt法进行数据计算。本文使用的引物序列如表1所示。
Western blot (WB)实验    剪取适量肝脏或收集细胞, 加入含蛋白酶抑制剂的裂解液制成10%的匀浆, 用NE-PER® nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction reagents试剂盒抽提胞浆胞核蛋白。检测样品蛋白浓度, 并配制所有样品至相同浓度, 99 ℃煮样10 min。用10% SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白并转至PVDF膜, 一抗孵育过夜, 第二天用含0.1% Tween 20的TBST洗膜3次后室温孵育二抗2 h, TBST摇洗3次后显影成像。蛋白条带以AlphaViewSA (Version: 3.4.0)软件扫描灰度。
细胞培养    过表达ARE启动子区域结合荧光素酶序列的L-02细胞株(L-02-ARE)购自汉恒生物公司, 培养条件: 10% FBS、1%双抗、2 μg·L-1嘌呤霉素的DMEM培养基。细胞培养条件: 37 ℃、5% CO2、饱和湿度恒温培养箱。待细胞长至对数生长期时用于实验。小鼠原代肝细胞分离后使用铺板培养基进行铺板, 隔4 h后弃原培养基, 将其换为含10% FBS的William's Medium E培养基进行培养, 其他条件同L-02-ARE细胞。
荧光素酶(luciferase)实验    将L-02-ARE细胞培养在96孔板中, 贴壁过夜并与化合物一起孵育, 24 h后收集细胞裂解液上清至白板中, 避光加入荧光素酶(每孔100 μL)混匀后检测发光值。
统计学分析    实验数据以平均值±标准差(mean ± SD)表示。各组数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA检验)和方差齐性检验, 当方差齐则使用方差分析(LSD检验); 当方差不齐则使用非参数检验进行两个独立样本的秩和检验。P < 0.05则组间差异具有统计学意义, 以上分析均运用IBM SPSS统计21.0软件完成。
如图1A、B所示, 与control组相比, APAP造模后小鼠肝脏ALT、AST酶活力显著升高(P < 0.001), 表明肝脏损伤明显; 在给予LQ (25和50 mg·kg-1)后, ALT和AST水平均显著下降(P < 0.001, P < 0.01), 提示LQ对肝脏损伤具有显著的保护作用; NAC能够降低ALT水平(P < 0.001), AST水平无显著变化。H&E染色切片及统计结果(图1C、D)显示, APAP组出现了明显的肝内出血、细胞核固缩及消失、肝细胞死亡, 提示肝脏病理损伤严重; 而在给予不同剂量LQ或NAC之后, 肝脏组织中坏死区域面积显著降低(P < 0.05)、细胞核固缩及消失减少。这说明LQ对DILI具有显著的改善效果。
如图2A、B所示, 与control组相比, APAP组小鼠肝脏中ROS和MDA含量显著升高(P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 表明肝脏氧化应激水平显著加剧; 在给予LQ (25和50 mg·kg-1)后, ROS含量有所降低(P < 0.01), 而给予不同剂量LQ后MDA水平均显著下降(P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 提示肝脏脂质过氧化损伤得到了显著缓解。GSH能够与APAP的代谢产物结合从而发挥对DILI的解毒作用, SOD能够清除体内的过氧化物, 从而改善氧应激。如图2C、D所示, APAP组的小鼠肝脏中GSH与SOD含量均显著下降(P < 0.01), 表明氧化应激状态下机体抗氧化能力减弱; 而在给予不同剂量LQ后, GSH与SOD水平均显著上升(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 提示LQ能够有效缓解DILI病变中肝脏的氧化应激损伤。如图2E所示, APAP组肝脏MPO水平相较于control组明显升高, 表明APAP会诱导肝脏炎症水平升高, 不同剂量LQ给药均能显著降低肝脏MPO水平。图2F表明, LQ (50 mg·kg-1)能够降低APAP处理小鼠肝脏中促炎相关基因白细胞介素-1β (interleukin 1 beta, Il1β)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin 6, Il6)、前列腺素内过氧化物合酶2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, Ptgs2)、肿瘤坏死因子(tumour necrosis factor, Tnf)的mRNA表达增加, 提示LQ对APAP诱导的小鼠肝脏炎症具有改善作用。
图3A、B显示, APAP组小鼠肝脏中的Nrf2入核显著减少(P < 0.05), 而在给予LQ (25和50 mg·kg-1)之后, Nrf2的入核显著升高(P < 0.05), 提示LQ能够有效促进Nrf2的核转位激活。进一步检测了Nrf2下游的抗氧化基因水平, 结果发现LQ (50 mg·kg-1)能有效提高Gclc、Gclm的基因表达(P < 0.01, P < 0.001)。此外, LQ (25 mg·kg-1)还能升高因APAP造模而降低的肝脏中血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase 1, Hmox1)、NAD(P)H醌脱氢酶1 [NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1, Nqo1]、氧化物歧化酶1 (superoxide dismutase 1, Sod1)的基因表达(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图3C)。采用WB进一步检测GCLC及GCLM的蛋白表达水平。结果显示, 与control组相比, APAP组中GCLC与GCLM蛋白表达水平均显著下调(P < 0.05); 而LQ (50 mg·kg-1)则可显著上调GCLC及GCLM蛋白表达水平(P < 0.05)。这表明LQ能够促进DILI小鼠肝脏中Nrf2的核转位与激活, 并促进其下游基因的表达。
如图4A所示, 在体外实验中, 采用APAP (7.5 mmol·L-1)刺激小鼠原代肝细胞, 并同时给予不同浓度的LQ (10和25 μmol·L-1)共同孵育24 h。结果显示, APAP造模后会显著降低细胞存活率(P < 0.001), LQ (10和25 μmol·L-1)给药会逆转这一趋势(P < 0.001)。ROS结果也表明, APAP诱导细胞内ROS含量显著升高(P < 0.05), 表明细胞内氧化应激水平显著增加, 给予LQ (10和25 μmol·L-1)后细胞内ROS含量显著降低(P < 0.05) (图4B)。在L-02-ARE细胞模型上, 不同浓度的LQ均能显著促进Nrf2的转录激活(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (图4C)。
如图5A、B所示, 与Nrf2+/+ control组相比, Nrf2+/+ APAP造模后小鼠肝脏ALT、AST酶活力显著升高(P < 0.05, P < 0.001), Nrf2-/- APAP组的ALT、AST酶活力水平相较于Nrf2+/+ APAP组进一步升高(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); LQ (50 mg·kg-1)给药能够降低Nrf2+/+ APAP组的ALT、AST酶活力(P < 0.05, P < 0.001), 但在Nrf2敲除后没有显著降低。H&E染色切片结果(图5C)显示, 与Nrf2+/+ control组相比, Nrf2+/+ APAP造模后小鼠肝脏出现显著中央静脉区的病理改变(P < 0.05), 伴随肝细胞坏死、细胞核消失及细胞水肿, Nrf2-/- APAP组的病理改变区域面积相较于Nrf2+/+ APAP组进一步扩大(P < 0.05), 出血及细胞水肿进一步加重; LQ给药能够降低Nrf2+/+ APAP组的病理改变区域面积(P < 0.05)以及细胞核固缩与消失, 但在Nrf2敲除后没有显著改善作用。Nrf2+/+与Nrf2-/-组在APAP造模后, 均出现显著的ROS水平升高(图5E)与GSH水平降低(图5F), 且Nrf2-/- APAP组变化程度更显著(P < 0.05), Nrf2+/+ LQ给药后则能够改善(P < 0.05), Nrf2敲除后LQ的改善作用消失。以上结果表明, Nrf2敲除后LQ的肝脏保护效果消失, LQ依赖于Nrf2发挥改善DILI的作用。
甘草作为传统中药, 素有“解毒”之效, 其肝脏保护作用已获现代药理学广泛认可。既往研究多集中于甘草酸、甘草次酸等皂苷类成分, 证实它们主要通过抗炎、抗菌等途径发挥保肝效应[25-29]。然而, 近年来甘草黄酮类成分因其优越的抗氧化特性日益受到关注[30-32]。鉴于LQ是甘草黄酮的关键活性单体, 深入探究其抗氧化机制, 对阐释甘草“解毒”的科学内涵具有重要价值。
APAP在小鼠体内的代谢过程与人类高度相似[33], 其过量代谢产物NAPQI在耗竭肝内GSH后, 进一步与线粒体蛋白结合形成加合物, 从而引发严重的氧化应激和线粒体功能障碍[34]。本研究结果显示, APAP造模后小鼠肝脏中ROS和MDA水平显著升高, 同时GSH和SOD水平急剧降低, 这与已知的APAP诱导肝损伤病理机制一致[7]。值得注意的是, LQ治疗显著逆转了上述氧化应激指标的变化, 且组织病理学分析进一步验证了其对肝组织的保护作用, 同时肝组织MPO和相关炎症因子表达的结果发现LQ也可以改善APAP诱导的肝脏炎症反应, 表明LQ具有明确的抗APAP肝毒性活性。与目前APAP致肝损伤临床一线救治药物NAC相比, LQ在部分关键肝功能指标(如AST)上表现出更显著的改善作用; 同时, LQ可从转录及蛋白水平同步上调GSH合成关键酶Gclc、Gclm的表达, 从源头促进内源性GSH生成与氧化还原平衡重建, 而NAC主要作为GSH前体发挥外源性补充作用。二者作用机制存在明显差异, 提示LQ具有独特的药理优势与一定的临床转化潜力。
氧化应激失衡的核心在于内源性抗氧化系统的崩溃, 而Nrf2作为调控该系统的核心转录因子, 对维持细胞氧化还原平衡至关重要[35, 36]。本研究发现, LQ在抵御APAP诱导的氧化应激中表现出显著效果, 提示其可能通过促进Nrf2核转位激活, 进而发挥抗氧化作用以缓解DILI。WB和qPCR结果表明, LQ处理可显著提高细胞核内Nrf2蛋白水平, 并上调下游一系列抗氧化基因的表达, 包括GSH合成限速酶亚基(Gclc、Gclm)以及Hmox1、Nqo1、Sod1。其中, Gclc和Gclm的上调直接解释了LQ对GSH水平的恢复作用, 而Hmox1和Nqo1的高表达则协同增强了活性氧及有毒代谢产物的清除能力。值得注意的是, 本研究中APAP模型组Gclc mRNA水平较对照组有所升高(图3C), 这一现象可能反映了肝细胞在急性氧化应激状态下的代偿性防御反应。APAP主要通过耗竭GSH并诱发线粒体氧化损伤启动肝损伤, 在此过程中Nrf2通路可被瞬时激活, 进而诱导部分下游抗氧化基因的转录上调。然而, 由于APAP代谢产物NAPQI对GSH的持续消耗及Nrf2蛋白自身翻译后调控的复杂性, 单纯Gclc mRNA的上调并不足以有效恢复GSH水平或遏制氧化损伤[37]。同时, APAP组GCLC与GCLM的蛋白水平表达降低, 进而限制了肝脏GSH平衡的重建。LQ (50 mg·kg-1)处理则可同步上调Gclc与Gclm的转录及蛋白表达, 从而促进肝脏GSH的平衡重建(图2C), 改善APAP诱导的小鼠DILI。为确证Nrf2的关键地位, 本研究进一步利用Nrf2基因敲除小鼠进行验证, 结果显示, Nrf2缺失会加剧APAP诱导的肝损伤, 印证了Nrf2在抵御DILI中的保护作用。更重要的是, 在Nrf2-/-小鼠中, LQ降低ALT、AST及改善肝组织病理损伤的作用基本消失, 证实LQ的抗DILI活性依赖于Nrf2。
本研究表明, LQ可显著促进Nrf2核易位并促进其下游抗氧化基因表达, 然而LQ激活Nrf2的上游分子机制尚待深入研究。Nrf2的细胞内稳定性主要受Keap1依赖的泛素-蛋白酶体途径调控, Keap1作为Nrf2的负调控蛋白, 其特定半胱氨酸残基的共价修饰可直接导致Nrf2构象改变与释放。有研究表明, 黄酮类化合物因其邻二酚羟基结构常具亲电特性, 干扰Keap1-Nrf2蛋白-蛋白的相互作用, 从而稳定Nrf2蛋白并促进其入核[38]。Nrf2亦可作为多种激酶信号通路的磷酸化底物被间接激活, 如ERK通路可通过磷酸化Nrf2的Ser40残基促进其与Keap1解离[39]; PI3K/Akt通路则可通过调控糖原合成酶激酶-3β活性影响Fyn介导的Nrf2核输出, 从而延长其在核内的滞留时间[40]。LQ激活Nrf2的上游机制仍有待进一步深入研究, 探明上述机制将为深入理解LQ的分子药理特征与药物开发提供关键依据。
综上所述, 本研究证实LQ可作为有效的Nrf2激活剂, 通过促进Nrf2核转位、上调下游抗氧化基因表达、重建肝脏氧化还原平衡并减轻肝脏炎症反应, 从而显著改善APAP诱导的急性肝损伤。该结果为甘草传统“解毒”功效提供了现代药理学依据, 也为开发治疗药物性肝损伤的候选药物奠定了基础。本研究仍存在一定局限性, 包括动物样本量相对较少, 且尚未深入探讨LQ发挥肝保护作用的其他潜在机制, 有待在后续研究中进一步完善。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0081
  • 接收时间:2026-01-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-20
  • 修回日期:2026-03-09
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    1上海中医药大学中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 中药新资源与品质评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
    2上海市中医药国际标准化研究院, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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