Article(id=1308828692562932450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1538, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978677167, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978677167, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978677167, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978677167, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=788, endPage=794, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828692894282467, articleId=1308828692562932450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The mechanism of puerarin activating Bcl-2 to ameliorate Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cell injury, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Diabetes mellitus is mainly caused by insufficient insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, and the patients exhibit varying degrees of pancreatic islet β-cell dysfunction. In the present study, Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cells were used to investigate the protective effect of puerarin against islet β-cell injury and its underlying mechanism. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability, so as to screen the optimal concentrations of glucose (as the injury inducer) and puerarin (as the therapeutic agent). Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the effect of puerarin on apoptosis in the glucose-induced islet β-cell injury model. Molecular docking technology was used to analyze the binding energy between puerarin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze the expression levels of Bcl-2 and its downstream-related proteins. The results of CCK-8 showed that 50 mmol·L-1 glucose induced significant injury to Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cells, which was improved by puerarin (25-200 μmol·L-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that puerarin effectively reduced cell apoptosis. Molecular docking analysis revealed a favorable binding energy between puerarin and Bcl-2 protein. Further, Western blot results indicated that puerarin upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, while downregulated the expression of apoptotic pathway-related proteins, including Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). Additionally, puerarin promoted the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) Ⅱ/Ⅰ. After co-treated with Venetoclax, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, puerarin failed to protect against islet β-cell injury, inhibit apoptosis, and upregulate the expression of Bcl-2. These findings suggest that the protective effect of puerarin on islet β-cell injury is abrogated when Bcl-2 is inhibited. In conclusion, puerarin alleviates pancreatic islet β-cell injury by activating Bcl-2, providing a basis for the further investigation of the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions containing Pueraria lobata in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

, authors=Yue-yue WANG1, 2, Qiu-shi FANG2, Zhen-zhen WANG1, 2, Zhe SHI2, Jiang-lan LONG2, 3, *, Dan YAN2, 3, *, authorsList=Yue-yue WANG, Qiu-shi FANG, Zhen-zhen WANG, Zhe SHI, Jiang-lan LONG, Dan YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jiang-lan LONG, Dan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828696383943406, articleId=1308828692562932450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=葛根素激活Bcl-2改善Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞损伤的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

糖尿病主要是由胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素受作用缺陷所导致, 该病患者体内胰岛β细胞功能存在不同程度的受损。本研究以Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞为研究对象, 探究葛根素改善胰岛β细胞损伤及其作用机制。采用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) 实验检测细胞存活率, 筛选诱导剂葡萄糖浓度和葛根素给药浓度。流式细胞术观察葛根素对胰岛β细胞损伤模型中凋亡的影响。分子对接技术分析葛根素与B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (Bcl-2) 蛋白的结合能, 并结合Western blot实验检测Bcl-2及其下游相关蛋白的表达量。CCK-8结果显示, 50 mmol·L-1的葡萄糖对Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞造成损伤, 且葛根素(25~200 μmol·L-1) 呈剂量依赖性改善胰岛β细胞损伤。流式细胞术结果显示, 葛根素能够降低细胞凋亡。分子对接结果显示, 葛根素与Bcl-2结合能良好。进一步Western blot结果显示, 葛根素促进Bcl-2蛋白的表达, 抑制凋亡通路Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3 (Caspase-3)、聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶1 (PARP-1) 表达; 同时, 葛根素可促进微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (LC3) Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达。在加入Bcl-2抑制剂Venetoclax后, 葛根素无改善胰岛β细胞损伤和抑制细胞凋亡作用, 且无促进Bcl-2蛋白表达能力, 表明抑制Bcl-2后葛根素失去了改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用。综上, 葛根素通过激活Bcl-2后发挥改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用, 为含葛根中医方药治疗糖尿病的作用机制深入研究提供参考。

, authors=王悦悦1, 2, 方秋实2, 王真真1, 2, 史哲2, 龙江兰2, 3, *, 鄢丹2, 3, *, authorsList=王悦悦, 方秋实, 王真真, 史哲, 龙江兰, 鄢丹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=龙江兰, 鄢丹, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王悦悦负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、龙江兰提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王真真、方秋实、史哲协助实验数据采集与分析。

, correspAuthorsNote=
龙江兰,E-mail:
鄢丹,E-mail:
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A: Effect of different concentrations of DMSO on cell viability; B: Effect of different concentrations of glucose on cell viability; C: Effect of different concentrations of puerarin on cell viability; D: Pharmacodynamic experiment of puerarin. n = 6, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, figureFileSmall=Nc/sMvhRDjL0nzFqZFsqtQ==, figureFileBig=gL0qHZNDsGloIRx9dTJdIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834392974393402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828692562932450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eoBfbDJnR3p8P9nzFSm9cA==, figureFileBig=8NCX1XdwMclgz/XEhHfWTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834393251217467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828692562932450, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Puerarin reduces cell apoptosis. 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A: Molecular docking results of puerarin with Bcl-2; B: Puerarin suppresses apoptosis; the right panel shows the statistical analysis of protein expression; C: Puerarin promotes autophagy; the right panel shows the statistical analysis of protein expression. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1. Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma-2; Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein; Caspase 3: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3; PARP-1: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, figureFileSmall=2e7Mgv+olJFWPakrE0beHw==, figureFileBig=NgZN4tHMTuoyZ5Z47xQA4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834394970882112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828692562932450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QeDDj0Ge+kXXHEzAaP+e0Q==, figureFileBig=7auwcwMzvUMq21fPcKA+qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834395050573889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828692562932450, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Puerarin fails to exert anti-apoptotic effects and ameliorate pancreatic β-cell injury when Bcl-2 is inhibited. A: Effect of puerarin on injured pancreatic β-cells after adding Venetoclax; B: Apoptosis status of pancreatic β-cells treated with the combination of puerarin and Venetoclax; C: Statistical analysis of pancreatic β-cell apoptosis treated with the combination of puerarin and Venetoclax; C: Bcl-2 protein expression after adding Venetoclax; the right panel shows the statistical analysis of protein expression. n = 3, x±s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1. 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葛根素激活Bcl-2改善Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞损伤的作用机制
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王悦悦 1, 2 , 方秋实 2 , 王真真 1, 2 , 史哲 2 , 龙江兰 2, 3, * , 鄢丹 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 788-794
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 788 -794
葛根素激活Bcl-2改善Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞损伤的作用机制
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王悦悦1, 2, 方秋实2, 王真真1, 2, 史哲2, 龙江兰2, 3, * , 鄢丹2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
  • 3源于临床的中药创新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
龙江兰,E-mail:
鄢丹,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王悦悦负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、龙江兰提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王真真、方秋实、史哲协助实验数据采集与分析。

The mechanism of puerarin activating Bcl-2 to ameliorate Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cell injury
Yue-yue WANG1, 2, Qiu-shi FANG2, Zhen-zhen WANG1, 2, Zhe SHI2, Jiang-lan LONG2, 3, * , Dan YAN2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical-Based Innovative Drug R&D of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1538
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糖尿病主要是由胰岛素分泌不足或胰岛素受作用缺陷所导致, 该病患者体内胰岛β细胞功能存在不同程度的受损。本研究以Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞为研究对象, 探究葛根素改善胰岛β细胞损伤及其作用机制。采用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) 实验检测细胞存活率, 筛选诱导剂葡萄糖浓度和葛根素给药浓度。流式细胞术观察葛根素对胰岛β细胞损伤模型中凋亡的影响。分子对接技术分析葛根素与B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (Bcl-2) 蛋白的结合能, 并结合Western blot实验检测Bcl-2及其下游相关蛋白的表达量。CCK-8结果显示, 50 mmol·L-1的葡萄糖对Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞造成损伤, 且葛根素(25~200 μmol·L-1) 呈剂量依赖性改善胰岛β细胞损伤。流式细胞术结果显示, 葛根素能够降低细胞凋亡。分子对接结果显示, 葛根素与Bcl-2结合能良好。进一步Western blot结果显示, 葛根素促进Bcl-2蛋白的表达, 抑制凋亡通路Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、半胱天冬蛋白酶-3 (Caspase-3)、聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶1 (PARP-1) 表达; 同时, 葛根素可促进微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (LC3) Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达。在加入Bcl-2抑制剂Venetoclax后, 葛根素无改善胰岛β细胞损伤和抑制细胞凋亡作用, 且无促进Bcl-2蛋白表达能力, 表明抑制Bcl-2后葛根素失去了改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用。综上, 葛根素通过激活Bcl-2后发挥改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用, 为含葛根中医方药治疗糖尿病的作用机制深入研究提供参考。

葛根素  /  胰岛β细胞损伤  /  细胞凋亡  /  自噬

Diabetes mellitus is mainly caused by insufficient insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, and the patients exhibit varying degrees of pancreatic islet β-cell dysfunction. In the present study, Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cells were used to investigate the protective effect of puerarin against islet β-cell injury and its underlying mechanism. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was performed to evaluate cell viability, so as to screen the optimal concentrations of glucose (as the injury inducer) and puerarin (as the therapeutic agent). Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate the effect of puerarin on apoptosis in the glucose-induced islet β-cell injury model. Molecular docking technology was used to analyze the binding energy between puerarin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, and Western blot analysis was conducted to analyze the expression levels of Bcl-2 and its downstream-related proteins. The results of CCK-8 showed that 50 mmol·L-1 glucose induced significant injury to Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cells, which was improved by puerarin (25-200 μmol·L-1) in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry results demonstrated that puerarin effectively reduced cell apoptosis. Molecular docking analysis revealed a favorable binding energy between puerarin and Bcl-2 protein. Further, Western blot results indicated that puerarin upregulated the expression of Bcl-2, while downregulated the expression of apoptotic pathway-related proteins, including Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 (Caspase-3), and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1). Additionally, puerarin promoted the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) Ⅱ/Ⅰ. After co-treated with Venetoclax, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, puerarin failed to protect against islet β-cell injury, inhibit apoptosis, and upregulate the expression of Bcl-2. These findings suggest that the protective effect of puerarin on islet β-cell injury is abrogated when Bcl-2 is inhibited. In conclusion, puerarin alleviates pancreatic islet β-cell injury by activating Bcl-2, providing a basis for the further investigation of the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions containing Pueraria lobata in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

puerarin  /  pancreatic islet β-cell injury  /  cell apoptosis  /  autophagy
王悦悦, 方秋实, 王真真, 史哲, 龙江兰, 鄢丹. 葛根素激活Bcl-2改善Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞损伤的作用机制. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 788 -794 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1538
Yue-yue WANG, Qiu-shi FANG, Zhen-zhen WANG, Zhe SHI, Jiang-lan LONG, Dan YAN. The mechanism of puerarin activating Bcl-2 to ameliorate Rin-m5F pancreatic islet β-cell injury[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 788 -794 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1538
糖尿病是一种常见的代谢紊乱疾病, 其显著特征是血糖异常升高, 因其高发病率和巨大的健康负担而受到越来越多的关注。其中, 2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 占糖尿病患者90%~95%[1]。从病理学角度看, 胰岛素抵抗及因胰腺β细胞损伤导致的胰岛素缺乏是T2DM的两大主要病理特征[2]。正常生理状态下, 胰岛β细胞在空腹期处于低活性分泌状态, 餐后短暂升高的血糖可刺激β细胞强化葡萄糖依赖性胰岛素分泌, 通过增加循环胰岛素水平以实现血糖调控[3]。此时, 胰岛β细胞具备充足的代偿能力, 可通过增加胰岛素分泌抵消胰岛素抵抗, 维持血糖稳态[4]。但长期暴露于过量循环营养素, 叠加表观遗传修饰的改变, 可导致β细胞功能受损及代偿性分泌衰竭, 进而引发胰岛素缺乏, 最终进展为高血糖相关的T2DM[5, 6]。有研究显示, T2DM中β细胞存在不同程度损伤甚至凋亡, 导致细胞质量下降[7]。此外, T2DM患者体内会累积胰岛淀粉样多肽, 后者通过诱导促炎因子加剧β细胞衰竭[8]。因此, 保护胰岛β细胞功能、提高胰岛β细胞质量成为治疗T2DM有效方式。
玉泉丸、玉液汤等含葛根中医方药治疗T2DM广泛应用[9, 10]。葛根素是葛根根部[Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi] 提取物的主要活性成分。研究表明, 葛根素具有抗炎、降糖、血管保护等作用[11, 12]。葛根素可通过降低促炎因子水平、增强胰高血糖素样肽-1受体信号、减少活性氧等发挥降糖作用[13]。但葛根素对改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用机制尚不清楚, 故本研究以Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞为研究对象, 探究葛根素对胰岛β细胞损伤的改善作用及作用机制。
实验细胞   大鼠胰岛β细胞Rin-m5F, 购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞资源中心(编号: 1101RAT-PUMC000386)。采用10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素-链霉素的1640培养基置于细胞培养箱中培养。
药物与试剂   1640培养液(货号: 6124006)、1%青霉素-链霉素(货号: 219779)、胰酶(0.25%胰蛋白酶, 货号: 2764740) 购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific。磷酸盐缓冲溶液(phosphate buffered saline, PBS, 货号: 5090L24-48-01) 购自国家人类基因组北方研究中心。胎牛血清(货号: 11011-8611) 购自浙江天杭生物科技股份有限公司。葛根素(货号: B20446) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司。二甲双胍(货号: T8526) 购自TargetMol Chemicals Inc.。Venetoclax (货号: 153095) 购自美国MedChemExpress。葡萄糖(货号: G6172) 购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH) 抗体(货号: 10494-1-AP, 1∶10 000稀释) 和辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 标记山羊兔抗IgG (货号: SA00001-2, 1∶10 000稀释) 购自美国Proteintech Group, Inc.。半胱天冬蛋白酶-3 (Caspase-3) 抗体(货号: A0118250303, 1∶1 000稀释)、B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (Bcl-2) 抗体(货号: Z809250126, 1∶1000稀释) 和Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax) 抗体(货号: A112250317, 1∶1 000稀释) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。聚腺苷二磷酸-核糖聚合酶1 (PAPR-1) 抗体(货号: ab32064, 1∶5 000稀释) 购自英国Abcam。微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (LC3) 抗体(货号: 0000121567, 1∶5 000稀释) 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich。p62抗体(货号: 024, 1∶5 000稀释) 购自日本Medical & Biological Laboratories Co. Ltd.。
实验仪器   D180型二氧化碳培养箱(深圳市瑞沃德生命科技有限公司); ACB-6E-8-CN型超净工作台(太仓艺斯高医疗器械科技有限公司); HH-2F型水浴锅(常州恩培仪器制造有限公司); ECLIPSE Ts2型显微镜[尼康精机(上海) 有限公司]; SpectraMax iD3型酶标仪[美谷分子仪器(上海) 有限公司]; 3K15型离心机(美国Sigma); SQP型电子天平[赛多利斯科学仪器(北京) 有限公司]; NovoCyte Quanteon VBYR型流式细胞仪[安捷伦科技(中国) 有限公司]。
诱导细胞损伤模型   取处于生长对数周期的细胞, 以每毫升5×104的密度接种于96孔培养板中, 实验设空白组以及葡萄糖组(6.75、12.5、25、50 mmol·L-1)。使用不同浓度葡萄糖刺激细胞48 h, 采用Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) 法检测细胞活力, 以确定建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型诱导剂葡萄糖的浓度。
葛根素浓度摸索及给药   取处于生长对数周期的细胞, 以每毫升5×104的密度接种于96孔培养板中, 给予25、50、100、200、400 μmol·L-1葛根素处理48 h[14, 15], 采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。实验重复3次。
取处于生长对数周期的细胞, 以5×104 mL-1的密度接种于96孔培养板中, 用50 mmol·L-1葡萄糖刺激细胞48 h, 建立胰岛β细胞损伤模型。给予200 μmol·L-1葛根素、2 mmol·L-1二甲双胍、1 μmol·L-1 Venetoclax或Venetoclax联合葛根素培养48 h, 采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。实验重复3次。
CCK-8法检测细胞活力   取对数生长期细胞, 将细胞悬液稀释至浓度为每毫升5×104个, 接种于96孔板, 置37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中孵育24 h。吸去上清, 细胞经不同组别处理后, 取200 μL至96孔培养板中, 6个复孔平行操作, 以空白培养基为空白对照。在无菌培养箱(37 ℃、5% CO2) 内培养48 h后, 用真空泵吸取上清, 加入10% CCK-8试剂, 在酶标仪450 nm处测定吸光度。细胞存活率(%) = (A2-A0) / (A1-A0) × 100%, 其中A0是空白组的吸光度值, A1是对照组的吸光度值, A2是实验组的吸光度值。实验重复3次。
流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况   细胞给药处理后, 收集细胞培养液并使用胰酶将细胞消化下来, 离心机1 000 r·min-1离心5 min。吸去上清, 加预冷的PBS重悬细胞, 再次离心机1 000 r·min-1离心5 min。吸去上清, 加1×binding buffer再次重悬细胞。取100 μL细胞悬液加入5 μL Annexin V/FITC试剂避光孵育5 min, 加入5 μL PI试剂及400 μL PBS, 上机检测。实验重复3次。
分子对接   在TCMSP数据库(https://www.tcmsp-e.com/) 下载葛根素结构文件作为配体, 在PBD数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/) 下载靶蛋白Bcl-2 3D结构作为受体。利用AutoDock 1.5.6定义分子对接范围, 微调中心坐标和盒子尺寸参数, 确保靶蛋白在对接盒子内完全覆盖。利用AutoDock Vina模拟分子对接, 将复合PDB文件导入PyMOL 2.6进行可视化分析。
蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)   将细胞种入6孔板中, 以葡萄糖诱导细胞损伤后, 给予葛根素、二甲双胍、Venetoclax或Venetoclax联合葛根素处理48 h, 弃掉培养基, 用预冷的PBS清洗细胞2遍, 每孔加入50 μL裂解液置于冰上裂解15 min, 用细胞刮刀将6孔板中细胞刮下。随后4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min。收集上清, 用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度并调至3 μg·μL-1, 煮沸15 min使蛋白变性。各取30 μg总蛋白进行10% SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(80 V、30 min后120 V、50 min)。湿转法将蛋白转移至PVDF膜后用5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h, 4 ℃孵育一抗过夜, TBST洗涤3次, 一次10 min, 在室温孵育二抗1 h, TBST洗3次后, 发光显影。
统计学方法   实验结果表示为平均值±均值标准误, 使用GraphPad Prism 8分析。差异采用单因素ANOVA分析, 并使用Dunnett检验对多重比较进行多组间校正。当P值小于0.05时, 表示差异具有统计学意义。
为了探究葛根素对细胞损伤模型的影响, 实验采用高浓度葡萄糖培养48 h诱导细胞损伤, 并给予不同浓度葛根素观察细胞损伤情况, 采用CCK-8检测细胞损伤情况。实验结果显示, DMSO浓度在0.01%~1.0%对细胞活力无影响(图1A), 选用0.1%的DMSO配制葛根素。使用50 mmol·L-1浓度的葡萄糖可诱导胰岛细胞损伤模型(图1B)。葛根素在25~200 μmol·L-1浓度范围内对细胞增殖无明显影响, 400 μmol·L-1时显著促进细胞增殖(图1C)。在使用50 mmol·L-1葡萄糖造模48 h, 并给予200 μmol·L-1葛根素培养48 h后, 观察到细胞损伤情况明显减轻(图1D)。结果表明, 葛根素能够改善胰岛细胞损伤。
正常生理状态下, 细胞处于自我清除的稳态之中, 而在细胞受到外界强烈的刺激(如高糖、活性氧) 会诱导细胞内环境稳态失衡, 破坏线粒体膜电位进而引发细胞凋亡。在本研究中, 使用高糖诱导细胞损伤并给予葛根素干预48 h, 采用Annexin V-FITC/PI双染结合流式细胞检测技术观察细胞凋亡情况。实验结果显示, 模型组中高糖诱导细胞凋亡(Q2+Q3) 增加至21.49%, 相较于对照组凋亡增加了5.18%, 而给药葛根素后细胞凋亡情况减少至16.19% (图2)。结果表明, 葛根素可能是通过抑制细胞凋亡改善胰岛细胞损伤。
糖尿病患者体内的高糖环境对细胞存在葡萄糖毒性, 诱导内质网应激、氧化应激等, 促进细胞凋亡[15]。Bcl-2蛋白在细胞凋亡过程中起关键作用。当该蛋白被抑制时, 其下游蛋白Bax在线粒体外膜累积并寡聚化, 使得线粒体内细胞色素c释放进而激活下游切割蛋白酶Caspase-3, 最终导致细胞凋亡。与此同时, 与Bax同一家族上游蛋白Bcl-2受到抑制, 无法发挥抗凋亡作用。为了探究葛根素改善细胞损伤的作用方式, 研究采用分子对接、Western blot等技术探索葛根素与凋亡蛋白Bcl-2作用关系。实验结果显示, 葛根素配体与Bcl-2受体在ASN-11、HIS-186两个位点存在结合, 且结合能小于-5.0 kcal·mol-1, 表示配体与蛋白结合情况良好(图3A)。同时Western blot实验结果表明, 与对照组相比, 模型组中抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达量显著减少, 而促凋亡蛋白Bax、Caspase-3、PARP-1表达量显著增加。葛根素干预后Bcl-2蛋白表达量增加, 而Bax、Caspase-3、PARP-1表达量减少(图3B), 表明葛根素可抑制细胞凋亡, 这与流式细胞检测结果一致。细胞凋亡与另一细胞生理过程—自噬密切相关, 在营养剥夺或治疗干预等压力微环境中, 自噬支持细胞存活[16]。因此, 实验中还考察了自噬信号通路蛋白LC3、p62 (图3C)。结果表明, 与对照组相比, 模型组中LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达量降低、p62蛋白表达量增多, 表明诱导细胞损伤后抑制了细胞自噬通路。葛根素干预后促进LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ表达量、抑制p62表达量, 表明葛根素可促进细胞自噬。以上结果表明, 葛根素激活Bcl-2后通过抑制凋亡蛋白、调节细胞自噬发挥抗凋亡作用。
为进一步验证葛根素是否通过激活Bcl-2发挥抗凋亡作用, 采用Bcl-2抑制剂Venetoclax进行验证实验。
细胞经高浓度葡萄糖诱导细胞损伤模型后, 给与不同药物干预。CCK-8实验结果显示, 对比正常组, 模型组细胞增殖受到显著抑制(P < 0.01)。单给葛根素后促进胰岛细胞增殖, 而葛根素与Bcl-2抑制剂Venetoclax联用后, 无法促进细胞增殖(图4A)。采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况发现, 相较于模型组, 单给葛根素组别细胞凋亡较少, 而在给予Venetoclax后细胞凋亡显著增加, 葛根素联用Venetoclax后对细胞凋亡无影响, 表明联合Venetoclax后, 葛根素无抗凋亡作用(图4B、C)。此外, Western blot结果显示, 葛根素单用可显著促进Bcl-2蛋白表达, 而与Venetoclax联用后, 葛根素不能促进Bcl-2蛋白表达(图4D)。上述结果表明, 在给予Venetoclax后葛根素无法通过激活Bcl-2蛋白发挥抗凋亡作用, 并且无改善细胞损伤作用。
本研究结果表明, 葛根素具有改善胰岛β细胞损伤作用, 其潜在作用机制为通过激活Bcl-2蛋白后抑制细胞凋亡通路中Bax、Caspase 3、PARP-1表达, 发挥抗凋亡作用, 从而改善胰岛细胞损伤。另一方面, 葛根素调节自噬通路LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ、p62的表达, 加速细胞清除。在加入Bcl-2抑制剂Venetoclax后, 葛根素对Bcl-2无激活作用, 无抑制细胞凋亡、改善细胞损伤作用(图5)。
T2DM是常见的代谢性疾病之一, 该疾病可诱发冠心病、下肢动脉病变、糖尿病视网膜病变、糖尿病肾病等多种严重并发症, 显著影响全球庞大患者群体的生活质量。β细胞功能和β细胞质量下降是导致T2DM进展的主要因素。正常情况下, β细胞产生的胰岛素储存在质膜附近的分泌颗粒中, 根据所摄入的葡萄糖量缓慢释放。而在糖尿病状态下, 营养过剩与缺乏运动可诱发细胞及全身性胰岛素抵抗, 进而促使胰岛β细胞启动代偿机制, 合成并分泌额外胰岛素以维持血糖稳态[17]。然而, 持续过量的胰岛素合成与分泌会加重β细胞的功能负荷, 同时对线粒体产生应激压力, 最终引发内质网应激及线粒体功能异常[18, 19]。内质网应激过程中蓄积的错误折叠或未折叠蛋白, 以及线粒体功能障碍产生的活性氧等, 共同加速胰岛β细胞的功能耗竭与凋亡进程[20]。本研究证明, 葛根中异黄酮类化合物葛根素通过降低胰岛β细胞损伤发挥抗凋亡作用, 进而改善胰岛素抵抗作用。
既往研究报道, 葛根主要活性成分葛根素可通过增强胰高血糖素样肽-1受体信号传递发挥其抗糖尿病潜力[21]。葛根素可抑制游离脂肪酸诱导的巨噬细胞中肿瘤坏死因子α和一氧化氮的释放, 其保护作用与抑制嘌呤能受体P2X4受体介导的炎症信号通路相关[22]。此外, 葛根素还可下调Toll样受体4/MyD88/NF-κB炎症通路, 降低肿瘤坏死因子α水平, 并缓解链脲佐菌素诱导妊娠糖尿病大鼠的胰岛素抵抗[23]。除了抗炎葛根素还可通过增加胰岛素表达和维持胰腺内胰岛素受体底物1和胰岛素样生长因子1蛋白维持代谢稳态, 以及提升骨骼肌胰岛素受体和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α内源性mRNA来发挥低血糖作用[24]。葛根素作为一种异黄酮类天然化合物, 在糖尿病及其并发症中通过调控内质网应激和氧化应激相关通路发挥保护作用。在内质网应激方面, 葛根素抑制PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP通路的过度激活, 降低促凋亡因子CHOP的表达[25], 同时调节IRE1/XBP1信号以减少未折叠蛋白反应的异常激活, 并通过维持钙稳态和下调GRP78水平改善内质网功能, 从而减轻β细胞凋亡[26]。在氧化应激方面, 葛根素激活Nrf2/ARE通路以增强抗氧化酶的表达, 抑制NADPH氧化酶活性减少ROS生成[27], 并通过SIRT1/PGC-1α通路增强线粒体抗氧化防御能力, 同时抑制NF-κB介导的炎症反应以阻断氧化-炎症恶性循环[28]。此外, 葛根素还协同调控PI3K/Akt和AMPK通路以改善胰岛素敏感性与能量代谢, 抑制MAPK通路[29]。这些多靶点机制共同缓解糖尿病中的β细胞损伤、胰岛素抵抗及并发症进展。以上说明, 葛根素能够通过抗炎、抗氧化应激、改善胰岛素信号通路及胰岛β细胞损伤等多种途径协同作用, 改善胰岛素抵抗。
本研究存在一些不足, 如本研究仅采用大鼠来源的Rin-m5F胰岛β细胞系进行实验, 未来可以使用人胰岛β细胞进一步佐证葛根素改善细胞损伤作用机制。虽然采用分子对接技术分析了葛根素与Bcl-2的结合力与结合位点, 且通过加入抑制剂Venetoclax结合Western blot实验证明葛根素可以激活Bcl-2, 但尚未进行实验验证葛根素能直接激活Bcl-2, 未来可以采用等温滴定量热法或者表面等离子共振技术进行验证葛根素与Bcl-2相互作用的特异性与亲和力, 为葛根素激活Bcl-2提供直接的实验证据。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1538
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
  • 修回日期:2026-01-21
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    1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050
    3源于临床的中药创新药研发北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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