Article(id=1308841897876091123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1381, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763568000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-20, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981825559, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1783785600000, pubDateStr=2026-07-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981825559, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981825559, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981825559, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841897058198067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='7', pageStart='2377', pageEnd='2820', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783785600000', pubDateStr='2026-07-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981825365, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984154811, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851667525792022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841897058198067, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2417, endPage=2427, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841898488459508, articleId=1308841897876091123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Applications and future prospects of microreactors in smart pharmaceutical manufacturing, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microreactors and related technologies, as key components of continuous manufacturing, offer significant advantages in pharmaceutical production, including enhanced manufacturing flexibility, substantial cost reduction, shortened reaction times, improved production efficiency, environmental sustainability, and strengthened supply chain resilience. They are widely regarded as a core enabling technology for realizing continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing and driving the transformation and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the integration of microreactors with artificial intelligence and automation technologies has reshaped the traditional large-scale production paradigm of "reactor-production line-manufacturing plant", giving rise to new characteristics such as intelligent controllability, operational flexibility, and mobility, as well as modular and stepwise integration, and on-demand production. This paper systematically reviews the performance characteristics of various types of microreactors in pharmaceutical synthesis and their potential applications in intelligent, continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. Furthermore, it analyzes the development of intelligent and distributed pharmaceutical synthesis systems enabled by the deep integration of artificial intelligence and chip-based microreactors, aiming to achieve continuous, precise, and emergency-responsive drug production, thereby providing important support for the digitalization and intelligent transformation of pharmaceutical manufacturing.

, authors=Zi-xuan FAN1, Song LI2, Yang LIU1, *, Wu ZHONG2, *, authorsList=Zi-xuan FAN, Song LI, Yang LIU, Wu ZHONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang LIU, Wu ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841901780988163, articleId=1308841897876091123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=微反应器在药物智能制造中的应用和发展前景, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微反应器及相关技术作为连续制造的重要组成部分, 具有提升药物生产灵活性、显著降低成本、缩短反应时间、提高生产效率、绿色环保及增强供应链韧性等方面的显著优势, 被视为实现药物连续制造、推动行业转型升级的核心。特别是将微反应器与人工智能、自动化技术相结合, 重塑了规模化制备“反应釜-生产线-制造基地”的传统模式, 体现出智能可控、移动灵活、分步组合和即时生成等新特点。本文系统综述了不同类型微反应器在药物合成过程中的性能特点和在药物智能合成方面的应用前景, 分析了人工智能与芯片式微反应器深度融合所构建的智能化、分布式药物合成体系, 旨在实现药物的连续化、精准化及应急化生产, 为医药制造业的数字化与智能化转型提供重要支撑。

, authors=樊梓萱1, 李松2, 刘洋1, *, 钟武2, *, authorsList=樊梓萱, 李松, 刘洋, 钟武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘洋, 钟武, authorNote=

作者贡献:

樊梓萱负责论文撰写、图片绘制; 刘洋对论文的图片及格式进行指导; 李松、钟武对论文的构思与质量进行指导, 以及论文修订和定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘洋, E-mail:
钟武, E-mail:
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Temperature/℃FITC/eqConversion rate of traditional method/%Continuous manufacturing conversion rate/%
43-1093.35-99.3392.48-99.72
233-1082.89-95.8988.10-99.76
373-1090.52-96.2382.16-95.67
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Conversion rate of FITC-labeled experiments under traditional methods and flow conditions. FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate

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Temperature/℃FITC/eqConversion rate of traditional method/%Continuous manufacturing conversion rate/%
43-1093.35-99.3392.48-99.72
233-1082.89-95.8988.10-99.76
373-1090.52-96.2382.16-95.67
), ArticleFig(id=1308841906923204920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841897876091123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Microreactor typeCharacteristicAdvantageLimitation
Chip-based microreactorMicro-scale structure; efficient heat and mass transfer; minimal liquid holdup; closed reaction systemHigh efficiency and purity; intrinsic process safety; integrated continuous flow; intelligent precision controlComplex and high-cost fabrication; clogging risks and limited stability; difficult scale-up flow control
Capillary microreactorSimple and compact structure; low fluid resistance; modular and flexible integration; minimal material consumptionLow cost and easy assembly; versatile catalytic compatibility; scalable numbering-upFlow-dependent and mixing limits; stringent material purity; limited extreme condition tolerance
Membrane dispersion microreactorMicroporous membrane dispersion; precise interface control; controlled residence time; anti-deposition membrane designHigh mixing and product purity; compatible with slurry systems; scalable via dimension expansion; process stability and consistencyMembrane durability; limited corrosive compatibility; precision-dependent dispersion
Tube-in-tube microreactorConcentric tube structure; high-performance permeable membrane; flexible flow path switching; modular integrated configurationEfficient gas-liquid mass transfer; precise gas dosage control; versatile gas reaction support; minimal volatile material lossHigh membrane material cost; fouling and performance decay; limited multi-phase compatibility
), ArticleFig(id=1308841906998702393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841897876091123, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Characteristics and limitations of different types of microreactors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Microreactor typeCharacteristicAdvantageLimitation
Chip-based microreactorMicro-scale structure; efficient heat and mass transfer; minimal liquid holdup; closed reaction systemHigh efficiency and purity; intrinsic process safety; integrated continuous flow; intelligent precision controlComplex and high-cost fabrication; clogging risks and limited stability; difficult scale-up flow control
Capillary microreactorSimple and compact structure; low fluid resistance; modular and flexible integration; minimal material consumptionLow cost and easy assembly; versatile catalytic compatibility; scalable numbering-upFlow-dependent and mixing limits; stringent material purity; limited extreme condition tolerance
Membrane dispersion microreactorMicroporous membrane dispersion; precise interface control; controlled residence time; anti-deposition membrane designHigh mixing and product purity; compatible with slurry systems; scalable via dimension expansion; process stability and consistencyMembrane durability; limited corrosive compatibility; precision-dependent dispersion
Tube-in-tube microreactorConcentric tube structure; high-performance permeable membrane; flexible flow path switching; modular integrated configurationEfficient gas-liquid mass transfer; precise gas dosage control; versatile gas reaction support; minimal volatile material lossHigh membrane material cost; fouling and performance decay; limited multi-phase compatibility
), ArticleFig(id=1308841907086782778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841897876091123, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodApplication areaData requirementAdvantageLimitation
Modular design and AI optimizationAI-driven retrosynthesis; intelligent feasibility assessment; robot-reconfigurable flow system; automated small molecule synthesisLow data dependencyHigh automation efficiency; flexible system configuration; superior process optimizationHigh reliance on expert experience; human-driven process optimization
Artificial neural networks and pattern learningHigh reliance on expert experience; human-driven process optimizationMolecular structure dataset dependence for model trainInnovative molecular prediction and recognition capabilityHigh data demand and poor interpretability
Bayesian optimization methodsApplicability for multi-field research and development and chemical reaction condition optimizationLow initial data dependence and small-scale experiment characteristicsCharacteristics of low-budget efficient global search and mechanism-free parallel experimental designPerformance limitation in high-dimensional discrete space and high parameter tuning cost characteristics
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Modular design and AI optimizationAI-driven retrosynthesis; intelligent feasibility assessment; robot-reconfigurable flow system; automated small molecule synthesisLow data dependencyHigh automation efficiency; flexible system configuration; superior process optimizationHigh reliance on expert experience; human-driven process optimization
Artificial neural networks and pattern learningHigh reliance on expert experience; human-driven process optimizationMolecular structure dataset dependence for model trainInnovative molecular prediction and recognition capabilityHigh data demand and poor interpretability
Bayesian optimization methodsApplicability for multi-field research and development and chemical reaction condition optimizationLow initial data dependence and small-scale experiment characteristicsCharacteristics of low-budget efficient global search and mechanism-free parallel experimental designPerformance limitation in high-dimensional discrete space and high parameter tuning cost characteristics
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微反应器在药物智能制造中的应用和发展前景
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樊梓萱 1 , 李松 2 , 刘洋 1, * , 钟武 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(7): 2417-2427
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (7) : 2417 -2427
微反应器在药物智能制造中的应用和发展前景
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樊梓萱1, 李松2, 刘洋1, * , 钟武2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学制药工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2国家应急防控药物工程技术研究中心, 北京 100039
通讯作者:
刘洋, E-mail:
钟武, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

樊梓萱负责论文撰写、图片绘制; 刘洋对论文的图片及格式进行指导; 李松、钟武对论文的构思与质量进行指导, 以及论文修订和定稿。

Applications and future prospects of microreactors in smart pharmaceutical manufacturing
Zi-xuan FAN1, Song LI2, Yang LIU1, * , Wu ZHONG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2National Engineering Research Center for the Emergency Drug, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2026-07-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1381
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微反应器及相关技术作为连续制造的重要组成部分, 具有提升药物生产灵活性、显著降低成本、缩短反应时间、提高生产效率、绿色环保及增强供应链韧性等方面的显著优势, 被视为实现药物连续制造、推动行业转型升级的核心。特别是将微反应器与人工智能、自动化技术相结合, 重塑了规模化制备“反应釜-生产线-制造基地”的传统模式, 体现出智能可控、移动灵活、分步组合和即时生成等新特点。本文系统综述了不同类型微反应器在药物合成过程中的性能特点和在药物智能合成方面的应用前景, 分析了人工智能与芯片式微反应器深度融合所构建的智能化、分布式药物合成体系, 旨在实现药物的连续化、精准化及应急化生产, 为医药制造业的数字化与智能化转型提供重要支撑。

微反应器  /  连续流  /  连续制造  /  药物合成  /  智能制造

Microreactors and related technologies, as key components of continuous manufacturing, offer significant advantages in pharmaceutical production, including enhanced manufacturing flexibility, substantial cost reduction, shortened reaction times, improved production efficiency, environmental sustainability, and strengthened supply chain resilience. They are widely regarded as a core enabling technology for realizing continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing and driving the transformation and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, the integration of microreactors with artificial intelligence and automation technologies has reshaped the traditional large-scale production paradigm of "reactor-production line-manufacturing plant", giving rise to new characteristics such as intelligent controllability, operational flexibility, and mobility, as well as modular and stepwise integration, and on-demand production. This paper systematically reviews the performance characteristics of various types of microreactors in pharmaceutical synthesis and their potential applications in intelligent, continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing. Furthermore, it analyzes the development of intelligent and distributed pharmaceutical synthesis systems enabled by the deep integration of artificial intelligence and chip-based microreactors, aiming to achieve continuous, precise, and emergency-responsive drug production, thereby providing important support for the digitalization and intelligent transformation of pharmaceutical manufacturing.

microreactor  /  continuous flow  /  continuous manufacturing  /  drug synthesis  /  intelligent manufacture
樊梓萱, 李松, 刘洋, 钟武. 微反应器在药物智能制造中的应用和发展前景. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2417 -2427 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1381
Zi-xuan FAN, Song LI, Yang LIU, Wu ZHONG. Applications and future prospects of microreactors in smart pharmaceutical manufacturing[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (7) : 2417 -2427 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1381
连续制造正逐步成为替代传统间歇式生产工艺的关键方案[1], 并在石油化工领域得到广泛的应用, 推动了行业对安全强化与绿色制造转型。然而, 由于原料药制造过程普遍存在反应周期长、工艺条件严苛、物料体系复杂及纯化流程繁琐等问题, 连续制造模式在该领域尚未得到充分推广和应用。1980年末至1990年初, Manz等[2]提出了一种小型化“全化学分析系统”的模块化构建方案, 通过将样品预处理、反应、分离与检测等功能集成于微通道网络中, 这标志着微流控真正作为“系统化理念”被推广。微流控技术作为一种成熟的技术, 推动连续制造在制药行业的应用, 特别是2019年冠状病毒疫情所凸显的全球制药供应链脆弱性问题, 则进一步加速了该技术在药物规模化制备中的应用落地及提升了产业关注度, 二者协同推动连续制造技术成为药物合成领域的重要研究方向。
微流控技术是通过微反应器装置实现反应物的连续流动与混合, 在密闭体系中完成化学反应过程[3]。该技术是一种基础平台技术, 研究在微米尺度通道中对微量流体进行精确操控的方法; 微反应器则是微流控技术在化学工程领域中的具体应用形式, 利用微通道结构实现高效、安全的化学反应过程, 是微流控系统的一个功能子集。传统反应釜体系存在批次间差异大、生产周期长及过程控制滞后等局限性。连续制造的生产模式具有高传质与高传热效率、精准控制反应条件、缩短反应时间及提升产物纯度等显著优势, 可有效提升反应的收率、选择性及安全性[4]。
在各种类型的微反应器中, 芯片式微反应器因其体积小、高比表面积及优异的传质性能, 逐渐成为智能制造领域的研究热点。芯片式微反应器能够在微尺度空间内实现反应物的高效混合与能量传递, 并具有制备过程可视化与条件可调控等特征, 为药物从批量生产向自动连续化、规模化生产的转化提供了重要技术支撑[5]。随着数据科学的进步, 将人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI) 技术与微流控技术融合, 形成了融合AI算法与自动控制系统的“智能微流”技术[6]。研究者们通过机器学习、模式识别与自适应反馈控制方法, 实现了反应过程的实时监测、动态优化与智能调节。这种以微反应器为基础的智能制造新范式, 借助生产单元的模块化集成和灵活部署优势, 有力推动了药物生产由传统的“自动化”模式向具备自感知、自决策能力的“智能化”模式的跃进(图1)。这一变革有望重塑药物研发到生产的全生产周期, 推动制药工业的数字化转型。
根据反应器类型, 连续流反应可分为管式与微反应器两类。管式反应器主要由反应管、泵及控制系统组成, 原料和催化剂被连续输送入反应管进行反应。微反应器(或微通道反应器) 由金属、玻璃、石英等高强度材料制成, 通道直径一般为10~100 μm。主通道可分为芯片式、毛细管式、膜分散式、套管式等多种类型[3]。
芯片式微反应器制作依赖于光刻、软光刻、热压印、微加工、3D打印及电蚀等技术[7, 8]。由于芯片式反应器的体积较小, 故其储液量极少, 即使发生反应失控或发生泄漏, 涉及的危险物料量也极少, 使用芯片式微反应器显著提升一些高危反应(如硝化、氟化、过氧化等) 的安全性。
氯吡格雷(clopidogrel) 是一种广泛应用于预防心血管疾病的P2Y12受体抑制剂[9, 10], 传统合成路线通常以2-噻吩乙胺或2-溴-1-(2-噻吩基)-1-乙酮为原料合成氯吡格雷, 在合成过程中使用卤代苯甲醛、氯化锡、硫酸在内的危险试剂。同时Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd公司的专利[11]中还报道了利用拆分剂得到S-氯吡格雷的合成方法, 该方法原子利用率差, 单次拆分产率仅为28%~30%。
芯片式微反应器凭借其超高的比表面积、高效传质传热效率及封闭的环境, 为该药物合成提供了新路径。2025年, Mirchi等[12]首先利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对不同结构的微混合器和微反应器进行建模与仿真, 并通过计算流体动力学验证, 最终确定Y型结构为最佳反应模型。在此基础上基于Evans等[13]的一步合成方案使用CuBr2催化剂实现氯吡格雷消旋混合物的合成。合成流程如图2A所示, 将CuBr2 (0.19 mol·L-1) 的二甲基亚砜溶液中加入原料1 [2-(2-氯苯基)乙酸甲酯(2.11 mol·L-1)], 上述溶液与原料2 [4, 5, 6, 7-四氢噻吩并[3, 2-c]吡啶(5.89 mol·L-1)], 分别通过微混合器的两个入口同时注入, 50 ℃常压反应, 停留时间65 min, 总产率达38.9%。而在间歇式反应中, 所需相同时间产率仅11.2%, 合成效率提升显著, 但是合成产率有待进一步提升。而传统拆分方法原子利用率低的痛点尚未通过微反应器技术突破, 随着技术成熟与成本下降, 芯片式微反应器可能实现更加广阔的应用。
苯海拉明(diphenhydramine) 是组胺H1受体阻滞剂, 对中枢神经的抑制性较强, 临床上主要适用于皮肤组织过敏[14]。苯海拉明的全球需求量每年超过100吨, 生产需求大[15]。传统反应中以二甲氨基乙醇、溴代二苯甲烷为原料、碱的作用下在175~200 ℃高温条件下进行, 生成副产物较多, 增加了后处理的难度。2013年Snead等[15]对该药物虽开发了管式连续流的制备方法, 但因产物呈熔融膏状, 面临管路堵塞及残留微量杂质的风险[16]。
相比之下, 芯片式微反应器在处理高粘度体系时展现出更优的传递性能。如图2B所示, 2017年Loren等[17]利用芯片式微反应器实现了苯海拉明的合成、在线萃取及监测的全流程制备。采用玻璃制造19.5 μL微反应器芯片, 内部配备交错定向脊形混合器, 有利于实现高效混合。反应原料与传统釜式反应保持一致, 设定温度为150~200 ℃、压力为10~20 bar的条件下在芯片式微反应器中停留1~10 min后进入另一个T型接头与由质量流量控制器精确控制的氮气汇合, 形成气液分段流。随后这些被气体段分隔的液滴通过一段管路在-20 ℃温度下形成结晶。反应在200 ℃下效率达到最高水平, 生产速率为128 mg·h-1, 最后通过电子压力调节器(electronic pressure regulator, EPR) 生成氮气分段喷雾, 实现从反应器到质谱仪的快速液滴输送。相较间歇式反应进行后处理操作, 使用芯片式微反应器实现苯海拉明从合成、纯化到检测的全流程合成, 并最大限度减少废物并缩短纯化步骤和生产时间[14]。
5-[4′-甲基-(1, 1′-联苯)-2-基]-1-三苯甲基-1H-四唑(MBPTT) 是制备多种血管紧张素Ⅱ拮抗剂的关键中间体, 这类药物属于沙坦类药物[18, 19], 包括氯沙坦钾、坎地沙坦、三苯甲基奥美沙坦、缬沙坦、三苯甲基坎地沙坦酯、三苯甲基厄贝沙坦等[20]。
在传统有机合成中, 该化合物主要由5-[4′-甲基-(1, 1′-联苯)-2-基]-1H-四唑(MBPT) 在单氯苯、甲苯不同溶剂中采用无机碱(碳酸钾、碳酸铯) 或有机碱(三乙胺、N, N-二甲基氨基吡啶) 与三苯基氯化物或溴化物反应进行三苯基化反应。使用批次反应器在混合、传热与过程放大等方面存在明显不足[21], 并且反应体系的非均一性与累积放热量往往导致产率不稳定及副产物增加, 产率83%至92.6%不等。此外, 大体积釜式反应器在操作时往往面临热量滞留与安全隐患, 难以满足绿色化与工业化生产的要求。
为克服上述限制, 2017年Maralla等[22]采用康宁研发的心形微反应器(advanced flow reactor, AFR) (图3A), 这种心形结构通过周期性弯曲和扩张, 使液体在流动过程中不断改变方向, 增强局部混合效果, 从而强化反应过程, 有效解决了传统体系的混合不均与热控制性能不足等问题。该装置具有“反应-换热”多层结构, 其“平推流, 无返混”的设计显著提升了微混效率与热通量密度。在相同反应体系中, AFR的优化效果尤为显著, 仅需27 s停留时间即可实现95.18%的产率, 而批次体系需约2 h反应最高可达到92.6%的转化水平, 时间效率提升约250倍。此外, 微反应器极小的内部容积(约0.45 mL) 大幅降低了潜在的危险物料的储量, 从根本上提升了反应的安全性。
抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate, ADC) 是近年来发展迅速的一类靶向治疗药物, 通过将细胞毒性药物精准递送至靶细胞, 从而显著降低系统性毒性[23], 并达到治疗效果。然而, 在传统的间歇式偶联体系中, ADC的制备长期面临产品异质性高、反应控制困难及纯化复杂等问题。常用的赖氨酸或半胱氨酸偶联方法往往导致不同程度的标记分布, 使药物-抗体比(drug-to-antibody ratio, DAR) 难以精确控制[24]进而影响药物的药代动力学特性和临床一致性。
2015年Sebeika等[25]以牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA) 及治疗性英夫利昔单抗为模型体系, 比较了传统合成条件与连续流条件下的牛血清蛋白、异硫氰酸荧光素(fluorescein isothiocyanate, FITC) 标记实验。结果显示(表1), 在FITC标记实验中, 传统方法进行赖氨酸链接FITC与BSA偶联所需时间长达720 min。并且在传统体系中, 温度、反应时间与FITC当量的变化对反应结果影响较大, 难以实现精确控制。而连续流反应在保持99%转化率的同时, 标记数量较传统体系提高3倍, 并在更低温度下实现了更高的标记效率。在N-琥珀酰亚胺基-4-氟苯甲酸酯(4-azido-2, 3, 5, 6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid N-succinimidyl ester, FSB) 与英夫利昔单抗的偶联实验中(图3B), 传统条件下需1~3 h才能实现部分重链与轻链标记; 而流动体系仅需60 s即可完成轻链标记, 且未观察到重链的修饰, 显示出更高的选择性与反应可控性, 并且不会破坏抗体的Fc功能区。这表明连续制造技术在提升ADC制备的均一性、选择性及反应速率方面具有显著优势, 为生物偶联与精准药物制造提供了极具前景的解决方案。
药物共晶是指活性药物成分与共晶形成体通过氢键、范德华力及π-π堆积等非共价键结合形成的合物[26], 共晶技术能够在不改变药物药理活性的前提下, 显著改善难溶性药物的溶解度、溶出速率及稳定性[27], 可为药物研发提供新思路。
传统共晶方法中, 配制浓度为1%的4-氨基水杨酸和磺胺二甲嘧啶的乙醇溶液, 随后与0.1%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(polyvinylpyrrolidone, PVP) K25水溶液在样品瓶中混合, 于20 ℃条件下静置过夜, 使溶剂挥发得到共晶。结果显示, 传统共晶方法中PVP作为粘合剂常常由于其无定形特性抑制了共晶的形成, 导致晶型复杂和杂质残留。在对样品进行粉末X衍射时发现传统蒸干结晶法中存在磺胺二甲嘧啶原料残留[28], 原料转化不完全。
相比于传统的蒸发方法, 2023年Kara等[28]利用芯片式微反应器强化共晶过程, 共晶过程如图3C所示。所用原料与传统结晶方法相同, 混合液体流经芯片式微反应器, 在20 ℃条件下静置过夜使溶剂挥发。通过光学显微镜观察显示, 采用芯片式微反应器进行药物共晶, 抑制了针状晶体的生成, 形成了形态均匀的球形共晶, 进一步对样品进行粉末X衍射, 未发现磺胺二甲嘧啶原料的残留。芯片式微反应器的使用有效控制了4-氨基水杨酸和磺胺二甲嘧啶共晶的形态与纯度。由此可见流动控制芯片在药物共晶方面具有合成效率高, 晶体生长更均匀, 纯度高的优点, 为其他药物共晶提供一种全新的思路。
毛细管式微反应器是由毛细管通过与微混合器、恒温装置等结合构建组成, 其材质包括全氟烷氧基链烷、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚醚酮、不锈钢和石英玻璃[29]等。
卢非酰胺(rufinamide) 是一种钠离子通道调节剂, 临床上主要用于局灶性癫痫发作及Lennox-Gastaut综合征的辅助治疗[30]。卢非酰胺制备的关键步骤为1, 2, 3-三唑的合成, 传统间歇反应采取Huisgen构建三氮唑的方法, 由Rostovtsev等[31]、Tornøe等[32]改进的叠氮化物-炔烃1, 3-偶极环加成反应是目前构建1, 2, 3-三唑骨架最常用的方法。其中Rostovtsev方法以苯基炔丙基醚和苄基叠氮为原料构建三氮唑, 需在92 ℃条件下反应18 h, 反应温度较高, 时间较长。在合成过程中, 还可能产生有毒和爆炸性的叠氮酸, 反应风险高, 效率低[33]。由于这些原因, 有机叠氮化物在更大规模环境中的合成、处理、分离的过程中更需考虑安全限制。
2019年, Ahn等[34]提出以选用铜毛细管作为反应器, 将反应器自身作为催化剂, 以2, 6-二氟苄基叠氮和丙炔酰胺为原料反应生成卢非酰胺, 在流动的同时催化反应进行。研究提出一种新型编号反应器系统(图4), 由不锈钢流量分配器与催化剂反应模块组成, 保持每个单元内最优反应条件的同时, 设置25个完全相同的微反应单元(铜毛细管) 并行排列作为反应模块。通过烘箱控制整个放大反应器系统温度且恒定于110 ℃。连续运行1 h后, 生产了超过30 g卢非酰胺, 收率稳定在73%。新系统的生产效率相比2014年Zhang等[33]使用单个毛细管生产效率提高约25倍。
传统的ADC制备方法采用随机连接到赖氨酸或半胱氨酸残基, 这导致了偶联的结构异质性, 进而影响了药物的稳定性和疗效。传统方法中半胱氨酸偶联需分两步批次操作, 即先在反应釜中完成抗体还原, 纯化后再转移至另一反应器进行马来酰亚胺偶联, 全程耗时数小时至数十小时。为解决这一问题2022年Nakahara等[23]首次将流动化学技术应用于抗体偶联药物的合成, 通过采用V型不锈钢微混合器(内径0.25 mm) 串联两段反应器由两段不锈钢毛细反应管构成, 内径均为0.75 mm, 长度分别为8.0和4.0 m, 依次实现“抗体还原(37 ℃, 3 min)”与“药物—连接子偶联(25 ℃, 1.5 min)”的无缝衔接, 无需中间体纯化步骤, 总反应时间缩短至4.5 min。这种“一步连续化”思路, 打破了ADC偶联依赖批次操作的传统范式, 大幅提升了工艺效率。该方法通过减小反应时间和简化反应步骤, 显著提高了反应效率和可控性, 避免了传统批量反应器中常见的聚集问题。在2024年Matsuda等[35]再次开发了一种名为“AJICAP-M”技术, 解决了将细胞毒素(载荷) 通过连接子与抗体结合过程中的高活性载荷操作高暴露风险及位点选择性ADC难以实现连续化生产的产业化适配难题。采用了无痕亲和肽介导的位点选择性偶联技术。通过使用改良的可以特异性结合IgG Fc区的亲和肽试剂, 精确地将药物负载物连接到抗体的特定位点(如Lys248和Lys288), 满足不同ADC的设计需求。与传统方法相比, “AJICAP-M”技术不仅提高了ADC的稳定性, 减少了药物释放的风险, 还简化了生产流程, 特别是在生产过程中实现了连续流合成, 约5 min就能完成位点选择性ADC的制备, 并且质量与批式相当。从而提升了生产的效率和可扩展性。但是该方法也存在局限性, 仅适合IgG Fc区的Lys248和Lys288, 若修饰其他位点或其他抗体类型, 就需要重新设计亲和肽。总的来说, 该研究团队在近几年的研究通过创新的化学合成方法和技术优化, 成功地克服了传统ADC生产方法中存在的稳定性、结构异质性、生产过程复杂性等问题, 为抗体药物的精确制备提供了新的方向。这些研究不仅为今后的药物制造提供了技术支持, 也推动了ADC领域向着更高效、更稳定、更可扩展的方向发展。
膜分散式微反应器由两个不锈钢样品板和一个微孔膜组成[36]。微孔膜作为分散介质, 用于实现液-液两相或气-液体系的高效分散与混合[37, 38]。连续相通过直角弯管进入反应器, 与通过膜的分散相混合, 混合物再经另一个直角弯管以达到增强混合的效果。合理的膜结构和流动设计可减少颗粒在壁面的沉积, 适合连续生产。
哌拉西林(piperacillin) 是一种半合成氨脲苄类抗假单胞菌青霉素, 具有广谱、低毒性和强杀菌效果[39], 用于治疗由铜绿假单胞菌和敏感的革兰阴性杆菌引起的多种感染[40, 41]。目前哌拉西林的合成是以氨苄西林(ampicillin, AMP)、4-乙基-2, 3-二氧-1-哌嗪甲酰氯和氨水为原料在反应釜中完成反应。由于混合效果差导致产生较高的杂质含量, 杂质D、杂质E (图5) 的含量超出药典规定标准[42]。
2021年Kockmann等[43]根据膜分散式反应器的微混合性能可通过混合敏感化学反应[44]来表征。通过改变混合器的几何结构和操作条件, 评估其微混合性能, 并进行混合效应的模拟, 设计混合效果最好, 产生杂质最少的微反应器通道的尺寸, 最终设计得到膜尺寸和横截面积尺寸为2 mm × 0.7 mm和2 mm × 1 mm的微反应器(图5)。通过膜分散式微反应器使原料混合效率增强, 实现了哌拉西林的合成, 同时降低了杂质的含量, 最终产品纯度超过99.7%, 符合药典标准[45]。进一步结合实验与模拟数据, 将膜尺寸和横截面积从2 mm × 0.7 mm和2 mm × 1 mm分别放大至6.5 mm × 2.5 mm和6.5 mm × 3.5 mm用于规模放大反应, 实现每批次的合成规模从15 g逐步提升至1 kg。
随后对氨水与EPDC的传输距离、循环速度、溶液流速、反应溶液pH值进行优化, 获得了哌拉西林产物, 产率为94.70%。相比于传统反应釜中杂质含量超过药典标准, 采用膜分散式反应器合成的哌拉西林纯度超过99.7%, 符合药典规定。
套管式微反应器(tube in-tube reactor, TiTR) 由两根同心套管组成, 通过不锈钢T型接头连接。内管是Teflon AF-2400材质(外径1 mm, 内径0.8 mm), 具有气体选择性渗透性。气体在压力驱动下透过半透膜(AF-2400) 扩散到液体流中[46]。反应器本身具有结构兼容性使其能无缝对接在线检测仪器, 且TiTR并非单一反应组件, 而是具备“反应-输送-检测”一体化的模块化结构。可通过膜材料的光学透明性配合红外光谱及通过反应体系的封闭性适配核磁共振检测, 形成“原位反应-实时监测”的闭环系统, 这是传统反应器所不具备的优势。TiTR的体积传质系数高达0.1~1 s-1, 气液界面面积可达4 000~10 000 m2·m-3。该反应器结合气泡计数等技术, 10 min内即可完成气体在离子液体中的溶解度测定, 相对偏差 < 8%[47, 48], 气体可通入内管或外管, 液体则流经另一侧, 形成气-液界面, 实现高效、可控的气体与反应液混合, 并支持多种气体反应: O2、O3、CO、H2、CO2、NH3、合成气等[49]。
法奈替唑(fanetizole) 是一种抗炎药物, 通过抑制炎症细胞的迁移和活化, 从而减轻组织损伤和炎症反应。目前正推进Ⅱ期临床试验以治疗类风湿性关节炎[50]。传统方案通过反应釜合成中间体硫脲需要用到过量的氨气[51], 制备成本高, 并且氨气对合成管路具有腐蚀性。
相比于其他微通道反应器, 套管式反应器可以使反应溶液与气体充分混合。2013年Pastre等[46]采用套管式微反应器进行法奈替唑的合成(图6A), 首先将异硫氰酸酯的二甲醚溶液输送至外管, 管道内层的壁面为半透膜材料(Teflon AF-2400), 氨气从内管输送至外管层, 0 ℃条件下氨气与异硫氰酸酯反应生成硫脲。进一步对反应条件进行了优化, 最后确定仅需0.06 equiv氨气即可实现完全转化, 远低于间歇反应时使用的7 equiv, 最终以99%总收率得到约70 g法奈替唑。相比于在传统反应釜中反应, 使用套管式反应器明显减少了氨气的使用量。
传统批次反应器在完成蛋白类药物如抗体、疫苗的无细胞蛋白合成时, 氧气从气相缓慢扩散至液相反应底物中, 且无持续的气体补充与混合机制, 导致反应体系内氧浓度随反应进行逐渐下降, 常面临蛋白产量低、合成周期长的瓶颈[52, 53]。2020年Lin等[54]将含大肠杆菌细胞提取物、DNA模板的反应底物注入TiTR内管, 氧气流和氮气流分两路在反应器外端流动, 氮气用来调节氧气浓度, 不参与反应。氧气通过高透气性Teflon AF-2400膜渗透至内管, 以实现高效供氧, 使sfGFP (superfolder green fluorescent protein) 正确折叠实现荧光蛋白的合成(图6B)。TiTR可强化氧气的传递, 仅需1~1.5 h使绿色荧光蛋白的产量较使用传统批次反应器提升40%。进一步研究发现, 当通过TiTR将反应体系中氧气浓度精准调控至21%时, 通过荧光强度法测得蛋白浓度达到峰值, 证实了高效且稳定的供氧对蛋白类药物合成的关键作用。同年该团队还将利用TiTR供氧应用于抗体、疫苗、病毒样颗粒及抗菌肽等4类重要生物制药蛋白的无细胞合成[55], 结合在线纯化工艺, 实现了目标蛋白的高效制备, 验证了TiTR在蛋白类药物按需合成中的普适性。
不同微反应器的特点及局限性如表2所示, 需要指出的是, 不同类型微反应器在实际应用与规模放大过程中仍各自存在一定局限性, 其适用性在进行大宗化学品合成时需考量成本、在工艺放大稳定性及运行效率等方面仍需综合权衡。除此之外, 微反应器仍具广阔应用前景。
药物智能合成一体化是指一种融合了自动化合成硬件、人工智能、高通量合成能力及集合成-纯化-分析-数据为一体的体系。该体系能够根据药物靶点智能设计药物并显著提升合成效率及具有可重复和规模化的潜力, 从而加速药物的开发[56, 57]。实现这种合成策略首先要依靠的就是微反应器对药物的自动化合成, 再根据微反应器与不同类型的AI算法、在线监测、在线纯化等模块的融合从而实现目标分子的逆合成路径设计、反应条件预测实现药物结构设计与合成。在2019年Coley等[58]提出了一种结合人工智能与流动化学的自动化有机合成平台, 建立了“AI规划+ 机器人流动合成”的自动化平台, 降低合成实验的人工依赖, 为药物与有机分子的自动化、规模化合成提供了可实施的技术示范。2021年Doyle团队[59]在《Nature》发布贝叶斯优化框架, 报道了一套贝叶斯反应优化框架及开发一款开源软件工具, 在针对钯催化C-N偶联反应中, 通过收集钯催化直接芳基化反应的大型基准数据集, 并系统对比了“贝叶斯优化”的方案与“依赖经验”的方案在实际实验中数据。研究结果表明, 贝叶斯优化的结果在平均优化效率和结果一致性两方面均优于依赖专家经验的结果。50次实验产率全部大于99%, 可将贝叶斯优化方法融入实验室工作中, 通过数据驱动制定更合理的实验方案, 从而更高效地合成功能化学品。2025年Krishnan等[60]基于人工神经网络进行自动特征提取与模式学习的人工智能方法对抗生素重新设计, 成功设计并合成出具有抗菌活性、独特作用机制的先导化合物, 为探索全新领域提供了新平台。体内实验结果表明, 设计出的抗生素对多耐药淋病奈瑟菌和金黄色葡萄球菌展现出显著疗效。
这些案例体现了人工智能在药物智能合成体系中扮演关键角色, 利用AI算法、人工神经网络与模式学习在药物设计环节尤为突出[61]。为缩短药物研发时间, 提升合成效率, 以及为一些耐药性疾病提供全新的治疗药物奠定基础, 彰显了AI在全新药物研发领域的巨大潜力。在此基础上, 本文进一步系统总结了当前人工智能算法在药物研发中的核心应用领域、数据需求及核心优劣势, 具体内容如表3所示。
然而, 微反应器与人工智能的深度融合仍面临多重挑战。其一, 微反应器作为自动化合成的核心单元, 其微观尺度下的传质传热过程具有高度动态性与非线性特征, 流速、温度等关键参数难以与AI算法的输入输出逻辑实现精确适配; 其二, AI驱动的药物分子设计当前主要聚焦于确保候选分子在体内外实验中达到预期活性标准, 而对合成可行性的考量相对不足。例如, 当AI设计的分子结构过于复杂时, 可能导致微反应器合成产物收率低、纯度差或合成成本过高等问题; 其三, 针对小众靶点药物的设计, 往往缺乏充足的训练数据支撑, AI难以有效进行合成路线规划, 仍需高度依赖研究人员的专业经验。
在极端环境或突发情况下, 药物能否实现持续稳定生产对保障公共健康至关重要。美国食品药品监督管理局数据显示, 2011至2014年间每年报告的药品短缺案例超过200例[62]。这些短缺的根本原因源于传统批量生产的局限性, 例如质量控制的波动和供应链中断等问题。更严重的是, 由于特定军需药品的供应商数量有限, 往往产生供不应需的情况。为解决上述问题, 2015年日本Flow Science & Technology Consortium公司开发了名为iFactory的高度灵活智能制造系统(图7A), 其生产线可根据目标产品进行生产的动态重构, 实现按需生产与精准制造。iFactory的每个模块集成了化学反应、结晶等关键单元操作, 并通过可重组的模块实现不同工艺流程的快速切换, 实现从原料输入到成品输出无需人工干预, 全流程系统化, 并且占地面积仅相当于一家便利店。更具创新性的是, 该团队提出了基于集装箱化设计的可移动生产系统, 可通过卡车运输设备至指定地点, 实现药物的现场快速制造与供应, 为未来的个性化制药和应急药品生产提供了新的解决方案[63]。2016年Adamo等[64]与麻省理工合作开发了一个连续制造平台, 将合成与最终药物制剂的配制整合到一个高度紧凑的单元中。作为一种即插即用的冰箱级设备(尺寸1.0 m × 0.7 m × 1.8 m), 可实现复杂多步骤合成、多级在线纯化、合成后处理、结晶、实时过程监控等操作, 最终制备高纯度药物产品。通过麻醉类药物苯海拉明、利多卡因、地西泮、精神类药物氟西汀等合成实例展示了该连续流系统可在一个平台中实现药物的生产。
以上这种“按需制造”模式是基于结合微反应器、微流控技术与自动化控制的小型化、模块化生产单元, 为药物按需制造提供了新的解决方案[16], 为未来药品快速供应、小规模患者群体定制化生产、应急药物与军需药物的生产提供了重要技术基础。通过将化学合成、纯化、质量监测等单元集成于紧凑的平台中, 并结合数字化控制与人工智能算法, 实现了从原料输入到成品输出的连续化运行。这类系统体积小、可移动性强, 可部署于医院、偏远地区或应急现场, 在保障药品质量一致性的同时显著缩短生产与供应周期。此外, 移动化生产模式还支持多品种、小批量的药物生产甚至可结合3D打印技术实现个体化药物的生产, 降低对库存和运输依赖, 增强供应链韧性[65-68]。总体而言, 人工智能与微反应器技术的融合, 为构建分布式、按需响应的药物移动化生产体系奠定了关键技术基础, 是未来药物制造模式的重要发展方向之一。
综上所述, 微反应器在药物合成领域展现出显著的技术优势与应用潜力。相较于传统釜式反应器, 微反应器凭借其优异的传质传热效率、精确可控的反应条件及稳定安全的操作特性, 有效解决了传统工艺中生产周期长、混合不均匀等关键问题, 从而显著提升反应速率与生产效率。在规模化生产方面, 微反应器因其体积小、参数易于调控的结构特点, 不仅实现了精准控温与危险放热中对热量的有效管控, 还大幅降低了试剂消耗量, 为反应条件的快速筛选与工艺放大提供了有力支撑, 加速了产业化进程。
未来, 人工智能与芯片式微反应器的深度融合将成为重要发展方向, 基于云控制中心的智能化连续制造系统有望实现多区域的智能化连续制造[69] (图7B), 其模块化与便携性特征可有效保障产品质量一致性。在重大公共卫生与安全突发事件中, 微反应器集群可作为移动化应急生产单元, 提升应急响应能力, 提高面对自然灾害和大流行病的供应韧性; 也可分布在前线作战基地以快速生产救命药物, 快速构建分布式药物制备体系。此外, 因其小型化、模块化的特征, 具备在太空任务中部署的潜力, 可为长期太空作业提供医疗保障。然而, 当前技术发展仍面临若干瓶颈: 一是人工智能远程控制存在延迟, 可能引发反应失控风险; 二是现有AI模型难以适配不同类型及厂家的微反应器设备。针对上述问题, 可通过开发跨反应器类型的智能强化学习算法、建立统一的数据接口标准、构建高精度预测模型等途径加以解决。此外, 芯片式微反应器与3D打印技术的融合为精准医疗开辟了新路径, 有望实现个体化药物合成与靶向递送, 但高昂的设备与运营成本制约了中小型企业的参与。对此, 构建“AI-微反应器共享实验室”的协同创新平台, 并采用按使用时长计费的服务模式, 将有效降低技术门槛, 促进资源共享与跨领域协作, 加速科研成果的产业化落地[70, 71]。
综上, 微反应器、人工智能及相关技术的持续创新与智能化升级将为医药制造领域提供核心技术支撑, 从而推动医药制造业的数字化转型, 对提升公共卫生安全保障能力及优化医药产业结构等方面具有重要的战略意义。

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2026年第61卷第7期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1381
  • 接收时间:2025-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-07-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-20
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
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    1沈阳药科大学制药工程学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2国家应急防控药物工程技术研究中心, 北京 100039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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