Article(id=1308828712758501710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1348, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=1764259200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978681982, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978681982, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978681982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978681982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=795, endPage=801, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828714461389135, articleId=1308828712758501710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Protonic bis-pyridazine mitigates neurodegeneration in MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current clinical treatments for PD remain limited, highlighting the urgent need for innovative drug development. In this study, we synthesized a protonic bis-pyridazine (H-Py) compound using an intermolecular proton transfer technique. In MPP+-induced PD model cells, H-Py significantly improved cell viability and reduced ROS levels. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice, H-Py demonstrated good safety and ameliorated motor dysfunction, with efficacy showing no significant difference from that of levodopa, a first-line PD therapeutic agent. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in the substantia nigra and striatum revealed that H-Py administration significantly increased TH expression in these brain regions. Western blot analysis suggested that H-Py may protect against neuronal damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and alleviating oxidative stress. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Southwest University (approval No.: IACUC-20250714-05). In summary, this study may provide new strategies and insights for PD treatment.

, authors=Zhi-gang FAN, Zi-zhen ZHAO, Jing-li LI, Ai-ling FU*, authorsList=Zhi-gang FAN, Zi-zhen ZHAO, Jing-li LI, Ai-ling FU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ai-ling FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828716403351900, articleId=1308828712758501710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=质子型双哒嗪改善MPP+/MPTP诱导的帕金森病模型的神经损伤, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 属于神经系统退行性疾病, 其核心病理特征表现为黑质中的多巴胺能神经元发生进行性退变。目前临床上针对PD的治疗药物仍然有限, 亟须加强创新药物的研发。本研究通过分子间质子转移技术, 合成了质子型双哒嗪(protonic bis-pyridazine, H-Py); 在1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, MPP+) 诱导的PD模型细胞中, H-Py可明显改善细胞活力并降低活性氧水平; 在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP) 诱导的PD模型小鼠体内, H-Py具有良好安全性, 并且能够改善模型小鼠的运动功能障碍, 其效果与PD的一线治疗药物左旋多巴无显著性差异。此外, 本研究还通过免疫荧光法分析了脑部黑质、纹状体中酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) 的含量, 结果显示, H-Py给药显著提升了小鼠黑质和纹状体内的TH表达水平。通过Western blot检测, H-Py可能通过激活核因子红系相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 和血红素加氧酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 来减轻氧化损伤, 从而保护神经元。实验方案由西南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: IACUC-20250714-05), 严格按照动物使用和护理的伦理原则进行实验操作。总之, 本研究可能为PD的治疗研究提供新的方法和思路。

, authors=范志刚, 赵梓圳, 李景丽, 付爱玲*, authorsList=范志刚, 赵梓圳, 李景丽, 付爱玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=付爱玲, authorNote=

作者贡献:

范志刚、赵梓圳完成实验研究与数据分析工作; 范志刚完成了论文写作与修订; 李景丽协助完成了部分动物实验; 付爱玲从事实验设计, 对论文进行审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
付爱玲, E-mail:
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质子型双哒嗪改善MPP+/MPTP诱导的帕金森病模型的神经损伤
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范志刚 , 赵梓圳 , 李景丽 , 付爱玲 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 795-801
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 795 -801
质子型双哒嗪改善MPP+/MPTP诱导的帕金森病模型的神经损伤
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范志刚, 赵梓圳, 李景丽, 付爱玲*
作者信息
  • 西南大学药学院, 重庆 400715
通讯作者:
付爱玲, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

范志刚、赵梓圳完成实验研究与数据分析工作; 范志刚完成了论文写作与修订; 李景丽协助完成了部分动物实验; 付爱玲从事实验设计, 对论文进行审阅。

Protonic bis-pyridazine mitigates neurodegeneration in MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice
Zhi-gang FAN, Zi-zhen ZHAO, Jing-li LI, Ai-ling FU*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1348
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帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 属于神经系统退行性疾病, 其核心病理特征表现为黑质中的多巴胺能神经元发生进行性退变。目前临床上针对PD的治疗药物仍然有限, 亟须加强创新药物的研发。本研究通过分子间质子转移技术, 合成了质子型双哒嗪(protonic bis-pyridazine, H-Py); 在1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, MPP+) 诱导的PD模型细胞中, H-Py可明显改善细胞活力并降低活性氧水平; 在1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP) 诱导的PD模型小鼠体内, H-Py具有良好安全性, 并且能够改善模型小鼠的运动功能障碍, 其效果与PD的一线治疗药物左旋多巴无显著性差异。此外, 本研究还通过免疫荧光法分析了脑部黑质、纹状体中酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) 的含量, 结果显示, H-Py给药显著提升了小鼠黑质和纹状体内的TH表达水平。通过Western blot检测, H-Py可能通过激活核因子红系相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 和血红素加氧酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 来减轻氧化损伤, 从而保护神经元。实验方案由西南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: IACUC-20250714-05), 严格按照动物使用和护理的伦理原则进行实验操作。总之, 本研究可能为PD的治疗研究提供新的方法和思路。

帕金森病  /  1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶  /  质子型双哒嗪  /  黑质  /  纹状体

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Current clinical treatments for PD remain limited, highlighting the urgent need for innovative drug development. In this study, we synthesized a protonic bis-pyridazine (H-Py) compound using an intermolecular proton transfer technique. In MPP+-induced PD model cells, H-Py significantly improved cell viability and reduced ROS levels. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD model mice, H-Py demonstrated good safety and ameliorated motor dysfunction, with efficacy showing no significant difference from that of levodopa, a first-line PD therapeutic agent. Furthermore, immunofluorescence analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels in the substantia nigra and striatum revealed that H-Py administration significantly increased TH expression in these brain regions. Western blot analysis suggested that H-Py may protect against neuronal damage by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and alleviating oxidative stress. The experimental protocol was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Southwest University (approval No.: IACUC-20250714-05). In summary, this study may provide new strategies and insights for PD treatment.

Parkinson's disease  /  MPTP  /  protonic bis-pyridazine  /  substantia nigra  /  striatum
范志刚, 赵梓圳, 李景丽, 付爱玲. 质子型双哒嗪改善MPP+/MPTP诱导的帕金森病模型的神经损伤. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 795 -801 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1348
Zhi-gang FAN, Zi-zhen ZHAO, Jing-li LI, Ai-ling FU. Protonic bis-pyridazine mitigates neurodegeneration in MPP+/MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 795 -801 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1348
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 作为一种神经退行性疾病, 临床患者主要表现为运动性与非运动性两大类症状: 前者涵盖震颤、肌肉强直、动作迟缓以及姿势平衡困难; 后者则常见嗅觉减退、睡眠异常、自主神经功能紊乱与认知功能下降等[1, 2]。在我国, 现存的PD患者已超过500万例, 而老龄化趋势的加剧则进一步推高了患病人数。
黑质多巴胺能神经元功能减退是PD的核心病理机制, 并与其他机制如胆碱能系统异常、α-突触核蛋白聚集、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激和神经炎症等病理特征密切相关[2]。尽管现有治疗手段(如长期服用左旋多巴) 可部分缓解症状, 但长期用药易引发剂末现象和异动症等并发症。鉴于PD的高发病率、进行性恶化和庞大的患者基数等现状, 亟须加强创新药物的研发。
哒嗪(pyridazine) 是常用的化学建构模块之一, 因其独特的物理化学和生物学特性被广泛关注, 被认为是“药物设计中最具发展潜力的杂环化合物”之一。哒嗪环上经适当修饰而得到的衍生物具有较高的药理活性, 可用于防治多种疾病的研究[3], 尤其哒嗪衍生物在神经退行性疾病中已有多项报道[4], 提示可尝试使用哒嗪衍生物来改善PD的症状。本研究通过分子间质子转移技术[5], 将两个哒嗪分子进行柔性连接, 形成稳定的质子型双哒嗪(protonic bis-pyridazine, H-Py), 体外和体内实验阐明该化合物的抗PD活性。本研究将阐述该化合物的合成、安全性及药效学评价, 可能将为PD的治疗提供一种新的策略。
实验材料  大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤PC12细胞由本实验室冻存保种。哒嗪(货号P137565)、NH4PF6 (货号A107491)、1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP, 货号M132847)、1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion, MPP+, 货号N137206)、左旋多巴(L-dopa, 货号D111048) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。细胞计数试剂盒-8 (cell counting kit-8, CCK-8, 货号C0037)、2',7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, DCFH-DA, 货号S0033S) 购自碧云天生物技术有限公司。兔抗酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) 抗体(货号GB11181)、CY3标记山羊抗兔IgG (货号GB21303) 购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。兔抗核因子红系相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 抗体(货号WL02135)、兔抗血红素氧合酶-1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 抗体(货号WL02400) 购自沈阳万类生物科技有限公司。
H-Py的合成  将0.2 g哒嗪溶于5 mL纯水中, 然后在负压N2反应瓶中加入适量的NH4PF6溶液, 45 ℃搅拌4 h。将溶液冷干后, 加入乙酸乙酯溶解, 过滤除去杂质, 然后旋蒸去除溶剂, 即可得到褐色的H-Py产物。分别通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR)、高分辨质谱(high-resolution mass spectrometer, HRMS) 和核磁共振光谱(nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, NMR) 鉴定化合物结构(图1A)。
细胞活力的测定  将PC12细胞培养于添加10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素抗生素的DMEM培养基中, 于5% CO2、37 ℃的细胞培养箱中培养。待细胞进入指数生长期后, 将细胞(1×104个/孔) 接种在96孔培养板中, 细胞活力检测使用CCK-8试剂, 操作步骤按产品说明书进行。在酶标仪上以450 nm的波长测量每个孔的吸光度。细胞活力% = [(A给药组-A空白组)/ (A对照组-A空白组)] × 100%。
细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 的测定  使用DCFH-DA法测定ROS含量。当细胞生长至80%~90%的密度时, 将H-Py加入细胞培养基中孵育, 然后使用PBS洗涤3次后加入500 μL DCFH-DA工作液, 在37 ℃避光30 min, PBS洗涤细胞后, 显微镜下观察拍照并分析荧光强度。
PD动物模型的建立与分组  实验所用雄性C57BL/6J健康小鼠(8周龄, 体重25~30 g) 购自湖南斯莱克景达实验动物有限公司, 合格证号SCXK (湘) 2024-0009。将小鼠饲养在温度20~25 ℃、湿度50%~60%的SPF级实验室中, 可自由获取食物和水, 光照周期为12 h。动物实验获得西南大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: IACUC-20250714-05), 所有与动物饲养和实验相关的方案都严格按照要求进行。
在小鼠适应新环境1周后, 根据文献[6]报道, 小鼠腹腔注射30 mg·kg-1 MPTP, 连续注射7天后建立PD小鼠模型。模型建立后, 将小鼠随机分为4组, 每组10只: ①正常对照组; ② MPTP组; ③ MPTP+H-Py (30 mg·kg-1) 组; ④ MPTP+左旋多巴(30 mg·kg-1) 组。其中第三组和第四组分别给予H-Py和左旋多巴, 连续给药12天, 对照组和MPTP组则给予等量的生理盐水。
动物行为学实验  分别通过下杆实验、转棒实验、平衡木实验和旷场实验, 检测各组小鼠的运动和协调能力。
下杆实验  将一根直径1 cm、高度50 cm的木杆垂直固定笼中, 将小鼠置于杆的顶部, 使其头部朝上, 测量小鼠翻转头部和到达杆底部的时间。
转棒实验  将小鼠放置于转棒仪上, 调整转棒速度, 使其在30 s内从1 r·min-1逐渐增加到20 r·min-1, 随后保持该转速3 min, 记录小鼠掉落时间。
平衡木实验  使用平衡木装置(包含两根长115 cm、直径1 cm、间距2.5 cm的平行圆杆, 尽头连接一个15 cm × 50 cm的平台) 来测试小鼠的协调性, 观察并记录小鼠通过总时间。
旷场实验  将小鼠置于开阔的场地中, 场地由一个广场盒(50 cm × 50 cm) 和一个栅栏(40 cm高) 组成, 记录小鼠行为约5 min。其间用70%酒精清洁盒子, 并在每次实验之间喷洒75%酒精以去除气味痕迹。
动物安全性检测  小鼠行为学测试后, 颈椎脱臼法处死小鼠, 分离小鼠肝、肾组织, 分别用4%多聚甲醛固定后, 进行石蜡包埋、组织切片和苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H&E) 染色, 在光学显微镜下观察组织切片。
免疫荧光实验  取小鼠脑部黑质、纹状体组织, 经4%多聚甲醛固定后, 放入0.3% Trition X-100, 再经3% BSA中室温封闭30 min, PBS清洗3次, 在切片上滴加1∶1 000稀释的兔抗TH多克隆一抗, 4 ℃孵育过夜, PBS清洗3次, 滴加按1∶300稀释的CY3标记山羊抗兔IgG, 室温避光孵育50 min。PBS清洗3次, 滴加4', 6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, DAPI) 染液, 避光室温孵育10 min, 加入抗荧光淬灭剂封片后镜检拍照。
蛋白免疫印迹(Western blot, WB)  取小鼠纹状体组织, 在冰上使用含蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解液进行匀浆, 经BCA法测定各组蛋白浓度后, 调整蛋白浓度以确保各泳道蛋白量均一。取等量蛋白样品与5×SDS-PAGE上样缓冲液混合, 于100 ℃水浴变性8 min后进行电泳。采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离蛋白, 并通过湿转法将目标蛋白转移至PVDF膜。转膜完成后, 使用5%脱脂牛奶在室温下封闭非特异性结合位点1 h。弃去封闭液后, 使用含Tween 20的Tris缓冲盐溶液(Tris-buffered saline with Tween 20, TBST) 洗涤膜3次, 每次10 min, 然后加入适当稀释的一抗, 4  ℃轻摇孵育过夜。次日, 再次用TBST洗涤3次, 每次10 min, 随后孵育HRP标记的二抗(室温, 1 h), 然后用TBST充分洗涤后, 采用ECL化学发光试剂显影, 并在化学发光成像系统中获取蛋白条带信号。
统计学分析  用GraphPad Prism进行统计分析, 数据以均值±标准差(x ± s) 表示, 采用单因素方差分析或双因素方差分析进行组间比较。P < 0.05表示具有统计学显著性差异。
本实验采用质子转移技术构建分子间氢键, 即将NH4+中的一个质子转移至两个哒嗪分子中的N原子之间, 形成含有质子型氢键的二聚哒嗪产物(图1A)。红外光谱显示合成产物在3 148 cm-1处有一个强烈的宽峰(图1B)。由于N-H峰通常在3 300 cm-1附近, 氢键作用后可能发生位移, 且峰形变宽, 符合产物H-Py中质子型氢键特征。在H-Py分子当中, 由于存在质子型氢键, 拥有一单位的正电荷, 因此在以ESI为离子源的条件下可获得质谱结果(图1C)。在质谱中, 大量粒子出现在m/z 161.1处, 相对分子质量符合H-Py分子式[(C8H9N4)PF6] 的阳离子部分[(C8H9N4)+]。同时, 通过1H NMR和13C NMR对H-Py进行结构确证(图1D、E)。在1H NMR谱中, 该化合物在化学位移为9.17和7.62 ppm处具有两个特征三重峰, 且峰面积积分相同, 分别为哒嗪分子结构中的两种氢原子。同时, 在13C NMR谱中化学位移为159.67和158.85 ppm处也观察到哒嗪分子结构中碳原子的特征峰。以上结果表明目标产物H-Py的成功合成。
为评估H-Py在MPP+诱导的PD模型细胞中的作用, 本研究选择PC12细胞进行体外实验。首先探索了PD模型细胞的造模条件(图2A), 使用不同浓度的MPP+ (2、1、0.8、0.5、0.3、0.1 μmol·L-1) 孵育PC12细胞48 h, 细胞活力测定显示MPP+在1和2 μmol·L-1均能显著抑制细胞活力至约50%。为评估H-Py的细胞毒性, 采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度H-Py (0.01、0.1、0.25、0.5、1、2 mg·mL-1) 处理PC12细胞24 h后的细胞活力(图2B)。结果表明, 在浓度小于0.25 mg·mL-1时, H-Py对PC12细胞无显著细胞毒性, 提示其在该浓度范围内具有良好的细胞安全性。
在1 μmol·L-1 MPP+损伤的细胞中加入不同浓度(20、10、5、2.5、1.25、0.675 μg·mL-1) 的H-Py, 在37 ℃孵育12或24 h后评估细胞活力(图2C、D)。结果表明, H-Py在2.5、5、10、20 μg·mL-1时均能显著改善MPP+所致的细胞活力下降。此外, 在MPP+造模后24 h, H-Py (10 μg·mL-1) 可显著降低MPP+引起的细胞内ROS水平(图2E)。这些结果均表明, H-Py能够减轻MPP+诱导的PC12细胞毒性, 并伴随降低细胞内ROS水平的升高。
为评估H-Py是否能够改善PD模型小鼠的运动障碍, 本研究在造模后第3、5、7和10天分别对小鼠进行了爬杆实验、平衡木实验、转棒实验, 随后在第13天进行旷场实验(图3A)。
行为学结果表明, MPTP模型组小鼠表现出显著的运动协调障碍, 而在H-Py干预后其行为表现得到明显改善。具体而言, 在爬杆实验中, H-Py组小鼠转身时间(图3B) 和总时间(图3C) 较MPTP模型组显著缩短。平衡木实验显示, MPTP模型组小鼠表现出明显步态异常, 穿越时间增多, H-Py组穿越时间则显著减少(图3D)。在转棒实验中, MPTP模型组小鼠跌落潜伏期较对照组缩短, H-Py组跌落潜伏期较MPTP模型组延长(图3E)。在转棒、平衡木、下杆、转身等行为学实验中, 自第5天起, 阳性对照药物左旋多巴(L-dopa) 组相较于模型组均表现出显著性差异, 表现良好的保护作用。在旷场实验中, MPTP模型组小鼠呈现典型运动减少(图3F), H-Py组和L-dopa组则呈现明显改善, 总运动距离和中间距离/总运动距离比值(图3G) 也对应增加。
上述行为学结果均表明, H-Py可通过缩短爬杆调头时间、延长转棒潜伏期、减少平衡木通过时间及增加旷场运动距离改善MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠运动功能障碍, 其效果与阳性对照药左旋多巴组小鼠的行为学测试无显著性差异。
为评估H-Py是否改善PD模型小鼠的多巴胺能神经变性情况, 使用免疫荧光法检测了小鼠大脑黑质和纹状体关键标志物TH的表达。结果表明(图4A、B), MPTP处理导致纹状体(corpus striatum) 和黑质致密部(SNpc) 中TH神经元数量显著减少, 而经H-Py给药干预后, 上述脑区TH神经元的损失得到明显逆转。
Nrf2/HO-1是PD脑中关键的抗氧化应激通路蛋白, 本研究使用WB法检测了小鼠纹状体的Nrf2/HO-1表达。结果表明(图5), MPTP处理后Nrf2/HO-1蛋白含量下降, 而H-Py给药后, Nrf2/HO-1含量显著上升, 推测H-Py可能是通过激活Nrf2/HO-1通路, 减轻氧化损伤, 从而保护和逆转TH神经元的损伤。
为进一步评估药物是否具有潜在的代谢毒性(图6A), 使用H&E染色法观察H-Py对肝脏和肾脏影响。结果显示, 肝细胞形态正常, 细胞质着色正常, 未观察到炎症浸润或纤维增生、未见明显的肾病病理特征, 未见肾小管管壁细胞的显著变化。采用(脏器湿重/体重×100%) 来计算脏器系数(图6B~F) 和对比各组小鼠体重(图6G), 结果表明各组小鼠的心、肝、脾、肺、肾的脏器系数及体重均无统计学显著差异。上述结果证明, H-Py未对小鼠肝、肾组织有明显毒性。
PD是一种常见的神经退行性疾病, 药物在其治疗中起着至关重要的作用, 但目前治疗PD的药物种类和数量仍然有限, 因此新型化合物的探究和开发具有重要的价值。本研究合成了质子型双哒嗪化合物H-Py, 评估了其对MPP+/MPTP诱导的体外/体内神经毒性的影响, 结果发现H-Py可以改善PD模型细胞的细胞活力、降低氧化应激, 缓解PD模型小鼠的运动功能障碍和多巴胺能神经元变性, 表明H-Py可能是一种潜在的抗PD药物。
铵盐中的质子向两个有机分子之间的转移, 可形成一种由较强氢键连接的质子型二聚体化合物。这种合成方法操作简单, 并且二聚体通常具有良好稳定性和较高的生物活性。此外, 该类化合物可以通过改变外部配体来优化结构和溶解度。在本实验室前期研究中, 已通过该技术合成质子型双菲啰啉等多种化合物[7]。哒嗪类化合物的药效源于其1, 2位双氮原子骨架的芳香性及弱碱性(pKa = 2.3)。哒嗪在中性pH时质子化程度极低, 常通过其他结构修饰获得有生物活性的哒嗪类衍生物[3, 8, 9]。但本研究通过分子间质子转移, 可实现两分子哒嗪的质子化连接, 并且药效学研究显示质子型二聚体具有调节神经细胞的功能。
MPTP是常用的PD造模化合物, 在体内会被代谢成MPP+, 损害儿茶酚胺能神经元造成神经毒性[10]。在体外培养的PC12细胞中加入MPP+, 可引起细胞损伤, 但H-Py可改善MPP+诱导的PC12细胞活力的降低。氧化应激是多种神经退行性疾病的共同病理特征[11], 过量的ROS可诱导氧化应激反应, 导致神经元死亡。本研究发现, H-Py可显著降低细胞模型中的ROS水平, 并在动物脑内能够升高抗氧化应激通路蛋白Nrf2/HO-1的表达。
运动功能障碍如肌肉僵硬和运动迟缓是PD患者的典型临床症状, MPTP诱导的模型小鼠可呈现类似的运动障碍。实验结果证明了H-Py可改善MPTP引起的运动活动减少和肢体运动障碍, 与阳性药物左旋多巴的效果没有显著差异。此外, PD运动功能障碍的主要原因是多巴胺能神经元的退化, 而TH是多巴胺能神经元的特异性标志物, 与神经元的功能紧密关联[10, 12]。实验结果表明, H-Py逆转了黑质和纹状体中TH表达的降低。因此, H-Py可以在体外和体内改善神经元功能。
总之, 本研究合成了一种新型的质子型化合物H-Py, 实验证明H-Py具有较高的安全性, 并且能够改善MPTP诱导的PD模型小鼠的运动障碍, 后续工作将阐明其作用靶点和分子机制。本研究为开发新型抗PD药物提供了理论依据, 并为其他神经退行性疾病的治疗提供了参考。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1348
  • 接收时间:2025-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-12
  • 修回日期:2025-11-28
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    西南大学药学院, 重庆 400715

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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