Article(id=1308842604138168836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768320000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-14, revisedDate=1776009600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981993945, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1786464000000, pubDateStr=2026-08-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981993945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981993945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981993945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308842471539442166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='8', pageStart='2821', pageEnd='3220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786464000000', pubDateStr='2026-08-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981962332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984137222, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851593773150482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308842471539442166, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3021, endPage=3030, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308842604335301125, articleId=1308842604138168836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism of Xihuang Pill in regulating exosome secretion and PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study systematically investigated the effects of Xihuang Pill on exosomes (Exo) secretion and how Exo pretreated with Xihuang Pill affect intercellular communication, thereby inhibiting the activity of triple-negative breast cancer cells. First, the inhibitory affected of Xihuang Pill on the activity and migration of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were verified using MTT, scratch assays, and crystal violet assays. Then, Exo and Exo secreted by cells pretreated with Xihuang Pill (XHP-Exo) were obtained by ultracentrifugation. The Exo were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, potential, particle size, and marker proteins. The inhibitory effects of XHP-Exo on the activity and migration of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were detected using crystal violet and scratch assays. The expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in cells was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The chemical components of Xihuang Pill and XHP-Exo were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS). The results showed that Xihuang Pill could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, downregulate kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA) expression, and effectively reduce the secretion of exosomes from breast cancer cells. Furthermore, XHP-Exo induced ferroptosis in recipient tumor cells, characterized by increased intracellular ROS levels and decreased GSH content, accompanied by downregulation of PD-L1 expression. Component analysis revealed 19 common active chemical components in both Xihuang Pill and XHP-Exo. In summary, Xihuang Pill inhibits the secretion of exosomes from breast cancer cells, and component-containing exosomes derived from it induce ferroptosis in recipient cells and downregulate PD-L1 expression.

, authors=Jie-wei HE1, Jing ZHANG1, Jing-wei LI2, Guang-xi SHI2, Miao-qi SUN1, Zi-chao CHEN1, *, Zhen ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Jie-wei HE, Jing ZHANG, Jing-wei LI, Guang-xi SHI, Miao-qi SUN, Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308842607330034194, articleId=1308842604138168836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=西黄丸调控三阴性乳腺癌外泌体分泌及PD-L1表达的作用机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究对西黄丸干预外泌体分泌以及西黄丸预处理细胞后的外泌体如何影响细胞间通讯从而抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞活性展开系统研究。首先通过MTT、划痕和结晶紫实验验证西黄丸对4T1和MDA-MB-231细胞活性和迁移的抑制作用; 随后通过超高速离心法得到细胞外泌体(Exo) 以及西黄丸预处理细胞分泌的外泌体(XHP-Exo); 通过透射电镜、电位、粒径和标志蛋白对外泌体进行表征; 通过结晶紫和划痕实验检测XHP-Exo对4T1细胞和MDA-MB-231细胞的活性和迁移抑制作用; 通过Western blot、免疫荧光检测细胞程序性死亡配体-1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 的表达情况; 通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) 分析西黄丸和XHP-Exo中的化学成分。结果显示, 西黄丸可显著抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖与迁移能力, 并能够下调肾脏和脑表达蛋白(kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein, KIBRA) 表达, 有效减少乳腺癌细胞外泌体的分泌; 且XHP-Exo可诱导受体肿瘤细胞发生铁死亡, 表现为胞内亚铁离子(Fe2+) 升高、ROS水平升高及GSH含量降低, 并伴随PD-L1表达的下调。成分分析显示, 在西黄丸及XHP-Exo中有共同的19种活性化学成分被鉴定。综上所述, 西黄丸抑制乳腺癌细胞外泌体的分泌, 并通过外泌体携带西黄丸组分诱导受体细胞铁死亡及下调PD-L1表达。

, authors=贺杰伟1, 张静1, 李静蔚2, 时光喜2, 孙苗棋1, 陈子超1, *, 张振1, *, authorsList=贺杰伟, 张静, 李静蔚, 时光喜, 孙苗棋, 陈子超, 张振, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈子超, 张振, authorNote=

作者贡献:

贺杰伟负责实验数据、分析数据和撰写手稿; 张静负责细胞实验、手稿修改; 李静蔚、时光喜、孙苗棋协助手稿修改; 陈子超、张振负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
陈子超, Tel: 15689716672, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
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Int J Nanomedicine, 2024, 19: 2005-2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1308842616972739190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liang J, Zhao J, Yang L, et al. MSC-exosomes pretreated by Danshensu extracts pretreating to target the hsa-miR-27a-5p and STAT3-SHANK2 to enhanced antifibrotic therapy [J]. 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Stem Cell Res Ther, 2022, 13: 289., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308842607548138003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842607556526612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, companyId=1308842607548138003, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842607564915221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, companyId=1308842607548138003, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308842607632024086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842607636218391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, companyId=1308842607632024086, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308842607644607000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, companyId=1308842607632024086, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2山东中医药大学附属医院, 山东 济南 250355)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308842611885048394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+HVnBGt2fC1OcBzs+kIgBA==, figureFileBig=8yXzteGnVXkgFCzUFP5xOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842611968934475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=In vitro antitumor effect of Xihuang Pill (XHP). A: Effect of different concentrations of XHP on 4T1 cell proliferation; B: Effect of different concentrations of XHP on MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation; C: Effect of different concentrations of XHP on MCF-10A cell proliferation; D: Crystal violet staining of 4T1 cell proliferation by different concentrations of XHP; E: Crystal violet staining of MDA-MB-231 cell proliferation by different concentrations of XHP; F: Quantification of migration rate on graph H; G: Quantification of migration rate on graph I; H: Effect of different concentrations of XHP on 24 h migration of 4T1 cells; I: Effect of different concentrations of XHP on 24 h migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. n = 3, x±s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=+HVnBGt2fC1OcBzs+kIgBA==, figureFileBig=8yXzteGnVXkgFCzUFP5xOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612149289548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EpOZRGYP9Ua6EiT0eT5h7A==, figureFileBig=uUqx4DxeZdxs2dFulxvH+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612208009805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=XHP inhibit exosome secretion. A, B: Effects and quantification of different concentrations of XHP on kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA) expression; C, D: Effects and quantification of different exosomes on KIBRA protein expression; E: Transmission electron micrograph of exosomes (scale bar: 100 nm); F: Exo particle size map; G: Exo potential map; H: XHP-Exo particle size map; I: XHP-Exo potential map; J: Expression of cluster of differentiation 63 (CD63) and tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) proteins in exosomes. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=EpOZRGYP9Ua6EiT0eT5h7A==, figureFileBig=uUqx4DxeZdxs2dFulxvH+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612275118670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dlkceLh0W5KWjtH3ZG41dw==, figureFileBig=r2EWBZUxnoUoZKbQ9sz3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612333838927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=In vitro antitumor effect of XHP-Exo. A, E: Migration and quantification of MDA-MB-231 cells by different exosomes over 24 h; B, F: Migration and quantification of 4T1 cells by different exosomes over 24 h; C: Crystal violet staining of different exosome treatments after co-culturing MDA-MB-231 cells and Jurat cells; D: Crystal violet staining of different exosome treatments after co-culturing 4T1 cells and T cells. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=dlkceLh0W5KWjtH3ZG41dw==, figureFileBig=r2EWBZUxnoUoZKbQ9sz3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612396753488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=N//b5stCu5OFBwZ5nNPfIQ==, figureFileBig=zXSHqk4Vy/edhMezZT/vhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612459668049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Base peak intensity (BPI) chromatography of XHP. A: BPI chromatography of XHP in positive ion mode; B: BPI chromatography of XHP in negative ion mode; C: BPI chromatography of XHP-Exo in positive ion mode; D: BPI chromatography of XHP-Exo in negative ion mode, figureFileSmall=N//b5stCu5OFBwZ5nNPfIQ==, figureFileBig=zXSHqk4Vy/edhMezZT/vhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612535165522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EYeJ0Y+g6eik0ggm6E+TLg==, figureFileBig=cQqS3VhLSEDFEkSv/vHJTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612610662995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of XHP-Exo on programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and ferroptosis in breast cancer cells. A-C: Effects and quantitative analysis of different exosomes on glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and PD-L1 protein expression in MDA-MB-231 cells; D, F: Effects of different exosomes on GPX4 protein expression in 4T1 cells and fluorescence intensity analysis (scale bar: 10 μm; 100×); E, G: Effects of different exosomes on PD-L1 protein expression in 4T1 cells and fluorescence intensity analysis (scale bar: 10 μm; 100×); H: The inhibitory effect of ferroptosis inhibitors on XHP-Exo induced cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=EYeJ0Y+g6eik0ggm6E+TLg==, figureFileBig=cQqS3VhLSEDFEkSv/vHJTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612694549076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LJ4DZwrAAuRAcLzPfNwc4A==, figureFileBig=tNNxSNUr9vjv2lvD2KhlwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612757463637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Detection of ferroptosis-related markers. A, B, E, F: Effects and quantitative analysis of different exosomes on reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression in MDA-MB-231 cells (A, E, scale bar: 100 μm; 100×) and 4T1 cells (B, F, scale bar: 100 μm; 400×); C, D, G, H: Effects and quantitative analysis of different exosomes on JC-1 levels in MDA-MB-231 cells (C, G, scale bar: 100 μm; 200×) and 4T1 cells (D, H, scale bar: 100 μm; 100×); I: Glutathione (GSH) expression in the supernatant of MDA-MB-231 cells after treatment with different exosomes; J, K: Biochemical detection results of Fe2+ (J) and malondialdehyde (MDA, K) levels in MDA-MB-231 cells after different treatments. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=LJ4DZwrAAuRAcLzPfNwc4A==, figureFileBig=tNNxSNUr9vjv2lvD2KhlwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308842612837155414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Compound nameRt/minFormulaIon modeTheoretical valueMeasured valueDeviation (ppm)
1Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid34.38C32H48O5M+H513.357 4511.342 91.609 7
2Bilirubin36.209 4C33H36N4O6M-H583.266 5583.256 41.524 5
3Cholic acid17.815 2C24H40O5M+H513.357 4426.321 60.527 2
4Lactose0.894 3C12H22O11M+H513.357 4343.123 00.691 2
5α-Boswellic acid39.72C30H48O3M+H513.357 4455.353 31.523 1
6β-Boswellic acid37.41C30H48O3M+H513.357 4455.353 41.523 1
718β-Glycyrrhetintic acid26.06C30H46O4M+H471.346 8469.331 8-0.381 4
8Methionine19.44C5H11NO2SM-H150.058 3147.028 89.788 5
9Glycohyodeoxycholic acid20.07C26H43NO5M-H448.306 3448.306 81.120 0
11Nicotinamide0.73C6H6N2OM+H123.055 2123.055 63.039 7
12L-Leucine1.13C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.102 11.758 7
137, 8-Dihydroxycoumarin5.69C9H6O4M+H179.033 8179.034 00.595 3
14Ethyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate9.61C9H10O4M+H183.065 1183.065 41.642 7
15Dihydroartemisinic acid24.83C15H24O2M+H237.184 9237.185 00.562 1
16Cholic acid18.87C24H40O5M+H426.321 4426.321 60.527 2
17Tauroursodeoxycholic acid18.11C26H45NO6SM+H513.357 4500.306 54.954 1
18Glycocholic acid16.87C26H43NO6M+H513.357 4466.317 22.104 2
19Corilagin6.61C27H22O18M-H633.073 3633.073 30.038 3
20Chlorogenic acid5.25C16H18O9M-H353.087 8353.087 80.141 9
21(+)-Magnoflorine7.32C20H24NO4M+H342.169 9342.170 20.811 2
225-Hydroxymethylfurfural1.67C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 22.469 7
23Linderalactone18.39C15H16O3M+H513.357 4245.117 40.801 1
24Linderane19.6C15H16O4M+H513.357 4261.112 30.747 5
25L-Nicotine0.97C10H14N2M+H513.357 4163.123 11.064 7
26Taurine0.88C2H7NO3SM+H513.357 4126.022 22.620 2
27Arglabin18.48C15H18O3M+H247.132 8247.133 00.816 9
28Methyl hexadecanoate23.53C17H34O2M+H315.254 0315.254 20.416 8
29Nardosinone18.76C15H22O3M+H251.164 1251.164 40.969 2
30Naringenin chalcone13.93C15H12O5M+H273.075 7273.076 00.986 1
31Steviol21.79C20H30O3M+H319.226 7319.226 90.401 5
324-Methoxyphenylacetic acid3.96C9H10O3M+H167.070 2167.070 40.893 7
33Aristolone21.7C15H22OM+H219.174 3219.174 40.449 3
34L-Phenylalanine1.57C9H11NO2M+H166.086 2166.086 41.273 7
35Pyrogallol1.34C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 32.589 8
), ArticleFig(id=1308842612916847191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Chemical composition of XHP analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Compound nameRt/minFormulaIon modeTheoretical valueMeasured valueDeviation (ppm)
1Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid34.38C32H48O5M+H513.357 4511.342 91.609 7
2Bilirubin36.209 4C33H36N4O6M-H583.266 5583.256 41.524 5
3Cholic acid17.815 2C24H40O5M+H513.357 4426.321 60.527 2
4Lactose0.894 3C12H22O11M+H513.357 4343.123 00.691 2
5α-Boswellic acid39.72C30H48O3M+H513.357 4455.353 31.523 1
6β-Boswellic acid37.41C30H48O3M+H513.357 4455.353 41.523 1
718β-Glycyrrhetintic acid26.06C30H46O4M+H471.346 8469.331 8-0.381 4
8Methionine19.44C5H11NO2SM-H150.058 3147.028 89.788 5
9Glycohyodeoxycholic acid20.07C26H43NO5M-H448.306 3448.306 81.120 0
11Nicotinamide0.73C6H6N2OM+H123.055 2123.055 63.039 7
12L-Leucine1.13C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.102 11.758 7
137, 8-Dihydroxycoumarin5.69C9H6O4M+H179.033 8179.034 00.595 3
14Ethyl 3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate9.61C9H10O4M+H183.065 1183.065 41.642 7
15Dihydroartemisinic acid24.83C15H24O2M+H237.184 9237.185 00.562 1
16Cholic acid18.87C24H40O5M+H426.321 4426.321 60.527 2
17Tauroursodeoxycholic acid18.11C26H45NO6SM+H513.357 4500.306 54.954 1
18Glycocholic acid16.87C26H43NO6M+H513.357 4466.317 22.104 2
19Corilagin6.61C27H22O18M-H633.073 3633.073 30.038 3
20Chlorogenic acid5.25C16H18O9M-H353.087 8353.087 80.141 9
21(+)-Magnoflorine7.32C20H24NO4M+H342.169 9342.170 20.811 2
225-Hydroxymethylfurfural1.67C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 22.469 7
23Linderalactone18.39C15H16O3M+H513.357 4245.117 40.801 1
24Linderane19.6C15H16O4M+H513.357 4261.112 30.747 5
25L-Nicotine0.97C10H14N2M+H513.357 4163.123 11.064 7
26Taurine0.88C2H7NO3SM+H513.357 4126.022 22.620 2
27Arglabin18.48C15H18O3M+H247.132 8247.133 00.816 9
28Methyl hexadecanoate23.53C17H34O2M+H315.254 0315.254 20.416 8
29Nardosinone18.76C15H22O3M+H251.164 1251.164 40.969 2
30Naringenin chalcone13.93C15H12O5M+H273.075 7273.076 00.986 1
31Steviol21.79C20H30O3M+H319.226 7319.226 90.401 5
324-Methoxyphenylacetic acid3.96C9H10O3M+H167.070 2167.070 40.893 7
33Aristolone21.7C15H22OM+H219.174 3219.174 40.449 3
34L-Phenylalanine1.57C9H11NO2M+H166.086 2166.086 41.273 7
35Pyrogallol1.34C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 32.589 8
), ArticleFig(id=1308842613009121880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Compound nameRt/minFormulaIon modeTheoretical valueMeasured valueDeviation (ppm)
118β-Glycyrrhetintic acid26.8C30H46O4M+H515.337 8515.338 51.459 2
2Arglabin18.4C15H18O3M-H245.118 3245.118 1-0.822 9
3Asiatic acid20.61C30H48O5M-H175.038 9176.039 20.742 2
4Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid33.2C32H48O5M-H511.342 9511.343 20.707 3
5β-Elemonic acid34.12C30H46O3M-H453.337 4453.337 80.836 1
6Cholic acid19.33C24H40O5M-H407.280 3407.280 40.234 5
7Corilagin6.61C27H22O18M-H633.073 3633.074 82.352 1
8Citric acid0.98C6H8O7M-H191.019 7191.018 8-4.475 3
9Corosolic acid26.31C30H48O4M-H471.347 9471.347 9-0.039 4
10Dihydroartemisinic acid24.91C15H24O2M+H237.184 9237.184 90.111 8
11Glabrolide27.84C30H44O4M-H467.316 6467.316 80.263 1
12L-Tryptophan3.73C11H12N2O2M-H203.082 6203.081 8-3.702 2
13L-Leucine0.97C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.101 90.372 6
14Linderane19.61C15H16O4M+H261.112 1261.112 0-0.538 0
15Methyl hexadecanoate23.5C17H34O2M+H315.254 0315.254 10.320 1
16Nardosinone18.75C15H22O3M-H249.149 6249.149 5-0.336 6
17Naringenin chalcone14.14C15H12O5M-H271.061 2271.061 30.630 3
18Steviol21.86C20H30O3M-H317.212 2317.212 0-0.675 8
194-Hydroxybenzoic acid3.33C7H6O3M+H139.038 9139.038 90.116 5
204-Methoxyphenylacetic acid3.98C9H10O3M+H167.070 2167.070 2-0.293 6
21Aristolone21.7C15H22OM+H219.174 3219.174 50.797 4
22β-Elemonic acid34.09C30H46O3M+H455.351 9455.351 5-0.961 9
23Betaine0.64C5H11NO2M+H118.086 2118.086 52.049 9
24Cafestol21.77C20H28O3M+H317.211 1317.210 8-0.960 1
25L-Leucine0.97C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.101 90.372 6
26Nicotinamide0.77C6H6N2OM+H123.055 2123.055 52.171 8
27Pyrogallol1.29C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 21.989 2
285-Hydroxymethylfurfural1.6C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 11.088 4
), ArticleFig(id=1308842613109785177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308842604138168836, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Chemical composition of XHP-Exo analyzed by UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.Compound nameRt/minFormulaIon modeTheoretical valueMeasured valueDeviation (ppm)
118β-Glycyrrhetintic acid26.8C30H46O4M+H515.337 8515.338 51.459 2
2Arglabin18.4C15H18O3M-H245.118 3245.118 1-0.822 9
3Asiatic acid20.61C30H48O5M-H175.038 9176.039 20.742 2
4Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid33.2C32H48O5M-H511.342 9511.343 20.707 3
5β-Elemonic acid34.12C30H46O3M-H453.337 4453.337 80.836 1
6Cholic acid19.33C24H40O5M-H407.280 3407.280 40.234 5
7Corilagin6.61C27H22O18M-H633.073 3633.074 82.352 1
8Citric acid0.98C6H8O7M-H191.019 7191.018 8-4.475 3
9Corosolic acid26.31C30H48O4M-H471.347 9471.347 9-0.039 4
10Dihydroartemisinic acid24.91C15H24O2M+H237.184 9237.184 90.111 8
11Glabrolide27.84C30H44O4M-H467.316 6467.316 80.263 1
12L-Tryptophan3.73C11H12N2O2M-H203.082 6203.081 8-3.702 2
13L-Leucine0.97C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.101 90.372 6
14Linderane19.61C15H16O4M+H261.112 1261.112 0-0.538 0
15Methyl hexadecanoate23.5C17H34O2M+H315.254 0315.254 10.320 1
16Nardosinone18.75C15H22O3M-H249.149 6249.149 5-0.336 6
17Naringenin chalcone14.14C15H12O5M-H271.061 2271.061 30.630 3
18Steviol21.86C20H30O3M-H317.212 2317.212 0-0.675 8
194-Hydroxybenzoic acid3.33C7H6O3M+H139.038 9139.038 90.116 5
204-Methoxyphenylacetic acid3.98C9H10O3M+H167.070 2167.070 2-0.293 6
21Aristolone21.7C15H22OM+H219.174 3219.174 50.797 4
22β-Elemonic acid34.09C30H46O3M+H455.351 9455.351 5-0.961 9
23Betaine0.64C5H11NO2M+H118.086 2118.086 52.049 9
24Cafestol21.77C20H28O3M+H317.211 1317.210 8-0.960 1
25L-Leucine0.97C6H13NO2M+H132.101 9132.101 90.372 6
26Nicotinamide0.77C6H6N2OM+H123.055 2123.055 52.171 8
27Pyrogallol1.29C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 21.989 2
285-Hydroxymethylfurfural1.6C6H6O3M+H127.038 9127.039 11.088 4
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西黄丸调控三阴性乳腺癌外泌体分泌及PD-L1表达的作用机制研究
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贺杰伟 1 , 张静 1 , 李静蔚 2 , 时光喜 2 , 孙苗棋 1 , 陈子超 1, * , 张振 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(8): 3021-3030
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (8) : 3021 -3030
西黄丸调控三阴性乳腺癌外泌体分泌及PD-L1表达的作用机制研究
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贺杰伟1, 张静1, 李静蔚2, 时光喜2, 孙苗棋1, 陈子超1, * , 张振1, *
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
  • 2山东中医药大学附属医院, 山东 济南 250355
通讯作者:
陈子超, Tel: 15689716672, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

贺杰伟负责实验数据、分析数据和撰写手稿; 张静负责细胞实验、手稿修改; 李静蔚、时光喜、孙苗棋协助手稿修改; 陈子超、张振负责实验方案设计、实验指导、手稿修改及提供研究经费。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。

The mechanism of Xihuang Pill in regulating exosome secretion and PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer
Jie-wei HE1, Jing ZHANG1, Jing-wei LI2, Guang-xi SHI2, Miao-qi SUN1, Zi-chao CHEN1, * , Zhen ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
  • 2Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0062
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本研究对西黄丸干预外泌体分泌以及西黄丸预处理细胞后的外泌体如何影响细胞间通讯从而抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞活性展开系统研究。首先通过MTT、划痕和结晶紫实验验证西黄丸对4T1和MDA-MB-231细胞活性和迁移的抑制作用; 随后通过超高速离心法得到细胞外泌体(Exo) 以及西黄丸预处理细胞分泌的外泌体(XHP-Exo); 通过透射电镜、电位、粒径和标志蛋白对外泌体进行表征; 通过结晶紫和划痕实验检测XHP-Exo对4T1细胞和MDA-MB-231细胞的活性和迁移抑制作用; 通过Western blot、免疫荧光检测细胞程序性死亡配体-1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 的表达情况; 通过超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱质谱(UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS) 分析西黄丸和XHP-Exo中的化学成分。结果显示, 西黄丸可显著抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖与迁移能力, 并能够下调肾脏和脑表达蛋白(kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein, KIBRA) 表达, 有效减少乳腺癌细胞外泌体的分泌; 且XHP-Exo可诱导受体肿瘤细胞发生铁死亡, 表现为胞内亚铁离子(Fe2+) 升高、ROS水平升高及GSH含量降低, 并伴随PD-L1表达的下调。成分分析显示, 在西黄丸及XHP-Exo中有共同的19种活性化学成分被鉴定。综上所述, 西黄丸抑制乳腺癌细胞外泌体的分泌, 并通过外泌体携带西黄丸组分诱导受体细胞铁死亡及下调PD-L1表达。

西黄丸  /  乳腺癌  /  外泌体  /  细胞间通讯  /  程序性死亡配体-1

This study systematically investigated the effects of Xihuang Pill on exosomes (Exo) secretion and how Exo pretreated with Xihuang Pill affect intercellular communication, thereby inhibiting the activity of triple-negative breast cancer cells. First, the inhibitory affected of Xihuang Pill on the activity and migration of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were verified using MTT, scratch assays, and crystal violet assays. Then, Exo and Exo secreted by cells pretreated with Xihuang Pill (XHP-Exo) were obtained by ultracentrifugation. The Exo were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, potential, particle size, and marker proteins. The inhibitory effects of XHP-Exo on the activity and migration of 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells were detected using crystal violet and scratch assays. The expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in cells was detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The chemical components of Xihuang Pill and XHP-Exo were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-electrostatic field orbital trap mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Exactive-MS/MS). The results showed that Xihuang Pill could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells, downregulate kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA) expression, and effectively reduce the secretion of exosomes from breast cancer cells. Furthermore, XHP-Exo induced ferroptosis in recipient tumor cells, characterized by increased intracellular ROS levels and decreased GSH content, accompanied by downregulation of PD-L1 expression. Component analysis revealed 19 common active chemical components in both Xihuang Pill and XHP-Exo. In summary, Xihuang Pill inhibits the secretion of exosomes from breast cancer cells, and component-containing exosomes derived from it induce ferroptosis in recipient cells and downregulate PD-L1 expression.

Xihuang Pill  /  breast cancer  /  exosome  /  intercellular communication  /  programmed cell death ligand 1
贺杰伟, 张静, 李静蔚, 时光喜, 孙苗棋, 陈子超, 张振. 西黄丸调控三阴性乳腺癌外泌体分泌及PD-L1表达的作用机制研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3021 -3030 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0062
Jie-wei HE, Jing ZHANG, Jing-wei LI, Guang-xi SHI, Miao-qi SUN, Zi-chao CHEN, Zhen ZHANG. The mechanism of Xihuang Pill in regulating exosome secretion and PD-L1 expression in triple-negative breast cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 3021 -3030 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0062
乳腺癌目前位居全球女性癌症发病率与死亡率之首[1], 尽管筛查与诊疗技术的进步显著降低了总体死亡率, 但其发病年轻化趋势及高发的远处转移仍是威胁女性健康的主要挑战。超过90%的乳腺癌相关死亡源于远处转移, 其中肺、骨、脑和肝是最常见的靶器官[2]。深入理解乳腺癌转移相关的生物学过程并开发有效阻断策略对改善患者预后至关重要。乳腺癌转移是一个多步骤的动态过程[3], 最新研究显示, 原发肿瘤来源的外泌体(Exo) 通过介导细胞间通讯, 在远端组织诱导“前转移龛”的形成[4, 5]。因此, 阻断外泌体介导的胞间信息交流已成为预防乳腺癌早期转移的关键策略。
近年来, 毒副作用相对较低的传统中药因其在调节免疫、抑制肿瘤进展和改善临床症状方面展现独特优势, 逐渐成为肿瘤治疗研究中的重要方向[6-8]。经典方剂西黄丸源自清代王维德撰写的《外科证治全生集》, 由牛黄、麝香、乳香和没药组成, 具有解毒泄火、化瘀散结等功效, 被传统应用于乳腺肿块等疾病[9]。现代药理学研究表明, 活血化瘀类药物在干预肿瘤转移及其相关并发症中发挥着重要作用[10], 西黄丸组方中的乳香、没药均属此列[11, 12], 具备显著的化瘀止痛、消肿愈合之功[13, 14]。
由于外泌体通讯是肿瘤转移前微环境构建的核心环节[15], 本研究旨在探讨西黄丸是否能够干预外泌体介导的细胞间通讯发挥抗转移活性, 以及通过分析西黄丸预处理后的外泌体(XHP-Exo) 在分泌水平及组分上的变化, 进一步探究XHP-Exo对乳腺癌细胞程序性死亡配体-1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1) 表达的抑制作用, 及其诱导细胞发生铁死亡的双重效应。
实验材料与试剂  西黄丸(21041379) 购自北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司制药厂; DMEM高糖培养基(G4511-500 mL)、PD-L1抗体(GB11339A-100) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 胎牛血清(LA880-050S) 购自浙江联硕生物科技有限公司; 噻唑啉蓝(MTT, ST316)、铁死亡抑制剂(ferrostatin-1, Fer-1) (Y240805)、脂质氧化(malondialdehyde, MDA) 检测试剂盒(S0131S)、活性氧检测试剂盒(S0033S) 购自上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 抗体(ab125066) 购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 肾脏和脑表达蛋白(kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein, KIBRA) 抗体(AF4617)、分化簇63 (cluster of differentiation 63, CD63) 抗体(AF5117)、肿瘤易感基因101 (tumor susceptibility gene 101, TSG101) 抗体(DF8427) 购自江苏亲科生物研究中心有限公司; 线粒体膜电位检测试剂盒(M8650)、还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 含量检测试剂盒(BC1175)、亚铁离子含量检测试剂盒(BC5415) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 植物血球凝集素(phytohaemagglutinin, PHA)、佛波醇12-十四酸酯13-乙酸酯(phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, PMA) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
细胞  人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231、小鼠乳腺癌细胞4T1、人类正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A以及人T淋巴细胞白血病细胞(Jurkat) 购自中国科学院上海细胞库, 脾源性T细胞由山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院免疫药理与抗感染免疫团队提供, 在DMEM培养基中加入10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS) 和1%青霉素-链霉素, 放置于5% CO2的37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养。
仪器  全波长酶标仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司, 型号: Multiskan SkyHigh); 高分辨率透射电子显微镜(日本日立公司, 型号: JEM-2100); 蛋白质垂直电泳仪(美国BIO-RAD公司, 型号: PowerPac HC); 倒置显微镜(日本Olympus公司, 型号: CKX53); 纳米粒径和电位分析仪(英国马尔文公司, 型号: Zetasizer Advance); 低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司, 型号: Centrifuge 5425R)。
西黄丸药物的制备  取3 g西黄丸将其研磨成粉, 取80 mg西黄丸粉末浸泡在8 mL不含血清的DMEM培养基中, 在4 ℃下浸泡72 h; 结束后超声2 h, 在4 ℃下静置24 h后将上清用0.22 μm滤膜过滤, 得到10 mg·mL-1西黄丸母液, 实验过程中根据所需浓度进行稀释[16]。
MTT实验  采用四甲基偶氮唑蓝比色法检测西黄丸对4T1和MDA-MB-231细胞的细胞毒作用。将4T1或MDA-MB-231细胞接种在96孔板中, 孵育24 h后, 以0、1、2、3 mg·mL-1西黄丸溶液代替培养液。孵育24 h后, 每孔加入四甲基偶氮唑盐溶液, 孵育4 h后加入二甲基亚砜。使用全波长酶标仪在490 nm处测量吸光度, 并使用GraphPad Prism软件计算IC50值。
划痕实验  取对数生长期细胞, 调整浓度为每毫升6×104个, 接种于6孔板中, 于培养箱过夜培养至密度为80%~90%。使用200 μL无菌枪头在单层细胞上轻轻划痕, PBS清洗去除脱落细胞, 更换为含药培养基。分别于0和24 h在显微镜下观察并拍照, 使用ImageJ软件测量划痕面积。实验独立重复3次, 结果采用GraphPad Prism软件进行统计分析
结晶紫实验  Jurkat细胞提前用10 μg·mL-1 PHA和50 ng·mL-1 PMA激活48 h。取对数生长期细胞, 按每毫升6×104个接种于6孔板, 待密度达80%~90%时加入不同浓度含药培养基处理24 h。吸去培养基, 加入4%多聚甲醛4 ℃固定20 min, PBS洗涤后加入0.1%结晶紫染色20 min, 洗去染料并用PBS清洗1或2次, 拍照记录。每组实验重复3次。直接接触式共培养体系: 待MDA-MB-231细胞贴壁后, 按细胞个数MDA-MB-231细胞∶Jurkat细胞=1∶3的比例加入Jurkat细胞, 再加入不同浓度含药培养基共处理24 h。
Western blot实验  将MDA-MB-231铺板后, 待细胞密度长至70%~80%左右, 弃去原培养基, 对照组每孔加入2 mL新鲜基础培养基, 实验组每孔分别加入含Exo (200 μg·mL-1) 或XHP-Exo (200 μg·mL-1) 的完全培养基2 mL, 继续培养24 h后收集MDA-MB-231细胞并提取总蛋白, 经BCA定标后调节蛋白浓度一致。取适量蛋白样品依次进行SDS-PAGE电泳及转膜, 在封闭完成后, 将PVDF膜置于相应抗体稀释液中进行孵育, 使用ChemiDocXRS凝胶成像系统观察并分析KIBRA、CD63、TSG101、GPX4及PD-L1等目的蛋白的表达。
透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 实验  用透射电子显微镜分析XHP-Exo的表面形貌。将一滴XHP-Exo溶液放置在用2%铀酰Ace Tate溶液染色的碳涂层铜网上, 干燥并在室温下观察。
外泌体提取  采用梯度超速离心法提取外泌体。将5 mg·mL-1西黄丸干预24 h后的MDA-MB-231细胞培养上清液置于离心管中, 依次于4 ℃条件下进行梯度离心: 首先以300 ×g离心10 min去除细胞, 取上清液于2 000 ×g离心10 min以去除细胞碎片, 随后将上清液于10 000 ×g高速离心30 min去除大囊泡。所得上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后, 转移至超速离心管中, 于100 000 ×g条件下超离2 h。弃上清, 将析出的外泌体沉淀重悬于PBS缓冲液中, 分装后置于-80 ℃冰箱保存备用。
粒径、电位实验  用纳米粒度及ZETA电位仪(Zetasier Advance Series) 表征XHP-Exo的粒径和电位。
活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测  将MDA-MB-231细胞接种于孔板中, 待细胞汇合度达到约80%时进行分组处理。分别加入空白培养基、Exo及XHP-Exo干预6 h。吸除培养上清, 每孔加入10 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA荧光探针溶液, 于37 ℃恒温培养箱中避光孵育20~30 min。随后用PBS缓冲液洗涤3次, 以充分去除未进入细胞的探针。在荧光显微镜下观察并拍照, 通过ImageJ软件对各组细胞的荧光强度进行定量分析。
GSH检测  将MDA-MB-231细胞接种于孔板中, 待细胞汇合度达到约80%时进行分组处理。分别加入空白培养基、Exo及XHP-Exo干预24 h。根据说明书进行后续操作。
线粒体膜电位检测  MDA-MB-231细胞经不同组别(空白培养基、Exo及XHP-Exo) 处理24 h后, 采用JC-1荧光探针孵育20 min。加入JC-1染色缓冲液洗涤2次, 最后加入1 mL细胞培养液, 于荧光显微镜下拍照观察, 利用ImageJ软件进行荧光定量分析, 以红绿荧光强度比值的改变作为线粒体损伤的评价指标。
西黄丸和XHP-Exo成分分析  精确称取20 mg西黄丸粉末, 加入10 mL水溶解, 制备成2 mg·mL-1溶液, 并通过0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤(XHP-Exo直接通过0.22 μm滤膜过滤), 转入进样小瓶中备用, 用于LC-MS分析。①色谱条件: 采用Ultimate 3000-Q-Exac分析仪, 色谱柱为Acquity UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm)。流动相为甲酸水(A)-甲酸乙腈(B), 流速为0.2 mL·min-1, 柱温为24 ℃, 进样量5 μL。梯度洗脱程序为0~30 min 95% A + 5% B, 30~40 min 95% A→5% A。②质谱条件: 使用ESI离子源, 在正、负离子模式下进行检测; MS1扫描范围为m/z 100~2 000, MS2扫描范围为m/z 100~1 500; 电压设为4 000 V; 鞘气流量900 L·h-1, 辅助气体流量50 L·h-1, 毛细管温度300 ℃。数据通过Thermo Xcalibur软件“Qual Browser”模块进行定性分析。结合中药系统药理学数据库(TCMSP) 和有机小分子生物活性数据库(PubChem), 并以ppm < 10作为误差容限, 对化学成分进行识别与预测。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 10软件进行数据分析, 结果用平均值±标准差(x±s)表示。根据数据的适合性, 采用单因素方差分析或双因素方差分析进行统计评估。当P < 0.05时, 结果有显著性差异。
为评估西黄丸对乳腺癌细胞的抑制作用, 本研究采用MTT实验检测其对MDA-MB-231和4T1细胞增殖的影响。如图1A、B所示, 西黄丸对两种细胞均表现出浓度依赖性抑制作用(P < 0.01); 而西黄丸对正常人乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A并没有太大的杀伤效果(图1C)。经计算, 其对4T1细胞的IC50约为3 mg·mL-1, 对MDA-MB-231细胞的IC50约为5 mg·mL-1。进一步利用结晶紫实验验证西黄丸的抗增殖能力, 其结果与MTT测定一致(图1D、E), 再次证明西黄丸对乳腺癌细胞具有较强的增殖抑制作用。考虑到4T1和MDA-MB-231均为具有高度转移特性的三阴性乳腺癌(triple negative breast cancer, TNBC) 细胞系, 本研究基于细胞划痕实验评价了西黄丸对两者的抗迁移效应。如图1F~I所示, 西黄丸在不同浓度下均抑制MDA-MB-231和4T1细胞的迁移能力, 且呈明显的浓度依赖性。这些结果表明, 西黄丸不仅能抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖, 还可有效限制其迁移行为, 为其潜在的抗转移作用提供有力依据。
既往研究表明, KIBRA在外泌体的生成与分泌过程中发挥关键调控作用[17]。为探究西黄丸对该蛋白的影响, 本研究检测了不同浓度西黄丸处理后MDA-MB-231细胞中KIBRA的表达变化。如图2A、B所示, KIBRA蛋白水平随着西黄丸浓度的增加而逐渐下降。基于这一观察, 进一步收集并制备了对照组(Exo) 与西黄丸处理组细胞分泌的外泌体(XHP-Exo)[18]。Western blot检测发现, XHP-Exo处理后MDA-MB-231细胞中KIBRA蛋白的含量较对照组少(图2C、D), 提示西黄丸可能参与KIBRA所介导的外泌体分泌相关过程。
为了评估西黄丸对MDA-MB-231细胞物理特性的影响, 对XHP-Exo的形貌进行表征。TEM观察显示(图2E), XHP-Exo呈典型的球形或杯状结构, 具备外泌体特征性的脂质双层形态。电位、粒径分析结果表明(图2F~I), Exo和XHP-Exo的平均粒径主要分布在30~150 nm, 且粒径分布较为均一; 其表面ζ电位均为-25 mV左右, 提示具有良好的稳定性。随后利用Western blot实验对外泌体相关蛋白进行进一步表征。如图2J所示, Exo和XHP-Exo呈现CD63和TSG101的阳性表达, 但XHP-Exo的这两个蛋白表达明显降低。综上, 形态学观察与蛋白学特征共同证实, 实验所得XHP-Exo符合外泌体典型特征, 可用于后续研究。
值得注意的是, 西黄丸对肿瘤迁移的抑制作用并非仅停留在对亲代细胞的直接杀伤, 更体现为其诱导分泌的XHP-Exo对远端靶细胞微环境的重构作用。细胞划痕实验结果显示(图3A、B、E、F), 与对照组相比, Exo对MDA-MB-231和4T1细胞的迁移具有促进作用, 而XHP-Exo则显著限制了划痕区域的愈合进程(P < 0.05)。这表明经过西黄丸处理后得到的外泌体具有阻碍MDA-MB-231和4T1细胞迁移的功能。为考察XHP-Exo是否影响T细胞介导的肿瘤杀伤过程, 本研究将T细胞与乳腺癌细胞共培养(Jurkat细胞与MDA-MB-231细胞共培养; 小鼠脾源性T细胞与4T1细胞共培养), 并采用结晶紫染色检测细胞存活情况。如图3C、D所示, 与Exo组相比, 经XHP-Exo预处理24 h后再与活化T细胞共培养, MDA-MB-231或4T1细胞存活率显著下降, 表明XHP-Exo能增强T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤。
本研究推测XHP-Exo可能通过装载西黄丸活性组分发挥抗肿瘤效应。为此, 利用液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, LC-MS) 联用技术对西黄丸及XHP-Exo进行了化学成分表征(图4), 旨在明确其抗肿瘤的物质基础。通过检索TCMSP、PubChem等数据库并结合文献比对, 根据二级质谱碎片特征, 分别从西黄丸及XHP-Exo中鉴定出35和28种化学成分(表1、2)。对比分析显示, 二者共有组分19种, 表明XHP-Exo可有效包裹并转运西黄丸中的部分活性成分, 这为其发挥抑制乳腺癌转移作用奠定了关键的物质基础。
有研究证明西黄丸能够通过诱导肿瘤细胞发生铁死亡[19], 因此我们推测XHP-Exo诱导的肿瘤细胞死亡可能是通过铁死亡所介导的。结果显示, XHP-Exo干预显著下调了MDA-MB-231细胞中GPX4与PD-L1的蛋白水平(图5A~C, P < 0.05)。免疫荧光结果显示, XHP-Exo能够降低4T1细胞中GPX4和PD-L1的表达(图5D~G)。GPX4是铁死亡的核心抑制因子[20], 而PD-L1则是肿瘤细胞免疫逃逸的重要分子[21]。结合前述结果(图3C、D), XHP-Exo能增强T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用, 因此我们猜测, XHP-Exo能增强T细胞对肿瘤的杀伤可能与PD-L1表达变化相关。
如图5H所示, XHP-Exo对MDA-MB-231细胞的抑制作用可被铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1逆转, 因此推测铁死亡可能参与了XHP-Exo的抗肿瘤效应。对铁死亡相关指标进行系统评估, 免疫荧光结果显示, XHP-Exo处理显著促进MDA-MB-231细胞和4T1细胞内活性氧的积累(图6A、E、B、F, P < 0.05), 并诱导线粒体膜电位下降(图6C、D、G、H); 与此同时, MDA-MB-231细胞外GSH水平显著降低(图6I)、细胞内Fe2+含量及MDA水平升高(图6J、K), 进一步支持其发生铁死亡的表型特征。综上表明, XHP-Exo的抗肿瘤效果可能是通过铁死亡相关过程发挥作用。
本研究揭示了XHP-Exo通过诱导乳腺癌细胞铁死亡以及增强T细胞杀伤的双重机制, 发挥抗肿瘤与抗转移作用。在细胞发生铁死亡的过程中, 首先会触发核心抑制因子GPX4的表达下调; GSH作为GPX4发挥作用的必要因子, 其含量的耗竭反映了细胞抗氧化能力的降低, 进而导致细胞内氧化还原失衡及脂质活性氧的累积[22]。值得注意的是该过程常常伴随线粒体功能的受损, 表现为JC-1荧光从红光向绿光的转变, 这不仅反映了线粒体膜电位的去极化及细胞能量的衰竭, 也是铁死亡晚期细胞器崩解的重要指标[23]。
外泌体作为天然的脂质纳米囊泡(直径30~150 nm), 具备优异的生物兼容性与物质转运能力[24]。它能通过负载蛋白质、核酸及脂质等组分实现受体细胞间的精准通讯[25]。在中药现代化研究中, 外泌体展现出显著的载药优势: 一方面能作为内源性活性组分的递送载体直接产生疗效[26]; 另一方面, 通过包裹疏水性中药单体, 外泌体有效克服了传统药物溶解性差、生物利用度低的瓶颈, 提升了其药理活性[27, 28]。Liang等[29]通过将中药丹参的活性成分-丹参素预处理间充质干细胞后衍生的外泌体来增强腹膜纤维化; Xiong等[30]探讨经通心络处理的骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs) 促进心脏修复的作用。
综上, 本研究以西黄丸对乳腺癌细胞增殖的抑制效应为切入点, 发现其可能通过下调KIBRA蛋白表达抑制外泌体分泌。在此基础上, 以XHP-Exo为研究对象, 系统评价了其对乳腺癌细胞增殖与迁移的影响, 并对其潜在作用机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明, XHP-Exo能够抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移, 其机制与诱导肿瘤细胞铁死亡及下调PD-L1表达相关。结合外泌体分泌调控、细胞死亡方式变化及免疫相关分子表达改变等多方面结果, 本研究提示XHP-Exo可能通过多通路协同作用发挥抗肿瘤效应。此外, 通过LC-MS分析, 本研究初步鉴定了XHP-Exo中携带的19种西黄丸相关成分。尽管本研究取得了一定的进展, 但相关问题仍有待进一步阐明。首先, 本研究已证实西黄丸可下调KIBRA的表达, 但尚缺乏针对KIBRA的功能性验证实验(如基因敲低或过表达) 以及其下游分子(如Rab27a) 的相关检测, 后续研究将进一步补充上述内容以完善整体机制链条。其次, 在作用机制方面, 关于PD-L1回补实验及其对T细胞活化的影响仍有待深入验证。最后, 在此基础上, 有必要进一步完善动物实验, 通过体内研究系统评价特定活性成分处理后细胞所分泌外泌体在乳腺癌转移调控中的药效, 并深入解析其潜在作用机制。

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2026年第61卷第8期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0062
  • 接收时间:2026-01-14
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-12
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-14
  • 修回日期:2026-04-13
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    1山东中医药大学中医药创新研究院, 山东 济南 250355
    2山东中医药大学附属医院, 山东 济南 250355

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陈子超, Tel: 15689716672, E-mail:
张振, Tel: 15662712278, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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