药学学报

Title	Core advantage	Mechanism of action	Typical research example	Key conclusion
Drug loading capacity	High drug loading efficiency and strong adaptability	Porous structure and high specific surface area provide adsorption sites; pore size/channels can be precisely tuned to accommodate diverse drugs	Ibuprofen loading via MIL-100 (Fe), MIL-101 (Cr); CCM-ZIF-8	Drug loading content (10%-50%) is far superior to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; CCM encapsulation efficiency reaches 83.33%
Stabilization & protection of drugs	Prevents drug degradation/inactivation and prolongs circulation time	Rigid framework resists enzymatic/acid-base degradation; pore encapsulation and surface modification reduce drug leakage	UNB@H; Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂	Effectively preserves the bioactivity of TCM ingredients; the carrier exhibits excellent biocompatibility
Precise targeting ability	Lesion-specific accumulation, reduces systemic exposure	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (ligand modification) to anchor inflammatory lesions/immune cells/damaged organs	PEI-g-ZIF for targeted clearance of sepsis-associated cfDNA; S-Z@M for oral intestinal targeting	Precisely blocks inflammatory pathways, repairs the intestinal barrier, and achieves remarkable targeting efficacy
Controlled release property	Precise lesion-triggered drug release, minimizes side effects	Responds to the low pH, high ROS microenvironment in sepsis to induce carrier degradation and drug release	Ce-BE NZs; Qu@FA-CMOF	Enables lesion-targeted drug release and improves the survival rate of sepsis model mice
Intrinsic therapeutic functions and synergistic effects of carriers	Intrinsic therapeutic efficacy of carriers and synergistic drug effects for multi-target intervention	Carriers release metal ions and exhibit nanozyme and energy regulation activities, exerting synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects with TCM	ZnO@ZIF-8 synergistic antibacterial activity; BX-Ce NPs anti-inflammatory and organ-protective effects; MOFs-CaP composite carrier loaded with NAD (H)	Achieve the integration of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ protective effects with excellent therapeutic efficacy
Summary	Comprehensively resolves TCM delivery bottlenecks	Integrates drug loading, protection, targeting, controlled release, and synergistic therapy	/	MOFs are ideal carriers for precise sepsis drug delivery, providing core support for system optimization

Title	Core advantage	Mechanism of action	Typical research example	Key conclusion
Drug loading capacity	High drug loading efficiency and strong adaptability	Porous structure and high specific surface area provide adsorption sites; pore size/channels can be precisely tuned to accommodate diverse drugs	Ibuprofen loading via MIL-100 (Fe), MIL-101 (Cr); CCM-ZIF-8	Drug loading content (10%-50%) is far superior to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; CCM encapsulation efficiency reaches 83.33%
Stabilization & protection of drugs	Prevents drug degradation/inactivation and prolongs circulation time	Rigid framework resists enzymatic/acid-base degradation; pore encapsulation and surface modification reduce drug leakage	UNB@H; Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂	Effectively preserves the bioactivity of TCM ingredients; the carrier exhibits excellent biocompatibility
Precise targeting ability	Lesion-specific accumulation, reduces systemic exposure	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (ligand modification) to anchor inflammatory lesions/immune cells/damaged organs	PEI-g-ZIF for targeted clearance of sepsis-associated cfDNA; S-Z@M for oral intestinal targeting	Precisely blocks inflammatory pathways, repairs the intestinal barrier, and achieves remarkable targeting efficacy
Controlled release property	Precise lesion-triggered drug release, minimizes side effects	Responds to the low pH, high ROS microenvironment in sepsis to induce carrier degradation and drug release	Ce-BE NZs; Qu@FA-CMOF	Enables lesion-targeted drug release and improves the survival rate of sepsis model mice
Intrinsic therapeutic functions and synergistic effects of carriers	Intrinsic therapeutic efficacy of carriers and synergistic drug effects for multi-target intervention	Carriers release metal ions and exhibit nanozyme and energy regulation activities, exerting synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects with TCM	ZnO@ZIF-8 synergistic antibacterial activity; BX-Ce NPs anti-inflammatory and organ-protective effects; MOFs-CaP composite carrier loaded with NAD (H)	Achieve the integration of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ protective effects with excellent therapeutic efficacy
Summary	Comprehensively resolves TCM delivery bottlenecks	Integrates drug loading, protection, targeting, controlled release, and synergistic therapy	/	MOFs are ideal carriers for precise sepsis drug delivery, providing core support for system optimization

Mechanism type	Core principle	Signaling pathways/target	Representative research example	Pathological requirement
Targeted drug delivery mechanism	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (inflammatory ligand modification), enabling precise controlled release in response to low pH and high ROS microenvironment	EPR effect, pH/ROS-responsive pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8 (pH-responsive drug release); Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂ system (FA modification)	Precise drug delivery to reduce systemic toxic side effects
Synergistic therapy mechanism	Intrinsic therapeutic functions of MOFs synergize with loaded TCM ingredients, enabling multi-target regulation of pathological progression	NF-κB pathway, Nrf2 pathway, TLR pathway	ZnO@ZIF-8 (antibacterial + anti-inflammatory effects); BX-Ce NPs (dual regulation of signaling pathways); Qu@CMOF (antioxidant + anti-inflammatory effects)	Address core issues such as infection and cytokine storm
Sustained release & efficacy enhancement mechanism	Porous loading and controllable degradable sustained release of MOFs protect the bioactivity of TCM ingredients	Drug diffusion / degradation pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8; Qu@FA-CMOF; UiO-66-NH₂ MOF	Resolve TCM delivery bottlenecks and maintain long-term therapeutic efficacy

Mechanism type	Core principle	Signaling pathways/target	Representative research example	Pathological requirement
Targeted drug delivery mechanism	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (inflammatory ligand modification), enabling precise controlled release in response to low pH and high ROS microenvironment	EPR effect, pH/ROS-responsive pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8 (pH-responsive drug release); Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂ system (FA modification)	Precise drug delivery to reduce systemic toxic side effects
Synergistic therapy mechanism	Intrinsic therapeutic functions of MOFs synergize with loaded TCM ingredients, enabling multi-target regulation of pathological progression	NF-κB pathway, Nrf2 pathway, TLR pathway	ZnO@ZIF-8 (antibacterial + anti-inflammatory effects); BX-Ce NPs (dual regulation of signaling pathways); Qu@CMOF (antioxidant + anti-inflammatory effects)	Address core issues such as infection and cytokine storm
Sustained release & efficacy enhancement mechanism	Porous loading and controllable degradable sustained release of MOFs protect the bioactivity of TCM ingredients	Drug diffusion / degradation pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8; Qu@FA-CMOF; UiO-66-NH₂ MOF	Resolve TCM delivery bottlenecks and maintain long-term therapeutic efficacy

基于金属有机框架材料的中药递药系统在脓毒症治疗中的应用及研究进展

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采莹莹 ¹ , 罗毅 ¹^,² , 杨洁 ³^,^*

药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(9): 3355-3364

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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (9) : 3355 -3364

基于金属有机框架材料的中药递药系统在脓毒症治疗中的应用及研究进展

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采莹莹¹, 罗毅¹^,², 杨洁³^,^*

作者信息

¹广西中医药大学附属柳州市中医医院, 广西柳州 545001

²柳州市中医医院急诊科, 柳州中西医结合蛇伤救治中心, 广西柳州 545001

³广西医科大学第二附属医院临床医学研究中心, 广西南宁 530007

通讯作者:

杨洁，E-mail: shenggj1992@163.com

作者简介:

作者贡献:

采莹莹负责撰写及修改论文; 罗毅负责提供学术指导及修改意见; 杨洁负责构思文章框架和指导文章撰写等工作。

Application and research advances in metal-organic framework-based drug delivery systems for traditional Chinese medicine in sepsis treatment

Ying-ying CAI¹, Yi LUO¹^,², Jie YANG³^,^*

Affiliations

¹Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, China

²Department of Emergency, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Liuzhou Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Treatment Center for Snakebite, Liuzhou 545001, China

³Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530007, China

出版时间: 2026-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0001

文章导航

摘要

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脓毒症是一种由感染引起的宿主反应失调导致危及生命的器官功能障碍, 其病理机制复杂, 涉及过度的炎症反应、免疫抑制和氧化应激等。当前临床治疗以抗感染和支持治疗为主, 但疗效有限, 死亡率居高不下。中药单体因其多靶点、抗炎、抗氧化和免疫调节等特性, 在脓毒症治疗中展现出巨大潜力。然而, 其水溶性差、生物利用度低、靶向性弱等问题限制了临床应用。金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) 作为一种新兴的纳米级多孔材料, 以其可调的孔径、高比表面积和良好的生物相容性, 成为理想的药物递送载体。本综述系统阐述了MOFs作为脓毒症靶向递药载体的核心优势和作用机制, 并对该领域面临的挑战和未来发展方向进行了展望。

关键词

金属有机框架 / 中药单体 / 脓毒症 / 药物递送系统 / 精准治疗

Abstract

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Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by infection-induced dysregulation of the host response. Its pathological mechanism is complex, involving excessive inflammatory response, immunosuppression and oxidative stress. Current clinical treatments mainly rely on anti-infection and supportive strategies, but the therapeutic efficacy is limited and the mortality remains high. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers show great potential in sepsis treatment due to their multi-target, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. Nevertheless, their clinical application is restricted by poor water solubility, low bioavailability and weak targeting ability. As an emerging nanoscale porous material, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become ideal drug delivery carriers for their tunable pore size, high specific surface area and good biocompatibility. This review systematically elaborates the core advantages and mechanisms of MOFs as targeted drug delivery.

Key words

metal-organic framework / traditional Chinese medicine monomer / sepsis / drug delivery system / precision therapy

引用本文

采莹莹, 罗毅, 杨洁. 基于金属有机框架材料的中药递药系统在脓毒症治疗中的应用及研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3355 -3364 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0001

Ying-ying CAI, Yi LUO, Jie YANG. Application and research advances in metal-organic framework-based drug delivery systems for traditional Chinese medicine in sepsis treatment[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3355 -3364 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0001

正文

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脓毒症是由感染引发的全身炎症反应综合征, 多见于年老体弱、免疫力缺陷及重症监护室危重患者, 病情危重且预后较差。全球每年新发脓毒症病例约5 000万, 其中约1 100万患者死亡^[1]。尽管抗生素与生命支持技术不断进步, 但针对脓毒症自身病理过程的特异性治疗手段仍然匮乏。近年来, 中药活性单体(如槲皮素、姜黄素、小檗碱等) 因具备显著的抗炎、抗氧化及免疫调节作用, 成为脓毒症治疗的研究热点, 但其普遍存在水溶性差、体内代谢快、化学稳定性低及靶向分布不佳等问题, 严重限制了疗效发挥^[2]。

与局限于局部病灶的常规组织感染不同, 脓毒症的核心是感染、炎症风暴、氧化应激、免疫麻痹及多器官功能衰竭的级联病理过程, 常伴随靶器官损伤, 病灶微环境呈酸性、高活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 及炎症因子大量释放等特征^[3]。因此, 脓毒症治疗需聚焦于抑制炎症风暴、调控免疫失衡、靶向保护受损器官及阻断病理级联反应, 依赖多靶点、多通路的协同干预, 这对治疗药物及递药系统提出了更高要求: 需具备炎症/损伤器官靶向能力、微环境响应性智能控释、高效稳定负载中药多成分、载体与药物协同增效及良好的生物相容性与可降解性。

常规递药载体难以同时满足上述需求, 而纳米技术的发展为解决该难题提供了新思路。金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks, MOFs) 是由金属离子/团簇与有机配体通过配位键自组装形成的结晶多孔纳米材料, 具有极高的比表面积(最高7 800 m²·g^-1)、可调的孔径结构(0.4~9.8 nm)、易于功能化修饰及可降解性等优势, 在药物递送领域备受关注^{[4, 5]}。利用MOFs作为载体搭载中药单体, 可有效改善药物溶解度与稳定性, 通过功能化设计实现病灶靶向递送, 并借助MOFs自身特性与药物产生协同治疗效应, 为脓毒症的精准治疗开辟新途径^[6]。

近年来, 国内外学者围绕MOFs中药递药系统治疗脓毒症开展了大量基础研究, 成功构建了沸石咪唑酯骨架-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, ZIF-8)、奥斯陆大学系列金属有机框架-66 (University of Oslo-66, UiO-66) 等系列MOFs载体, 实现了姜黄素、小檗碱等中药单体的高效负载与靶向递送, 初步证实了该体系的协同治疗优势, 但相关研究仍处于基础实验阶段, 尚未形成统一的设计标准与临床转化路径。本文系统梳理MOFs中药递药系统在脓毒症治疗中的应用进展、核心优势与作用机制, 分析当前研究面临的瓶颈, 并展望未来发展方向, 为该领域的后续研究及临床转化提供参考。

1　MOFs作为脓毒症靶向药物递送系统的优势

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1.1　载药能力

MOFs具有高度有序的多孔结构, 比表面积和孔隙率极高, 为药物负载提供了丰富吸附位点, 显著提升抗生素、抗炎成分等药物的负载效率^{[7, 8]}。MOFs的孔径与孔道结构可通过筛选不同金属离子及有机配体实现精准调控, 从而适配不同分子质量、理化性质的药物分子, 实现高效负载, 满足脓毒症等多靶点治疗对复合药物的需求^{[9, 10]}。早在2006年, 就有研究者以布洛芬为模型药物, 证实了拉瓦锡研究所系列金属有机框架-100 (铁) [material from Institute Lavoisier-100 (Fe), MIL-100 (Fe)] 与MIL-101 (Cr) 的载药量分别可达0.7和1.4 g·g^-1 (对应70%与140%), 载药性能显著优于传统脂质体及聚合物纳米颗粒(图 1), 为MOFs在药物递送领域的后续研究奠定了关键实验基础^[11]。现阶段研究表明, MOFs的载药量通常介于10%~50%, 而传统脂质体为1%~10%, 聚合物纳米颗粒为5%~20%^[12]。

姜黄素(curcumin, CCM) 是从姜黄中提取的天然多酚类成分, 具抗炎、抗氧化特性。脓毒症时, 机体产生大量ROS与活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS), 引发氧化、抗氧化系统失衡及细胞损伤, CCM可通过清除自由基、增强抗氧化酶活性发挥保护作用。已有研究采用室温一步法, 15 min内完成CCM包载沸石咪唑酯骨架纳米载体(CCM-ZIF-8) 的制备, 水相体系生物相容性良好, CCM包封率达83.33%, 优于同类载体。该载体具pH刺激响应性: pH 5.0 (模拟炎症病灶) 下ZIF-8快速降解, 72 h释药率88%; pH 7.4 (生理环境) 下结构稳定、释药缓慢, 具靶向潜力。细胞实验证实, CCM-ZIF-8易被细胞摄取, 生物活性优于游离CCM, 空白ZIF-8相容性良好, 为脓毒症等酸性微环境相关炎症的靶向给药提供实验依据^[13]。

1.2　稳定保护药物

MOFs的刚性框架结构可保护药物免受体内酶解、酸碱环境变化影响, 防止其过早降解失活, 孔道封装可延长药物半衰期与循环时间, 表面修饰或核壳结构可进一步增强其生理稳定性、减少药物泄漏^{[14, 15]}。MOFs的多孔骨架对中药的稳定包载保护在脓毒症治疗中已有明确实例, 依托其有序多孔结构实现药物固载与活性保护。

Mansouri等^[16]构建透明质酸包覆的UiO-66-NH₂ MOF负载小檗碱系统: 负载小檗碱的氨基化UiO-66/透明质酸纳米复合物(UiO-66-NH₂ loaded with berberine coated with hyaluronic acid, UNB@H), 其多孔骨架可避免小檗碱失活, 助力脓毒症相关多重耐药菌(multidrug-resistant bacteria, MDR) 感染治疗。模拟脓毒症炎症微环境的酸性条件下, 72 h释药率达69.47%, 50 μg·mL^-1质量浓度下细胞存活率97.55%、溶血率3.9%, 体内实验可控制感染、加速伤口愈合。骨关节炎(osteoarthritis, OA) 以滑膜炎症、软骨降解为特征, 巨噬细胞M1/M2极化失衡是核心病理机制。黄芩苷(baicalin, Bai) 可促进M1到M2的极化, 但水溶性差、生物利用度低, 临床应用受限。MOF多孔结构适合中药递送, 叶酸(folic acid, FA) 修饰可靶向M1巨噬细胞。Huang等^[17]构建的Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂系统, 解决Bai递送难题, 载体粒径约150 nm、载药率28.6%, 可pH响应释药并调控巨噬细胞极化, 其MOF包载保护优势为脓毒症治疗提供借鉴。上述研究证实, MOFs多孔骨架可稳定包载中药、保护其生物活性, 为脓毒症中药靶向治疗提供可靠载体支撑(图 2)。

1.3　精准靶向能力

MOFs材料能够通过表面修饰或结构设计, 将基于纳米尺寸与高通透性和滞留效应(enhanced permeability and retention effect, EPR) 的被动靶向与炎症配体修饰的主动靶向相结合, 精准锚定脓毒症炎症病灶、过度活化的免疫细胞(如M1巨噬细胞) 及受损靶器官(肺、肝、肠等), 实现药物的特异性富集, 减少正常组织暴露, 为其精准干预提供可靠载体。

循环游离DNA (circulating free DNA, cfDNA) 是脓毒症关键促炎分子, 分子层面精准清除cfDNA是重要干预方向。Liu等^[18]构建阳离子聚乙烯亚胺接枝沸石咪唑酯骨架-8 (polyethylenimine-grafted zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, PEI-g-ZIF-8) 纳米清除剂作为靶向cfDNA的“纳米陷阱”。该系统以ZIF-8为骨架, 通过PEI修饰实现对cfDNA的高亲和力结合, 可精准阻断cfDNA介导的Toll样受体(toll-like receptors, TLR)/核因子κB (nuclear factor-κB, NF-κB) 炎症通路激活。体内外研究证实, PEI 1800-g-ZIF抑制炎症及多器官损伤效果优于游离PEI, 可通过精准清除cfDNA逆转脓毒症进程, 提供新型分子干预策略。针对脓毒症肠道屏障破坏、菌群失衡致病原体易位的核心病理问题, Liao等^[19]开发了ZIF-8 MOF搭载中药青藤碱的口服靶向纳米颗粒(oral targeted system of sinomenine-loaded ZIF-8 MOF nanoparticles, S-Z@M), 以ZIF-8为载体、贻贝黏附蛋白(mussel adhesive proteins, M) 修饰, 实现青藤碱精准递送。该系统依托ZIF-8多孔结构稳定载药, 清除肠道ROS减轻氧化损伤, M层经ROS触发黏附受损肠黏膜形成物理屏障; 肠道酸性环境促使ZIF-8降解释药, 抑制促炎通路、减少肠上皮凋亡, 恢复肠屏障及菌群稳态, 凸显MOFs靶向载体优势。

1.4　可控释放特性

MOFs可通过pH值、ROS等多种刺激响应机制实现药物精准可控释放^[20]。在脓毒症炎症部位低pH、高氧化应激的病理微环境中, MOFs能响应病灶特征实现中药靶向释药, 在提高治疗效果的同时减少对正常组织的不良反应。

铈基金属有机框架纳米酶搭载黄芩素(cerium-based metal-organic framework nanozymes loaded with baicalein, Ce-BE NZs) 是典型代表。该体系通过金属离子与天然多酚配位构建, 以铈基MOF为骨架高效负载BE, 有效解决其水溶性差、生物利用度低的难题。其采用ROS响应型释放模式, 脓毒症中过量ROS可触发载体骨架解体, 同步释放BE与Ce³⁺/Ce⁴⁺, 在保证病灶有效药物浓度的同时降低全身不良反应, 二者协同实现“抑菌、抗炎、器官保护”一体化治疗。在盲肠结扎穿孔(cecal ligation and puncture, CLP) 脓毒症模型中, 单次腹腔注射可使小鼠48 h存活率提升57.5%, 7天存活率维持30%, 疗效显著优于游离BE (图 3); 该体系还可通过改善线粒体功能障碍、抑制铁死亡缓解器官损伤, 体外人源类器官实验进一步证实其临床转化潜力^[21]。此外, Zhao等^[22]构建的FA修饰环糊精MOF载槲皮素纳米递送平台(folic acid-modified cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework loaded with quercetin, Qu@FA-CMOF) 同样具有重要参考价值。该体系可响应脓毒症低pH微环境缓慢降解释药, 并借助FA靶向增强炎症部位药物富集。尽管该平台在胃溃疡模型中验证疗效, 但其可控释放与靶向抗炎机制, 为脓毒症靶向递药系统的开发提供了重要理论支撑。

1.5　载体自身的治疗功能与协同效应

MOFs作为多功能递送载体, 自身兼具固有治疗功能, 可通过多重作用机制与负载中药成分实现协同治疗。MOFs可以在生理环境中缓释金属离子(如Cu²⁺、Ag⁺) 或有机配体, 直接破坏细菌生理活动, 也可以凭借其纳米酶活性催化生成高浓度ROS, 通过氧化应激破坏细菌结构, 对耐药菌也显示出潜力^{[23, 24]}。

以核壳结构ZnO@ZIF-8载药体系为例, 该MOF载体兼具pH响应性控释特性, 其核层ZnO可释放Zn²⁺并破坏细菌细胞膜, 展现出固有抗菌功能; 包裹于ZIF-8壳层中的氨苄西林可在酸性微环境下实现可控释放, 与载体自身抗菌作用形成协同。体外实验表明, 该体系对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC分别为12.50和48 μg·mL^-1, FICI结果证实其对大肠杆菌呈协同抗菌作用、对金黄色葡萄球菌呈相加作用, 作用机制与载体介导的细胞膜破坏及药物抗菌作用互补相关, 且该载体生物相容性良好, 协同抗菌优势显著^[25]。在控制脓毒症细菌感染、遏制耐药菌增殖方面具备显著优势。Li等^[26]构建的类MOF纳米载体基巴西苏木素-铈纳米配合物(MOF-like nanocarrier-based brazilin-cerium nanocomplexes, BX-Ce NPs), 即以铈离子与中药活性成分BX配位组装而成, 载体自身兼具类磷酸酶活性与ROS清除能力, 可通过对IKKβ的去磷酸化与BX的抗磷酸化实现双重调控, 强效抑制NF-κB炎症通路, 在LPS诱导脓毒症模型中显著提高小鼠生存率并减轻多器官损伤。该体系依托载体自身治疗功能与中药协同效应, 为脓毒症多靶点精准治疗提供了新思路。Ye等^[27]构建MOFs与磷酸钙(CaP) 复合纳米载体, 负载烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) 及其还原型NAD (H) 制得NAD (H)-loaded NPs, 成功解决游离NAD (H) 无法被细胞直接摄取的难题, 实现胞内精准递送与溶酶体逃逸。该MOFs复合纳米载体可维持脓毒症免疫细胞能量稳态, 双重抑制经典与非经典NLRP3炎症小体通路, 同时实现抗炎、抗细胞死亡、调控免疫稳态、保护血管屏障的一体化治疗。体内实验证实, 该MOFs纳米载体在脓毒症内毒素血症、多重耐药菌诱导菌血症模型中疗效优异, 部分模型实现100%治愈率; 在CLP脓毒症模型中可显著减轻多器官损伤、改善继发铜绿假单胞菌感染预后, 且感染6 h后给药仍有效, 展现出良好临床应用潜力。为MOFs应用于脓毒症精准治疗提供了重要研究实例与新型策略。

综上, MOFs凭借载药能力、药物保护作用、精准靶向性、可控释放特性及载体自疗与协同效应, 有效解决了中药单体在脓毒症治疗中的递送瓶颈, 成为脓毒症精准递药的理想载体, 为后续MOFs中药递药系统的设计与优化提供了核心支撑(图 4, 表 1)。

2　MOFs在中药递药系统治疗脓毒症的核心作用机制

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MOFs在脓毒症治疗中展现的高效靶向性、协同增效性及低毒性, 本质上依赖于精准的靶向递药机制、载体与中药的协同作用机制, 以及药物缓释增效机制的协同调控。无论是核壳结构ZnO@ZIF-8载药体系凭借pH响应特性实现脓毒症酸性病灶的精准释药, 还是类MOF纳米载体BX-Ce NPs通过载体自身活性与中药成分的功能互补发挥协同抗炎作用, 均离不开上述核心机制的支撑。

2.1　靶向递药机制

精准锚定脓毒症病理微环境, 脓毒症病灶由于炎症代谢产物不断积累, 具有低pH值、高ROS水平、炎症细胞/受体富集的病理特征, MOFs中药递药系统可通过“被动靶向+ 主动靶向”双重模式, 实现中药在脓毒症病灶的精准富集, 减少正常组织药物分布, 降低全身不良反应, 这也是其优于传统中药递送系统的核心优势之一^{[28, 29]}。被动靶向主要依赖MOFs的纳米尺寸效应(10~100 nm), 可通过脓毒症病灶的EPR效应, 实现药物的被动富集; 同时, MOFs可通过结构设计, 响应脓毒症病理微环境信号, 实现药物的精准控释^{[30, 31]}。如核壳结构ZnO@ZIF-8载药体系, 其ZIF-8壳层可特异性响应脓毒症感染部位的低pH微环境(pH 5.5~6.5, 正常组织pH 7.4), 发生结构降解, 同步释放Zn²⁺与负载的中药/药物, 避免药物在正常组织中提前释放, 确保病灶部位的有效药物浓度^[25]; 类似地, CCM-ZIF-8也具有pH刺激响应性, 在pH 5.0下ZIF-8快速降解, 但在pH 7.4时结构稳定、释药缓慢^[13]。在OA中Bai@FA-UIO-66-NH₂系统FA修饰靶向M1巨噬细胞, 并且pH响应释药调控巨噬细胞极化^[17]。

2.2　协同治疗机制

载体自身活性与中药功能互补, MOFs作为递药载体, 并非单纯的“药物搬运工具”, 其自身具备固有治疗功能(抗菌、抗炎、ROS清除等), 可与负载的中药活性成分形成“载体自疗+ 中药增效”的协同效应, 多靶点调控脓毒症病理进程, 突破传统中药单一治疗的局限, 这也是MOFs中药递药系统治疗脓毒症的核心亮点。

一是抗菌、抗炎协同, 针对脓毒症的核心诱因(细菌感染) 与主要病理损伤(炎症风暴) 实现双重调控。如ZnO@ZIF-8载药体系中, 载体核层ZnO可释放Zn²⁺, 直接破坏脓毒症常见致病菌(大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌) 的细胞膜完整性, 发挥固有抗菌作用; 负载的抗生素氨苄西林可进一步增强抗菌活性, 实现“抗菌+ 抗炎”协同, 有效控制脓毒症感染与炎症扩散^[25]; 二是炎症通路调控协同, 针对脓毒症的核心病理环节(炎症通路异常激活) 实现精准调控。如类MOF纳米载体BX-Ce NPs, 其载体自身具备类磷酸酶活性, 可选择性去除IKKβ蛋白的磷酸化位点, 阻断NF-κB炎症通路激活; 负载的中药巴西苏木素可抑制IKKβ的磷酸化过程, 形成“去磷酸化+ 抗磷酸化”双重调控, 强效抑制细胞因子风暴, 同时载体自身的ROS清除能力与巴西苏木素的抗氧化功能协同, 减轻脓毒症氧化应激损伤与多器官损伤, 在LPS诱导脓毒症模型中显著提升小鼠生存率; Qu@FA-CMOF负载槲皮素叶酸靶向增加药物富集, 可通过调控Nrf2、NF-κB通路缓解氧化应激与炎症反应^[22]。不同MOFs中药体系对脓毒症炎症通路的调控存在显著差异: BX-Ce NPs通过“去磷酸化+ 抗磷酸化”双重调控NF-κB通路, 而Qu@FA-CMOF则主要通过激活Nrf2通路、抑制NF-κB通路活性, 二者从不同角度实现抗炎协同, 为不同病理类型脓毒症的治疗提供了差异化思路。

2.3　缓释增效机制

解决中药递送瓶颈, 维持长效治疗效果。中药活性成分多存在水溶性差、生物利用度低、体内代谢快的递送瓶颈, 难以在脓毒症病灶维持有效治疗浓度, 而MOFs的多孔结构与可控降解特性, 可有效解决这一问题, 实现中药的缓释递送与疗效提升, 为脓毒症的长效治疗提供保障。

MOFs具有超大比表面积与可调多孔结构, 可高效负载中药活性成分(如UiO-66-NH₂ MOF的多孔结构可实现的小檗碱高负载), 同时其结构可通过调控合成条件实现可控降解, 在脓毒症病理微环境(低pH、高ROS) 下缓慢降解, 持续释放中药成分, 避免中药在体内快速代谢, 维持病灶部位的有效药物浓度, 延长治疗时间。如Qu@FA-CMOF体系中, CD-MOF的超分子结构可实现槲皮素的缓释递送, 解决其水溶性差、生物利用度低的问题, 同时叶酸靶向修饰进一步提升了缓释药物的靶向富集效率, 确保中药在脓毒症炎症部位持续发挥作用^[22]。此外, MOFs载体还可保护中药活性成分, 避免其在体内被酶解、氧化破坏, 如巴西苏木素、黄芩素等中药成分, 经BX-Ce NPs、Ce-BE NZs等MOF载体负载后, 其稳定性显著提升, 活性得以保留, 进一步增强了中药治疗脓毒症的效果。

综上, MOFs中药递药系统通过靶向递药机制实现脓毒症病灶的精准富集, 通过协同治疗机制实现多靶点调控脓毒症病理进程, 通过缓释增效机制解决中药递送瓶颈, 三大机制相互协同、相互支撑, 共同实现脓毒症的高效、精准、低毒治疗(表 2)。

3　当前面临的挑战现状

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尽管MOFs中药递药系统凭借其尺寸可调、表面易修饰、微环境响应性等特性, 在脓毒症治疗中展现出优势, 但脓毒症复杂且异质性的病理环境(炎症风暴、全身免疫紊乱等), 与MOFs材料自身特性之间的适配性不足, 仍然是当前临床转化与研究推进的核心挑战, 且显著影响MOFs纳米颗粒的体内命运(分布、滞留、降解、清除)。

脓毒症病理过程中先天免疫过度激活、补体系统异常亢进、巨噬细胞与中性粒细胞过度极化, 会直接改变MOFs纳米颗粒的体内转运轨迹, MOFs的纳米尺寸(10~100 nm) 虽可借助EPR效应实现被动靶向, 但免疫紊乱引发的炎症细胞大量浸润, 会导致MOFs被巨噬细胞过度吞噬、清除, 大幅缩短其体内循环时间, 降低病灶富集效率; 同时, MOFs表面修饰的炎症靶向配体(如FA), 可能因脓毒症免疫细胞表面受体表达紊乱, 丧失靶向特异性, 甚至引发非特异性炎症反应, 加重脓毒症免疫损伤。此外, MOFs的微环境响应特性与脓毒症病理微环境的复杂性存在适配短板: MOFs多设计为单一pH或ROS响应型, 而脓毒症病灶存在“低pH、高ROS、高炎症因子”的协同微环境, 易导致MOFs在病灶内降解过快, 造成中药活性成分突发释放、浓度骤升, 增加全身不良反应, 或降解过慢无法及时释放药物, 难以满足脓毒症急慢性炎症交替的治疗需求; MOFs的金属节点(如Zn²⁺、Ce⁴⁺) 虽具备固有抗菌、抗炎活性, 但脓毒症免疫紊乱状态下, 金属离子的释放速率与免疫细胞的代谢需求难以匹配, 过量释放的金属离子可能进一步激活补体系统、诱导免疫细胞凋亡, 加剧免疫失衡, 而释放不足则无法发挥载体自疗功能。

同时, MOFs的多孔结构在脓毒症治疗中面临双重困境: 一方面, 其超大比表面积虽有利于中药负载, 但脓毒症体内的高酶环境、氧化应激会破坏MOFs孔道结构, 导致中药提前泄漏、活性丧失; 另一方面, MOFs的孔道尺寸调控难以适配脓毒症病灶的异质性, 无法实现不同分子质量中药成分的精准缓释, 且孔道易被炎症代谢产物堵塞, 进一步影响药物释放效率。更为关键的是, 当前MOFs的设计多基于正常生理环境或简单炎症模型, 未充分考虑脓毒症免疫紊乱对其体内命运的调控作用, 导致MOFs中药递药系统在体内的分布、疗效与安全性难以精准预测, 使其陷入从基础研究向临床转化的核心瓶颈。此外, MOFs中药递药系统的生物安全性评价仍存在短板: 脓毒症患者免疫紊乱状态下, MOFs金属节点(如Ce⁴⁺) 的降解产物可能异常激活补体系统, 加重免疫损伤, 而目前针对该病理状态下的长期毒性研究仍较匮乏; 中药单体与MOFs的相互作用可能改变二者的毒性特征, 进一步增加了安全性评价的复杂性。

在制备与量产方面, MOFs合成工艺仍是重要限制因素: 实验室常用的溶剂热法依赖DMF、甲醇等有毒有机溶剂, 既存在环境污染风险, 也可能因溶剂残留影响制剂安全性; 现有方法多适用于小规模制备, 放大生产时易出现工艺稳定性差、成本高昂等问题, 难以保证不同批次产品在粒径分布、载药量及释放性能等关键指标上的一致性; 以ZIF-8为代表的常用载体对部分缺少富电子基团的中药单体亲和力较低, 载药效率不稳定, 进一步增加了质量控制难度; 同时, 目前尚未形成针对药用MOFs的统一质量标准与监管框架, 缺乏符合药物辅料要求的生产规范与评价体系, 延缓了其临床转化进程。在临床转化方面, 现有研究多基于标准化细胞系或均质化动物模型, 难以复现脓毒症患者高度异质性的病理生理状态, 患者年龄、基础疾病、免疫状态及感染类型等均会影响MOFs载药系统的分布、代谢与疗效, 而缺乏能模拟个体差异与多重并发症的复杂模型, 导致实验数据与临床疗效存在较大不确定性; 全球范围内MOFs临床转化仍处早期, 仅有个别品种进入Ⅰ期试验, 尚无搭载中药单体的临床研究, 既缺乏可借鉴的转化路径, 也面临监管指南缺失的困境。

总之, MOFs中药递药系统在脓毒症治疗中虽具潜力, 但临床转化面临多重交织挑战。脓毒症复杂异质性病理环境与MOFs特性适配不足, 影响纳米颗粒体内命运, 导致靶向、释药及载体自疗功能受限; MOFs多孔结构易受脓毒症环境破坏, 孔道调控难以适配病灶异质性; 患者免疫功能紊乱, MOFs金属节点降解产物可能会加重免疫损伤, 造成生物安全性评估困难。同时, 制备量产存在有毒溶剂依赖、放大工艺不稳定等问题, 且缺乏药用MOFs统一质量标准; 临床转化中研究模型与患者异质性脱节, 无相关临床研究, 转化路径与监管指南缺失。这些挑战使其基础研究难以向临床应用转化, 需通过材料优化、工艺标准化及临床相关研究突破瓶颈。

4　总结与展望

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MOFs作为新一代功能材料, 在中药递送与脓毒症精准治疗领域应用前景广阔。通过针对性结构设计与跨学科融合, 有望突破现有瓶颈, 构建更为智能、精准、高效的MOFs中药诊疗体系。目前, MOFs中药递药系统治疗脓毒症的研究虽多处于细胞及动物实验阶段, 但已有多项临床前研究证实其良好的安全性与有效性^[27]。部分MOFs载体(如ZIF-8) 已进入Ⅰ期临床试验, 为搭载中药单体的临床转化提供了初步参考^{[31, 32]}。未来需重点推进临床前综合安全性评价, 搭建“临床前和临床”转化桥梁, 逐步实现该系统从实验室向临床应用的跨越。

利用MOFs对pH、ROS等刺激的响应特性, 可设计适配脓毒症“低pH、高ROS”协同病理微环境的智能递药载体, 通过可控降解实现中药单体的定向、精准释药, 既提升脓毒症病灶局部药物浓度, 又减少正常组织暴露, 在增强疗效的同时降低系统毒性, 针对性解决前文提及的释药精准度不足、毒副作用控制难题^{[33, 34]}。利用部分MOFs材料自身具备的成像功能(如MRI、荧光成像), 可构建“诊断和治疗”一体化MOFs、中药平台, 同步实现对脓毒症病灶成像监测与药物靶向递送, 实时追踪药物分布、释放动态及治疗响应, 为个体化治疗方案调整提供可视化依据, 破解脓毒症患者病理异质性带来的治疗适配难题^[35]。

针对脓毒症等高度异质性疾病的治疗, 可依据患者的具体病理特征、免疫状态、基因型乃至感染病原体类型, 对MOFs的金属节点、有机配体、孔径及表面功能化进行“定制化”设计, 并匹配相应的中药单体或复方成分。这种按需设计的策略有助于实现真正意义上的个体化治疗, 提高临床应答率。MOFs的发展需深度融合纳米技术、合成生物学、计算科学等多学科前沿。例如, 利用人工智能与机器学习方法, 可高通量预测MOFs与特定中药成分的相容性、载药性能及释放动力学, 加速最优载体设计的筛选过程。同时, MOFs也可与脂质体、外泌体或水凝胶等生物材料复合, 进一步改善其生物相容性、延长循环时间并增强组织渗透能力。除作为药物递送载体外, MOFs还可应用于中药成分的提取、分离纯化及质量分析等领域。其高比表面积和可调孔径可用于高效吸附、富集中药活性成分, 或作为色谱固定相用于成分分离。此外, 基于MOFs的传感器也可用于中药中重金属残留或有效成分的快速检测, 为中药质量控制与新药研发提供关键技术支撑。

总之, 通过持续推动材料创新、功能集成与学科交叉, 针对性解决现有瓶颈, MOFs有望在中药现代化与脓毒症精准治疗中发挥核心作用, 逐步实现从基础研究向临床应用的跨越, 完成从标准化递药系统到个体化诊疗平台的升级发展。

MOFs搭载中药单体作为新兴纳米递药策略, 为脓毒症精准治疗提供了重要理论突破与实践路径。该体系依托MOFs尺寸可调、表面易修饰、微环境响应及多孔结构等优势, 通过载体与中药单体的协同治疗、脓毒症病灶靶向递送及病理微环境响应释药, 弥补了传统治疗药物全身分布、毒副作用显著及中药单体水溶性差、生物利用度低、代谢快等缺陷, 实现对脓毒症“感染、炎症、免疫紊乱”复杂病理网络的多靶点精准干预。尽管优势显著, 其临床转化仍面临系统性瓶颈, 如病理适配性不足、生物安全性待验证、规模化生产困难等问题, 同时现有研究中仍存在若干未解决的科学问题: 不同MOFs金属节点(Zn²⁺、Ce⁴⁺等) 对脓毒症免疫细胞极化的差异化调控机制尚未明确; MOFs与中药复方的适配性研究不足, 难以满足脓毒症多靶点治疗的临床需求; 脓毒症异质性病理环境下, MOFs载体的体内命运调控机制仍需深入探索。这些瓶颈与未解决问题, 为后续研究指明了明确方向, 未来仍需继续推进智能化MOFs载体设计, 整合多模态响应、实时成像与反馈调控, 构建适配脓毒症异质性病理环境的诊疗一体化系统; 深化复合体系作用机制研究, 重点关注其在脓毒症免疫、代谢网络中的调控作用, 探索MOFs与中药复方的适配路径及金属节点的差异化调控机制; 同时开展临床前综合评价, 完善质量控制体系, 为临床转化提供科学依据, 推动该系统从实验室走向临床, 推动领域向更精准、更贴近临床的方向发展, 为脓毒症治疗提供精准化方案。

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2026年第61卷第9期

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2026-0001

接收时间：2026-01-02
首发时间：2026-10-22
出版时间：2026-09-12

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收稿日期：2026-01-02
修回日期：2026-03-20

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¹广西中医药大学附属柳州市中医医院, 广西柳州 545001

²柳州市中医医院急诊科, 柳州中西医结合蛇伤救治中心, 广西柳州 545001

³广西医科大学第二附属医院临床医学研究中心, 广西南宁 530007

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杨洁，E-mail: shenggj1992@163.com

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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Title	Core advantage	Mechanism of action	Typical research example	Key conclusion
Drug loading capacity	High drug loading efficiency and strong adaptability	Porous structure and high specific surface area provide adsorption sites; pore size/channels can be precisely tuned to accommodate diverse drugs	Ibuprofen loading via MIL-100 (Fe), MIL-101 (Cr); CCM-ZIF-8	Drug loading content (10%-50%) is far superior to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; CCM encapsulation efficiency reaches 83.33%
Stabilization & protection of drugs	Prevents drug degradation/inactivation and prolongs circulation time	Rigid framework resists enzymatic/acid-base degradation; pore encapsulation and surface modification reduce drug leakage	UNB@H; Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂	Effectively preserves the bioactivity of TCM ingredients; the carrier exhibits excellent biocompatibility
Precise targeting ability	Lesion-specific accumulation, reduces systemic exposure	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (ligand modification) to anchor inflammatory lesions/immune cells/damaged organs	PEI-g-ZIF for targeted clearance of sepsis-associated cfDNA; S-Z@M for oral intestinal targeting	Precisely blocks inflammatory pathways, repairs the intestinal barrier, and achieves remarkable targeting efficacy
Controlled release property	Precise lesion-triggered drug release, minimizes side effects	Responds to the low pH, high ROS microenvironment in sepsis to induce carrier degradation and drug release	Ce-BE NZs; Qu@FA-CMOF	Enables lesion-targeted drug release and improves the survival rate of sepsis model mice
Intrinsic therapeutic functions and synergistic effects of carriers	Intrinsic therapeutic efficacy of carriers and synergistic drug effects for multi-target intervention	Carriers release metal ions and exhibit nanozyme and energy regulation activities, exerting synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects with TCM	ZnO@ZIF-8 synergistic antibacterial activity; BX-Ce NPs anti-inflammatory and organ-protective effects; MOFs-CaP composite carrier loaded with NAD (H)	Achieve the integration of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ protective effects with excellent therapeutic efficacy
Summary	Comprehensively resolves TCM delivery bottlenecks	Integrates drug loading, protection, targeting, controlled release, and synergistic therapy	/	MOFs are ideal carriers for precise sepsis drug delivery, providing core support for system optimization

Title

Core advantage

Mechanism of action

Typical research example

Key conclusion

Drug loading capacity

High drug loading efficiency and strong adaptability

Porous structure and high specific surface area provide adsorption sites; pore size/channels can be precisely tuned to accommodate diverse drugs

Ibuprofen loading via MIL-100 (Fe), MIL-101 (Cr); CCM-ZIF-8

Drug loading content (10%-50%) is far superior to liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; CCM encapsulation efficiency reaches 83.33%

Stabilization & protection of drugs

Prevents drug degradation/inactivation and prolongs circulation time

Rigid framework resists enzymatic/acid-base degradation; pore encapsulation and surface modification reduce drug leakage

UNB@H; Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂

Effectively preserves the bioactivity of TCM ingredients; the carrier exhibits excellent biocompatibility

Precise targeting ability

Lesion-specific accumulation, reduces systemic exposure

Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (ligand modification) to anchor inflammatory lesions/immune cells/damaged organs

PEI-g-ZIF for targeted clearance of sepsis-associated cfDNA; S-Z@M for oral intestinal targeting

Precisely blocks inflammatory pathways, repairs the intestinal barrier, and achieves remarkable targeting efficacy

Controlled release property

Precise lesion-triggered drug release, minimizes side effects

Responds to the low pH, high ROS microenvironment in sepsis to induce carrier degradation and drug release

Ce-BE NZs; Qu@FA-CMOF

Enables lesion-targeted drug release and improves the survival rate of sepsis model mice

Intrinsic therapeutic functions and synergistic effects of carriers

Intrinsic therapeutic efficacy of carriers and synergistic drug effects for multi-target intervention

Carriers release metal ions and exhibit nanozyme and energy regulation activities, exerting synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects with TCM

ZnO@ZIF-8 synergistic antibacterial activity; BX-Ce NPs anti-inflammatory and organ-protective effects; MOFs-CaP composite carrier loaded with NAD (H)

Achieve the integration of anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and organ protective effects with excellent therapeutic efficacy

Summary

Comprehensively resolves TCM delivery bottlenecks

Integrates drug loading, protection, targeting, controlled release, and synergistic therapy

MOFs are ideal carriers for precise sepsis drug delivery, providing core support for system optimization

Mechanism type	Core principle	Signaling pathways/target	Representative research example	Pathological requirement
Targeted drug delivery mechanism	Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (inflammatory ligand modification), enabling precise controlled release in response to low pH and high ROS microenvironment	EPR effect, pH/ROS-responsive pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8 (pH-responsive drug release); Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂ system (FA modification)	Precise drug delivery to reduce systemic toxic side effects
Synergistic therapy mechanism	Intrinsic therapeutic functions of MOFs synergize with loaded TCM ingredients, enabling multi-target regulation of pathological progression	NF-κB pathway, Nrf2 pathway, TLR pathway	ZnO@ZIF-8 (antibacterial + anti-inflammatory effects); BX-Ce NPs (dual regulation of signaling pathways); Qu@CMOF (antioxidant + anti-inflammatory effects)	Address core issues such as infection and cytokine storm
Sustained release & efficacy enhancement mechanism	Porous loading and controllable degradable sustained release of MOFs protect the bioactivity of TCM ingredients	Drug diffusion / degradation pathways	ZnO@ZIF-8; Qu@FA-CMOF; UiO-66-NH₂ MOF	Resolve TCM delivery bottlenecks and maintain long-term therapeutic efficacy

Mechanism type

Core principle

Signaling pathways/target

Representative research example

Pathological requirement

Targeted drug delivery mechanism

Passive targeting (nanoscale size + EPR effect) + active targeting (inflammatory ligand modification), enabling precise controlled release in response to low pH and high ROS microenvironment

EPR effect, pH/ROS-responsive pathways

ZnO@ZIF-8 (pH-responsive drug release); Bai@FA-UiO-66-NH₂ system (FA modification)

Precise drug delivery to reduce systemic toxic side effects

Synergistic therapy mechanism

Intrinsic therapeutic functions of MOFs synergize with loaded TCM ingredients, enabling multi-target regulation of pathological progression

NF-κB pathway, Nrf2 pathway, TLR pathway

ZnO@ZIF-8 (antibacterial + anti-inflammatory effects); BX-Ce NPs (dual regulation of signaling pathways); Qu@CMOF (antioxidant + anti-inflammatory effects)

Address core issues such as infection and cytokine storm

Sustained release & efficacy enhancement mechanism

Porous loading and controllable degradable sustained release of MOFs protect the bioactivity of TCM ingredients

Drug diffusion / degradation pathways

ZnO@ZIF-8; Qu@FA-CMOF; UiO-66-NH₂ MOF

Resolve TCM delivery bottlenecks and maintain long-term therapeutic efficacy