Article(id=1308841107451110334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1341, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=1768924800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981637107, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981637107, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981637107, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981637107, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1699, endPage=1711, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841107644048319, articleId=1308841107451110334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Proliferation tracing reveals that rifampicin induces liver regeneration in mouse models with zone-specific liver injury, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the cellular proliferation tracing technique (ProTracer), this study explored the role of rifampicin (RIF) in promoting liver regeneration in a mouse model with zone-specific liver injury. The ProTracer system enables in vivo recording of cell proliferation by labeling proliferating cells with GFP fluorescence. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced injury and bile duct ligation (BDL) models were established, followed by RIF or vehicle treatment. Liver function was assessed by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bile acids (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL). Liver injury area was evaluated by H&E staining, while whole-tissue fluorescence imaging was used to assess liver regeneration. Immunofluorescence co-staining was performed to quantify proliferating hepatocytes, identify cell types, and analyze zonal distribution. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify key differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways, with Western blot used for protein-level validation. In vitro validation was performed using the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line. Results showed that RIF significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels in CCl4-induced liver injury and decreased TBA, TBIL, and DBIL levels in the BDL-induced liver injury, effectively reducing the area of liver damage. Whole-tissue fluorescence imaging revealed enhanced GFP signals and increased proliferating cells in the RIF-treated group. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that RIF primarily promoted hepatocyte proliferation, with a marked increase in proliferating cells in zone 2 of the liver lobule (approximately 2.5-fold), and also significant increased in zones 1 and 3. RNA-Seq and Western blot analyses demonstrated upregulation of cell cycle and proliferation-related genes such as the Mcm family, Ccnd1, Ccna2, and Mki67, with enrichment in the cell cycle pathway. In vitro experiments showed that RIF treatment enhanced HepG2 cell viability and increased the proportion of Ki67-positive cells. In conclusion, RIF promotes hepatocyte proliferation and enhances liver regeneration following zone-specific liver injury by activating cell cycle signaling pathways. Animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of Binzhou Medical University (approval number: 2025-2018).

, authors=Ya-yun LIU1, 2, Meng-yuan XU2, Xu LIU1, 2, Xu-yi FANG2, Wei JIANG2, Yan LI2, 3, *, authorsList=Ya-yun LIU, Meng-yuan XU, Xu LIU, Xu-yi FANG, Wei JIANG, Yan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841112601715664, articleId=1308841107451110334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=增殖示踪揭示利福平在小鼠区域性肝损伤中诱导肝再生, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用细胞增殖示踪技术(ProTracer)探索利福平(rifampicin, RIF)在小鼠区域性肝损伤模型中促进肝再生的作用。ProTracer系统可以记录体内细胞增殖情况, 将发生增殖的细胞标记为GFP绿色荧光。构建四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride, CCl4)损伤模型或胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL)损伤模型, 给予RIF和溶剂处理, 检测血清谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acids, TBA)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)和直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)评估肝功能; H&E染色评估肝脏损伤面积; 肝组织整体荧光成像评估肝再生情况; 免疫荧光共染定量增殖肝细胞数量、细胞类型和区域分布; RNA‑Seq定位关键差异表达基因和信号通路, Western blot进行蛋白水平验证。在HepG2肝细胞系进行体外验证。结果显示, RIF组显著降低CCl4肝损伤中小鼠血清ALT、AST水平和BDL损伤中TBA、TBIL、DBIL水平, 有效减小肝脏损伤面积。整体荧光显示RIF处理组小鼠肝脏GFP信号增强, 发生增殖的细胞增加。免疫荧光染色的结果显示, RIF主要促进肝细胞的增殖, 肝小叶2区增殖细胞显著增加(≈2.5倍), 1区、3区亦有提升。RNA‑Seq和Western blot显示Mcm家族、Ccnd1、Ccna2、Mki67等细胞周期和增殖基因上调, 富集cell cycle通路。体外细胞实验发现, RIF处理后HepG2细胞活力增强, 增殖标志物Ki67阳性细胞比例增加。综上, RIF可通过激活细胞周期信号通路促进肝细胞增殖, 促进区域性肝损伤后肝细胞再生。本研究动物实验得到滨州医学院动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 2025-2018)。

, authors=刘亚云1, 2, 徐梦园2, 刘旭1, 2, 方绪懿2, 江唯2, 李燕2, 3, *, authorsList=刘亚云, 徐梦园, 刘旭, 方绪懿, 江唯, 李燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李燕, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘亚云负责文献查阅、实验研究、论文撰写和修改; 徐梦园负责动物模型建立; 刘旭、方绪懿和江唯参与前期实验探索, 参与文章和图片修改; 李燕是本文的通讯作者, 提供课题的整体思路、把关论文撰写和定稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
李燕, E-mail:
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A: Strategy figure showing genetic lineage tracing cell proliferation in liver; B: Schematic showing a Ki67 fate map. Fate mapping of Ki67 records cell proliferation events from T1 to Tn. Each green square denotes a Ki67+ cell and progeny, figureFileSmall=S+aHNMgdkEJv7YbAU/pujw==, figureFileBig=TC3VQSesrufF90fv/Tu3Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121078403080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+2B+vCEYroB31wvXlWLnVQ==, figureFileBig=sZBdrI1oYpyv52c6ZNa41g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121162289161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Rifampicin (RIF) improves carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury and promotes liver enlargement. A: Experimental design for assessing the therapeutical effect of RIF in CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Groups setting was shown on the right; B: Serum biochemical indexes including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT); C: Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of liver sections; D: Quantification of the injury area of H&E staining; E: Whole-mount bright-field image of liver tissues; F: Quantification of the liver weight coefficient; G: Immunostaining for Ki67 on liver sections, quantification was shown on the right; H: Immunostaining for β-catenin on liver sections, quantification was shown on the right. Scale bars: 2 mm (E, yellow), 100 µm (C, G, H, white). n = 5-6 (B, D, F, G), n = 60 (H), mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns: Not significant, figureFileSmall=+2B+vCEYroB31wvXlWLnVQ==, figureFileBig=sZBdrI1oYpyv52c6ZNa41g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121237786634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4S0HtxrDqYxSEpX1yT4V8A==, figureFileBig=x2w6+YRgHIdWFWZrUnnpIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121304895499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=RIF promotes liver regeneration after acute CCl4 injury. A: Experimental design for genetic lineage tracing cell proliferation after acute CCl4 injury; B: Serum AST and ALT levels in R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 model; C: H&E staining of liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 model, quantification of injury area was shown on the right; D: Whole-mount fluorescence images of liver from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 model, quantification of the liver weight coefficient was shown on the right; E: Immunostaining for GFP and HNF4α on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 model, quantification of GFP+ cells was shown on the right; F: Immunostaining for GFP, E-cadherin (E-CAD, zone 1 marker) and glutamine synthetase (GS, zone 3 marker) on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 model; G: Quantification GFP+ cells in three liver zones. Scale bars: 2 mm (D, yellow), 100 µm (C, E, F, white). n = 5-6, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=4S0HtxrDqYxSEpX1yT4V8A==, figureFileBig=x2w6+YRgHIdWFWZrUnnpIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121397170188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vcDD/v44HfDZzwZk8o5MIw==, figureFileBig=eulE/zBRR2e5gyrEHKmqHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121460084749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Study on proliferation-related genes based on high-throughput RNA sequencing. A: Cluster heatmap showing the expression of differentially expressed genes; B: KEGG pathway analysis; C: GO pathway enrichment analysis; D: Protein levels of Ki67, cyclin A2 (CCNA2), minichromosome maintenance complex component 2 (MCM2) and cyclin D1 (CCND1) were analyzed by Western blot; E: Quantification of the protein expression levels of Ki67, CCNA2, MCM2, and CCND1 in the RIF group relative to the vehicle group in acute CCl4 model. n = 3, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, figureFileSmall=vcDD/v44HfDZzwZk8o5MIw==, figureFileBig=eulE/zBRR2e5gyrEHKmqHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121564942350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OiDVXKcdqmUMOwtNU3I3jg==, figureFileBig=H9Dzdqj3fZr39pgscH/vgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121644634127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=RIF promotes liver regeneration after bile duct ligation (BDL) injury. A: Experimental design for genetic lineage tracing cell proliferation after BDL injury; B: Serum total bile acids (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) levels in mice from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL model; C: Whole-mount fluorescence images of liver from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL model, quantification of the liver weight coefficient was shown on the right; D: Immunostaining for GFP and HNF4α on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL model, quantification of GFP+ cells was shown on the right; E: Immunostaining for GFP, E-CAD (zone 1 marker) and GS (zone 3 marker) on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL model; F: Quantification GFP+ cells in three liver zones. Scale bars: 2 mm (C, yellow), 100 µm (D, E, white). n = 5-8, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=OiDVXKcdqmUMOwtNU3I3jg==, figureFileBig=H9Dzdqj3fZr39pgscH/vgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121778851856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0NytcYdIRThT50AfAY6m6Q==, figureFileBig=039KXI2uBrZSc7ojVtilDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121845960721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Exploring cell proliferation in liver by ProTracer mice during acute CCl4 and BDL injury. A: Immunostaining for GFP and other cell lineage markers, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD31), leukocyte common antigen (CD45), platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 injury model; B: Quantification GFP+ cells in acute CCl4 injury model; C: Immunostaining for GFP and other cell lineage markers, CK19, CD31, CD45, PDGFRα on liver sections from R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL injury model; D: Quantification GFP+ cells in BDL injury model; E: Immunostaining for macrophage markers, CD206, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) on liver sections from mice with or without RIF treatment in acute CCl4 injury model; F: Quantification of CD206+ and iNOS+ cells in acute CCl4 injury model; G: Immunostaining for macrophage markers, CD206, iNOS, and activated fibroblast marker alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) on liver sections from mice with or without RIF treatment in BDL injury model; H: Quantification of CD206+ and iNOS+ cells in BDL injury model; I: Quantification of αSMA+ area in BDL injury model. Scale bars: 100 µm. n = 5-6, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=0NytcYdIRThT50AfAY6m6Q==, figureFileBig=039KXI2uBrZSc7ojVtilDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841121929846802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bO3dVXVPEN4o77YXBehlCQ==, figureFileBig=EuzKxtTxW3f507DR0vUxmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841122005344275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Organ safety testing. Tissues from the liver, spleen, lung, kidney, intestine, and pancreas were subjected to H&E staining. Scale bars: 100 µm, figureFileSmall=bO3dVXVPEN4o77YXBehlCQ==, figureFileBig=EuzKxtTxW3f507DR0vUxmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841122093424660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eFuFmhnLC7RUmphRTrr18A==, figureFileBig=ktUpGd+2FyQBWrKFsOHF+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841122160533525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841107451110334, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effects of RIF on viability and proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. A: Experimental design; B: Cell viability detection of HepG2 cells treated with various concentrations of RIF; C: Immunostaining for Ki67 and DAPI in HepG2 cells treated with vehicle or RIF; D: Quantification of Ki67+ cells in HepG2 cells after treatment with different concentrations of RIF. Scale bars: 100 µm. n = 3-6, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001 vs vehicle, figureFileSmall=eFuFmhnLC7RUmphRTrr18A==, figureFileBig=ktUpGd+2FyQBWrKFsOHF+A==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=BTxjudbJDVO4PqdBR6On6Q==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1761643429151, updatedTime=1788948913902, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13041195026, 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增殖示踪揭示利福平在小鼠区域性肝损伤中诱导肝再生
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刘亚云 1, 2 , 徐梦园 2 , 刘旭 1, 2 , 方绪懿 2 , 江唯 2 , 李燕 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1699-1711
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1699 -1711
增殖示踪揭示利福平在小鼠区域性肝损伤中诱导肝再生
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刘亚云1, 2, 徐梦园2, 刘旭1, 2, 方绪懿2, 江唯2, 李燕2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1安徽中医药大学, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海(烟台)药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264100
  • 3中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
李燕, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘亚云负责文献查阅、实验研究、论文撰写和修改; 徐梦园负责动物模型建立; 刘旭、方绪懿和江唯参与前期实验探索, 参与文章和图片修改; 李燕是本文的通讯作者, 提供课题的整体思路、把关论文撰写和定稿。

Proliferation tracing reveals that rifampicin induces liver regeneration in mouse models with zone-specific liver injury
Ya-yun LIU1, 2, Meng-yuan XU2, Xu LIU1, 2, Xu-yi FANG2, Wei JIANG2, Yan LI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264100, China
  • 3Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1341
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本研究利用细胞增殖示踪技术(ProTracer)探索利福平(rifampicin, RIF)在小鼠区域性肝损伤模型中促进肝再生的作用。ProTracer系统可以记录体内细胞增殖情况, 将发生增殖的细胞标记为GFP绿色荧光。构建四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride, CCl4)损伤模型或胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL)损伤模型, 给予RIF和溶剂处理, 检测血清谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase, AST)、谷丙转氨酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、总胆汁酸(total bile acids, TBA)、总胆红素(total bilirubin, TBIL)和直接胆红素(direct bilirubin, DBIL)评估肝功能; H&E染色评估肝脏损伤面积; 肝组织整体荧光成像评估肝再生情况; 免疫荧光共染定量增殖肝细胞数量、细胞类型和区域分布; RNA‑Seq定位关键差异表达基因和信号通路, Western blot进行蛋白水平验证。在HepG2肝细胞系进行体外验证。结果显示, RIF组显著降低CCl4肝损伤中小鼠血清ALT、AST水平和BDL损伤中TBA、TBIL、DBIL水平, 有效减小肝脏损伤面积。整体荧光显示RIF处理组小鼠肝脏GFP信号增强, 发生增殖的细胞增加。免疫荧光染色的结果显示, RIF主要促进肝细胞的增殖, 肝小叶2区增殖细胞显著增加(≈2.5倍), 1区、3区亦有提升。RNA‑Seq和Western blot显示Mcm家族、Ccnd1、Ccna2、Mki67等细胞周期和增殖基因上调, 富集cell cycle通路。体外细胞实验发现, RIF处理后HepG2细胞活力增强, 增殖标志物Ki67阳性细胞比例增加。综上, RIF可通过激活细胞周期信号通路促进肝细胞增殖, 促进区域性肝损伤后肝细胞再生。本研究动物实验得到滨州医学院动物伦理委员会的批准(批准号: 2025-2018)。

利福平  /  肝损伤  /  四氯化碳  /  胆管结扎  /  细胞增殖示踪技术  /  肝再生

Based on the cellular proliferation tracing technique (ProTracer), this study explored the role of rifampicin (RIF) in promoting liver regeneration in a mouse model with zone-specific liver injury. The ProTracer system enables in vivo recording of cell proliferation by labeling proliferating cells with GFP fluorescence. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced injury and bile duct ligation (BDL) models were established, followed by RIF or vehicle treatment. Liver function was assessed by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bile acids (TBA), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL). Liver injury area was evaluated by H&E staining, while whole-tissue fluorescence imaging was used to assess liver regeneration. Immunofluorescence co-staining was performed to quantify proliferating hepatocytes, identify cell types, and analyze zonal distribution. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify key differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways, with Western blot used for protein-level validation. In vitro validation was performed using the HepG2 hepatocyte cell line. Results showed that RIF significantly reduced serum ALT and AST levels in CCl4-induced liver injury and decreased TBA, TBIL, and DBIL levels in the BDL-induced liver injury, effectively reducing the area of liver damage. Whole-tissue fluorescence imaging revealed enhanced GFP signals and increased proliferating cells in the RIF-treated group. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated that RIF primarily promoted hepatocyte proliferation, with a marked increase in proliferating cells in zone 2 of the liver lobule (approximately 2.5-fold), and also significant increased in zones 1 and 3. RNA-Seq and Western blot analyses demonstrated upregulation of cell cycle and proliferation-related genes such as the Mcm family, Ccnd1, Ccna2, and Mki67, with enrichment in the cell cycle pathway. In vitro experiments showed that RIF treatment enhanced HepG2 cell viability and increased the proportion of Ki67-positive cells. In conclusion, RIF promotes hepatocyte proliferation and enhances liver regeneration following zone-specific liver injury by activating cell cycle signaling pathways. Animal experiments were conducted with approval from the Animal Ethics Committee of Binzhou Medical University (approval number: 2025-2018).

rifampicin  /  liver injury  /  carbon tetrachloride  /  bile duct ligation  /  ProTracer  /  liver regeneration
刘亚云, 徐梦园, 刘旭, 方绪懿, 江唯, 李燕. 增殖示踪揭示利福平在小鼠区域性肝损伤中诱导肝再生. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1699 -1711 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1341
Ya-yun LIU, Meng-yuan XU, Xu LIU, Xu-yi FANG, Wei JIANG, Yan LI. Proliferation tracing reveals that rifampicin induces liver regeneration in mouse models with zone-specific liver injury[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1699 -1711 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1341
肝脏的结构与功能完整性是维持机体健康的核心[1]。对于哺乳动物而言, 维持相对恒定的肝脏体积与重量至关重要[2]。肝脏具备显著的自身调节能力, 能够响应多种生理及病理刺激以调整其大小[3]。然而, 当遭遇肝损伤时, 大量肝细胞的坏死或凋亡会破坏这一稳态, 此时, 迅速启动肝细胞增殖以补充损失细胞, 成为修复的关键。肝小叶是肝脏的基本结构和功能单元, 经典理论将其划分为三个不同的代谢区[4]。本研究中对这些区域的定义如下: 门静脉周围区(zone 1), 以E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin, E-CAD)为标志, 环绕门静脉; 中央静脉周围区(zone 3), 以谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)为标志, 紧邻中央静脉, 以及一个介于zone 1和zone 3之间的中间区(zone 2), 其特征为E-CAD与GS均不表达(E-CAD-GS-)[5]。四氯化碳(carbon tetrachloride, CCl4)作为一种经典的肝毒性物质, 其代谢产物可通过自由基攻击, 特异性地损伤肝小叶中央静脉周围的肝细胞, 是广泛使用的中央静脉区域肝损伤模型[6]。胆管结扎(bile duct ligation, BDL)所致胆汁酸蓄积引发的细胞毒性, 则主要损害门静脉周围区域的肝细胞[7], 并伴随显著的炎症反应与纤维化进程, 是常见的门静脉区域肝损伤模型[8]。肝脏固有的再生能力是实现自我修复的基础; 然而, 当肝脏受到区域性损伤时, 小分子化合物能否通过促进损伤区肝细胞的增殖来进行肝修复再生, 在领域内还研究尚浅。探索能够有效调控并促进肝再生的外部干预策略, 具有重大的研究价值。
利福平(rifampicin, RIF)是一种经典的抗结核药物, 在临床上应用多年, 其核心机制在于抑制细菌RNA聚合酶[9]。近年来, 随着对药物多效性研究的深入, RIF在肝脏生理与病理过程中的作用逐渐被揭示。已知RIF能够减轻胆汁酸的细胞毒性[10]; 同时, 其抗氧化应激能力也对肝脏具有保护作用[11], 这些特性均提示RIF在调控肝细胞功能方面具备潜在价值。然而, RIF能否通过促进肝细胞增殖以修复肝损伤, 以及其在区域性肝损伤模型中的作用, 仍有待阐明。
在肝脏再生研究中, 精准追踪肝细胞的增殖过程是解析再生核心机制的关键。传统检测细胞增殖的方法, 如Ki67免疫染色和EdU掺入实验, 虽能有效捕获特定时间点的细胞增殖活性, 但难以实现对增殖细胞及其子代细胞的长期、动态追踪。为此, 细胞增殖示踪系统(proliferation tracer, ProTracer)应运而生, 该系统基于Dre-Rox与Cre-LoxP双重同源重组, 在他莫昔芬诱导下, 可使发生增殖的细胞及其后代永久性地表达荧光蛋白, 从而实现对体内增殖细胞的精准、长效标记[12]。ProTracer为本研究深入探究RIF对小鼠肝细胞增殖的调控作用提供了关键的技术支撑。
本研究利用ProTracer探讨RIF在区域性肝损伤中对肝脏细胞增殖的促进作用。首先, 通过CCl4诱导的小鼠中央静脉区的区域性肝损伤模型, 结合血清生化指标、组织病理学评估及增殖标志物检测, 初步确认RIF对肝脏的修复作用; 采用ProTracer精准刻画RIF在CCl4所致区域性损伤中对肝细胞增殖动态及其空间分布的影响; 并通过高通量RNA测序技术, 探索其潜在的分子调控机制; 最后, 在BDL诱导的胆汁淤积性门静脉区域性肝损伤模型中, 验证RIF对区域性肝损伤后肝细胞增殖的促进作用, 并评估对肝非实质细胞增殖的影响, 从而全面揭示RIF在区域性肝损伤模式下促进肝再生的作用。利用HepG2细胞确定RIF对人源细胞增殖的促进作用, 为RIF促进肝再生提供了体外实验的证据。
细胞株与实验动物  HepG2细胞来源于中国科学院上海细胞库, passage 3。选用6~8周雄性C57小鼠, 体重18~22 g, 购买自山东艾茂达康生命科学有限公司, 许可证号: SCXK (鲁) 20230010。饲养于12 h光照和12 h黑暗环境中, 标准饲料喂养。本研究ProTracer系统所用的R26-DreER、Ki67-2A-CrexER和R26-GFP三个小鼠品系来自中国科学院分子细胞科学卓越创新中心周斌课题组, 饲养于滨州医学院SPF级动物饲养中心。本研究获得滨州医学院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 2025-2018)。
细胞造模及给药  使用传代稳定的HepG2细胞, 稀释至每毫升1.0×105个细胞, 均匀铺在96孔板中, 每孔100 μL, 在37 ℃含5% CO2的培养箱中培养12 h, 去除含血清的培养基, 将RIF用无血清培养基稀释至1、5、10、20、40、60、80 μmol·L-1加入96孔板中, 每孔100 μL。对照组加入含0.1% DMSO的培养基。待细胞与RIF共培养24 h后, 使用CCK8按照说明书检测细胞存活情况及对细胞进行Ki67免疫荧光染色, 每孔进行6次重复。
ProTracer  该系统主要由转基因工具小鼠构成, 包括R26-DreER[13]、Ki67-2A-CrexER[12]和R26-GFP[14]三个转基因小鼠品系。通过小鼠繁配获得R26-DreER; Ki67-2A-CrexER; R26-GFP三基因阳性雄鼠, 在小鼠成年时进行他莫昔芬的诱导, 开启记录体内细胞增殖时间的开关。其基本作用原理是, 经他莫昔芬诱导后, R26-DreER上的同源重组酶Dre进入细胞核并识别Ki67-2A-CrexER中的Rox位点, 触发Dre-Rox同源重组, 切除两个Rox中间的ER序列, 使Ki67-2A-CrexER重组为Ki67-2A-Cre。当细胞发生增殖时, Ki67激活表达, 并驱动同源重组酶Cre的表达, 重组酶Cre进一步识别R26-GFP报告基因上的LoxP位点, 切除两个LoxP之间的Stop序列, 启动GFP表达, 最终使发生增殖的细胞及其后代永久标记为GFP绿色荧光(图1A), 该系统如同摄像机一样可以持续记录体内细胞的增殖活性(图1B), 可通过GFP信号定性和定量体内细胞增殖情况。
仪器  精密电子天平(ML04T)购自瑞士Mettler Toledo公司; 超声仪(SN-QX-20)购自上海尚仪仪器设备有限公司; 全自动生化分析仪(BM6010/C)购自日本Sysmex公司; 酶标仪(SpectraMax M2e)购自美国Molecular Devices公司; 超纯水系统(Direct-Pure UP UV 10)购自上海乐枫生物科技有限公司; 多功能凝胶图像分析系统(MINI Space 1000)、数显式稳压稳流电泳仪(EPS-300)、多功能水平电泳槽(HE-120)购自上海天能科技有限公司; PCR仪(Mastercycler® nexus X2)、小型台式冷冻离心机(R5425R)、台式大型冷冻离心机(R5810R)购自德国Eppendorf公司; 凝胶成像系统(ChemiDoc MP)购自美国Bio-Rad公司; 二氧化碳培养箱(371GP)购自美国Thermo公司; 冷冻切片机(Cryostar NX50)购自美国Epredia公司; 石蜡切片机(HistoCore BIOCUT)、摊烤片一体机(HistoCore Water Bath M)购自德国Leica公司; 荧光显微镜(BX53)、激光共聚焦显微镜(FV3000)购自日本Olympus公司; 宏观变倍体视显微镜(Axio Zoom.V16)购自德国Zeiss公司。
试剂耗材  CCl4 (≥ 99.5%, G65805A)、75% 乙醇(G73537O)、二甲苯(G20641B)、无水乙醇(73537AW)、95% 乙醇(G73537C)、浓盐酸(81788CJ)、蔗糖(G66841B)、SDS (25701P)、2 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl (G82997B)购自泰坦科技探索平台; 玉米油购自多力公司; RIF (≥ 97%, R105455)、1%氨水(A291790)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公; DMEM培养基(BL304A)、trypsin 0.25% EDTA (25200072)购自美国Gibco公司; 血清(ST200303)购自德国PAN-Biotech公司; 青霉素-链霉素溶液100× (C0222)、RIPA裂解液(P0013B)、蛋白酶抑制剂(P1005)、磷酸酶抑制剂(P1082)、SDS-PAGE蛋白上样缓冲液(P0015L)、0.5 mol·L-1 EDTA (C0196)、1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.4, ST774)购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司; CCK8 (A311-02)、2× Taq mix (P213)购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司; DMSO (D8371)、苏木精(H8070)、伊红(G1100)、中性树脂(G8590)购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 谷草转氨酶(AST)试剂盒(KH1002)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)试剂盒(KH1001)购自浙江强盛生物工程有限公司; 总胆红素(TBIL)试剂盒(C019-1-1)、直接胆红素(DBIL)试剂盒(C019-2-1)、总胆汁酸(TBA)试剂盒(E003-2-1)购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 20× PBS缓冲液(B548117-0500)购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司; 蛋白酶K (3115852001)购自瑞士Roche公司; 他莫昔芬(T5648)、Triton X-100 (93443)、PFA (P6148-500G)购自德国Sigma公司; Normal Donkey Serum (017-000-121)购自美国Jackson公司; DAPI (H-1200)购自美国Vector Laboratories公司; 组织包埋剂OCT (4583)购自日本SAKURA公司; 黏附载玻片(188105W)、标准级盖玻片(10212450C)购自江苏世泰实验器材有限公司; Ki67抗体(Ab15580)、GS抗体(Ab49873)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)抗体(ab178945)、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha-smooth muscle actin, αSMA)抗体(Ab5694)购自英国Abcam公司; β-catenin抗体(610153)、血小板内皮细胞黏附分子1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1, CD31)抗体(553370)购自美国BD-Pharmingen公司; GFP抗体(04404-84)购自日本Nacalai Tesque公司; 肝细胞核因子4α (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha, HNF4α)抗体(3113S)购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; 白细胞共同抗原(leukocyte common antigen, CD45)抗体(48-0451-82)、甘露糖受体C型1 (mannose receptor C-type 1, CD206)抗体(12-2061-82)购自美国Invitrogen公司; 上皮钙黏蛋白(epithelial cadherin, E‑cadherin)抗体(AF748)、血小板衍生生长因子受体α (platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, PDGFRα)抗体(AF1062)购自美国R & D Systems公司; 细胞角蛋白19 (cytokeratin 19, CK19)抗体(Troma-Ⅲ-C)购自美国DSHB公司; 微染色体维持蛋白2 (minichromosome maintenance complex component 2, MCM2)抗体(A20699)购自武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司; 细胞周期蛋白D1 (cyclin D1, CCND1)抗体(60186-1-Ig)、细胞周期蛋白A2 (cyclin A2, CCNA2)抗体(18202-1-AP)、β-actin抗体(66009-1-Ig)、HRP标记的山羊抗小鼠(RGAM001)和抗兔IgG (RGAR001)购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司。
动物模型  CCl4诱导的肝损伤模型: 小鼠按照1  µL·g-1体重单次腹腔注射CCl4, CCl4以玉米油1∶3稀释。BDL肝损伤模型: 以含2% 异氟醚的氧气对成年小鼠进行吸入麻醉, 术中保温。备皮后, 沿腹正中线切口, 暴露肝门区胆管, 使用5-0丝线进行双重结扎, 随后缝合腹腔, 待小鼠恢复自主呼吸后移至保温笼中复苏。
整体荧光显微镜观察  组织样本经PBS漂洗后, 于4% PFA中4 ℃固定1 h。再次漂洗, 置于琼脂糖凝胶板中, 随后在PBS浸润下使用Zeiss Axio Zoom V16体视显微镜进行全视野或荧光成像。
血清肝功能检测  采集小鼠眼眶血样于抗凝管中, 4 ℃静置1 h后, 于4 ℃、15 000 r·min-1条件下离心15 min, 收集血清。采用全自动生化分析仪测定血清ALT和AST水平, 并通过微板法检测TBIL、DBIL及TBA含量。
肝组织切片苏木精和伊红(H&E)染色  肝脏组织经4% PFA固定24 h后, 委托武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司进行石蜡包埋, 4 μm切片经脱蜡、苏木精染色、伊红染色、脱水及封片后, 使用Olympus BX53荧光显微镜采集图像, 并采用Image J软件进行图像分析。
组织包埋与免疫荧光染色  肝组织经4% PFA固定、蔗糖脱水及OCT包埋后冻存。10 μm切片经通透、封闭后, 依次进行一抗(4 ℃, 过夜)与荧光二抗(室温, 30 min)孵育, DAPI染细胞核, 封片。图像采集使用Olympus FV3000共聚焦显微镜, 分析使用Image J软件。
Western blot  于肝脏组织中加入RIPA、蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂进行研磨, 在12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心获取上清蛋白样品, BCA法检测蛋白浓度, 加入loading buffer在100 ℃金属浴煮样。随后SDS-PAGE电泳、转膜、封闭(5%脱脂牛奶), 一抗过夜孵育、二抗孵育、ECL显色后, 使用Image J软件进行灰度定量分析。
RNA-Seq分析  随机选取CCl4模型下RIF组与溶剂组小鼠肝脏组织各3例, 速冻后委托擎科生物进行高通量RNA测序。通过华大DNBSEQ-T7基因测序仪进行高通量测序, 测序深度控制在每个样本38 000 000~53 000 000条raw reads, 以保障基因表达检测的覆盖度与准确性。使用Fastp (版本fastp-V0.20.1)去除接头序列和低质量序列。将高质量读数比对到小鼠参考基因组GRCm39.112, 使用StringTie软件(版本stringtie-1.3.4d.Linux_x86_64)对基因或转录本进行初组装, 将所有样本的初组装结果进行合并, 基因计数和归一化表达值。使用Ballgown包提供文件输入进行FPKM定量。使用DEseq2 (版本为1.260)对样本进行显著差异分析, 将差异倍数fold change > 2倍且P-value < 0.05的基因定义为差异基因, 绘制聚类热图, 并对其进行GO和KEGG富集分析。
统计学分析  本研究使用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析。实验数据使用平均值±标准误(mean ± SEM)进行表示。两组间比较采用双侧students' t-test分析, P < 0.05认为差异具有统计学意义。
实验如图2A所示分组: 正常对照组、CCl4 + 溶剂组、CCl4 + RIF给药组(60、80、100、120 mg·kg-1)。血清生化检测显示, RIF各剂量组的AST、ALT水平呈剂量依赖性下降, 100  mg·kg-1组降至最低, 在120 mg·kg-1时升高(图2B)。H&E染色结果表明, RIF显著减轻CCl4导致的肝组织损伤, 尤以100 mg·kg-1剂量肝损伤改善效果最为明显(图2C、D)。此外, RIF组的肝脏体积和肝重比随剂量升高(图2E、F), 提示RIF可能促进肝脏再生。进一步在100  mg·kg-1剂量下进行Ki67和β‑catenin免疫染色, 发现RIF显著提升肝脏细胞增殖活性并增大细胞体积(图2G、H)。综上实验结果提示, RIF可能通过增强肝脏细胞增殖能力和诱导细胞体积扩大, 促进CCl4诱导的肝损伤中肝脏修复再生。
为探索RIF是否通过促进肝细胞增殖来进行肝损伤修复, 本研究引入了ProTracer[12]。CCl4诱导的肝损伤具有显著的区域特异性, 其主要损伤位置为肝小叶3区(中央静脉区), 该区域肝细胞因对CCl4代谢产物的高敏感性而发生显著坏死, 是区域性肝损伤的核心特征[15]。成年雄性ProTracer小鼠经他莫昔芬处理1周后, 为确保在CCl4诱导肝损伤发生时, RIF达到并维持有效的体内浓度, 本研究在损伤前对小鼠进行了3天RIF预处理。损伤后继续给药以维持药物暴露, 保持RIF在肝损伤发生时的全程效应。第4天通过腹腔注射CCl4, 特异性诱导3区的区域性肝损伤。损伤后小鼠继续接受RIF (100 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃两次, 损伤后3天处死小鼠并进行取样分析, 只给予溶剂作为对照组(图3A)。血清AST、ALT水平显示, RIF处理可改善CCl4诱导损伤后的肝功能(图3B)。此外, H&E染色表明, RIF给药组损伤面积较溶剂组显著缩小, 提示小鼠肝修复再生加速(图3C)。小鼠肝脏组织整体荧光成像显示, RIF组小鼠呈现显著的GFP信号, 肝重比增加(图3D)。对肝脏切片进行GFP和HNF4α免疫染色后, 证实RIF组中GFP+HNF4α+肝细胞数量显著增多, 统计分析结果证实该发现(图3E)。肝小叶分区免疫荧光染色显示, GFP+细胞主要分布于第2区(E-CAD-GS-) (图3F)。与此同时, CCl4诱导损伤后1区和3区也观察到GFP+肝细胞数量增加, 表明该区域增殖能力提升(图3G)。综上, 利用ProTracer示踪系统实验结果表明, RIF能显著增强CCl4诱导的区域性肝损伤后肝细胞增殖再生。
为解析RIF促进CCl4诱导肝损伤后肝细胞增殖的分子机制, 本研究对CCl4处理模型中100 mg·kg-1 RIF组与溶剂组的肝组织样本进行高通量mRNA测序分析, 每组设置3个生物学重复。分析结果显示, 多个细胞周期核心基因在RIF组显著上调, 包括推动G1/S期转换的关键调控因子Ccnd1和Ccna2, 以及执行DNA复制的核心组分Mcm2~7家族基因与增殖标志物Mki67 (图4A)。这些基因的协同上调提示, RIF能同步激活细胞周期推进DNA复制进程。KEGG分析显示, cell cycle和DNA replication通路被显著富集(图4B); GO分析显示, cell cycle和cell division等生物学过程及cytoplasm、nucleus等细胞组分与增殖密切相关(图4C)。为验证转录组结果, 本研究通过Western blot检测了核心增殖相关蛋白的表达(图4D)。定量分析实验结果证实, RIF处理显著上调了CCND1、CCNA2、MCM2及Ki67的蛋白水平(图4E)。CCND1的上调是驱动细胞通过G1期限制点的关键起始信号; 随后, CCNA2的表达增加对于S期的进入与进程维持至关重要; 而MCM2作为DNA复制许可的关键因子, 其表达上调确保了DNA复制起始能力的准备; 最终, Ki67的广泛表达标志着细胞群体活跃地进入了增殖周期。揭示了RIF可能通过协同增强G1/S期转换调控与DNA复制许可机制推动肝细胞完成细胞增殖周期。
以上研究表明, RIF可以在CCl4诱导的肝小叶3区(中央静脉区域)损伤中促进肝细胞增殖。接下来, 本研究采用BDL建立损伤肝小叶1区(门静脉区域)区域性肝损伤模型。通过结扎胆总管, 阻断胆汁向肠道的流动, 导致胆汁酸在肝内滞留并产生细胞毒性[15-17]。胆汁酸及其他成分的积聚损伤门静脉周围区域的肝细胞, 导致肝细胞凋亡或坏死, 进而诱发炎症反应、组织纤维化和胆管细胞异常增殖[18]。成年雄性ProTracer小鼠经他莫昔芬处理后, 为确保在BDL诱导肝损伤发生时, RIF已达到并维持有效的体内浓度, 在损伤前对小鼠进行了3天的RIF预处理。损伤后继续给药以维持药物暴露, 保持RIF在肝损伤发生时的全程效应。第4天诱导建立BDL模型, 特异性诱导1区的区域性肝损伤, 随后小鼠接受RIF (100 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃两次, 损伤后3天处死小鼠并进行取样分析, 只给予溶剂作为对照组(图5A)。通过测定血清TBA、TBIL及DBIL, RIF可改善胆管结扎损伤后的肝功能(图5B)。整体荧光成像显示, RIF组小鼠肝脏呈现显著的GFP信号, 且肝脏与体重之比升高(图5C)。GFP和HNF4α的免疫染色证实, RIF组中GFP+HNF4α+肝细胞数量更高, 统计分析支持该结果(图5D)。肝小叶分区免疫荧光染色显示, GFP+细胞主要分布于肝小叶2区(E-CAD-GS-) (图5E)。且RIF组小鼠肝小叶1区也观察到GFP⁺肝细胞数量增加, 高于溶剂组, 表明小鼠给予RIF后, 肝小叶1区(门静脉区)细胞增殖能力得到提升(图5F)。综上所述, 细胞增殖示踪研究证实RIF能显著促进胆管结扎诱导门静脉区域肝损伤后肝细胞增殖。
肝脏中除肝细胞外, 还存在很多肝非实质细胞, 这些细胞在肝脏受到损伤后也会响应损伤应激。上述实验主要对RIF促进小鼠肝细胞增殖情况探究, 肝非实质细胞在区域性肝损伤后增殖情况如何还是未知。为回答这一问题, 本研究评估了经CCl4和BDL诱导区域性损伤的小鼠肝脏中肝非实质细胞的增殖情况。通过对肝脏切片进行GFP与肝非实质细胞标记物的免疫染色细胞共定位及定量分析表明, 在CCl4诱导的区域性损伤中, RIF处理的小鼠肝脏组织, CD45+巨噬细胞的增殖显著减少; CK19+胆管细胞的增殖无显著差异; CD31+内皮细胞的增殖增加; PDGFRα+成纤维细胞的增殖无显著性差异(图6A、B)。在BDL诱导的区域性损伤中, RIF处理组PDGFRα+成纤维细胞增殖数量减少, CK19+胆管细胞和CD31+内皮细胞的增殖无明显影响; CD45+巨噬细胞数量减少(图6C、D)。为进一步解析非实质细胞功能变化对肝再生微环境的重塑作用, 本研究同时检测了巨噬细胞的极化表型, 在CCl4模型中, RIF处理可增加CD206⁺ M2型巨噬细胞, 抑制iNOS+ M1型巨噬细胞(图6E、F); 而在BDL模型中, RIF处理则降低了iNOS+ M1型巨噬细胞的数量, 同时使CD206⁺ M2型巨噬细胞的数量显著上调(图6G、H)。此外, 成纤维细胞活化状态的检测结果显示, 在BDL模型中, RIF处理组αSMA的表达减少(图6G、I)。以上研究结果提示, RIF可能通过调控巨噬细胞的极化和成纤维细胞的活化重塑肝再生微环境, 说明RIF不仅直接促进肝细胞的细胞周期进程, 还通过差异化地调控非实质细胞, 为肝脏的再生与修复创造更为有利的微环境条件。
为明确100 mg·kg-1 RIF处理对小鼠器官是否存在炎症或肿瘤发生的影响, 本研究选用研究背景一致的小鼠, 随机分为RIF (100 mg·kg-1)组与溶剂组。处死后取肝、脾、肺、肾、肠及胰腺组织行H&E染色, 观察组织学结构。结果显示, 肝脏肝细胞索排列整齐, 无炎症浸润、坏死或异常增殖灶; 脾脏红髓与白髓分界清晰, 淋巴滤泡结构正常, 无异常细胞聚集; 肺组织肺泡完整, 支气管上皮无脱落, 间质无水肿及炎症; 肾脏肾小球形态规则, 肾小管上皮无变性, 间质无纤维化; 肠道黏膜层绒毛排列整齐, 肌层结构清晰, 无黏膜糜烂; 胰腺腺泡细胞与胰岛结构正常, 无腺泡萎缩或胰岛细胞异常增生(图7)。综上, 100 mg·kg-1 RIF连续灌胃5次后, 对小鼠的器官均无明显组织学损伤, 提示RIF在本实验条件下具有良好的器官安全性, 为其用于肝再生药物研究提供了实验证据。
以上研究结果均是基于小鼠实验, 为验证RIF能否促进人肝细胞的增殖, 本研究利用人类肝细胞系HepG2细胞进行验证。如图8A所示, HepG2细胞接种并贴壁12 h后, 分别给予浓度0、1、5、10、20、40、60、80 μmol·L-1 RIF处理24 h, 随后进行细胞功能检测。细胞存活检测结果显示, 随RIF浓度升高, 细胞活力呈浓度依赖性上升; 20 μmol·L-1及以上浓度组与溶剂组相比差异极显著, 低浓度组差异较小(图8B)。基于此, 本研究选取20~80 μmol·L-1 RIF处理组, 进一步通过免疫荧光染色检测细胞增殖标志物Ki67的表达(图8C), 并进行定量分析(图8D)。结果显示, 溶剂对照组中Ki67阳性细胞比例极低; 而经20~80 μmol·L-1 RIF处理后, Ki67阳性细胞比例均显著升高。综上, 本研究在人类肝细胞系HepG2中证实, RIF能够以浓度依赖的方式显著增强细胞活力并促进细胞增殖, 进一步支持了前期在小鼠模型中取得的研究结论。
尽管肝脏具有一定的再生能力[19], 但近年来肝损伤研究的主流范式仍相对单一, 过度聚焦于对损伤本身的缓解与修复。事实上, 肝脏的功能性恢复不仅是抑制细胞死亡或减轻炎症, 而是一个由多种生命过程精密协同驱动的、重建组织结构和功能的积极再生程序[20]。该程序涉及损伤信号的启动、细胞周期的重新激活、血管新生, 以及最终的组织架构与代谢功能的完全恢复[21]。小分子化合物在药物开发方面占据重要地位, 尤其是在组织再生方面应用广泛, 本研究采用细胞增殖示踪技术证实了RIF通过促进小鼠肝细胞增殖来修复肝脏损伤。前期在急性CCl4模型下确认RIF剂量时, RIF对CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤的影响呈现剂量依赖性, 在60~100 mg·kg-1范围内, 血清AST与ALT水平随剂量增加而显著降低, 表现出明确的肝保护效应; 然而当剂量增至120 mg·kg-1时, 肝酶指标却意外回升, 提示其保护作用发生逆转。低剂量保护, 高剂量保护作用减弱的非线性剂量反应关系, 符合药理学中治疗窗的核心特征[22], 表明RIF的保护效应存在一个明确的最佳剂量范围(60~100 mg·kg-1)。针对高剂量下效应逆转的现象, 认为这可能源于多种因素的平衡改变, 高剂量RIF本身可能产生代谢负担[23], 从而在已有损伤背景下抵消其保护收益; 其介导的细胞保护信号通路可能存在过度激活或反馈失调的风险[11]。这一发现不仅确定了RIF在本模型中的有效剂量窗口, 更揭示了在体药物效应的复杂性, 并强调了在肝损伤干预策略中进行多剂量探索的必要性。在CCl4和BDL两种经典的区域性肝损伤模型中, RIF处理不仅显著改善了血清肝功能指标(AST、ALT、TBA、TBIL、DBIL)和组织病理损伤, 更重要的是, 通过ProTracer细胞增殖示踪技术, 本研究直接观察并证实了RIF能够显著增加GFP+HNF4α+的肝细胞数量, 这表明RIF增强了损伤后肝细胞本身的增殖能力, 而非仅仅是保护其免于死亡。RNA测序数据和Western blot检测结果进一步为这一现象提供了分子机制层面的支持, 显示RIF上调了包括Mcm家族、Ccna2、Ccnd1在内的细胞周期核心调控基因的表达, Ki67的上调标志着细胞群体活跃地进入了增殖周期。因此, RIF可能是通过调控细胞周期网络, 促进了肝细胞在急性损伤后的增殖, 从而加速肝脏修复。体外的细胞实验证明, RIF也促进了HepG2细胞的增殖, 这为RIF在肝再生领域的临床转化提供了重要的实验基础。
本研究发现也与既往关于RIF具有肝脏保护作用的报道相符[10, 11, 24, 25]。如研究表明RIF能减轻胆汁淤积性肝损伤中的胆汁酸毒性, 缓解胆汁淤积性肝病[26]。然而, 以往研究多聚焦于RIF的保护机制, 如其抗氧化应激或抗炎特性, 而关于其促进肝细胞再生缺乏系统探究[11]。本研究利用细胞增殖示踪技术, 在两种区域性损伤模型中直接追踪并证实了RIF对肝细胞增殖的促进作用, 这是对现有知识的重要补充。此外, 本研究发现RIF减少了GFP+CD45+巨噬细胞的数目, 这与已知的RIF抗炎作用一致, 并提示其在促进再生的同时, 可能通过减轻炎症微环境为肝细胞增殖创造有利条件。
传统研究表明, RIF的肝脏获益主要归因于其对肝药酶的诱导和外源物清除[27]。本研究结果从传统的解毒和保护, 拓展到了主动的促进再生。提出了RIF可能通过cell cycle和DNA replication, 干预细胞周期进程, 从而扮演了肝再生助推器的作用。本研究为RIF开辟了新的潜在应用价值, 也成功展示了细胞增殖示踪技术在精准解析药物对特定细胞群体增殖影响方面的强大能力, 为未来肝脏再生研究及其他器官的再生学研究设立了新的技术手段。在药物研发领域, 本研究发现强调了“老药新用”策略的价值, 提示应对现有药物库进行系统性筛选, 以发现那些具有未被认识的促再生潜力的药物, 从而加速新治疗方案的开发。
本研究采用的ProTracer谱系示踪技术, 虽在短期区域性肝损伤模型中成功实现了肝细胞增殖的精准追踪与定性分析, 但He等[12]的研究证实, 该技术在快速增殖器官的长期干预模型中存在局限性, 随着增殖细胞的大量累积, 难以实现增殖细胞群体的精准定量分析。这也导致本研究在长期肝损伤修复模型中的相关探究存在空白。因此, 未来研究可进一步探索适宜的细胞增殖追踪技术, 并延长药物给药周期, 动态监测肝脏功能学指标、纤维化相关标志物及肝细胞增殖活性的时序性变化。本研究不仅为小分子化合物在肝再生领域的机制研究与应用开发提供了全新研究范式, 更凸显了细胞增殖示踪技术在精准解析药物靶向性细胞增殖效应中的独特优势, 相关研究结果为器官再生学领域的机制探索与技术创新提供了重要参考。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1341
  • 接收时间:2025-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-12
  • 修回日期:2026-01-21
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    1安徽中医药大学, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2烟台新药创制山东省实验室, 中科环渤海(烟台)药物高等研究院, 山东 烟台 264100
    3中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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