Article(id=1308841157862457908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1406, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764000000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-25, revisedDate=1768406400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981649127, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981649127, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981649127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981649127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1633, endPage=1642, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841158072173109, articleId=1308841157862457908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The components and mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus in inducing "Shanghuo" by reactivating latent HSV-1, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory that "excessive Qi transforms into fire", this study investigates whether overdose of the Qi-tonifying herb Astragalus membranaceus (AM) induces "Shanghuo" and analyzes the related components and underlying mechanisms. Using a mouse model of "Shanghuo" with latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, we systematically observed the general state and behavioral changes of the mice, and detected the expression of virus-related genes and proteins as well as lipid peroxidation-related indicators. The results showed that after intervention with AM and its components, the mice exhibited various "Shanghuo" symptoms, including eye inflammation, increased thirst and water intake, dry stool, and hyperactivity. These symptoms were accompanied by reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the brain, upregulation of lipid peroxidation-related proteins arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase (ALOX15) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), downregulation of cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117; c-Kit) protein expression in intestinal tissue, and elevated levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE. Further component analysis revealed that AM polysaccharides had a particularly significant impact on behavioral indicators, while low-content AM isoflavones and saponins also reactivated latent HSV-1. In conclusion, various components of AM may synergistically reactivate latent HSV-1 and induce "Shanghuo" potentially through enhancing lipid peroxidation in the body.This experiment has been approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Jinan University (IACUC-20250417-04).

, authors=Ya-si ZHENG1, 2, Xiao-lun ZHANG2, Ling-zhi REN2, Zheng-qun ZHOU2, De-hua ZOU2, Jie NIU2, Hai-biao GONG2, Feng HUANG1, Yi-fang LI2, Lei LIANG2, *, Rong-rong HE1, 2, *, authorsList=Ya-si ZHENG, Xiao-lun ZHANG, Ling-zhi REN, Zheng-qun ZHOU, De-hua ZOU, Jie NIU, Hai-biao GONG, Feng HUANG, Yi-fang LI, Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841160836219458, articleId=1308841157862457908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黄芪激活潜伏HSV-1诱发“上火”的成分和机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究基于中医“气有余便是火”的理论观点, 探讨甘温补气类中药黄芪在过量应用时是否诱发“上火”现象, 并分析其相关成分与潜在机制, 以期加深对其药性的理解并为临床精准使用提供参考。通过建立I型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1) 潜伏感染的小鼠“上火”模型, 本研究系统观察了小鼠一般状态、行为学表现, 并检测了病毒相关基因与蛋白表达以及脂质过氧化等指标。结果显示, 黄芪及其各组分干预后, 小鼠出现眼部炎症、口渴多饮、大便干结及多动不安等“上火”表现, 同时伴随脑内潜伏HSV-1的激活, 以及脂质过氧化相关蛋白花生四烯酸15-脂氧合酶(arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase, ALOX15) 与4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) 表达上升; 在肠组织中, 酪氨酸蛋白激酶(cluster of differentiation 117, c-Kit) 蛋白表达下调, 4-HNE水平升高。组分分析进一步表明, 黄芪多糖对行为学改变影响显著, 而低含量的黄芪异黄酮与皂苷同样可激活潜伏HSV-1。综上, 黄芪各组分可能通过协同作用激活潜伏HSV-1并诱发“上火”, 其机制可能与机体脂质过氧化反应增强有关。本实验已获暨南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(IACUC-20250417-04)。

, authors=郑亚思1, 2, 张孝伦2, 任凌志2, 周正群2, 邹德华2, 牛杰2, 龚海标2, 黄丰1, 李怡芳2, 梁磊2, *, 何蓉蓉1, 2, *, authorsList=郑亚思, 张孝伦, 任凌志, 周正群, 邹德华, 牛杰, 龚海标, 黄丰, 李怡芳, 梁磊, 何蓉蓉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁磊, 何蓉蓉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

郑亚思、张孝伦负责实验、数据分析统计和论文撰写; 任凌志、邹德华、牛杰、龚海标负责协助实验和数据分析; 周正群、黄丰、李怡芳、梁磊参与实验方案设计指导、论文修改; 何蓉蓉负责指导实验设计、提供研究经费, 论文修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
梁磊, E-mail:
何蓉蓉, E-mail:
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A: Eye recurrence rate; B: Eye symptoms in the sixth week; C: Body weight; D: Food ration; E: Body temperature; F: Water intake; G: Defecation volume; H: Fecal water content. AM total extract (HQ): 6.07·g·kg-1·d-1; AM polysaccharides (HQ1): 4.80·g·kg-1·d-1; AM isoflavones (HQ2): 0.26·g·kg-1·d-1; AM saponins (HQ3): 0.16·g·kg-1·d-1. n = 8, mean ± SEM. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs HSV-1 latency group. ns: P > 0.05, figureFileSmall=FvZP31JXkJYqg8ussfL0Ug==, figureFileBig=j5Fvu8m7tHiFzn1N9WqGfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841166825685650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=iW4+it8Yruek1EY/Bxo8Vg==, figureFileBig=mxeN3tvsYQyslxetRiHSoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841166892794515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of Astragalus membranaceus and its components on emotional and behavioral phenotypes in mice with latent HSV-1 infection. A, B: The moving distance (A) and activity (B) of mice in the open field test (OFT); C: The motion trajectory of the mice in the sixth week of the OFT; D: Grooming frequency; E: Grooming time. n = 6, mean ± SEM. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs HSV-1 latency group, figureFileSmall=iW4+it8Yruek1EY/Bxo8Vg==, figureFileBig=mxeN3tvsYQyslxetRiHSoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841166968291988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GZWhJ4CCgffSxndEfLGIXg==, figureFileBig=gLGOsIw6vP2Hab31lQ6KoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167047983765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of Astragalus membranaceus extract and its components on the related virus genes and proteins in the brain of HSV-1 latent mice. A: Using 18S as housekeeping gene, RT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of LAT in the trigeminal ganglion of mice (n = 3); B: The expression of infected cell polypeptide (ICP27) was detected by Western blot (n = 4); C: The expression of HSV-1 antigen in mouse brain was observed by immunohistochemical method (n = 3). Mean ± SEM. ### P < 0.001 vs HSV-1 latency group, figureFileSmall=GZWhJ4CCgffSxndEfLGIXg==, figureFileBig=gLGOsIw6vP2Hab31lQ6KoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167115092630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NhYryZY5lwi7aJrBTT+EYQ==, figureFileBig=d1lvDi2DpGSOBCvVYYpM5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167182201495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of Astragalus membranaceus extract and its different components on the expression of lipid peroxidation-related protein in the brain of HSV-latent mice. A-C: The expressions of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) (A, n = 5), arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase (ALOX15) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX4) (B and C, n = 4); D: The expression of lipid peroxidation antigen in the mouse brain was observed by immunohistochemical method (n = 3). Mean ± SEM. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 vs HSV-1 latency group, figureFileSmall=NhYryZY5lwi7aJrBTT+EYQ==, figureFileBig=d1lvDi2DpGSOBCvVYYpM5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167287059096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vQw77xsmF24QLL+FM5NVew==, figureFileBig=SbP54KiaUMau7yQugQrj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167375139481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of Astragalus membranaceus extract and its different components on the expression of cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117; c-Kit) protein and lipid peroxidation-related protein in the colon tissue of HSV-latent mice. A, B: The expressions of c-Kit (A) and 4-HNE (B) (n = 3); C: The expressions of GPX4 (n = 4). Mean ± SEM. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 vs HSV-1 latency group, figureFileSmall=vQw77xsmF24QLL+FM5NVew==, figureFileBig=SbP54KiaUMau7yQugQrj9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841167459025562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesSequence (5'-3')
LATHSV-1F: CGGCGACATCCTCCCCCTAAGC
LATHSV-1R: GACAGACGAACGAAACGTTCCG
18SMouseF: CGGACAGGATTGACAGATTGATAGC
18SMouseR: TGCCAGAGTCTCGTTCGTTATCG
), ArticleFig(id=1308841167521940123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841157862457908, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sequence of primers used in the test. LAT: Latency-associated transcript

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSpeciesSequence (5'-3')
LATHSV-1F: CGGCGACATCCTCCCCCTAAGC
LATHSV-1R: GACAGACGAACGAAACGTTCCG
18SMouseF: CGGACAGGATTGACAGATTGATAGC
18SMouseR: TGCCAGAGTCTCGTTCGTTATCG
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黄芪激活潜伏HSV-1诱发“上火”的成分和机制研究
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郑亚思 1, 2 , 张孝伦 2 , 任凌志 2 , 周正群 2 , 邹德华 2 , 牛杰 2 , 龚海标 2 , 黄丰 1 , 李怡芳 2 , 梁磊 2, * , 何蓉蓉 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1633-1642
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1633 -1642
黄芪激活潜伏HSV-1诱发“上火”的成分和机制研究
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郑亚思1, 2, 张孝伦2, 任凌志2, 周正群2, 邹德华2, 牛杰2, 龚海标2, 黄丰1, 李怡芳2, 梁磊2, * , 何蓉蓉1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1云南中医药大学中药学院, 云南 昆明 650500
  • 2暨南大学, 广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心/广东省中药药效物质基础及创新药物研究重点实验室/暨南大学中药及天然药物研究所/暨南大学中医学院/暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632
通讯作者:
梁磊, E-mail:
何蓉蓉, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

郑亚思、张孝伦负责实验、数据分析统计和论文撰写; 任凌志、邹德华、牛杰、龚海标负责协助实验和数据分析; 周正群、黄丰、李怡芳、梁磊参与实验方案设计指导、论文修改; 何蓉蓉负责指导实验设计、提供研究经费, 论文修改。

The components and mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus in inducing "Shanghuo" by reactivating latent HSV-1
Ya-si ZHENG1, 2, Xiao-lun ZHANG2, Ling-zhi REN2, Zheng-qun ZHOU2, De-hua ZOU2, Jie NIU2, Hai-biao GONG2, Feng HUANG1, Yi-fang LI2, Lei LIANG2, * , Rong-rong HE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
  • 2Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Research on the Pharmacological Basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Innovative Drugs/Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University/ School of Traditional Chinese Medicine/ School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1406
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本研究基于中医“气有余便是火”的理论观点, 探讨甘温补气类中药黄芪在过量应用时是否诱发“上火”现象, 并分析其相关成分与潜在机制, 以期加深对其药性的理解并为临床精准使用提供参考。通过建立I型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-1) 潜伏感染的小鼠“上火”模型, 本研究系统观察了小鼠一般状态、行为学表现, 并检测了病毒相关基因与蛋白表达以及脂质过氧化等指标。结果显示, 黄芪及其各组分干预后, 小鼠出现眼部炎症、口渴多饮、大便干结及多动不安等“上火”表现, 同时伴随脑内潜伏HSV-1的激活, 以及脂质过氧化相关蛋白花生四烯酸15-脂氧合酶(arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase, ALOX15) 与4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) 表达上升; 在肠组织中, 酪氨酸蛋白激酶(cluster of differentiation 117, c-Kit) 蛋白表达下调, 4-HNE水平升高。组分分析进一步表明, 黄芪多糖对行为学改变影响显著, 而低含量的黄芪异黄酮与皂苷同样可激活潜伏HSV-1。综上, 黄芪各组分可能通过协同作用激活潜伏HSV-1并诱发“上火”, 其机制可能与机体脂质过氧化反应增强有关。本实验已获暨南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(IACUC-20250417-04)。

黄芪  /  上火  /  HSV-1  /  眼部炎症  /  脂质过氧化

Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory that "excessive Qi transforms into fire", this study investigates whether overdose of the Qi-tonifying herb Astragalus membranaceus (AM) induces "Shanghuo" and analyzes the related components and underlying mechanisms. Using a mouse model of "Shanghuo" with latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, we systematically observed the general state and behavioral changes of the mice, and detected the expression of virus-related genes and proteins as well as lipid peroxidation-related indicators. The results showed that after intervention with AM and its components, the mice exhibited various "Shanghuo" symptoms, including eye inflammation, increased thirst and water intake, dry stool, and hyperactivity. These symptoms were accompanied by reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the brain, upregulation of lipid peroxidation-related proteins arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase (ALOX15) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), downregulation of cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117; c-Kit) protein expression in intestinal tissue, and elevated levels of the lipid peroxidation product 4-HNE. Further component analysis revealed that AM polysaccharides had a particularly significant impact on behavioral indicators, while low-content AM isoflavones and saponins also reactivated latent HSV-1. In conclusion, various components of AM may synergistically reactivate latent HSV-1 and induce "Shanghuo" potentially through enhancing lipid peroxidation in the body.This experiment has been approved by the Animal Experimental Ethics Committee of Jinan University (IACUC-20250417-04).

Astragalus membranaceus  /  Shanghuo  /  HSV-1  /  ocular inflammation  /  lipid peroxidation
郑亚思, 张孝伦, 任凌志, 周正群, 邹德华, 牛杰, 龚海标, 黄丰, 李怡芳, 梁磊, 何蓉蓉. 黄芪激活潜伏HSV-1诱发“上火”的成分和机制研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1633 -1642 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1406
Ya-si ZHENG, Xiao-lun ZHANG, Ling-zhi REN, Zheng-qun ZHOU, De-hua ZOU, Jie NIU, Hai-biao GONG, Feng HUANG, Yi-fang LI, Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE. The components and mechanisms of Astragalus membranaceus in inducing "Shanghuo" by reactivating latent HSV-1[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1633 -1642 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1406
“上火”是指人体阴阳失衡、内火旺盛而致的一类证候群, 临床表现症状为咽喉肿痛、口腔溃疡、口渴、小便短赤、大便干结等。本课题组长期从事“上火”的科学内涵研究, 提出“上火”是一种生理过程中不协调的应激性反应, 是失去机体内环境稳定状态的身心疲劳综合征, 是一种“疾病易感状态”[1, 2]。中医理论认为“气有余便是火”, 指出气的过盛可转化为病理之火[3]。黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus) 是补气类中药的经典代表, 其性甘温, 被誉为“补气之长”[4], 具有广泛的药理活性与临床应用前景[5], 但其过量使用则可能助火化热, 引发“上火”相关症状[6, 7]。中药药性是其功效的依据, 而功效又归因于其本身所含的化学成分, 即性之根本, 物质所在; 性之不同, 其质迥异[8]。鉴于黄芪属药食同源之品, 日常食用很多, 解析其引起“上火”的成分和可能的机制, 对于临床精准使用和加深对其“药性”的理解均具有重要意义。
根据《上火的诊断和治疗指南》明确了“上火”的诊断标准, 具备1个主症或2个次症即可确诊[9], 其中头面部主症包括牙龈肿痛、口腔溃疡、目赤干涩、唇口疱疹等; 次症包括口渴、舌痛、大便干结、心烦等。鉴于“上火”引发的头面部症状(如口唇热疮、面红目赤、头痛耳鸣等) 与HSV-1复发的症状相似[1, 10], 本课题组在前期研究中, 成功构建了相应的HSV-1潜伏动物模型, 非常适合用于评价“上火状态”[2, 11]。因此, 为了揭示黄芪导致“上火”的现代药理学机制和主要物质基础, 本研究从黄芪中提取三大主要有效成分——黄芪多糖、黄芪异黄酮、黄芪皂苷, 利用HSV-1潜伏感染小鼠模型, 深入探讨其是否具备诱导“上火”的效应并探讨其潜在生物学机制, 以期为临床合理、科学应用黄芪提供实验依据和参考。
实验动物  7周龄的雄性BALB/c小鼠, 48只, 购于南方医科大学实验动物中心, 实验动物许可证号: SCXK (粤) 2021-0041。小鼠适应性喂养1周后进行实验。本研究涉及的动物感染实验和动物样本采集在生物安全Ⅱ级(BSL-2) 实验室进行。动物福利和实验过程均遵循暨南大学动物伦理委员会的规定(批准号IACUC-20250417-04)。
药物与试剂  黄芪(广东大翔中药制药有限公司, 批号HX24L01); 苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, HE) 染色试剂盒、RIPA裂解液(碧云天生物技术有限公司, 货号C0105M-1、P0013C); 羊抗兔-辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP) 标记二抗、显影液、TEMED (杭州弗德生物公司, 货号FDG007、FD8020、FD2100); 羊抗鼠-HRP标记二抗(Signalway Antibody公司, L3032); 糖蛋白B (glycoprotein B, GB) 抗体、4-羟基壬烯醛(4-hydroxynonenal, 4-HNE) 抗体、花生四烯酸-15-脂加氧酶(arachidonate 15-lipoxy-genase, ALOX15) 抗体、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 抗体(英国Abcam公司, 货号ab6506、ab46545、ab125066、ab244205); 感染细胞多肽27 (infected cell polypeptide, ICP27) 抗体(Santa Cruz公司, 货号sc-69806); GAPDH抗体(弗德生物, 货号FD0063); 免疫组化试剂盒(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司, 货号KGC3201-60); cluster of differentiation 117 (CD117; c-Kit) 抗体(Cell Signaling Technology公司, 货号3074)。
仪器  小动物麻醉仪(上海玉研科学仪器有限公司, 型号ABS-4); 万分之一天平(德国Sartorius公司, 型号BS210); 多功能组织研磨仪(上海净信科技有限公司, 型号QM100); 化学发光显影仪(上海天能科技有限公司, 型号Tanon-5200); 玻片扫描系统(日本Olympus, 型号VS200); 石蜡切片机(德国Leica公司, 型号RM2255)。
病毒  本研究用的HSV-1毒株(F株) 由暨南大学王一飞课题组馈赠。病毒使用DMEM稀释。
药物制备  中药黄芪药材300 g经10倍量水浸泡过夜, 热回流提取两次, 每次2 h; 随后, 残渣经10倍量95%乙醇-水提取两次, 每次2 h, 合并两次提取液减压回收溶剂, 得116.8 g黄芪总提取物(HQ)。HQ经HP-20大孔吸附树脂柱层析, 依次用体积比为0∶100、45∶55和95∶5的乙醇-水洗脱, 得到3个馏分(HQ1、HQ2、HQ3)。其中, HQ1的提取率为30.74%, HQ2和HQ3的提取率分别是1.67%和1.00%。根据课题组前期研究[12-14]结果, HQ1为多糖富集部位, HQ2为异黄酮富集部位, HQ3为皂苷富集部位。
动物分组与处理  将BALB/c小鼠随机分组, 分别为正常对照组和病毒组。使用异氟烷麻醉小鼠后, 通过鼻滴感染HSV-1病毒(每只1×106 PFU, 20 μL), 正常对照组(control) 鼻滴相同体积DMEM。感染40天后检测潜伏基因LAT以验证潜伏成功性。将潜伏成功的小鼠分为潜伏对照组(latent)、黄芪总提取物组(HQ)、黄芪多糖组(HQ1)、黄芪异黄酮组(HQ2)、黄芪皂苷组(HQ3), 每组8只。黄芪总提取物按照中国药典(2020年版) 规定的成人日用最高剂量(即生药量为30 g·70 kg-1 BW) 的4倍等效剂量进行给药。给药剂量按体表面积换算(人鼠等效剂量系数9.1), 按照等效剂量系数折算, 每日使用生药量为15.6 g·kg-1, 根据收率计算, 各组给药剂量分别为黄芪总提取物6.07 g·kg-1·d-1, 黄芪多糖4.80 g·kg-1·d-1、黄芪异黄酮0.26 g·kg-1·d-1、黄芪皂苷0.16 g·kg-1·d-1。在给药期间, 给药组每日灌胃一次, 而正常对照组和潜伏对照组每日接受相同体积的生理盐水灌胃。整个给药周期为6周。在最终取材前, 所有实验动物均禁食18 h。
生理指标监测  每日记录摄食饮水量, 每周记录小鼠眼部炎症、体重、体温、3 h排便量、粪便含水量。
眼部炎症评分[15]眼部评分包括两项, 分别是眼睑评分和炎症分泌物评分。眼睑评分标准: 边缘薄, 无明显红肿为0分; 眼睑边缘局部肿胀和发红为1分; 眼睑边缘显示局部肿胀和可见的血管网络为2分; 眼睑边缘肿胀, 外侧发红肿胀, 为3分。炎症分泌物标准: 没有黏液分泌物为0分; 黏液分泌物在腕管和泪体处聚集为1分; 黏液分泌物聚集于腕、泪腺和眼睑边缘为2分; 黏液分泌物在附着点聚集, 导致眼周毛发被打结(伪膜) 为3分。
旷场实验(open field test, OFT)  摆好旷场箱体, 在箱体正中垂直上方设置固定摄像头, 调整好拍摄角度和焦距, 打开行为学视频记录分析软件, 设置好实验参数; 将小鼠放置于箱体(30 cm × 30 cm) 内, 录制视频6 min; 采用EthoVision XT 17视频行为学分析软件分析小鼠的移动总距离和活动频率。本研究在旷场实验分析中预设了一个客观的数据有效性标准: “剔除在6分钟测试内, 静止不动时间占比超过99.5%的小鼠”; 目的是排除因过度焦虑导致行为失真的无效数据。
自我梳理行为(grooming)  将小鼠放在干净的饲养笼中, 观察并记录10 min内小鼠的自我梳理次数及持续时间。
RT-PCR检测小鼠三叉神经节中LAT基因的表达  依照试剂盒说明书提取三叉神经节的总RNA, 检测RNA纯度和浓度, 将提取的RNA用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA, PCR扩增目的基因。逆转录反应体系20 μL, 反应条件为37 ℃, 15 min; 85 ℃, 5 s; 4 ℃; PCR扩增反应体系为25 μL, 反应程序为94 ℃, 3 min; 30个循环(94 ℃, 30 s; 55 ℃, 30 s; 72 ℃, 1 min); 72 ℃, 5 min。引物由上海生工生物有限公司合成(表1)。
免疫组织化学法检测小鼠脑组织中GB抗原和4-HNE的表达  脑组织脱水后用石蜡包埋; 切片; 用二甲苯常规脱蜡; 乙醇梯度水化; 抗原修复; 打孔、封闭、一抗(4-HNE为1∶100, GB为1∶500稀释配制) 孵育过夜, 室温孵育二抗; DAB工作液显色; 苏木素染核; 乙醇梯度脱水; 中性树脂封片。
Western blot法检测小鼠脑和肠组织中相关蛋白的表达  称取组织约10 mg, 使用RIPA强效裂解液提取总蛋白。BCA试剂盒测定蛋白浓度, 加入上样缓冲液沸水浴10 min。取30 μg蛋白样品上样, 经SDS-PAGE电泳后转至PVDF膜, 经5%脱脂牛奶封闭2 h, 加入一抗(1∶1 000), 4 ℃孵育过夜; TBST洗膜后, 加入二抗(1∶5 000) 孵育, ECL显影, 采用Image J软件分析目的蛋白条带灰度值, 蛋白的相对表达水平以目的蛋白与内参蛋白GAPDH的光密度比值表示。
统计学分析  实验数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.0进行统计分析及作图, 数据以均值±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示。组间对比: 采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA); 重复测量数据: 采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)。所有统计检验均以P < 0.05说明差异具有统计学意义。
人体处于“上火”状态时, 常表现为头面部皮肤黏膜的红、肿、热、痛, 并伴有口渴、大便燥结等全身性“热症”。为观察此类症状, 本研究对小鼠的日常生理指标进行了持续监测。结果显示, 与正常组相比, 潜伏组小鼠眼部未出现感染症状; 而黄芪及各组分给药6周后小鼠眼部周围有掉毛现象, 角膜上有一层灰白色沉积物, 通过对每组小鼠的眼部炎症进行评分, 发现潜伏组小鼠的角膜炎症复发率为0, 黄芪总提取物组(HQ) 小鼠的角膜炎症复发率为62.5%, 多糖组(HQ1) 小鼠的角膜炎症复发率为50%, 异黄酮组(HQ2) 小鼠的角膜炎症复发率为37.5%, 皂苷组(HQ3) 小鼠的角膜炎症复发率为50%, 此现象与“上火”证的头面部炎症主症相符(图1A、B)。
在给药后3周起, 各给药组小鼠的体重均出现显著下降(P < 0.001, 图1C)。结合每日摄食量(图1D) 分析, 黄芪及各组分给药组小鼠的摄食量亦显著低于潜伏组(P < 0.001), 可能病毒激活导致小鼠摄食量减少, 从而体重下降。各组小鼠体温在监测期间无明显差异(P > 0.05, 图1E), 说明黄芪及各组分不是通过体热诱导小鼠上火。每日饮水量(图1F) 结果显示, 与潜伏组相比, 黄芪总提取物组、多糖组、皂苷组每日饮水量均显著上升(P < 0.001), 此现象与“上火”证的全身次症“口渴多饮”相符。小鼠粪便分析显示(图1G、H), 与潜伏组对比, 给药第三周后, 各给药组小鼠大便排便量和粪便含水量均显著降低(P < 0.001), 此现象与“上火”证的全身次症“大便干结”相符。
根据临床诊断标准[9], “上火”会伴随一些行为、情绪波动。旷场实验常用于评估小鼠的探索行为与自发活动性, 其活动增加可反映躁动状态[16]。小鼠的自我梳理行为常用作评估动物模型的精神情绪, 焦躁不安的小鼠表现出更多的自我梳理行为[17, 18]。因此本研究观察了小鼠的旷场行为和自我梳理行为, 以探究黄芪及其组分对情绪相关“上火”症状的影响。在第6周的旷场实验中, 本研究应用预设标准对所有数据进行了筛选。每组初始8只小鼠中, 各有2只因满足剔除标准, 予以排除。为确保不同行为学测试之间个体的匹配一致性与结果可比性, 本研究将此剔除名单统一延伸至所有时间点及其他相关行为学测试(如自我梳理行为)。即所有行为学分析均基于与第6周旷场实验相同的6只有效小鼠进行。该方法确保所有行为学结果来源于同一批有效样本, 有效避免了因不同测试纳入不同个体而可能引入的混杂因素。旷场行为实验结果显示(图2A~C), 与潜伏组比较, 在给药3周后, 黄芪总提取物组小鼠移动总距离和活动频率显著增加(P < 0.01), 多糖组出现活动频率显著增加(P < 0.05)。给药至6周时, 多糖组(P < 0.05) 和皂苷组(P < 0.05) 小鼠的活动频率与移动距离也显著高于潜伏组, 而异黄酮组与潜伏组相比(P > 0.05) 无差异。自我梳理行为分析表明(图2D、E), 与潜伏组对比, 给药6周时, 总提物组(P < 0.001) 和多糖组(P < 0.05) 小鼠的自我梳理行为的次数和持续时间均显著增加。以上结果表明, 给予黄芪总提取物和黄芪多糖可诱导小鼠出现焦躁不安、多动等类似“上火”症状。
当HSV-1病毒处于潜伏状态时, LAT基因是其唯一显著转录的基因。在此期间, LAT编码的非编码RNA通过抑制病毒裂解基因的表达, 从而维持病毒的潜伏状态[19]。为了确认HSV-1潜伏感染模型建立成功, 本研究采用RT-PCR检测了LAT的表达。结果(图3A) 显示, 与正常组相比, 潜伏组表达LAT基因, 证实小鼠处于潜伏感染状态, 表明模型成功建立。Western blot结果(图3B) 和免疫组织化学染色结果(图3C) 显示, 与潜伏组相比, 黄芪及各组分组小鼠的脑组织中ICP27蛋白和GB抗原均显著表达。以上结果表明, 黄芪及各组分能诱导HSV-1复发。
现代医学提出过氧化及抗氧化平衡状态与体内的阴阳制约过程相关[20], 机体所表现的“上火”与“泄火”的生理反应可能是对应机体内的过氧化和抗氧化过程[21]。为了探究脂质过氧化在黄芪诱导HSV-1复发过程中的作用, 本研究检测了小鼠脑组织中与脂质过氧化相关的关键蛋白4-HNE、ALOX15和GPX4的表达水平。Western blot结果显示(图4A~C), 与潜伏组对比, 各给药组4-HNE (HQ, P < 0.01、HQ1, P < 0.01、HQ2, P < 0.05、HQ3, P < 0.05) 与ALOX15 (HQ, P < 0.001、HQ1, P < 0.001、HQ2, P < 0.05、HQ3, P < 0.05) 表达水平均显著升高; 然而, 各组间GPX4表达则未观察到明显变化(P > 0.05)。免疫组织化学染色结果(图4D) 进一步表明, 与潜伏组相比, 各给药组脑组织中4-HNE抗原阳性的表达水平明显升高, 提示脂质过氧化产物积累增加。
c-Kit受体(CD117) 由原癌基因c-Kit编码, 是一种关键的跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体, 作为干细胞因子的受体参与多种生理过程的调控。研究表明, c-Kit蛋白功能异常可导致肠道Cajal间质细胞功能受损, 进而减弱肠道蠕动, 与便秘或大便干燥等症状密切相关[22]。本研究发现, 黄芪能诱导小鼠出现“大便干结”这一“上火”次症, 本课题组推测该现象可能与肠道c-Kit信号通路受阻或肠道局部氧化应激水平升高有关。为了验证这一假设, 本研究检测了肠道组织中c-Kit蛋白以及氧化应激标志物的表达。Western blot结果表明(图5A), 与潜伏组对比, 各给药组c-Kit蛋白表达均显著降低(HQ, P < 0.01, HQ1, P < 0.01, HQ2, P < 0.05, HQ3, P < 0.05)。在氧化应激指标方面, 总提物组和多糖组4-HNE蛋白表达显著升高(P < 0.05), 而异黄酮组和皂苷组未见明显变化(P > 0.05) (图5B); 各组间GPX4则无显著差异(P > 0.05) (图5C)。
在中医理论中, “火”被视为阳气亢盛所致的病理状态, 既可表现为局部实热症状, 如红肿、灼痛, 也可呈现为虚热证候, 如五心烦热、潮热盗汗等[23]。临床上, “上火”诱因复杂, 与情志应激、环境燥热、饮食失节等因素相关, 经典症状包括口舌生疮、目赤肿痛、便秘、口渴等[9]。值得注意的是, “上火”的诸多症状在发生与发展上, 与现代医学中的病毒感染, 尤其是疱疹病毒家族的潜伏与激活, 表现出显著的相关性。课题组前期研究发现, HSV-1激活引起颜面部红肿、热痛等症状, 这与“上火”中的头面部火热表现具有相通之处[1]。因此, 本课题组提出, HSV-1潜伏复发可作为契合中医药作用特点的病证结合模型, 为研究“上火”的病机及相关中药药效表征提供了可重复的动物模型基础。黄芪性甘温, 过量使用可能助火化热, 引发“上火”相关症状。本研究进一步证实, 黄芪及其组分可诱发“上火”相关主次症并促进HSV-1病毒激活; 机制上, 脑组织ALOX15表达上调, 脂质过氧化产物4-HNE累积, 提示脂质过氧化增强是关键通路, 同时肠道c-Kit下调与便秘表型相一致, 揭示过量黄芪导致的“上火”为多系统协同失衡的综合状态。进一步分析黄芪不同成分的作用发现, 含量较高的黄芪多糖对行为学指标影响最为显著, 而含量较少的异黄酮和皂苷类也能激活病毒潜伏状态, 提示黄芪的“上火”效应并非单一成分所致, 而是不同组分协同作用的结果。这不仅揭示了“上火”临床表现的复杂性, 也为中药复方中不同成分的协同与拮抗效应提供了实验参考, 同时, 进一步加深了研究者对中药药性“性之根本, 物质所在”的理解, 对于临床精准使用药材具有重要意义。
从现代医学角度看, “上火”与机体的氧化应激状态密切相关, 机体处于“上火”时, 自由基过量生成而抗氧化防御不足, 导致氧化与抗氧化平衡失调, 并进一步引发脂质代谢紊乱[21]。多中心临床队列研究发现, 伴有口腔溃疡症状的“上火”患者, 其血液及唾液中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD) 水平显著低于正常对照, 提示抗氧化能力下降[24]。此外, Duan等[25]利用高分辨率质谱脂质组学技术分析发现, “上火”人群的血浆脂质代谢谱与正常人存在明显差异, 表现为不同程度的脂质代谢异常。脂质过氧化是机体脂质稳态失衡与氧化应激中的核心环节, 该过程通过直接攻击生物膜的多不饱和脂肪酸结构, 破坏细胞膜的流动性、完整性及通透性, 最终导致细胞发生不可逆的结构性损伤[26, 27]。这种链式反应的启动、执行与防御涉及多种关键因子: 其中, 4-HNE作为典型的终末脂质过氧化产物, 反映组织氧化损伤水平[28]; ALOX15作为关键酶可催化多不饱和脂肪酸氧化[29]; 而GPX4则通过清除脂质过氧化物发挥保护作用[30]。ALOX15催化PUFA-PL生成初始的氢过氧化物(PL-OOH)。这些PL-OOH不稳定, 在铁离子(Fe2+) 存在下, 通过芬顿反应或进一步的裂解反应, 生成大量具有高度反应性的醛类产物, 其中4-HNE是主要代表[31, 32]。GPX直接靶向ALOX15等酶催化生成的脂质过氧化物; 以GSH为供氢体, 将PLOOH还原为无毒的脂质醇(-OH), 同时将GSH氧化为GSSG[33]。其动态平衡是维持细胞脂质稳态的核心; 一旦失衡, 便会成为氧化应激相关疾病的病理驱动力[27, 34]。本研究结果显示, 黄芪及其各组分干预显著上调4-HNE水平。进一步进行机制摸索, 发现脑组织ALOX15亦显著上调, 值得注意的是, GPX4未见显著下降, 表明黄芪可能主要通过增强脂质过氧化驱动通路, 而非抑制抗氧化机制, 从而推动“上火”的病理进程。
除中枢神经系统外, 本研究还发现肠道c-Kit蛋白表达下调, 与动物大便燥结症状相符, 表明“上火”并非单一器官或单一路径的反应, 而是表现为神经、免疫、消化系统等的多维度功能失衡。这一“头面部局部症状”和“全身行为、功能障碍”的综合表型, 与中医关于“上火”涉及多系统失调的病机认识高度契合。本研究的发现与课题组前期关于人参和枸杞子的研究形成了有力的对照与互补。前期研究[35]从中药药性理论出发, 通过对比温热性的人参与平性的枸杞子, 发现人参能显著诱导HSV-1再激活, 而枸杞子则无此作用。两项研究均成功利用“HSV-1潜伏-中药干预”这一病证结合模型, 证实了温热药性中药(如黄芪、人参) 可打破机体稳态, 诱发“上火”症状并激活潜伏病毒, 这些研究也对于如何深入系统地研究中药药性理论提供了参考。
综上所述, 本研究在HSV-1潜伏复发的模型基础上, 系统揭示了黄芪诱发“上火”的表型特征及其分子机制, 强调了脂质过氧化在其中的关键作用。研究结果不仅为阐明“上火”的现代病理机制提供了实验依据, 也为临床合理使用黄芪、平衡其补益作用与潜在不良反应提供了科学参考。未来研究可进一步挖掘黄芪“甘温”补气药性的深入药理学机制, 解析其功效作用关键分子事件, 并为进一步研究清热泻火中药及中药临床的精准应用奠定基础。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1406
  • 接收时间:2025-11-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-25
  • 修回日期:2026-01-15
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    1云南中医药大学中药学院, 云南 昆明 650500
    2暨南大学, 广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心/广东省中药药效物质基础及创新药物研究重点实验室/暨南大学中药及天然药物研究所/暨南大学中医学院/暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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