Article(id=1308841897867698740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768752000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-19, revisedDate=1770480000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981825558, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981825558, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981825558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981825558, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2377, endPage=2387, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841898060636725, articleId=1308841897867698740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=First-in-class small molecule drugs in 2025, columnId=1190335349059588909, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Professionals Forum, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In 2025, innovation in drug development remained stable, with the proportion of first-in-class drugs continuing to increase. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a total of 46 new drugs in the past year, including 34 new molecular entities (NMEs) and 12 biologics license applications (BLAs). The number of approvals slightly decreased compared to the previous three years. This year, 31 small molecule drugs were approved, accounting for 67% of the total, among which 13 were first in class small molecule drugs. The treatment areas covered rare diseases, oncology, autoimmune diseases, respiratory diseases, and more. Several first in class small molecule drugs have breakthrough clinical value, such as the world's first non-opioid analgesic drug, NaV1.8 inhibitor suzetrigine, the first approved local TRPM8 receptor agonist acoltremon for dry eye disease, the first targeted mitochondrial inner membrane cardiolipin elamipretide, the first approved selective phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitor nerandomilast for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and the first selective oral Menin-MLL inhibitor iftomenib. First in class drugs have significant clinical, academic, and commercial value and have attracted extensive attention from patients, researchers and enterprises. This article briefly analyzes the research background, process and therapeutic applications of three representative first in class small molecule drugs from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, with the aim of providing more research directions and methods for the development of first in class drugs.

, authors=Lei WANG1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, *, authorsList=Lei WANG, Qi-dong YOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi-dong YOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841905820099194, articleId=1308841897867698740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=2025年首创性小分子药物研究实例浅析, columnId=1190335349206389552, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专家论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

2025年的创新药物研发保持平稳, 首创性药物占比持续增高。美国FDA药物评价和研究中心(CDER) 在过去一年里共计批准了46款新药, 其中包括34个新分子实体(NMEs) 和12个生物制品(BLAs), 获批数量相较前三年略有下降。本年度小分子药物获批31款, 占获批总量的67%, 其中涵盖13款首创性(first-in-class) 小分子药物, 治疗领域集中于罕见病、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、呼吸系统疾病等多个方向。其中, 多个首创性小分子药物具有突破性的临床价值, 例如全球首个非阿片镇痛药物NaV1.8抑制剂舒泽曲近(suzetrigine), 首个获批的局部薄荷醇受体TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8) 激动剂阿考曲孟(acoltremon) 治疗干眼症, 首个靶向线粒体内膜心磷脂的依拉雷肽(elamipretide), 首个获批用于特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF) 的选择性磷酸二酯酶4B (PDE4B) 抑制剂依林奈坦(nerandomilast), 首个选择性口服Menin-MLL抑制剂齐托美尼布(ziftomenib) 等。首创性药物具有巨大的临床价值、学术价值及商业价值, 受到患者、研究人员及企业的广泛关注。本文通过药物化学角度浅析本年度3个代表性首创性小分子药物的研发背景、研发过程和治疗应用, 以期为首创性药物的研发提供更多的研究方向与方法。

, authors=王磊1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, *, authorsList=王磊, 尤启冬, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=尤启冬, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王磊负责文章资料收集与撰写; 尤启冬负责文章的选题与修改, 为该文章的主要负责人。

, correspAuthorsNote=
尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
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Drug (Brand name)SponsorStructureTargetIndicationTypeApproved time
Treosulfan (Grafapex)Medexus DNA alkylating drugPreparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cancersMe-better1-21
Suzetrigine (Journavx)Vertex NaV1.8 inhibitorAcute painFirst-in-class1-30
Mirdametinib (Gomekli)Springworks/Merck KGaA MEK1/2 kinase inhibitorNeurofibromatosis type 1Me-better2-11
Vimseltinib (Romvimza)Deciphera/Ono CSF1R kinase inhibitorTenosynovial giant cell tumoursMe-better2-14
Gepotidacin (Blujepa)GSK Triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type Ⅱ topoisomerase inhibitorUncomplicated urinary tract infectionsFirst-in-class3-25
Atrasentan (Vanrafia)Novartis Endothelin receptor antagonistProteinuria in adults with primary IgANFirst-in-class4-2
Avutometinib plus defactinib (Avmapki Fakzynja Co-Pack)Verastem MEK1 inhibitor plus FAK kinase inhibitorKRAS-mutated recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancerMe-better5-8
Acoltremon (Tryptyr)Alcon Labs TRPM8 thermoreceptor agonistDry eye diseaseFirst-in-class5-28
Taletrectinib (Ibtrozi)Nuvation ROS1 kinase inhibitorROS1-positive NSCLCMe-better6-11
Sunvozertinib (Zegfrovy)Dizal Jiangsu EGFR kinase inhibitorNSCLC with EGFR exon 20 mutationsMe-better7-2
Sebetralstat (Ekterly)Kalvista Plasma kallikrein inhibitorHereditary angioedema attacksFirst-in-class7-3
Delgocitinib (Anzupgo)Leo Pharma Janus kinase inhibitorHand eczemaMe-better7-23
Sepiapterin (Sephience)PTC Phenylalanine hydroxylase activatorHyperphenylalaninemiaFirst-in-class7-28
Aceclidine (Vizz)Lenz Cholinergic agonistPresbyopiaMe-better7-31
Dordaviprone (Modeyso)Chimerix/Jazz ClpP protease activatorDiffuse midline glioma with H3 K27M mutationsFirst-in-class8-6
Zongertinib (Hernexeos)Boehringer Ingelheim HER2 kinase inhibitorNon-squamous NSCLC with HER2 activating mutationsFirst-in-class8-8
Brensocatib (Brinsupri)Insmed DPP1 inhibitorNon-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasisFirst-in-class8-12
Rilzabrutinib (Wayrilz)Genzyme/Sanofi BTK kinase inhibitorImmune thrombocytopeniaNew indication8-29
Elamipretide (Forzinity)Stealth Mitochondrial cardiolipin binderMuscle strength in Barth syndromeFirst-in-class9-19
Imlunestrant (Inluriyo)Eli Lilly Selective oestrogen receptor degraderER-positive, EGFR2-negative, ER1-mutated breast cancerMe-better9-25
Paltusotine (Palsonify)Crinetics Somatostatin receptor agonistAcromegalyMe-better9-25
Remibrutinib (Rhapsido)Novartis BTK kinase inhibitorSpontaneous urticariaNew indication9-30
Nerandomilast (Jascayd)Boehringer Ingelheim PDE4 inhibitorIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisFirst-in-class10-7
Elinzanetant (Lynkuet)Bayer Healthcare NK1 and NK3 receptor antagonistVasomotor symptoms due to menopauseFirst-in-class10-24
Doxecitine plus doxribtimine (Kygevvi)UCB Pyrimidine nucleosidesThymidine kinase 2 deficiencyNew indication11-3
Ziftomenib (Komzifti)Kura Menin inhibitorAML with a susceptible NPM1 mutationMe-better11-13
Sevabertinib (Hyrnuo)Bayer Healthcare HER2 kinase inhibitorNon-squamous NSCLC with HER2 activating mutationsMe-better11-19
Etripamil (Cardamyst)Milestone Calcium channel blockerParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardiaMe-better12-12
Zoliflodacin (Nuzolvence)Entasis/Innoviva Spiropyrimidinetrione bacterial type Ⅱ topoisomerase inhibitorUrogenital gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeaFirst-in-class12-12
Aficamten (Myqorzo)Cytokinetics Cardiac myosin inhibitorObstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathyMe-better12-19
Tradipitant (Nereus)Vanda NK1 receptor antagonistVomiting induced by motionFirst-in-class12-30
), ArticleFig(id=1308841910333170337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841897867698740, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Small molecule drugs approved by FDA in 2025. CSF1R: Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor; ROS1: Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase ROS; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; DPP1: Diacylglycerol pyrophosphate phosphatase 1; PDE4: 3′, 5′-Cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase 4; NSCLC: Non-small-cell lung cancer

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Drug (Brand name)SponsorStructureTargetIndicationTypeApproved time
Treosulfan (Grafapex)Medexus DNA alkylating drugPreparative regimen for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for cancersMe-better1-21
Suzetrigine (Journavx)Vertex NaV1.8 inhibitorAcute painFirst-in-class1-30
Mirdametinib (Gomekli)Springworks/Merck KGaA MEK1/2 kinase inhibitorNeurofibromatosis type 1Me-better2-11
Vimseltinib (Romvimza)Deciphera/Ono CSF1R kinase inhibitorTenosynovial giant cell tumoursMe-better2-14
Gepotidacin (Blujepa)GSK Triazaacenaphthylene bacterial type Ⅱ topoisomerase inhibitorUncomplicated urinary tract infectionsFirst-in-class3-25
Atrasentan (Vanrafia)Novartis Endothelin receptor antagonistProteinuria in adults with primary IgANFirst-in-class4-2
Avutometinib plus defactinib (Avmapki Fakzynja Co-Pack)Verastem MEK1 inhibitor plus FAK kinase inhibitorKRAS-mutated recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancerMe-better5-8
Acoltremon (Tryptyr)Alcon Labs TRPM8 thermoreceptor agonistDry eye diseaseFirst-in-class5-28
Taletrectinib (Ibtrozi)Nuvation ROS1 kinase inhibitorROS1-positive NSCLCMe-better6-11
Sunvozertinib (Zegfrovy)Dizal Jiangsu EGFR kinase inhibitorNSCLC with EGFR exon 20 mutationsMe-better7-2
Sebetralstat (Ekterly)Kalvista Plasma kallikrein inhibitorHereditary angioedema attacksFirst-in-class7-3
Delgocitinib (Anzupgo)Leo Pharma Janus kinase inhibitorHand eczemaMe-better7-23
Sepiapterin (Sephience)PTC Phenylalanine hydroxylase activatorHyperphenylalaninemiaFirst-in-class7-28
Aceclidine (Vizz)Lenz Cholinergic agonistPresbyopiaMe-better7-31
Dordaviprone (Modeyso)Chimerix/Jazz ClpP protease activatorDiffuse midline glioma with H3 K27M mutationsFirst-in-class8-6
Zongertinib (Hernexeos)Boehringer Ingelheim HER2 kinase inhibitorNon-squamous NSCLC with HER2 activating mutationsFirst-in-class8-8
Brensocatib (Brinsupri)Insmed DPP1 inhibitorNon-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasisFirst-in-class8-12
Rilzabrutinib (Wayrilz)Genzyme/Sanofi BTK kinase inhibitorImmune thrombocytopeniaNew indication8-29
Elamipretide (Forzinity)Stealth Mitochondrial cardiolipin binderMuscle strength in Barth syndromeFirst-in-class9-19
Imlunestrant (Inluriyo)Eli Lilly Selective oestrogen receptor degraderER-positive, EGFR2-negative, ER1-mutated breast cancerMe-better9-25
Paltusotine (Palsonify)Crinetics Somatostatin receptor agonistAcromegalyMe-better9-25
Remibrutinib (Rhapsido)Novartis BTK kinase inhibitorSpontaneous urticariaNew indication9-30
Nerandomilast (Jascayd)Boehringer Ingelheim PDE4 inhibitorIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosisFirst-in-class10-7
Elinzanetant (Lynkuet)Bayer Healthcare NK1 and NK3 receptor antagonistVasomotor symptoms due to menopauseFirst-in-class10-24
Doxecitine plus doxribtimine (Kygevvi)UCB Pyrimidine nucleosidesThymidine kinase 2 deficiencyNew indication11-3
Ziftomenib (Komzifti)Kura Menin inhibitorAML with a susceptible NPM1 mutationMe-better11-13
Sevabertinib (Hyrnuo)Bayer Healthcare HER2 kinase inhibitorNon-squamous NSCLC with HER2 activating mutationsMe-better11-19
Etripamil (Cardamyst)Milestone Calcium channel blockerParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardiaMe-better12-12
Zoliflodacin (Nuzolvence)Entasis/Innoviva Spiropyrimidinetrione bacterial type Ⅱ topoisomerase inhibitorUrogenital gonorrhea due to Neisseria gonorrhoeaFirst-in-class12-12
Aficamten (Myqorzo)Cytokinetics Cardiac myosin inhibitorObstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathyMe-better12-19
Tradipitant (Nereus)Vanda NK1 receptor antagonistVomiting induced by motionFirst-in-class12-30
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2025年首创性小分子药物研究实例浅析
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王磊 1, 2 , 尤启冬 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专家论坛 2026,61(7): 2377-2387
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药学学报 |专家论坛 2026 , 61 (7) : 2377 -2387
2025年首创性小分子药物研究实例浅析
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王磊1, 2, 尤启冬1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国药科大学, 江苏省创新药物设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
  • 2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009
通讯作者:
尤启冬, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王磊负责文章资料收集与撰写; 尤启冬负责文章的选题与修改, 为该文章的主要负责人。

First-in-class small molecule drugs in 2025
Lei WANG1, 2, Qi-dong YOU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0070
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2025年的创新药物研发保持平稳, 首创性药物占比持续增高。美国FDA药物评价和研究中心(CDER) 在过去一年里共计批准了46款新药, 其中包括34个新分子实体(NMEs) 和12个生物制品(BLAs), 获批数量相较前三年略有下降。本年度小分子药物获批31款, 占获批总量的67%, 其中涵盖13款首创性(first-in-class) 小分子药物, 治疗领域集中于罕见病、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病、呼吸系统疾病等多个方向。其中, 多个首创性小分子药物具有突破性的临床价值, 例如全球首个非阿片镇痛药物NaV1.8抑制剂舒泽曲近(suzetrigine), 首个获批的局部薄荷醇受体TRPM8 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8) 激动剂阿考曲孟(acoltremon) 治疗干眼症, 首个靶向线粒体内膜心磷脂的依拉雷肽(elamipretide), 首个获批用于特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF) 的选择性磷酸二酯酶4B (PDE4B) 抑制剂依林奈坦(nerandomilast), 首个选择性口服Menin-MLL抑制剂齐托美尼布(ziftomenib) 等。首创性药物具有巨大的临床价值、学术价值及商业价值, 受到患者、研究人员及企业的广泛关注。本文通过药物化学角度浅析本年度3个代表性首创性小分子药物的研发背景、研发过程和治疗应用, 以期为首创性药物的研发提供更多的研究方向与方法。

首创性药物  /  新药研发  /  小分子药物  /  药物化学  /  治疗应用

In 2025, innovation in drug development remained stable, with the proportion of first-in-class drugs continuing to increase. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a total of 46 new drugs in the past year, including 34 new molecular entities (NMEs) and 12 biologics license applications (BLAs). The number of approvals slightly decreased compared to the previous three years. This year, 31 small molecule drugs were approved, accounting for 67% of the total, among which 13 were first in class small molecule drugs. The treatment areas covered rare diseases, oncology, autoimmune diseases, respiratory diseases, and more. Several first in class small molecule drugs have breakthrough clinical value, such as the world's first non-opioid analgesic drug, NaV1.8 inhibitor suzetrigine, the first approved local TRPM8 receptor agonist acoltremon for dry eye disease, the first targeted mitochondrial inner membrane cardiolipin elamipretide, the first approved selective phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) inhibitor nerandomilast for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and the first selective oral Menin-MLL inhibitor iftomenib. First in class drugs have significant clinical, academic, and commercial value and have attracted extensive attention from patients, researchers and enterprises. This article briefly analyzes the research background, process and therapeutic applications of three representative first in class small molecule drugs from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, with the aim of providing more research directions and methods for the development of first in class drugs.

first in class drug  /  the development and research of drug  /  small molecule drug  /  medicinal chemistry  /  treatment application
王磊, 尤启冬. 2025年首创性小分子药物研究实例浅析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2377 -2387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0070
Lei WANG, Qi-dong YOU. First-in-class small molecule drugs in 2025[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2377 -2387 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0070
创新药物研发关乎人民健康、科技创新、经济发展等多个方面, 在任何时期都具有极其重要的意义[1]。按照药物的作用靶点、生物机制和治疗应用是否为首次突破, 可将已上市的新药分为首创性药物(first-in-class) 和跟随性药物(me-too, me-better)[2-8]。首创性药物的特征是基于全新靶标、全新作用机制或具有全新的治疗路径的药物分子, 需要实现从“0到1”的原创性探索, 利用首个分子充分验证靶点与疾病的关联性。从疾病治疗的角度, 目前仍有许多无药可用的疾病, 缺乏靶标机制的认知与药物发现的思路, 其中既包括常见疾病也包含大量的罕见疾病, 亟需发现新机制与新分子, 为患者提供有效的治疗方案。从科学研究的角度, 发现全新的药物靶标是首创性药物研发先决条件, 需要更多的新技术与新方法, 充分理解靶标与疾病之间的关联; 设计原创的分子结构是首创性药物研发的必经之路, 需要大量的探索试错, 积累药物设计经验[9]。首创性药物研发不仅关乎一个国家的人民健康和生活质量, 也代表了一个国家的科技水平与创新能力。
2025年, 美国FDA药物评价和研究中心(Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, CDER) 共批准上市新药46款, 包括31款小分子药物及15款大分子药物, 批准数量自2023年以来连续下降[10]。在31款小分子药物中, 首创性小分子药物高达13款, 另外还有多个me-better药物和首个适应症药物。在获批新药的疾病适应症方面, 肿瘤仍是新药批准的重点领域, 本年度获批16款肿瘤治疗药物, 占获批总数的35%。其他获批新药较多的领域包括心血管系统疾病(5款药物, 占比11%) 与炎症性相关疾病(4款药物, 占比9%)。在获批新药的靶标方面, 蛋白激酶抑制剂成为获批最多的类别, 约占所有获批小分子的三分之一。其中, 诺华的瑞米布替尼(remibrutinib) 成为第100个获批的分子, 标志着激酶药物的巨大成功。不仅如此, 激酶药物已从原先的肿瘤适应症, 逐渐拓展到自身免疫性疾病等非肿瘤领域, 展现出极大的潜力与空间。根据美国FDA的官方文件, 今年获批上市的孤儿药总数仍较高, 有23款药物上市, 占比为50%, 有15款药物被美国FDA授予突破疗法, 有21款药物(46%) 被优先审批, 11款药物(24%) 被加速审批进入市场, 有32款药物(70%) 首次在美国FDA获批上市。
在2025年上市的31款小分子药物中, 有13款是首创性小分子药物(表1), 数量和去年保持一致。其中, 有多款首创性小分子在分子设计与疾病治疗方面都具有开拓性的意义, 例如1月30日批准的首款用于中重度急性疼痛的镇痛药舒泽曲近(suzetrigine), 是20多年来首个新机制非阿片类镇痛药物; 3月25日批准的首款用于单纯性尿路感染的三氮杂苊烯类抗生素吉泊达星(gepotidacin); 5月28日批准的首款用于治疗干眼症的选择性瞬时受体电位M8 (TRPM8) 受体激动剂阿考曲孟(acoltremon); 8月6日批准的首款用于H3K27M突变弥漫性中线胶质瘤的双机制(ClpP激活与DRD2拮抗) 药物多达普酮(dordaviprone); 8月12日批准的首款用于治疗非囊性纤维化支气管扩张症的二肽基肽酶1 (dipeptidyl peptidase 1, DPP1) 抑制剂布索卡替(brensocatib); 10月7日批准的首款用于治疗特发性肺纤维化(IPF) 的选择性PDE4B抑制剂依林奈坦(nerandomilast); 10月24日批准的首款用于更年期血管舒缩症状(vasomotor symptoms, VMS) 的NK1/NK3双重受体拮抗剂依林奈坦(elinzanetant); 12月12日批准的首款螺环嘧啶三酮类口服抗生素唑利氟达星(zoliflodacin); 12月30日批准的首款针对运动诱发呕吐的NK1受体拮抗剂曲地匹坦(tradipitant)。其中有一些药物实现了在重大疾病治疗中的首次突破, 也有许多药物开辟了疾病治疗的新靶点新选择, 本文从中选取了3个有代表性的首创性小分子药物, 全面阐述药物的研发背景、研发过程及临床治疗应用, 希望为未来的药物设计提供更多研究思路。
舒泽曲近(suzetrigine) 是全球首款非阿片类镇痛药物。
疼痛是一种与实际或潜在的组织损伤相关的不愉快的感觉和情绪情感体验, 或与此相似的经历, 其长期以来都是一个严重的健康问题, 同时也是内科医生遇到的较为普遍的症状[11], 影响着世界各地数以百万计患者的生活质量, 缓解疼痛是多种疾病的重要治疗目标。根据患者病程长短, 疼痛可以分为急性痛和慢性痛, 急性疼痛是短期疼痛, 通常是对某种组织损伤(如外伤或手术) 的反应。疼痛的治疗选择有限, 传统的治疗药物主要分为阿片类药物及非甾体抗炎药, 其中, 阿片类药物虽镇痛作用强但具有成瘾性, 进一步限制了疼痛的缓解和治疗, 亟需开发新型无成瘾性且有效的止痛药。
疼痛感的产生依赖于转换、传导、疼痛调节和感知四个阶段[12], 由于疼痛信号传导的外周神经元的放电依赖于其组成的钠通道的活性, 而多重钠通道基因的发现提出了存在一个或多个“外周”钠通道的可能性, 这些通道对于疼痛信号外周神经元的激活是必要的, 但在心脏或大脑中没有作用, 故阻断这些通道可以缓解疼痛, 而不会产生类似于阿片类药物的成瘾性或中枢不良反应。值得注意的是, NaV离子通道一共有七个亚型, 其中有三个亚型NaV1.7、NaV1.8及NaV1.9表达于外周感觉神经元中(图1A), NaV1.7存在于交感神经节神经元及外周感觉神经元中。相比之下, NaV1.8和NaV1.9仅在外周感觉神经元中表达, 它们在感觉处理和疼痛信号传递中起关键作用[13], 是疼痛治疗的潜在靶点。大部分早期探索集中在NaV1.7的研究中, 然而, 大规模临床研究发现, 在临床可接受剂量下, NaV1.7阻断剂因安全性问题或疗效不足而受阻。NaV1.8是一种电压门控钠通道, 优先表达在伤害感受器中, 是疼痛信号传导的重要介质, 在外周感觉神经元的伤害性感知信号的产生和传递中起核心作用, 使其成为治疗慢性和急性疼痛的一个有吸引力且特异性的靶点, 目前, 已有多个NaV1.8选择性抑制剂被报道并进入临床研究中。
2015年, Vertex制药公司发布了一项专利(WO2015/089361A1), 公开了用于止痛的18种吡啶酰胺磷酸酯前药, 通过对二芳基醚基团上不同取代基的探索, 获得了一种有效的NaV1.8抑制剂1 (IC50 = 14 nmol·L-1), 并且对其他钠通道亚型显示出极佳的选择性(> 400倍), 然而, 化合物1在水中的水溶性极低(在pH 6时 < 0.001 mg·mL-1), 表明其生物利用度不足。为了提高其溶解度, 合成了化合物1的磷酸酯前药VX-150 (2), 在pH 7时其溶解度达到0.50 mg·mL-1[13]。VX-150口服生物利用度良好, 对NaV1.8表现出超过400倍的选择性, 在Ⅱ期临床中表现出了良好的耐受性和疗效, 但是因为眩晕头痛等不良反应终止于临床Ⅱ期。2021年, Vertex发布了另一项专利(WO2021/113627A1), 公开了约150种NaV1.8抑制剂, 其中对化合物VX-150进行骨架跃迁策略改造得到的VX-548 (3), 即后续上市药物舒泽曲近。VX-548摒弃了VX-150的前药设计策略, 将一个复杂的、三维结构更强的稠合双环作为核心骨架, 取代了VX-150中简单的嘧啶二酮, 新骨架不仅适配NaV1.8的活性口袋, 而且提高了对其他钠离子通道亚型的选择性。而氟原子和三氟甲氧基的引入可以精确调节分子的脂溶性、电性, 并阻断易被代谢的位点, 从而提高代谢稳定性和半衰期(图1B)。
VX-548满足Lipinski五规则(Ro5) 的4个标准(相对分子质量≤ 500, 氢键供体≤ 5, 氢键受体≤ 10, cLogP ≤ 5)。tPSA (约103.54) 表明其口服吸收良好, 但中枢神经系统渗透性有限, 这有利于提高其外周活性, 其在人体背根神经节(dorsal root ganglia, DRG) 神经元中对NaV1.8电流显示了强效抑制作用, IC50为0.7 nmol·L-1。此外, VX-548对NaV1.8展现出卓越的选择性, 在重组细胞中与其他所有NaV亚型相比, 选择性超过31 000倍[13]。
2022年, VX-548进入了两个随机Ⅲ期临床试验, 以评估其在腹部整形术(NCT5558410) 或拇囊炎切除术(NCT5553366) 后急性疼痛治疗中的疗效。与安慰剂相比, 口服VX-548显示出对疼痛的显著缓解, 然而, VX-548对比重酒石酸氢可酮/对乙酰氨基酚(hydrocodone bitartrate/acetaminophen, HB/APAP) 却未显示出优势, 其在所有Ⅲ期研究中均安全耐受, 最常见的不良反应为恶心、头痛和便秘[14]。基于这些临床的结果, VX-548 (舒泽曲近) 获得了FDA的快速通道和突破性疗法认定, 用于中度至重度急性疼痛。随后, 在2025年1月, VX-548获得FDA批准, 这是二十多年来首个获批的非阿片类止痛药。值得注意的是, 首创性药物舒泽曲近仍面临一些问题。例如, 药物在治疗急性疼痛的Ⅲ期临床试验中并没有达到关键的第二目标, 即其镇痛效果没有优于由对乙酰氨基酚(paracetamol) 和广泛处方阿片类药物组成复方或合用时的疗效, 以及Ⅱ期临床低剂量组并未显示明显的临床疗效等[15], 针对这些问题, 未来仍需要拓展对非阿片类止痛药的研究。
阿考曲孟(acoltremon) 是全球首款获批的TRPM8受体激动剂类干眼症治疗药物。
干眼症(dry eye disease, DED) 是一种以泪液质量或数量异常导致眼表不稳定、炎症及视觉功能受损为特征的慢性眼表疾病, 临床表现包括眼部异物感、灼热或刺痛、疲劳、视物模糊和光敏感等主观症状[16]。其全球患病率具有显著异质性, 系统综述和贝叶斯汇总评估表明, 全球范围内的干眼症总体患病率约为11.59%, 有症状的患病率为9.12%, 女性患病率为9.5%, 略高于男性的6.8%。此外, 东亚地区的体征患病率最高(42.8%), 患病率随年龄的增加而逐年近似线性上涨[17]。作为眼表微环境稳态失衡的复杂多因素疾病, 该疾病的病因主要包括泪膜稳定性丧失、泪液渗透压增高、蒸发过速、眼表炎症及神经感觉异常等。目前的临床治疗方案主要有人工泪液、抗炎药物等方法, 尽管这些方法对部分患者有效, 但系统综述显示处方药物在改善症状或客观指标时的证据质量参差不齐, 且常伴滴眼刺激、缓解不完全或疗效起效慢等问题; 因此仍有相当比例患者未能获得满意的长期症状缓解或功能改善, 临床上亟需具有新作用机制、安全耐受性好且起效迅速的治疗选项[18, 19]。角膜是人体神经末梢密度较高的组织, 主要由三叉神经眼支(V1) 支配。长期以来, 科学家们试图解开角膜如何感知“干燥”的谜题。西班牙阿利坎特神经科学研究所的Carlos Belmonte教授团队[20, 21]提出了开创性的理论: 角膜上的冷感受器(cold thermoreceptors) 实际上充当了“湿度/蒸发传感器”(图2A)。因此, 近年来“神经—感觉学说”尤其受到重视: 冷觉热感受器(如TRPM8) 在维持基础泪液分泌与感觉反馈中发挥重要作用, 其功能改变可导致基线泪液分泌减少或异常的干眼不适感, 从而在病理生理链条中占据关键位置[19, 22]。
AR-15512又名为WS-12 (7), 其源头可追溯至20世纪70年代的日化工业, 而非传统的制药/生物实验室。英国Wilkinson Sword Ltd.[23]于1970年代启动了一项旨在寻找薄荷醇(menthol, 4) 替代品的庞大筛选计划, 目的是摆脱薄荷醇的苦涩口感、挥发性气味, 以及高浓度条件下激活TRPA1 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1) 通道导致刺痛的不良反应。由Hugh R. Watson和David G. Rowsell领导的化学团队[24]合成并评估了约1 200种化合物, 主要集中在对乙基薄荷烷甲酰胺(p-menthane carboxamides) WS-3 (5) 进行改造, 这一系列化合物因此被称为“WS系列”。随着Carlos Belmonte教授团队[25, 26]的新发现, Avizorex Pharma按照TRPM8激动剂的属性重新审视了WS类化合物库, 发现了化合物WS-12; 相比系列的其他化合物, 它表现出对TRPM8的高度选择性, 几乎不激活脱靶的疼痛/刺激受体TRPA1和温热受体TRPV3 (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3), 并且是TRPM8受体的超激动剂, 激活受体产生的最大电流是薄荷醇的2倍, 最关键的是其没有先前受体激动剂的快速耐受性, 这对于需要长期给药的干眼症治疗至关重要[27, 28]。
这一特性来源于其结构的优势: 首先, 其保留了薄荷醇的六元环骨架, 这是嵌入TRPM8结合口袋的基础; 其次, 与薄荷醇的羟基不同, WS-12在C-3位置引入了一个4-甲氧基苯氨基(4-methoxyphenyl) 的酰胺基团, 这一巨大的疏水基团是其高亲和力的关键, 它能深入受体的疏水裂隙, 形成更稳固的结合; 并且, WS-12具有3个手性中心, 特殊的1R, 2S, 5R构型带来了与TRPM8的氨基酸残基强效的结合[16](图2B)。
在一份冷冻电镜(Cryo-EM) 结构中显示, WS-12结合于跨膜结构域中的电压传感器样结构域(voltage sensor-like domain, VSLD)。这是一个由S1、S2、S3和S4螺旋形成的疏水空腔, 位于受体跨膜区的下部, 紧邻TRP结构域[10]。
这是典型的“变构调节位点”, 而非离子孔道本身。WS-12像一把楔子插入这个口袋, 稳定了通道的开放构象。研发团队通过定点突变和结构解析, 确定了WS-12 (AR-15512) 与TRPM8相互作用的具体氨基酸残基(图2C): WS-12的苯环片段与S1螺旋的“守门人”残基Tyr745形成关键的π电子相互作用, 锚定配体位置; 酰胺基团与位于S4螺旋TRP结构域的Tyr1004形成氢键作用, 链接了配体结合与通道门控机制; 羰基结构与S4螺旋上的Arg841形成氢键作用, 稳定结合态并降低通道开放所需的去极化电压阈值; 而Phe738与IleE845则构建了口袋的疏水环境, 容纳WS-12庞大的4-甲氧基苯基侧链。相比先前的TRPM8激动剂Icilin (AG-3-5), AR-15512的结合不需要细胞内钙离子的参与, 使得AR-15512在复杂的生理离子环境中具有更稳定的药效特征[27, 29]。
结构生物学的研究不仅揭示了配体结合的模式, 还发现了一个至关重要的辅因子——PIP2 (磷脂酰肌醇-4, 5-二磷酸)。AR-15512单独结合不足以打开通道。研究发现, WS-12的结合诱导了S4螺旋和S4-S5连接体(linker) 的构象变化, 这一变化创造了一个高亲和力的界面, 招募细胞膜上的脂质分子PIP2结合到受体上(图2C)。结果就是PIP2充当了“分子桥梁”, 连接了VSLD和孔道结构域(pore domain), 最终拉动S6螺旋, 打开离子通道闸门, 允许Na+和Ca2+内流。这一发现确认了AR-15512是通过强化生理性门控机制起作用, 而非破坏性地强行打开通道, 这解释了其良好的安全性和耐受性[16, 29, 30]。
在完成了靶标验证、化合物优化和制剂攻关后, AR-15512进入了代号为“COMET”的全面临床开发阶段。在对超过930名患者进行Ⅲ期临床试验测试后, 统计学显著地证明了AR-15512能使近半数患者的泪液分泌量发生质的飞跃, 并且在第1天给药后, 即可观察到明显的泪液分泌增加。随后, AR-15512的通用名为acoltremon, 商品名为Tryptyr, 于2025年5月29日获得美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA) 批准上市。
Acoltremon (AR-15512, Tryptyr®) 的获批不仅是增加了一个快捷有效的干眼症新药, 更是开启了干眼症治疗的新阶段。Acoltremon作为全球首款获批的TRPM8激动剂, 开创了干眼症治疗的“神经调节”新范式。它通过激活角膜冷感受器触发三叉神经反射, 快速促进天然泪液分泌, 突破了传统抗炎药起效滞后的局限。这一里程碑标志着干眼症管理从被动的“抗炎补水”向主动的“生理机能修复”跨越, 同时也确证了TRP通道作为外周神经系统成药靶点的巨大潜力。它证明了通过药理学手段操纵感觉神经受体不仅是安全的, 而且能产生强大的生理效应。这鼓励了后续针对其他TRP通道的研发。
宗格替尼(zongertinib) 是全球首款治疗HER2突变驱动的肿瘤且能特异性保留野生型表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 信号的新型共价酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。
人表皮生长因子受体2 (HER2) 的异常激活是多种恶性肿瘤的关键驱动因素[31]。在非小细胞肺癌(non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC) 中, HER2基因突变发生率约为2%~4%, 其中以HER2外显子20插入突变(exon 20 insertions) 最为常见且难治, 常导致患者预后不良及对传统疗法不敏感[32]。由于HER2与EGFR的激酶结构域具有极高的同源性, 早期的泛HER酪氨酸激酶抑制剂, 如阿法替尼、内拉替尼等, 在抑制HER2的同时, 往往无法区分并强烈抑制野生型EGFR (EGFRWT)[33]。这种脱靶效应导致了严重的剂量限制性毒性, 主要表现为严重的皮疹和腹泻, 极大地限制了药物的治疗窗口和临床应用。尽管抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugates, ADC) 在这一领域取得了突破, 但针对中枢神经系统转移的控制及间质性肺病风险仍是挑战。长期以来, 临床亟待一种既能强效抑制HER2外显子20插入突变, 又能最大程度避免野生型EGFR相关毒性的口服小分子药物。
尽管HER2靶向治疗取得了普遍进展, 但HER2外显子20插入突变型非小细胞肺癌仍是一个医疗需求高度未满足的患者群体。研究人员致力于开发HER2选择性酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI), 其对HER2外显子20插入突变等位基因具有足够的效力, 同时还显示出50倍以上的野生型EGFR保留活性。
HER2信号传导依赖于受体的二聚化及随后酪氨酸残基的自磷酸化。宗格替尼的研发核心策略是利用基于结构的药物设计(structure-based drug design, SBDD), 旨在解决核心矛盾: 如何在保留共价弹头活性的同时, 打破导致脱靶毒性的关键分子间作用力。宗格替尼的作用机制主要依赖于其分子独特的“锁钥”设计, 该药物分子能够精准嵌入突变型HER2的ATP结合口袋, 利用其丙烯酰胺“弹头”与激酶结构域中的关键残基Cys805形成不可逆的共价键(图3A)。这种结合竞争性地阻断了ATP的进入, 从而强效抑制受体磷酸化及下游致癌信号通路的激活, 最终诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。至关重要的是, 通过对结合口袋入口处微小构象差异的利用, 宗格替尼在野生型EGFR中产生空间位阻使其无法有效结合, 从而实现了对正常生理信号的“免疫”[34]。
宗格替尼的发现旨在解决传统HER2抑制剂对野生型EGFR (EGFRWT) 选择性不足的难题, 研究人员通过对约12 000个化合物的筛选, 识别出具有嘧啶并[5, 4-d] 嘧啶母核的苗头化合物8 (IC50 = 1.4 μmol·L-1)[35]。鉴于激酶抑制剂设计中的共价策略, 研究人员在哌嗪部分引入丙烯酰胺“弹头”以靶向HER2的Cys805残基, 得到的化合物9抗增殖活性提升超过80倍, 进一步将氯原子替换为甲基, 得到的化合物10在Ba/F3 HER2YVMA驱动细胞中的IC50值已小于100 nmol·L-1。为进一步优化针对EGFRWT的选择性, 研究人员聚焦于疏水后口袋的结合模式, 将化合物3中的苯环替换为不同的双环杂芳香系统, 发现引入 [1,2,4] 三唑并[1, 5-a] 吡啶基团的BI-1622在保持对HER2强效抑制的同时, 展现了约50倍的EGFRWT选择性, 构效关系研究表明该杂环系统中4位氮原子对维持HER2结合亲和力至关重要。在BI-4142 (12) 和BI-1622 (11) 两种探针化合物的基础上, 经多参数优化得到的最终候选物宗格替尼(zongertinib, 13), 在Ba/F3 HER2YVMA细胞中的抗增殖IC50值仅为16 nmol·L-1, 且实现了对EGFRWT约100倍的选择性, 而在C805S突变细胞系中其活性显著下降, 确证了其依赖于Cys805共价结合的高效且低毒性的作用机制[34] (图3B)。
宗格替尼作为新一代高选择性HER2抑制剂, 在临床前及临床研究中展现了其独特的治疗价值。在临床前模型中, 该药物不仅能有效诱导携带HER2外显子20插入突变(如YVMA插入) 的肿瘤消退, 还对HER2点突变(如L755S) 及基因扩增模型显示出广泛的抗肿瘤活性。在临床试验阶段, 宗格替尼最重要的突破在于其安全性与疗效的平衡。与莫博赛替尼(mobocertinib) 或泊齐替尼(poziotinib) 等药物相比, 宗格替尼极大地降低了野生型EGFR抑制相关的不良反应, 皮疹和腹泻的发生率及严重程度显著下降。这使得患者能够耐受足以持续抑制肿瘤生长的药物剂量, 维持高强度的靶点占位。此外, 初步临床数据显示, 该药物在经过多线治疗(包括含铂化疗和免疫治疗) 的HER2突变NSCLC患者中实现了较高的客观缓解率(objective response rate, ORR) 和颅内控制活性。此外, 得益于尾部侧链的优化, 该药物具备良好的口服生物利用度及潜在的中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS) 渗透性, 为发生脑转移的HER2突变NSCLC患者提供了新的治疗希望。后续研究将继续评估其作为一线疗法的潜力及其在克服上一代TKI耐药性方面的长期获益。
2025年, 我国创新药获批76款, 远超2024年的48款, 实现了历史新高。其中, 包含23款生物制品, 21款国产创新药、2款进口创新药, 国产创新药占比达91.30%。在激酶抑制剂等热门领域, 我国的快速跟进(fast-follow) 药物取得较大进展, 其中包括EGFR T790M抑制剂利厄替尼, KRAS G12C抑制剂枸橼酸戈来雷塞, CDK4/6抑制剂吡洛西利与来罗西利等。除此之外, 也有标志性的首创药物分子, 例如首个CDK2/4/6抑制剂库莫西利, 首个PB2抑制剂昂拉地韦等。本年度国产创新药尤其需要关注的是对外授权(license out), 截至2025年底总金额已超过1 300亿美元, 创历史新高。这一数据表明我国新药研发已从十年前的仿制为主, 到如今的原创与出海双驱动, 在全球资本市场中的吸引力持续提升。这充分体现了我国新药研发能力的蜕变与临床推进效率的提升, 也与评审机制的改革与创新体制的完善密切相关。
2026年, 全球约有100个小分子药物处于“NDA冲刺阶段”, 其中就包括万众瞩目的首个PROTAC药物韦德格司群(vepdegestrant)。如能获批准, 将正式解锁双功能分子类药物, 并有望在已知靶点或难成药靶点上实现突破。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0070
  • 接收时间:2026-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-19
  • 修回日期:2026-02-08
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    1中国药科大学, 江苏省创新药物设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
    2中国药科大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210009

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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