Article(id=1308841362729034705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1364, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763308800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-17, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981697970, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981697970, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981697970, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981697970, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1881, endPage=1890, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841362942944210, articleId=1308841362729034705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Immunoinflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic advances in metabolic disease prevention and management, columnId=1308841198912106713, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Frontier Target Discovery and Molecular Pharmacological Mechanisms of Major Diseases, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, have become major global public health challenges. Their pathogenesis is closely linked to dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the central role of immunoinflammation underlying metabolic diseases, with emphasis on the interactive mechanisms between the immune system and metabolic system. It is broadly appreciated that metabolic disturbances trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, which exacerbates insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, and multi-organ damage through the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Among these, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, the dual role of neutrophil extracellular traps in vascular injury and fibrosis, and the regulatory functions of Tregs represent critical nodes in diseases progression. From this metaflammation perspective, intervention strategies are proposed at multiple levels: Lifestyle modifications serve as a foundation to effectively improve immune-inflammatory status; exploring the immunomodulatory potential of existing drugs for repurposing in metabolic disease treatment, such as lansoprazole; and emerging therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors also demonstrate strong effect on alleviating inflammatory responses. Collectively, these important advances not only deepen our understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying metabolic diseases, but also lay a theoretical foundation for developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, highlighting promising potential in extending healthspan.

, authors=Jing LIU1, 2, Ran-ran QIAO1, 2, Dan-dan ZHONG1, 2, Ying SUN1, 2, *, authorsList=Jing LIU, Ran-ran QIAO, Dan-dan ZHONG, Ying SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ying SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841363366568915, articleId=1308841362729034705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=免疫炎症调控: 代谢性疾病的防治研究进展, columnId=1308841199054713051, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 前沿靶标发现与重大疾病分子药理学机制研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

代谢性疾病如肥胖、2型糖尿病、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病等已成为全球公共卫生的重大挑战, 其发病机制与免疫炎症的异常调控密切相关。本文系统总结了免疫炎症在代谢性疾病中的枢纽作用, 重点探讨了免疫系统与代谢系统的交互机制。研究表明, 代谢紊乱过程中会引发慢性炎症, 进一步通过固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的参与, 包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和调节性T细胞等加剧胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织功能障碍及多器官损伤。从免疫炎症角度可以从多个层次干预代谢性疾病: 如生活方式调整作为基础手段, 可有效改善免疫炎症状态; 通过挖掘现有药物的免疫调节潜力, 老药新用(如兰索拉唑) 为代谢性疾病治疗提供新选择; 前沿代谢性疾病药物(如GLP-1受体激动剂、11β-HSD1抑制剂) 也对免疫炎症具有显著的改善作用。这些重要进展不仅深化了对代谢性疾病免疫机制的认识, 也为开发新型防治策略奠定了理论基础, 在医疗大健康领域具有广阔的应用前景。

, authors=刘婧1, 2, 乔然然1, 2, 钟丹丹1, 2, 孙莹1, 2, *, authorsList=刘婧, 乔然然, 钟丹丹, 孙莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙莹, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘婧负责文献检索、文章撰写; 乔然然、钟丹丹负责部分文献检索和图表制作; 孙莹负责指导论文撰写、修改论文并定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙莹, E-mail:
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免疫炎症调控: 代谢性疾病的防治研究进展
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刘婧 1, 2 , 乔然然 1, 2 , 钟丹丹 1, 2 , 孙莹 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 前沿靶标发现与重大疾病分子药理学机制研究 2026,61(6): 1881-1890
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药学学报 |专题报道: 前沿靶标发现与重大疾病分子药理学机制研究 2026 , 61 (6) : 1881 -1890
免疫炎症调控: 代谢性疾病的防治研究进展
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刘婧1, 2, 乔然然1, 2, 钟丹丹1, 2, 孙莹1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1徐州医科大学, 江苏省老年精准医学和衰老干预重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221004
  • 2徐州医科大学, 江苏省新药研究与临床药学重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221004
通讯作者:
孙莹, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘婧负责文献检索、文章撰写; 乔然然、钟丹丹负责部分文献检索和图表制作; 孙莹负责指导论文撰写、修改论文并定稿。

Immunoinflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic advances in metabolic disease prevention and management
Jing LIU1, 2, Ran-ran QIAO1, 2, Dan-dan ZHONG1, 2, Ying SUN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Geriatric Precision Medicine and Aging Intervention, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
  • 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, China
出版时间: 2026-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1364
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代谢性疾病如肥胖、2型糖尿病、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病等已成为全球公共卫生的重大挑战, 其发病机制与免疫炎症的异常调控密切相关。本文系统总结了免疫炎症在代谢性疾病中的枢纽作用, 重点探讨了免疫系统与代谢系统的交互机制。研究表明, 代谢紊乱过程中会引发慢性炎症, 进一步通过固有免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞的参与, 包括巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞和调节性T细胞等加剧胰岛素抵抗、脂肪组织功能障碍及多器官损伤。从免疫炎症角度可以从多个层次干预代谢性疾病: 如生活方式调整作为基础手段, 可有效改善免疫炎症状态; 通过挖掘现有药物的免疫调节潜力, 老药新用(如兰索拉唑) 为代谢性疾病治疗提供新选择; 前沿代谢性疾病药物(如GLP-1受体激动剂、11β-HSD1抑制剂) 也对免疫炎症具有显著的改善作用。这些重要进展不仅深化了对代谢性疾病免疫机制的认识, 也为开发新型防治策略奠定了理论基础, 在医疗大健康领域具有广阔的应用前景。

代谢炎症  /  免疫调控  /  代谢性疾病  /  巨噬细胞极化  /  靶向治疗

Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, have become major global public health challenges. Their pathogenesis is closely linked to dysregulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This review summarizes the central role of immunoinflammation underlying metabolic diseases, with emphasis on the interactive mechanisms between the immune system and metabolic system. It is broadly appreciated that metabolic disturbances trigger chronic low-grade inflammation, which exacerbates insulin resistance, adipose tissue dysfunction, and multi-organ damage through the involvement of both innate and adaptive immune cells. Among these, metabolic reprogramming of macrophages, the dual role of neutrophil extracellular traps in vascular injury and fibrosis, and the regulatory functions of Tregs represent critical nodes in diseases progression. From this metaflammation perspective, intervention strategies are proposed at multiple levels: Lifestyle modifications serve as a foundation to effectively improve immune-inflammatory status; exploring the immunomodulatory potential of existing drugs for repurposing in metabolic disease treatment, such as lansoprazole; and emerging therapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists and 11β-HSD1 inhibitors also demonstrate strong effect on alleviating inflammatory responses. Collectively, these important advances not only deepen our understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying metabolic diseases, but also lay a theoretical foundation for developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases, highlighting promising potential in extending healthspan.

metabolic inflammation  /  immunoregulation  /  metabolic disease  /  macrophage polarization  /  targeted therapy
刘婧, 乔然然, 钟丹丹, 孙莹. 免疫炎症调控: 代谢性疾病的防治研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (6) : 1881 -1890 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1364
Jing LIU, Ran-ran QIAO, Dan-dan ZHONG, Ying SUN. Immunoinflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic advances in metabolic disease prevention and management[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (6) : 1881 -1890 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1364
代谢性疾病包括肥胖、2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)、代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, MASLD)、高血脂(hyperlipidemia, HLP)、甲状腺功能减退症和痛风等, 近年来已成为全球重大的公共卫生挑战。最新统计数据显示, 2024年全球20~79岁成人糖尿病患者达5.89亿, 占该年龄段总人口的11.1%; 预计2050年将增至8.53亿[1]。随着疾病控制和药物研发近年取得长足进步, 部分代谢性疾病(如HLP和高血压) 的全球死亡率有所下降, 但是在东亚地区, 代谢性疾病流行率仍呈明显上升趋势。其发病机制受多种因素共同驱动, 包括遗传易感性、较高的内脏脂肪比例, 以及西化生活方式的快速普及[2]。研究指出, 即使体重正常, 但东亚人群仍面临显著的代谢异常风险, 提示代谢失衡与遗传背景和环境存在复杂的交互机制。在非洲等发展中国家, 代谢综合征的患病率也迅速上升; 这虽然与超重、久坐行为及不良膳食模式密切相关, 但更为主要的原因是缺乏有效的筛查和干预措施[2, 3]。这种复杂趋势凸显了当前以代谢指标为核心的干预模式存在明显局限性, 深入理解发病机制已成为迫切需求。
近年来, “代谢炎症” (metaflammation) 作为一种由营养过剩引发的慢性低度炎症状态, 日益被认为是驱动代谢性疾病发生发展的关键病理环节。该状态主要表现为非感染条件下免疫系统的持续激活, 伴随多器官炎症细胞浸润和促炎因子的异常释放[4]。Hotamisligil等[5]最早提出, 免疫系统与代谢系统在进化中长期协同, 促炎因子如TNF-α和IL-1β能够直接干扰胰岛素信号, 是免疫与代谢整合调控的核心体现。同时代谢炎症的发生与现代高脂、高糖、低纤维的“西方饮食”密切相关, 该饮食模式可导致肠道菌群失衡与屏障功能障碍, 诱发NLRP3炎症小体的激活并促进“训练性免疫”形成, 即先天免疫细胞的表观遗传与代谢重编程, 增强其对后续刺激的炎症反应能力[6]。
更为关键的是, 代谢器官本身已被重新定义为活跃的免疫场所。在肥胖状态下, 脂肪组织从惰性的能量储存库转变为活跃的免疫-内分泌器官。肥大的脂肪细胞通过分泌趋化因子(如CCL2) 大量招募循环中的单核细胞, 并促使其在组织内极化为促炎的M1型巨噬细胞, 这些细胞环绕在濒死的脂肪细胞周围形成“冠状结构”, 共同释放TNF-α、IL-6等炎症介质, 直接导致局部和全身性的胰岛素抵抗[7]。与此同时, 具有抗炎和稳态维持功能的免疫细胞群体, 如调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Tregs) 和M2型巨噬细胞, 其数量和功能在代谢紊乱环境中受到抑制, 加剧了免疫平衡的破坏[8, 9]。因此, 慢性低度炎症绝非代谢异常的被动结果, 而是驱动胰岛素抵抗、β细胞功能障碍、肝脏脂肪变性及纤维化等一系列病理进程的主动力。
基于上述研究, 系统性阐明免疫系统和炎症在代谢性疾病中的调控网络, 不仅具有重要的理论价值, 更是开发新型防治策略的迫切需求。本综述旨在系统梳理免疫炎症在代谢性疾病中的核心病理基础, 详细阐述固有免疫细胞与适应性免疫细胞如何通过其表型极化、代谢重编程及细胞间对话, 共同塑造病理性的免疫微环境。进而, 本文将从生活方式干预、老药新用及前沿靶向疗法3个层面, 综述当前基于免疫调控的多元化防治策略, 以期为代谢性疾病的精准防控提供全面的理论视角与创新的干预思路。
免疫系统在代谢性疾病中扮演着核心的调控角色。近年研究揭示, 由免疫细胞介导的慢性低度炎症是连接肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、T2DM及MASLD等疾病的关键病理桥梁。固有免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、树突状细胞) 通过其表型极化、胞外陷阱形成及抗原呈递等功能, 直接感知并响应代谢紊乱信号, 塑造器官特异性免疫微环境, 从而启动并维持代谢性炎症[10]。与此同时, 适应性免疫细胞(如T细胞、B细胞) 随后被招募和激活, 通过细胞因子分泌、细胞间接触及抗体产生等机制, 形成复杂的免疫调控网络[11]。这种免疫系统与代谢器官的双向对话, 深刻影响着机体的能量稳态、胰岛素敏感性及组织修复与纤维化进程, 使得免疫调控成为代谢性疾病发生发展不可或缺的重要过程。
固有免疫细胞是代谢性炎症的初始传感器和效应器。巨噬细胞在不同代谢微环境中极化为功能迥异的M1促炎表型或M2抗炎修复表型, 直接调控组织胰岛素敏感性、脂质代谢与产热[12]。中性粒细胞通过形成中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs), 在代谢应激下释放染色质和酶蛋白, 损伤血管内皮、加剧组织炎症, 但特定形式的NETs也可能限制炎症扩散。树突状细胞则作为免疫哨兵, 其糖酵解和脂肪酸代谢的重编程直接决定其迁移至淋巴组织并激活适应性免疫应答的能力, 从而将局部代谢紊乱信息传递给T细胞。这些固有免疫细胞的激活与功能失调, 共同构成了代谢性疾病早期免疫微环境紊乱的基础。
适应性免疫细胞则在此基础之上, 承担起免疫应答的精细化调控与长效记忆功能。Treg细胞通过抑制效应性免疫细胞活性, 在脂肪组织、肝脏等代谢器官中维持免疫耐受和稳态, 其功能缺陷与代谢炎症恶化密切相关。相反, CD4+ Th1和Th17细胞等促炎性T细胞亚群在高糖、高脂等代谢应激下异常分化与活化, 分泌IFN-γ、IL-17等细胞因子, 驱动胰岛素抵抗和组织损伤。B细胞不仅通过产生自身抗体参与病理过程, 还能通过抗体非依赖的方式调节T细胞应答及组织炎症, 其自身的脂质代谢通路更是其正常活化与抗体生成所必需[13]。因此, 适应性免疫系统通过其特异性和记忆性, 将急性代谢扰动转化为慢性的免疫失衡状态, 从而持久地影响疾病进程。
综上所述, 免疫系统通过固有免疫与适应性免疫的协同与序贯作用, 构成了一个精细而复杂的调控网络, 深度参与代谢性疾病的病理生理全过程。从固有免疫细胞对代谢危险信号的识别与初始炎症反应的建立, 到适应性免疫细胞的激活、分化及其长效的免疫记忆, 免疫机制贯穿于代谢稳态失衡的各个阶段。这一认知的转变, 促使代谢性疾病的治疗策略从单纯控制血糖、血脂, 转向同时靶向免疫系统调控。未来研究通过进一步解析特定免疫细胞亚群在特定代谢器官中的精确功能、其代谢重编程机制以及细胞间的互作网络, 将为开发免疫代谢干预新靶点、实现疾病的精准分层治疗提供革命性的理论基础。
在多种代谢性疾病的发生过程中, 免疫系统的激活, 会诱发炎症反应并级联扩大, 而炎症反应并非单纯的继发反应, 往往作为早期启动事件介入病程, 推动代谢器官功能失衡与病理进展。以下将以肥胖和T2DM为例, 探讨炎症在其发病初期中的关键致病作用。
肥胖不仅是能量摄入与消耗失衡的结果, 更是低度慢性炎症状态在机体代谢系统中持续激活的表现。已有研究证实, 肥胖状态下的脂肪组织不再是惰性的能量储存器官, 而转化为具有免疫活性的促炎环境, 自由脂肪酸可通过TLR4激活NLRP3炎症小体, 诱导IL-1β产生, 从而放大促炎反应; 高脂饮食会破坏肠道菌群稳态, 增加脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 进入循环, 进一步激活脂肪组织免疫细胞, 推动系统性炎症与胰岛素抵抗的发生[14]。在此基础上, 肥大脂肪细胞释放的趋化因子如CCL2可招募单核细胞分化为M1型巨噬细胞, 后者在脂肪组织中形成“冠状结构”, 并分泌TNF-α、IL-6等因子, 干扰胰岛素信号通路[15]。
T2DM作为一种慢性代谢性疾病, 其发病机制也与免疫炎症密切相关。研究表明, 慢性低度炎症是T2DM的重要特征, 在胰岛素抵抗和β细胞功能障碍中起关键作用[16]。Toll样受体(Toll like receptors, TLRs) 是机体天然免疫防御体系的关键构成要素, 可识别代谢紊乱中的损伤相关分子模式, 如高血糖和游离脂肪酸, 触发促炎细胞因子如TNF-α、IL-6的释放。这些炎症因子通过抑制胰岛素受体底物-1的磷酸化, 诱导胰岛素抵抗[17]。此外, 代谢产物如游离脂肪酸通过TLR4通路激活炎症信号, 进一步加剧炎症反应[5]。另有研究表明, 敲除TLR2基因可显著缓解T2DM相关炎症反应及肾脏病理改变[18]。这些发现进一步佐证了TLRs在免疫代谢过程中的重要调控作用。
综上, 炎症作为代谢失衡的早期驱动因素, 不仅在肥胖和T2DM中起核心作用, 也普遍参与多种代谢性疾病的发生与进展, 为阐明免疫与代谢互作机制提供了重要线索。
巨噬细胞作为广泛分布于人体各组织中的免疫细胞, 其功能多样性深刻影响着机体代谢稳态。活化后的巨噬细胞主要呈现为M1和M2两种极化表型, 这种表型分化受到微生物刺激、组织代谢微环境及细胞因子信号等多种因素的调控。不同极化状态的巨噬细胞通过参与代谢调节, 进一步影响多种疾病的发生发展。
M2型巨噬细胞作为抗炎修复表型, 其核心功能是通过调控代谢通路维持组织稳态, 在多种生理与病理过程中发挥保护作用。Tang团队[19]首次揭示了脂肪组织中M2样巨噬细胞的代谢调节机制, 发现它们通过分泌Slit3蛋白, 结合交感神经上的Robo1受体, 激活Ca2+/CaMKⅡ通路, 促进去甲肾上腺素释放, 进而增强脂肪细胞的分解代谢与产热, 提高小鼠的冷耐受能力。在肝脏代谢性疾病方面, 纤维化肝脏中的M2样巨噬细胞通过抑制坏死性凋亡-S100A9-坏死炎症轴, 在慢加急性肝衰竭中发挥重要的肝脏保护作用, 为治疗提供了新的潜在靶点[20]。这些研究提示, M2型巨噬细胞的抗炎特性有望成为代谢性疾病干预的重要方向。
相反, M1型巨噬细胞作为促炎表型, 是驱动代谢紊乱及相关疾病的关键因素, 其主要机制是通过炎症因子干扰正常代谢信号通路。M1型巨噬细胞分泌TNF-α、IL-6等炎症因子, 进一步放大炎症反应, 干扰脂肪细胞中的胰岛素信号传导, 导致胰岛素敏感性下降和胰岛素抵抗, 构成肥胖相关代谢综合征的核心病理环节。在肥胖状态下, 功能失调的脂肪组织微环境中富含饱和脂肪酸或LPS, 可通过激活巨噬细胞TLR4信号通路, 促进炎症因子分泌并诱导其向M1型极化[21-23]。NF-κB是调控巨噬细胞炎症基因转录的关键因子, 常见形式为p65/p50异二聚体。抑制NF-κB信号通路有助于改善胰岛素敏感性[24]。在肥胖相关炎症因子或LPS刺激下, 巨噬细胞内的IKKs磷酸化p65, 激活NF-κB通路, 从而促进炎症因子表达, 推动巨噬细胞向促炎性M1表型转化[25]。值得注意的是, M1型巨噬细胞的促炎特性在肿瘤领域表现出双重作用, M1型肿瘤相关巨噬细胞及其细胞外囊泡可通过传递microRNA发挥抗肿瘤效应, 并具备作为药物载体的潜力; 同时, 将促肿瘤的M2型巨噬细胞重编程为抗肿瘤M1表型, 也为癌症免疫治疗提供了新策略[26]。
综上所述, 巨噬细胞在免疫调控与代谢稳态维持中发挥关键作用。M1型巨噬细胞通过促炎反应参与胰岛素抵抗等病理进程, 而M2型巨噬细胞则通过抗炎与代谢调节维持组织稳态。现有研究揭示了巨噬细胞在能量代谢、肝脏保护及肿瘤免疫中的多重功能, 体现了其高度可塑性。深入解析巨噬细胞极化机制, 将为炎症性及代谢性疾病的精准干预提供重要理论依据。
1996年, Takei等[27]揭示了PMA通过激活PKC-羟基自由基通路诱导人中性粒细胞发生核融合后染色质解聚的非典型死亡, 该过程区别于典型凋亡/坏死, 且吞噬调理颗粒可触发类似自杀机制, NETs由此被发现。中性粒细胞是短寿命的粒细胞, 是抵御入侵病原体的初始防御, 可以通过吞噬作用、脱颗粒、产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 以及产生趋化因子和细胞因子来募集其他免疫细胞, 从而最大限度地提高宿主的免疫反应[28]。
在代谢性疾病的炎症微环境中, NETs的激活与调控呈现出复杂的病理意义。NETs的病理触发因素有很多, NETs形成始于中性粒细胞受刺激激活, 经PKC-Raf/MERK/ERK通路激活NOX复合物, 进而激活MPO、NE及PAD4。PAD4催化组蛋白瓜氨酸化, 促进染色质解聚, ROS诱导核膜分离丢失, 使染色质释放到细胞外; 细胞裂解后, DNA、citH3等释放形成胞外陷阱[29-31]。过程中会释放酶蛋白, 由于此非特异性作用, 使得NETs在代谢性疾病中扮演着“双重角色”, 直接影响疾病进展。相关研究揭示, 糖尿病通过上调PAD4表达, 促进中性粒细胞形成NETs, 从而阻碍伤口愈合。提示靶向NETosis或降解NETs可能成为促进糖尿病伤口愈合的新型治疗策略[32]。与此同时, 中性粒细胞活性的增加可能与中性粒细胞激活后从糖酵解主导代谢到PPP的代谢转变有关[33]。另一方面, 特定形式的NETs也展现出限制炎症的保护效应, 在痛风等中性粒细胞驱动的炎症疾病中, 高密度中性粒细胞在炎症部位形成的聚合中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网, 可通过蛋白酶降解过量的细胞因子和趋化因子, 从而限制炎症扩散, 促进炎症自发缓解[34]。综上, NETs在代谢性疾病中扮演着复杂角色。代谢异常如高血糖可激活NETosis, 释放的NETs通过损伤血管内皮、加剧炎症和组织损伤, 驱动疾病进展。然而, 特定NETs形式也可能限制炎症扩散。因此, 深入理解NETs在代谢性炎症中的双重作用及调控机制, 将为开发靶向干预新策略提供关键方向。
代谢紊乱伴随的慢性低度炎症主要发生在代谢器官的免疫微环境中。树突状细胞作为关键的免疫哨兵和协调者, 能敏锐感知局部代谢变化(如脂质、葡萄糖水平), 并通过其核心功能——抗原呈递, 将代谢信息转化为特定的T细胞免疫应答。树突状细胞是连接先天免疫反应和适应性免疫反应的抗原呈递细胞, 其不断感受病原或炎症的相关信号, 在没有炎症的情况下, 保持外周T细胞处于静息状态[35]。如果树突状细胞上的模式识别受体(PRR) 识别出病原体相关分子模式或损伤相关分子模式, 则树突状细胞会激活或发育成熟。其可表达一系列广泛的PRR, 包括表面和细胞核内体TLRs、C型凝集素和胞质传感器[36]。PRR活化后, 树突状细胞会转变基因转录、细胞形态和细胞代谢, 最终发育成熟、有效激活T淋巴细胞。它们激活了抗原呈递机制, 包括表达MHC Ⅱ类、共刺激分子和促炎细胞因子, 然后迁移到次级淋巴组织的T细胞区, 激活抗原特异性T细胞[37-40]。
树突状细胞在激活过程中会显著改变细胞代谢途径, 如氧化磷酸化、糖酵解、脂肪酸和氨基酸代谢, 这对它们的功能具有至关重要的影响。如糖酵解增加可促进树突状细胞激活和促炎功能, 即使在不同的树突状细胞培养物和体内离体亚群中也是如此。当采用细胞外酸化和耗氧率的方法评估BMDC代谢时, 用LPS等TLR激动剂刺激在几分钟内增加了BMDC中的糖酵解通量[41]。揭示了病原相关分子模式触发树突状细胞糖酵解重编程的快速响应特征。更为重要的是, 糖酵解的早期诱导是树突状细胞响应不同刺激的普遍代谢特征, 其通过维持细胞形态、驱动CCR7受体寡聚化, 对树突状细胞迁移至引流淋巴结至关重要, 且独立于线粒体生物能量学及长期HIF-1α依赖的代谢重编程[42]。这意味着糖酵解在树突状细胞启动适应性免疫应答的初始阶段即发挥不可替代的作用, 其功能异常将直接阻断免疫应答的启动环节。除糖酵解外, 脂肪酸代谢的平衡状态同样深度参与树突状细胞功能调控, 并与疾病进展密切关联, 且不同脂肪酸代谢模式对树突状细胞功能的影响呈现双向性。FAS能促进BMDC内的脂质储存增加; 抑制脂肪酸合酶、使用乙酰辅酶A羧化酶抑制剂TOFA或阻断线粒体-柠檬酸穿梭转运蛋白均可抑制LPS诱导的BMDC活化及其促炎功能[43]。与之相对的是, 主要由甘油三酯构成的脂质积累可导致树突状细胞功能障碍, 表现为抗原处理能力下降、CD1a表达降低、IL-10等耐受性细胞因子的产生, 且这种功能失调与体内肿瘤进展和CD8+ T细胞增殖能力下降相关[44]。
综上, 树突状细胞通过精准调控糖酵解、脂肪酸代谢等核心代谢途径, 实现对自身抗原呈递、迁移及细胞因子分泌等功能的动态调控, 进而精准塑造代谢器官免疫微环境。这为从代谢角度靶向调控树突状细胞功能以干预疾病提供了明确的理论依据。
T细胞祖细胞由骨髓中的多能造血干细胞分化产生, 迁移至胸腺后完成T细胞受体(T cell receptor, TCR) 基因重排, 进而启动胸腺Tregs的发育进程。胸腺中Tregs发育的经典模型包括两个步骤: 促进IL-2受体的亚基CD25表面表达的中等强度TCR信号传导, 然后是IL-2/IL-15信号传导, 诱导谱系特异性转录因子叉头盒P3 (FoxP3) 的表达[45-47]。这一经典发育路径的认知在后续研究中得到了补充与拓展, 2013年相关研究发现胸腺中存在一种独特的Treg前体细胞群, 其特征是Foxp3表达水平较低且无法检测到CD25的表达[48]。但后续的研究进一步证实了CD25+Foxp3-Treg前体在体外和体内都能以相近效率分化为成熟Tregs[49]。值得注意的是, 成熟Tregs具备强大的环境适应性, 其转录程序可根据皮肤、肠道固有层、肝脏、脂肪组织等不同非淋巴组织微环境的需求进行调整, 从而在局部发挥免疫调控作用[50], 这一特性在肝脏疾病的发生发展中尤为关键。
肝脏作为兼具局部与全身免疫调节功能的特殊淋巴器官, 其微环境中不仅富含促炎细胞因子、趋化因子及代谢物, 还存在由NK细胞、肝脏巨噬细胞、抗原呈递树突状细胞和中性粒细胞构成的先天免疫网络, 而Tregs正是该网络中维持免疫平衡的核心调控者, 其通过与先天免疫细胞的精准串扰调控肝脏免疫稳态, 进而影响肝炎等肝脏疾病的发生发展进程。Himmel等[51]发现Tregs能够通过产生CXCL8来诱导中性粒细胞募集。此外, Tregs产生的IL-10可以调节中性粒细胞功能。活化的Tregs还可以上调中性粒细胞中细胞因子信号传导抑制因子3的表达, 并诱导IL-10和TGF-β的产生[52]。总的来说, 这些细胞与因子之间的联系对于肝炎早期的肝脏免疫稳态至关重要。
20年前首次在类风湿性关节炎患者中发现了一类独特的CD4+ T细胞, 其特征是缺乏共刺激CD28表面受体表达[53]。之后的研究表明, 初始CD4+细胞在TCR刺激与极化细胞因子的共同作用下, 可分化为Th1和Th17等细胞。不同亚群会选择性表达特定细胞因子: Th1分泌IFNγ和TNFα, Th17则特征性分泌IL-17[54]。这些细胞因子正是介导慢性炎症、推动代谢相关疾病发展的重要效应分子。
值得注意的是, CD4+ Th1/Th17细胞的分化命运与功能活性高度依赖于机体代谢状态的调控, 这种“代谢-免疫”的双向互作, 在代谢性疾病的病理进程中发挥着决定性作用。在T2DM中, 高血糖引发CD4+ T细胞脂质过氧化, 通过碳酰化修饰加速STAT4降解, 从而损害Th1细胞分化及抗病毒应答, 直接证明了代谢异常与Th1细胞功能缺陷间的密切关联[55]。而细胞自身的代谢重编程, 同样是调控Th1/Th17细胞分化的核心机制, 且这种调控多通过表观遗传方式实现。相关研究揭示, 有氧糖酵解通过乳酸脱氢酶A维持高乙酰辅酶A水平, 增强组蛋白乙酰化并促进Ifng转录, 从而以表观遗传机制促进Th1分化, 且该过程不依赖于Ifng的3'UTR, 同时HIF1α依赖的糖酵解途径也参与调控Th17的分化[56], 表明糖代谢重编程是调控两类细胞分化的共性机制。在信号通路角度上, TIGIT缺失通过增强CD28介导的PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路, 促进CD4+ T细胞葡萄糖氧化和胞质乙酰-CoA生成, 经组蛋白乙酰化促进Th1和Th17细胞分化, 而抑制组蛋白乙酰化可缓解炎症, 体现了Th1/Th17细胞与葡萄糖代谢的关联[57]。
这些研究清晰展现了代谢状态通过多种分子机制对T细胞亚群分化及功能的关键影响, 为深入理解免疫代谢的交叉调控网络提供了重要的实验依据, 也为相关免疫疾病的靶向干预提供了潜在方向。
20世纪60年代中期和20世纪70年代初, 研究人员使用实验动物模型、免疫缺陷病患者的临床评估以及细胞表面分子表征的新兴技术等发现了B细胞。1981年Ron等[58]用抗IgM抗血清耗尽B细胞的小鼠证明了B细胞是启动T细胞免疫反应所必需的。除此之外, B细胞还具有多种免疫功能, 由于其产生抗体的能力, 被认为是免疫应答的正调节剂和免疫相关疾病发病机制的主要贡献者。在免疫系统的精密网络中, B细胞不仅能分泌抗体, 更能动态调控代谢。
在骨髓中发育时, 前B细胞为了确保基因组的稳定性从而表现出最小的增殖。成功的基因重组会导致前B细胞受体(pre-BCR) 的产生, 驱动前B细胞分化成大的前B细胞, 此后IKAROS通过诱导编码pre-BCR信号转导子的基因的表达和抑制pre-BCR信号转导的基因的转录来促进前B细胞的转变。同时PAX5和IKAROS通过抑制PI3K-AKT途径并下调葡萄糖转运蛋白和糖酵解酶的表达, 促进慢性能量缺乏状态[59]。成熟幼稚B细胞主要分为B1和B2两个亚群。相较于B2细胞, B1细胞更依赖糖酵解供能以维持固有免疫应答功能。同时, B1细胞的基础耗氧率较高, 提示其具备强大的氧化磷酸化能力和活跃的磷酸戊糖途径。相反, 原初态B2细胞的特征是低增殖率、低水平糖酵解活性以及中等程度的氧化磷酸化[60]。B细胞分泌的抗体也在代谢过程中发挥重要作用, 强力教授团队[61]发现由效应B细胞产生的IgG在白色脂肪组织中大量累积, 促进衰老进展; 热量限制可减少其蓄积, 外源性补充则削弱热量限制的代谢改善作用, 而阻止其异常积累能延长实验动物寿命, 修复老年小鼠白色脂肪组织并改善代谢, 为探索恢复代谢稳态新策略提供依据。
在B细胞的代谢-免疫调控网络中, SREBP信号通路扮演着核心枢纽角色, 其功能异常直接关联B细胞介导的免疫紊乱及相关疾病。Luo等[62]通过条件性基因敲除小鼠模型证明, B细胞(而非CD11c+抗原呈递细胞) 中的SREBP信号通路是体液免疫应答的关键调控者: 该通路通过维持脂质代谢稳态和细胞周期进程, 驱动生发中心B细胞扩增、记忆B细胞分化及抗体亲和力成熟, 其缺失导致代谢重编程障碍、脂筏减少和增殖缺陷, 最终削弱疫苗和病毒感染诱导的抗体应答。这一机制揭示了脂质代谢与适应性免疫的直接耦合, 为优化疫苗设计及治疗B细胞过度活化相关疾病提供了新靶点。
Jones等[63]研究发现果糖能通过代谢重编程, 使LPS刺激的单核/巨噬细胞从糖酵解转向依赖谷氨酰胺分解和氧化磷酸化, 从而增强炎症因子如IL-1β的产生。核心机制涉及果糖激活mTORC1通路促进炎症因子翻译, 并导致细胞代谢灵活性丧失。动物实验证实短期高果糖饮食会加剧LPS诱导的全身炎症。这提供了重要启示: 通过调整生活方式(如限制高果糖摄入) 来改善免疫炎症状态, 既有扎实的理论支撑, 也具备切实可行的实践价值。临床上, 心血管疾病、糖尿病、慢性肾脏病在生理机制上存在密切联系, 既往研究多描述共病情况的横断面现状, 忽略了共病处于一定的顺序发展中以及这种发展与哪些因素存在关联。同时健康生活方式对心肾代谢多发病率(CRMM) 的纵向进展具有保护作用, 涵盖从健康到首次发病、再到多发病及死亡的各阶段。其中, 吸烟在全程影响显著, 饮食对首次发病到多发病的过渡作用突出, 社会联系则与首次发病后的死亡风险关联密切, 且生活方式对T2DM进展的影响强于心血管疾病和慢性肾病[64, 65]。T细胞与肌肉特异性功能缺失模型证实了Tregs可调控肌肉功能, 且耐力运动能持续诱导高活性的肌肉驻留Foxp3+ Tregs。分子机制层面, T细胞表面的IL6Rα信号通路可上调Foxp3+ Tregs水平, 进而促进运动及损伤后的肌肉功能修复[66]。上述结果表明, T细胞上的IL6Rα信号轴是串联Tregs-肌肉细胞调节网络、调控肌肉功能与再生的关键环节, 提示IL6Rα介导的Tregs调控可能是连接免疫代谢与肌肉生理功能的重要桥梁。
综上所述, 在代谢性相关疾病的预防与管理中, 需将生活方式的优化作为首要且贯穿始终的策略, 其在调控代谢平衡、抑制过度炎症反应中的基础性作用, 是其他干预手段无法替代的根本保障。
基于前述免疫炎症在代谢性疾病中的核心驱动作用, 靶向炎症通路成为防治新策略。值得注意的是, 部分已广泛应用于临床的代谢性疾病治疗药物, 其疗效机制中蕴含着显著的老药新用价值。相关研究通过生物信息学分析, 明确了肥胖与兰索拉唑(LPZ) 之间存在关联。在由高脂饮食诱导的肥胖及T2DM小鼠模型中, 研究人员观察到, 给予LPZ能够提升能量消耗水平, 同时改善肥胖状况、胰岛素抵抗现象以及脂肪肝问题。机制上, LPZ通过对脂肪组织中PHOSPHO1的抑制, 实现了促进脂肪产热及带来代谢益处的效果。代谢组学分析结果显示, LPZ或许会阻断2-花生四烯酸甘油-溶血磷脂酸向2-花生四烯酸甘油的转化过程, 进而抑制大麻素受体的激活, 以及该激活对脂肪产热产生的负面影响[67]。
在针对MASLD及其进展形式——MASH的药物研发中, 老药新用是一个重要方向。利用TONIC试验评估了维生素E与二甲双胍对儿童MASLD的疗效, 结果显示, 尽管两者在持续降低丙氨酸氨基转移酶方面并不优于安慰剂, 但维生素E在改善肝细胞气球样变、MASLD活动评分以及提高MASH缓解率方面表现更佳; 二甲双胍则在部分组织学指标上也显示出一定的改善作用[68]。另一方面, 抗糖尿病药物在肝细胞癌(HCC) 风险调控中也具有老药新用潜力。在T2DM患者中, 使用二甲双胍可使HCC风险降低约50%, 而磺脲类药物和胰岛素则分别使风险增加62%和161%, 噻唑烷二酮类未显示显著相关性[69]。值得注意的是, 这一保护效应在西方人群中更为明显, 可能与该人群代谢综合征及MASLD的高患病率有关。然而, 需注意研究间存在的异质性, 以及对比药物可能带来的潜在干扰。在炎症反应中, 临床抗过敏药曲尼司特可直接结合NLRP3的NACHT结构域, 抑制其寡聚化和炎症小体组装, 从而阻断IL-1β等炎症因子的产生。在动物和人源实验中, 曲尼司特能有效缓解痛风、糖尿病等NLRP3驱动的炎症性疾病, 体现出其作为安全可用的NLRP3抑制剂的再利用潜力[70]。
综上, 老药新用策略不仅能缩减新药研发的成本与周期, 还可满足当下代谢性疾病与免疫相关领域临床尚未满足的治疗需求, 为患者提供更多治疗选择, 同时促进药物资源的合理利用。越来越多的研究表明, 老药在代谢性疾病与免疫领域新用途和新靶点的发现, 能够揭示新的药物-靶点相互作用及这类疾病的发生发展机制。
在炎症调控的前沿靶向疗法中, 针对特定分子靶点或信号通路的精准干预是核心策略。胰高血糖素样肽-1 (GLP-1) 类药物在这一领域展现出关键的调控作用。GLP-1受体激动剂通过靶向激活GLP-1受体, 不仅能改善T2DM患者的血糖和体重, 还可通过降低炎症生物标志物、抑制促炎通路发挥抗炎作用, 尤其在心血管疾病中可减轻全身炎症; 新型多靶点药物如GIP-GLP-1双激动剂、GLP-1-GCG双激动剂及GIPR拮抗剂/GLP-1R激动剂, 通过精准调控多个与代谢和炎症相关的受体, 进一步增强抗炎及代谢改善效果, 为靶向狙击炎症通路提供了新方向[71]。11β-羟类固醇脱氢酶1 (11β-HSD1) 抑制剂也是一种前沿靶向药物。11β-HSD1催化无活性糖皮质激素转化为活性形式, 最终加剧代谢炎症; 其抑制剂分天然产物衍生物(如甘草次酸、姜黄素类似物) 和合成化合物(如MK-0736、AZD-4017等) 可特异性抑制该酶, 减少活性糖皮质激素生成, 改善肥胖、T2DM等的慢性炎症, 为精准狙击炎症通路提供候选分子及优化思路[72]。
强力教授团队提出基于聚阳离子材料的靶向抗炎策略, 肥胖个体中升高的血浆游离RNA (cfRNA) 会激活TLR3/8炎症通路, 第三代聚酰胺胺可通过清除cfRNA抑制该通路介导的慢性炎症, 减少肥胖小鼠体重并改善代谢功能; 将其与人体血清白蛋白(HSA) 复合形成的HSA-PG3能实现缓释、降低毒性, 局部注射可精准靶向皮下脂肪, 减少局部脂肪堆积并抑制炎症, 为精准调控肥胖相关炎症提供新方法[73]。不仅如此, 团队揭示了靶向PPARγ去乙酰化的抗炎策略: 模拟PPARγ赖氨酸残基(K268和K293) 去乙酰化的2KR突变体, 可促进巨噬细胞向M2型抗炎表型极化, 抑制肝脏炎症反应, 上调生物钟核心因子Bmal1增强抗炎免疫, 显著抑制衰老相关动脉粥样硬化及高胆固醇血症, 为精准狙击炎症通路提供了新靶点[74]。综上, 这些前沿靶向疗法通过精准作用于不同炎症通路关键靶点, 有效改善代谢及衰老相关炎症, 为免疫炎症调控提供了精准、多元的干预方向。
本综述深入探讨了免疫炎症作为代谢性疾病发生发展核心驱动机制的复杂病理基础及其多元化干预策略。具体而言, 固有免疫细胞如巨噬细胞的M1/M2极化与NF-κB通路的激活、NETs的双重作用——包括其在糖尿病中加剧血管损伤和肾纤维化的潜力, 以及在某些情况下限制炎症扩散的能力, 以及树突状细胞通过代谢重编程与抗原呈递对T细胞应答的精细调控, 均通过感知代谢信号并重塑局部免疫微环境, 对代谢稳态发挥着关键作用。同时, 适应性免疫细胞, 特别是Tregs, 在调节肌肉功能与修复中也展现出重要角色, 如其与T细胞表面IL6Rα信号轴的关联, 提示了免疫代谢与肌肉生理功能的潜在连接。
基于对这些免疫代谢互作机制的深刻理解, 多种防治策略被提出。生活方式干预被确立为改善免疫炎症状态和代谢健康的基石, 其对CRMM的纵向进展具有保护作用。此外, 部分已广泛应用于临床的老药因其独特的免疫调节潜力而得以新用, 展现出对肝癌、肥胖及胰岛素抵抗的改善效果。更具前瞻性的是, 前沿靶向疗法正聚焦于抑制特异性炎症通路关键靶点, 如通过调节11β-HSD1活性、抑制血浆游离RNA介导的TLR炎症, 以及靶向PPARγ去乙酰化以促进巨噬细胞向M2型抗炎表型极化, 从而更有效地改善代谢性炎症及相关病理进程。
尽管当前研究已揭示免疫炎症与代谢性疾病的核心关联及部分调控机制, 但仍存在显著的局限与待突破的瓶颈。现有研究多聚焦于单一免疫细胞或信号通路的局部作用, 而代谢性疾病中的炎症反应是多细胞、多通路交织的复杂网络, 不同代谢器官间的炎症信号传递路径仍缺乏系统性解析, 导致难以形成全局层面的调控认知。其次, 临床转化存在明显鸿沟, 多数靶向药物(如11β-HSD1抑制剂、GLP-1双激动剂) 的研究仍停留在细胞或动物模型阶段, 其在人体中的抗炎效果受个体遗传背景、肠道菌群差异等因素的影响尚不明确, 且长期使用的安全性(如免疫抑制相关感染风险) 和精准适用人群的筛选标准仍需大量临床数据支撑。此外, 老药新用的机制挖掘不够深入, 部分药物的免疫调节靶点虽已初步鉴定, 但对其在代谢炎症网络中的上下游调控关系、与其他通路的交叉作用仍缺乏透彻研究, 限制了药物联合使用的优化设计。最后, 当前干预策略多针对炎症激活后的下游环节, 而对代谢炎症的早期启动机制干预不足, 缺乏精准的早期预警标志物和预防性干预手段。
未来研究需突破局限, 如以单细胞测序等技术解析免疫细胞互作与跨器官调控节点, 强化临床转化与多组学个体化靶点筛选, 深化老药新用机制与联合用药研究, 挖掘早期预防生物标志物及干预策略, 通过多学科交叉推动代谢性疾病防治向精准防控转型。深入揭示免疫与代谢系统之间的动态交互网络, 不仅为代谢性疾病的精准诊断提供了理论依据, 更为开发基于免疫调控的新型预防和治疗策略指明了方向, 预示着未来在代谢性疾病防治领域将迎来更精准、多元的干预手段。

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2026年第61卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1364
  • 接收时间:2025-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-17
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
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    1徐州医科大学, 江苏省老年精准医学和衰老干预重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221004
    2徐州医科大学, 江苏省新药研究与临床药学重点实验室, 江苏 徐州 221004

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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