Article(id=1308840287993167964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764864000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-05, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981441733, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981441733, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981441733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981441733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1019, endPage=1027, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840288194494557, articleId=1308840287993167964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites: A messenger between gut-organ axis and disease regulation, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Recent advances in understanding the modulatory functions of gut microbiota on human diseases facilitated our focused attention on the contribution of the gut to the pathophysiological alterations of many extraintestinal organs. Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites have become crucial signaling molecules in the gut-organ axis, playing a core role in anti-inflammation, immune homeostasis, and maintaining mitochondrial function by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor. This review systematically explores the regulatory mechanisms of indole metabolites on host diseases through the gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, gut-heart axis, and gut-lung axis, providing a new theoretical perspective for understanding the interaction between the gut microbiota and the host and developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.

, authors=Hao-ran SHEN1, Zhi-yu WANG1, Si-tong ZHOU1, Yan-xing HAN1, Jian-dong JIANG1, 2, Hui-hui GUO1, *, authorsList=Hao-ran SHEN, Zhi-yu WANG, Si-tong ZHOU, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Hui-hui GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui-hui GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840288924303456, articleId=1308840287993167964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=色氨酸吲哚代谢物: 肠-器官轴调控疾病的通信使者, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近年来, 肠道菌群在疾病调控中的作用日益明晰, 研究焦点已深入到菌群影响肠外器官病理生理的核心机制。色氨酸-吲哚代谢物, 作为肠-器官轴中至关重要的信号分子, 通过激活芳烃受体、孕烷X受体等, 在抗炎、调节免疫平衡和维持线粒体功能等方面发挥重要作用。本综述系统探讨了吲哚代谢物通过肠-肝轴、肠-脑轴、肠-心轴及肠-肺轴对机体疾病的调控机制, 为理解肠道菌群-宿主互作及相关疾病的防治提供了新的理论视角。

, authors=申浩然1, 王志宇1, 周思彤1, 韩燕星1, 蒋建东1, 2, 郭慧慧1, *, authorsList=申浩然, 王志宇, 周思彤, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 郭慧慧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭慧慧, authorNote=

作者贡献:

申浩然负责相关文献的收集、综述的撰写和文章作图; 王志宇、周思彤负责部分文献收集; 韩燕星对综述内容给予了指导和修改; 郭慧慧负责构建综述框架, 并指导论文写作及整体修改; 蒋建东对综述进行最终审核。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
郭慧慧, Tel: 86-10-50927982, E-mail:
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2024, 121: e2400385121., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308840289129824353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840289138212962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, companyId=1308840289129824353, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840289146601571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, companyId=1308840289129824353, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308840289209516132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840289217904741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, companyId=1308840289209516132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308840289226293350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, companyId=1308840289209516132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308840292019699856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=82jNPokos9AYuXpVfLcQBQ==, figureFileBig=+0bxNce6poBFNP+Xcvhyow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840292095197329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of indoles signal pathway. IAA, IPA, IAld and ILA are AhR ligands. Indole and IPA are PXR ligands. In the absence of ligand, AhR/PXR exists in cytoplasm as an inactive complex. After indoles binding, AhR/PXR enters the nucleus, forms a dimer with ARNT/RXR, and then induces the expression of related genes. This leads to a range of cellular effects—such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses, enhancement of intestinal barrier integrity, and immunomodulation—which collectively underlie the protective roles of indole metabolites across multiple disease. IAA: Indole-3-acetic acid; ILA: Indole-3-lactic acid; IAld: Indole-3-carboxaldehyde; IPA: Indole-3-propionic acid; AhR: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor; PXR: Pregnane X receptor; HSP90: Heat shock protein 90; P23: Co-chaperone p23; XAP2: X-associated protein 2; ARNT: AhR nuclear translocator; CYP: Cytochrome P450; SMRT: Silencing mediator for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor; MDR1: Multidrug resistance 1; IL-13Rα1: Interleukin-13 receptor α1-subunit; JAK1: Janus kinase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLRP3: NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; TJs: Tight junctions; IL: Interleukin; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; NAD+: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, figureFileSmall=82jNPokos9AYuXpVfLcQBQ==, figureFileBig=+0bxNce6poBFNP+Xcvhyow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840292342661266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteProducerKey target/receptorEffectDiseaseReference
IAABacteroides; Bifidobacterium; Clostridium; EscherichiaAhR; USP40Anti-inflammation, regulating immune homeostasis, improving mitochondrial function, protecting intestinal barrierMASLD, depression, AD, asthma, acute lung injury, T2DM[18-23, 35-41, 48, 58, 59, 64, 65]
IPABacteroides; Bifidobacterium; Clostridium; Streptococcus; Mycobacterium; FaecalibacteriumAhR; PXRAnti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, promoting reverse cholesterol transportLiver fibrosis, PD, AD, HFpEF, AS, long COVID[26, 27, 32, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 60, 62, 65]
IAldBacteroides; LactobacillusAhRProtecting intestinal barrier, anti-inflammation, inhibiting viral replication, regulating immune homeostasisLiver fibrosis, COVID-19-associated pneumonia, AS[28, 45, 63]
ILABifidobacterium; Lactobacillus; AkkermansiaAhRHepatoprotection, regulating bile acid metabolism, inhibiting neuroinflammationMASLD, depression, AD[24, 33, 34, 37]
), ArticleFig(id=1308840292556570771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840287993167964, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Overview of major gut microbiota-derived tryptophan indole metabolites. USP40: Ubiquitin specific peptidase 40; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; AD: Alzheimer's disease; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; PD: Parkinson's disease; AS: Atherosclerosis; HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; COVID: Corona virus disease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteProducerKey target/receptorEffectDiseaseReference
IAABacteroides; Bifidobacterium; Clostridium; EscherichiaAhR; USP40Anti-inflammation, regulating immune homeostasis, improving mitochondrial function, protecting intestinal barrierMASLD, depression, AD, asthma, acute lung injury, T2DM[18-23, 35-41, 48, 58, 59, 64, 65]
IPABacteroides; Bifidobacterium; Clostridium; Streptococcus; Mycobacterium; FaecalibacteriumAhR; PXRAnti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, promoting reverse cholesterol transportLiver fibrosis, PD, AD, HFpEF, AS, long COVID[26, 27, 32, 44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 60, 62, 65]
IAldBacteroides; LactobacillusAhRProtecting intestinal barrier, anti-inflammation, inhibiting viral replication, regulating immune homeostasisLiver fibrosis, COVID-19-associated pneumonia, AS[28, 45, 63]
ILABifidobacterium; Lactobacillus; AkkermansiaAhRHepatoprotection, regulating bile acid metabolism, inhibiting neuroinflammationMASLD, depression, AD[24, 33, 34, 37]
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色氨酸吲哚代谢物: 肠-器官轴调控疾病的通信使者
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申浩然 1 , 王志宇 1 , 周思彤 1 , 韩燕星 1 , 蒋建东 1, 2 , 郭慧慧 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(4): 1019-1027
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (4) : 1019 -1027
色氨酸吲哚代谢物: 肠-器官轴调控疾病的通信使者
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申浩然1, 王志宇1, 周思彤1, 韩燕星1, 蒋建东1, 2, 郭慧慧1, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
郭慧慧, Tel: 86-10-50927982, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

申浩然负责相关文献的收集、综述的撰写和文章作图; 王志宇、周思彤负责部分文献收集; 韩燕星对综述内容给予了指导和修改; 郭慧慧负责构建综述框架, 并指导论文写作及整体修改; 蒋建东对综述进行最终审核。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。

Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites: A messenger between gut-organ axis and disease regulation
Hao-ran SHEN1, Zhi-yu WANG1, Si-tong ZHOU1, Yan-xing HAN1, Jian-dong JIANG1, 2, Hui-hui GUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459
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近年来, 肠道菌群在疾病调控中的作用日益明晰, 研究焦点已深入到菌群影响肠外器官病理生理的核心机制。色氨酸-吲哚代谢物, 作为肠-器官轴中至关重要的信号分子, 通过激活芳烃受体、孕烷X受体等, 在抗炎、调节免疫平衡和维持线粒体功能等方面发挥重要作用。本综述系统探讨了吲哚代谢物通过肠-肝轴、肠-脑轴、肠-心轴及肠-肺轴对机体疾病的调控机制, 为理解肠道菌群-宿主互作及相关疾病的防治提供了新的理论视角。

吲哚代谢物  /  肠-器官轴  /  肠道菌群  /  芳烃受体  /  免疫炎症

Recent advances in understanding the modulatory functions of gut microbiota on human diseases facilitated our focused attention on the contribution of the gut to the pathophysiological alterations of many extraintestinal organs. Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites have become crucial signaling molecules in the gut-organ axis, playing a core role in anti-inflammation, immune homeostasis, and maintaining mitochondrial function by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and pregnane X receptor. This review systematically explores the regulatory mechanisms of indole metabolites on host diseases through the gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, gut-heart axis, and gut-lung axis, providing a new theoretical perspective for understanding the interaction between the gut microbiota and the host and developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.

indole derivative  /  gut-organ axis  /  gut microbiota  /  aryl hydrocarbon receptor  /  immuno-inflammation
申浩然, 王志宇, 周思彤, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 郭慧慧. 色氨酸吲哚代谢物: 肠-器官轴调控疾病的通信使者. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1019 -1027 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459
Hao-ran SHEN, Zhi-yu WANG, Si-tong ZHOU, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Hui-hui GUO. Tryptophan-derived indole metabolites: A messenger between gut-organ axis and disease regulation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1019 -1027 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459
色氨酸作为一种必须依赖饮食摄取的必需氨基酸, 其机体代谢过程复杂且具有重要的病理生理意义。在肠道, 色氨酸主要通过犬尿氨酸途径、5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) 途径以及吲哚途径三种途径进行代谢[1], 其中吲哚途径相对独特, 其代谢过程几乎完全依赖于肠道微生物所产生的酶系驱动。研究表明, 多种肠道菌属能够参与色氨酸的吲哚代谢, 主要包括拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、梭菌属(Clostridia) 和乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus) 等。这些菌通过色氨酸酶、色氨酸脱羧酶和芳香酸氨基转移酶等关键酶, 将色氨酸转化为吲哚、吲哚-3-乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid, IAA)、吲哚-3-丙酸(indole-3-propionic acid, IPA)、吲哚-3-甲醛(indole-3-carboxaldehyde, IAld)、吲哚-3-乙酰胺(indole-3-acetamide, IA) 和吲哚-3-乳酸(indole-3-lactic acid, ILA) 等生物活性各异的代谢产物[2]。值得注意的是, 不同菌属所携带的代谢酶存在显著差异, 这种酶系的多样性直接导致了吲哚代谢物的丰富性; 同时, 同一种吲哚代谢物也可能由不同菌通过不同的酶催化途径生成, 形成复杂的微生物代谢网络[3]。
研究表明, 微生物-色氨酸-吲哚代谢轴在维持机体稳态中发挥重要作用。吲哚代谢物经肠上皮细胞吸收后进入全身循环系统, 作为重要的信号分子与芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AhR)、孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor, PXR) 等核受体特异性结合, 调控基因表达, 参与机体的免疫应答、能量代谢及神经功能调节。AhR作为一种配体激活的转录因子, 不仅直接调控下游靶基因的转录, 还通过组蛋白修饰等机制参与表观遗传调控[4-6]。该受体在肠道上皮细胞、免疫细胞和神经元中的广泛表达, 为吲哚代谢物在多器官通讯中发挥桥梁作用奠定了基础[7]。除核受体途径外, 近年研究发现吲哚代谢物还通过调节线粒体功能[8]、自噬[9]和表观遗传修饰[10]等非核受体依赖性过程, 形成多层次的调控网络, 使其在跨器官通讯中扮演重要的信使角色。
现有研究显示, 大部分吲哚类物质主要对机体产生保护性作用, 但吲哚不同, 它作为信号分子, 在正常生理浓度下维持肠道屏障功能、调节宿主免疫, 但体内蓄积时, 吸收进入机体的吲哚在肝脏代谢为硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, IS), 在肾功能不全时易累积于肾脏造成尿毒症[11, 12]。本文重点聚焦有益作用的几类吲哚代谢物, 探讨其对机体肝、脑、心、肺等重要脏器稳态的调控作用及机制, 为多种疾病的防治提供新的理论视角。
肠道与肝脏之间通过肠-肝轴紧密相连。肝脏生成初级胆汁酸、胆固醇、免疫球蛋白A (immunoglobulin A, IgA) 和抗菌分子后, 它们会通过胆管释放到小肠, 并通过肠道菌将初级胆汁酸转化为次级胆汁酸; 另一方面, 胆汁酸、微生物代谢物和病原体相关分子模式(pathogen associated molecular pattern, PAMP) 穿越肠道屏障, 并通过门静脉循环返回肝脏[13]。在这一复杂网络中, 色氨酸吲哚代谢物通过直接或间接方式调控肝脏代谢与免疫功能, 成为影响肠-肝轴交流的重要信使之一。
代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, MASLD) 是全球最普遍的慢性肝病, 影响着全球数十亿人口, 其疾病谱包括单纯脂肪肝、脂肪性肝炎(metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, MASH)、肝硬化, 最终可能导致肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC)。而在MASLD疾病进展过程中, 肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物组成发生着巨大变化, 临床证据显示MASLD患者血清和粪便中吲哚代谢物水平与疾病严重程度呈负相关[14], 在肥胖、2型糖尿病等其他代谢性疾病患者中也检测到肠道IAA和IPA水平下降, 而犬尿氨酸水平升高。这说明MASLD相关疾病状态下, 机体色氨酸-吲哚代谢途径受到抑制[15, 16]。而且, 以上临床研究进一步在饮食诱导的自发性MASLD-HCC小鼠模型中得到验证[17]。
除了作为评估MASLD风险的潜在生物标志物外, 吲哚代谢物还在动物模型中显示出明确的治疗效果。研究表明, 在高脂饮食诱导的MASLD小鼠模型中, IAA能够缓解高脂饮食引起的空腹血糖、血浆总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的升高, 抑制肝脏甘油三酯蓄积, 并显著改善脂肪变性、肝细胞气球样变及肝小叶炎症等肝脏病理改变[18-20]。在分子机制层面, IAA干预通过下调关键脂肪生成基因(包括Srebf1、Scd1、PPARγ、Acaca和Gpam) 的表达, 从而减少肝脏脂质沉积[18]; 同时, IAA有效改善高脂饮食引发的氧化应激, 恢复超氧化物歧化酶活性和谷胱甘肽水平, 降低肝脏活性氧和丙二醛含量, 并减少巨噬细胞浸润及肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1) 等促炎因子表达[18]; 另外, IAA还能通过上调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α, PGC-1α), 改善高脂喂养小鼠及棕榈酸诱导的HepG2细胞的线粒体呼吸缺陷, 从而纠正MASLD疾病状态下的线粒体功能障碍[21]。除直接作用外, IAA还能通过激活AhR, 促进肠道白细胞介素-22 (interleukin-22, IL-22) 的表达[22], 一方面通过作用于肠上皮细胞, 激活信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 并抑制分泌型糖蛋白/β连环蛋白(wingless/integrated-β-catenin, Wnt-β-catenin) 信号通路, 减少脂质和糖类吸收[23]; 另一方面可促进肠上皮修复、增强黏液层屏障及诱导抗菌肽(如Reg3g) 表达以抵御病原体, 阻止细菌易位, 间接改善MASLD病理进程[22]。除IAA外, ILA同样具有肝保护作用, 这与其调控胆汁酸代谢有关。ILA通过脂肪和肥胖相关蛋白(fat mass and obesity-associated protein, FTO)/N6-甲基腺嘌呤(N6-methyladenosine, m6A)/YTH N6-甲基腺嘌呤RNA结合蛋白F2 (YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein 2, YTHDF2) 通路上调肝脏胆固醇12α-羟化酶(cytochrome P450, family 8, subfamily B, polypeptide 1, CYP8B1) 表达, 促进胆酸生成, 进而激活脂肪组织法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR), 最终抑制脂质积累并改善代谢异常[24], 该机制揭示了ILA可通过RNA甲基化这一表观遗传修饰调控基因表达。吲哚本身也能通过增强髓系细胞中的PFKFB3 (糖酵解代谢关键酶) 启动子的转录活性, 增强其表达, 进而抑制巨噬细胞炎性活化, 缓解肝脂肪变性和炎症[25]。
肝纤维化是慢性肝病向肝硬化发展的关键环节, 也被认为是肝硬化治疗的关键阶段。Zhao等[26]研究发现IPA有效改善MASH, 与其抑制前纤维化基因和胶原基因表达、维持肠道上皮稳态有关。Luo等[27]通过肝硬化患者和纤维化小鼠的宏基因组和色氨酸靶向代谢组分析, 并结合小鼠肝纤维化模型进行验证, 确认了IPA的抗纤维化作用。机制上, IPA的效应可通过不同途径实现: 一方面, 它可通过激活AhR, 抑制核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NF-κB)/钙卫蛋白A/B (calcium-binding protein A8/A9, S100A8/A9) 轴, 又能干扰鞘氨醇激酶2 (sphingosine kinase 2, SPHK2)/鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine 1-phosphate, S1P) 信号通路, 两者协同抑制巨噬细胞向S100A8/A9的致病表型转化, 切断了巨噬细胞驱动肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC) 活化的关键细胞间通讯, 从而实现抗纤维化效应。另一方面, 根据Pihlajamäki团队[9]的研究, IPA还能直接作用于HSC, 通过诱导HSC凋亡、降低线粒体呼吸功能、改变线粒体动力学并下调纤维化关键基因的表达, 共同促使活化的HSC向失活表型转变, 从而发挥抗纤维化作用。此外, 也有IAld恢复肠道黏膜完整性, 并保护小鼠硬化性胆管炎的肝纤维化的报道[28]。
肠道通过神经、内分泌、免疫与代谢等途径协同作用与大脑进行沟通, 调节中枢神经系统功能; 而且, 中枢神经系统也可通过自主神经系统及神经内分泌, 动态调节肠屏障功能与菌群结构[29-31]。在这一复杂的肠-脑通讯中, 吲哚类化合物作为关键信号分子, 参与神经递质稳态与神经炎症反应, 影响抑郁症、焦虑症、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 等多种神经精神与神经退行性疾病进展[32]。
近年来多项临床前研究表明, 吲哚类代谢物在焦虑和抑郁等精神疾病中展现治疗潜力。乳酸菌Pediococcus acidilactici CGMCC 35671和双歧杆菌Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025通过代谢色氨酸产生ILA, 经血液循环穿过血脑屏障后, 激活脑内AhR信号通路, 抑制海马与皮层小胶质细胞过度活化, 下调促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的表达, 抑制神经炎症, 在慢性不可预知应激模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS) 小鼠中表现出明确的抗抑郁效果[33, 34]。另有研究显示, IAA可通过抑制下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, HPA axis) 的过度激活、增加海马体脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) 的表达以及调节多巴胺和5-HT代谢等途径, 对CUMS小鼠有明显治疗作用[35]。此外, IAA还能增强下丘脑室旁核催产素分泌, 通过促进海马神经发生、增加树突棘密度和改善突触可塑性, 进一步缓解应激诱导的抑郁样行为[36]。目前, 甲基苯丙胺(俗称“冰毒”) 的滥用以及戒断期间出现严重的心理障碍, 特别是抑郁和焦虑越来越受到研究人员关注。Wang团队[7]发现, IPA、IAA和吲哚本身均能改善甲基苯丙胺诱导的小鼠异常行为, 并且这种保护作用在AhR基因敲除小鼠中消失, 凸显了AhR在吲哚代谢物改善甲基苯丙胺诱导抑郁中可能的重要作用, 但仍需更多相关的临床及机制研究进一步验证现有研究结果。
除精神疾病外, 吲哚类代谢物在神经退行性疾病的调控中同样也展现出重要价值。在AD研究中, IAA、IPA、ILA均表现出显著的抗神经炎症作用[37, 38]。研究表明, APP/PS1小鼠(AD模型小鼠) 菌群结构中缺乏吲哚类产生菌, 而补充吲哚、IAA和IPA能够恢复肠道屏障的完整性, 并通过激活AhR, 抑制NOD样受体蛋白3 (NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体形成, 减少神经炎症, 改善AD认知障碍[39]。Guo等[40]研究也发现, 正电性的L型手性纳米金颗粒能够和负电的细菌结合, 富集色氨酸底物并上调IAA合成酶的表达, 增加IAA生成, 进而通过血脑屏障缓解神经炎症。除抗炎作用外, IAA还能通过激活AhR信号通路直接抑制小胶质细胞介导的突触吞噬, 保护突触结构完整性[41], 为吲哚代谢物改善认知衰退的机制提供了新思路。
关于PD, “肠源假说”认为病理性的α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein, α-syn) 可在肠道神经元中先形成, 并通过迷走神经向中枢神经系统传递[42, 43], 因此“脑病肠治”的研究也成为目前热点。近年研究发现, IPA在PD病程中发挥重要作用。临床观察发现, PD患者常伴有肠道菌群失调及IPA水平降低, 提示两者之间存在关联, 但IPA减少是疾病的因、果或并行事件, 尚需进一步研究[32]; 动物实验进一步证实, PD模型小鼠出现肠道菌群失调并伴随IPA水平显著下降, 而补充IPA能明显改善运动协调能力, 减轻黑质区多巴胺能神经元损伤, 同时增强血脑屏障功能。机制层面, IPA主要通过激活PXR, 抑制IL-13受体α1 (interleukin-13 receptor alpha 1-subunit, IL-13Rα1)-Janus激酶1 (Janus kinase 1, JAK1)-信号转导及转录激活蛋白6 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, STAT6) 信号通路, 从而有效抑制肠神经胶质细胞的异常活化及相关炎症反应。这一作用不仅缓解了肠道及全身炎症状态, 还通过肠-脑轴传递神经保护效应, 最终延缓PD病理进程[44]。
心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD) 是全球威胁人类健康的最主要疾病之一, 肠-心轴是肠道微生物影响CVD的一个重要途径。肠道菌群及其代谢产物不仅通过调节免疫、影响宿主代谢参与心血管稳态的维持, 其紊乱也是导致心血管疾病发生发展的重要环境因素。其中, 色氨酸-吲哚代谢物作为关键的信号分子, 在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)、心力衰竭等心血管疾病的病理过程中扮演着日益明确的调控角色。
AS作为心血管疾病的主要病理基础, 其发生发展与慢性炎症和代谢紊乱密切相关。多种吲哚类代谢物, 如IAld、IPA和IAA等, 作为菌群-宿主互作的关键介质, 经肠道吸收作用于血管内皮或巨噬细胞, 通过调控血管内皮氧化应激、巨噬细胞极化及胆固醇外排等多种机制缓解AS。具体而言, IAld通过AhR, 促进其入核并与核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 启动子区域结合, 从而上调Nrf2及其下游靶基因血红素加氧酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 的转录表达, 有效降低细胞内氧化应激水平, 减少促炎细胞因子释放[45]。IPA则通过抑制miR-142-5p的表达, 增强三磷酸腺苷结合盒转运体A1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1) 的表达, 促进巨噬细胞胆固醇逆向转运, 进而降低AS斑块负荷[46]。此外, IPA还能通过PXR相关信号通路降低血小板反应性, 从而降低AS患者的血小板活化和血栓形成风险[47]。巨噬细胞在AS进展中起核心作用, 表现出促炎的M1型和抗炎的M2型两种主要表型, M1与M2的比值变化代表AS的炎症状态和病情进展。最近研究表明, IAA可抑制Toll样受体4 (toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)/髓样分化因子88 (myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)/NF-κB通路活化, 降低M1巨噬细胞极化, 同时以AhR依赖性方式促进M2极化, 调节炎症因子平衡减轻AS[48]。以上研究表明, 吲哚代谢物通过多靶点、多通路的方式在免疫调节、代谢稳态维持及内皮功能保护中发挥核心作用, 凸显了其作为AS治疗新靶标的巨大潜力。
而在心力衰竭领域, 吲哚代谢物扮演“双重角色”, 其中IPA被证实具有明确的心脏保护功能, 而IS则表现出潜在的致病效应。研究表明, IPA在射血分数保留的心衰(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF) 中发挥关键保护作用[49], Wang等[50]通过代谢组学分析发现, HFpEF小鼠心脏组织及血浆中IPA水平显著降低, 且其浓度与舒张功能恶化程度呈负相关, 这一现象在临床患者中也得到验证。机制上, IPA通过直接结合并激活心肌细胞中的AhR, 上调去乙酰化酶3 (sirtuin 3, SIRT3) 的表达, 抑制烟酰胺N-甲基转移酶(nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, NNMT) 的活性, 从而提升烟酰胺(nicotinamide, NAM) 水平和NAD+/NADH比值, 改善线粒体功能, 最终缓解心脏舒张功能障碍。心脏纤维化是心脏重塑的关键病理特征, 是导致老年心力衰竭患者死亡率的主要原因[51]。Lu等[52]发现, 补充IPA同样可有效延缓纤维化进程。IPA通过调控环鸟苷酸-腺苷酸合酶(cyclic GMP-AMP synthase, cGAS)/干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon gene, STING) 通路抑制巨噬细胞中棕榈酰蛋白质硫酯酶1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1, PPT1) 的表达, 同时激活磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)-蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, AKT)-哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 通路恢复衰老巨噬细胞的自噬活性, 从而抑制炎症与胶原沉积, 最终延缓衰老心脏的纤维化进程。与IPA的保护作用相反, IS则在心衰, 尤其是在慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 相关的心衰中扮演着致病角色。Zhang等[53]研究揭示, CKD合并心衰患者体内大肠杆菌(E. coli) 丰度明显升高, 其产生的IS水平可以通过激活AhR/CYP1B1轴诱导线粒体功能障碍, 促进心肌细胞凋亡, 驱动心衰进展。
近年来, 肠道微生物群与呼吸系统之间的双向调控形成“肠-肺轴”。临床与动物实验研究表明, 肠道菌群失调与哮喘、肺炎、肺纤维化等多种肺部疾病密切相关, 同时肺部炎症和感染也能通过多种机制扰动肠道菌群结构[54]。虽然胃肠道和呼吸道在机体的分布和功能不同, 但二者在胚胎起源上同属内胚层, 具有相似的黏膜结构与免疫环境, 为“肠-肺轴”的存在提供了结构基础[55]。越来越多的研究表明, 吲哚类代谢物在呼吸系统疾病中的作用逐渐凸显。AhR在肠道与肺组织中广泛表达[56], 作为吲哚代谢物的关键内源性受体, 介导其在两器官间的免疫调节功能, 从而在“肠-肺轴”中扮演分子桥梁的核心角色。
哮喘是一种慢性呼吸道疾病, 其特征是气道慢性炎症, 这种炎症会导致辅助性T淋巴细胞1 (T-helper1, Th1)/辅助性T淋巴细胞2 (T-helper2, Th2) 和辅助性T淋巴细胞17 (T-helper17, Th17)/调节性T淋巴细胞(regulatory T lymphocyte, Treg) 的比例失衡, 引发一系列免疫反应, 进一步加重气道炎症和高反应性[57]。研究表明, IAA通过激活肺组织中的AhR, 促进Treg分化, 改善Th17/Treg免疫细胞的比例失衡, 抑制NF-κB/NLRP3炎症通路, 从而减轻卵清蛋白诱导的过敏性哮喘小鼠的气道炎症[58, 59]。IPA同样在哮喘发展中显现出关键作用, 特别是在幼年期。在小鼠幼年期使用抗生素会破坏肠道菌群的定植, 并特异性降低IPA的水平, 即使在停用抗生素肠道菌群恢复正常后, 其保护作用的缺失依然存在。机制上, IPA的缺失导致肺上皮细胞的线粒体功能失调, 表现为氧消耗率和超氧化物产生增加, 从而改变了上皮细胞的代谢和应激反应, 因此当机体受到过敏原刺激时, 会产生更多的趋化因子, 加剧过敏性气道炎症, 而且进一步研究发现, 在幼年期小鼠抗生素治疗期间补充IPA, 可预防成年后过敏性气道炎症的易感性[60]。
肺炎是指终末气道、肺泡和肺间质的炎症, 可由病原微生物、理化因素、免疫损伤及过敏所致, 临床上最常见的是病毒性肺炎和细菌性肺炎。目前新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) 引发的肺炎虽已得到有效控制, 但病毒导致的长新冠成为影响患者健康的长期挑战。长新冠是指SARS-CoV-2感染3个月后原有症状持续存在或出现新发症状, 且这些症状持续至少2个月, 无法用其他病因解释的疾病状态[61]。研究表明, 肠道色氨酸代谢紊乱与长新冠密切相关。临床数据表明, 长新冠患者血清中色氨酸代谢物IPA的水平明显低于健康人群, 并且与多种促炎因子如C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A (serum amyloid A, SAA) 显著负相关, 这一发现提示IPA缺乏可能与持续性炎症状态共存, 但二者间的因果机制, 是IPA下降导致炎症失控, 还是炎症消耗了IPA, 或两者共同受免疫失调驱动, 仍需进一步研究。通过宏基因组学分析发现, 与健康人群相比, 长新冠患者肠道菌群中负责色氨酸合成与代谢的关键基因相对丰度显著降低, 且在重症患者中这一现象更为突出。cGAS-STING通路是哺乳动物先天免疫系统的核心组成部分, 当病毒入侵时, cGAS感知病毒, 催化ATP和GTP合成2'3'-环状GMP-AMP (2', 3'-cyclic GMP-AMP, cGAMP), 后者激活下游受体STING, 引发干扰素调节因子3 (interferon regulatory factor 3, IRF3) 和NF-κB转录因子激活, 诱导干扰素和炎症因子表达, 从而启动抗病毒响应。体外细胞实验进一步证实, IPA能够直接调控免疫应答, 抑制cGAS-STING通路, 减少I型干扰素(IFN-α和IFN-β) 的产生, 这表明其在调控过度免疫反应中可能发挥直接的调节作用, 提示其可能促进长新冠患者炎症缓解[62]。IAld也能通过AhR保护黏膜屏障, 调节免疫平衡, 并且发现其能直接抑制SARS-CoV-2复制, 进而控制新冠相关肺曲霉病并减轻肺部炎症损伤[63]。除病毒相关肺炎外, IAA作为泛素特异性肽酶40 (ubiquitin specific peptidase 40, USP40) 的潜在激活剂, 能降低热休克蛋白90 (heat shock protein 90, HSP90) 泛素化水平, 保护肺微血管内皮细胞免受脂多糖引起的炎症损伤, 缓解急性肺损伤[64]。另外, IAA还能通过调控AhR/甲基转移酶样3 (methyltransferase like 3, METTL3)/STAT3轴抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 同时抑制IL-6表达以减少M2型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞极化、增强CD8+ T细胞毒性, 重塑肿瘤免疫微环境发挥抗非小细胞肺癌作用[65]。
本文重点阐述了肠道菌产生的色氨酸-吲哚代谢物作为肠道与肝、肾、心、肺这四个器官间对话的重要介质, 在抗炎、抗氧化、免疫稳态维持和线粒体功能调控等多个层面发挥重要作用, 从而影响多种疾病进展(图1、表1[18-24, 26-28, 32-41, 44-50, 58-60, 62-65])。但现有研究关于吲哚类代谢物与疾病进展的因果关系尚不能确定, 而且这些代谢物如何精细调控受体活性、影响转录及相互作用蛋白等调节机制问题尚未完全阐明, 仍有待研究工作者进一步深入探索。除此之外, 肠-胰轴作为调控糖代谢稳态的新兴环节, 吲哚代谢物对该轴的调节也日益受到关注。一方面, IAA可通过激活肠道AhR, 改善肠道屏障功能, 间接缓解胰岛素抵抗[66]; 另一方面, 5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸通过激活肝脏AhR信号, 直接改善外周胰岛素敏感性[67]。然而, 不同吲哚代谢物在胰岛炎症、胰岛β细胞及胰岛素抵抗中的具体作用仍不明确, 有待深入研究。
而且, 同一吲哚代谢物在不同组织或病理生理背景下可能呈现相反的生物学效应, 提示其功能可能具有环境依赖性。因此, 猜测可能源于不同组织的代谢物浓度差异、细胞特异性, 以及环境中存在的其他信号分子的协同调控。比如, 同为吲哚衍生物, IPA在心衰中表现出保护作用, 而IS则促进疾病进展。这种功能上的两面性, 可能源于多个关键层次的差异。首先, 组织特异性浓度差异, IS在CKD患者体内因清除障碍而异常蓄积, 超过生理阈值后启动致病通路, 而IPA通常在生理浓度范围内发挥保护作用; 其次, 不同组织细胞响应差异, 心肌细胞对IPA的AhR激活表现为线粒体保护, 而对IS的AhR/CYP1B1激活表现为凋亡; 最后, 疾病的背景环境差异, 如CKD导致的氧化应激和内环境紊乱, 会协同放大IS的毒性效应, 同时可能削弱IPA的保护性信号。因此, 未来研究需在分子、细胞及整体水平上系统阐明吲哚代谢物的动态调控网络。
从转化医学视角来看, 吲哚代谢物及其产生菌有望成为一系列疾病的新型干预策略。然而, 临床转化面临多重挑战: ①剂量安全窗问题, 需通过系统的药代/药效学研究, 明确每种代谢物的治疗窗, 避免因剂量不当导致无效或毒性反应; ②靶点选择性问题, 同一吲哚类代谢物可能对诸多脏器产生作用, 临床转化需要特别关注靶位/靶点以外的不良反应; ③代谢物本身的稳定性、口服生物利用度问题, 许多吲哚类化合物在胃肠道环境中易降解, 且难以跨越肠黏膜或血脑屏障达到有效浓度, 这制约了其直接补充的应用前景。未来研究应融合多学科手段, 借助结构生物学阐明不同代谢物与受体的精细互作模式, 设计代谢物前药、靶向定位制剂等精准调控策略, 以克服上述瓶颈, 为代谢性肝病、神经退行性疾病、心血管及呼吸系统疾病提供新的防治路径, 为开发基于肠-器官轴的多系统疾病精准防治策略开辟新道路。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459
  • 接收时间:2025-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05
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    1中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
    2中国医学科学院 北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050

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郭慧慧, Tel: 86-10-50927982, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1459
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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