Article(id=1308841080636928345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1337, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=1769529600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981630715, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981630715, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981630715, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981630715, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1688, endPage=1698, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841080909558106, articleId=1308841080636928345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Novel pyrazole derivative IHMT-140 exerts anti-tumor effects by reprogramming the immune microenvironment through lysosomal pH regulation, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a dual role in the tumor microenvironment, mediating both immune activation and suppression. M1-TAMs kill tumor cells, while M2-TAMs are immunosuppressive and promote tumor growth. The activation of TAMs and enhancement of their anti-tumor immune function is a major goal in cancer immunotherapy. Here, we report a novel pyrazole derivative, IHMT-140, which reprograms tumor-promoting M2 macrophages into tumor-suppressing M1 macrophages, thereby inhibiting tumor growth. Mechanistically, IHMT-140 raises lysosomal pH in M2 macrophages, blocking autophagy and activating MAPK and NF-κB signaling, which induces M2-TAMs to M1-TAMs and mediates the anti-tumor response. As a potential immunomodulator, IHMT-140 provides not only a new tool for studying TAM reprogramming, but also a foundation for developing related immunotherapies. All animal experimental protocols were approved by the Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, with approval number DWLL-2023-116.
, authors=Wen-wen MA
1, 2, Feng-ming ZOU
1, Wen-chao WANG
1, 2, Bei-lei WANG
1, *, Qing-song LIU
1, 2, *, authorsList=Wen-wen MA, Feng-ming ZOU, Wen-chao WANG, Bei-lei WANG, Qing-song LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bei-lei WANG, Qing-song LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841084004954475, articleId=1308841080636928345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型吡唑衍生物IHMT-140通过溶酶体pH调控重编程免疫微环境发挥抗肿瘤作用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs)在肿瘤微环境中扮演着双重角色, 既可参与免疫激活, 也能介导免疫抑制。具体而言, M1型TAMs具有免疫激活功能, 可杀伤肿瘤细胞; 而M2型TAMs则发挥免疫抑制作用, 促进肿瘤生长。因此, 如何激活TAMs并增强其抗肿瘤免疫功能, 已成为肿瘤免疫治疗领域的重要研究方向。本研究发现了一种新型吡唑衍生物IHMT-140, 该化合物能够将促肿瘤的M2型巨噬细胞重编程为抑肿瘤的M1型巨噬细胞, 从而发挥抗肿瘤效应。机制研究表明, IHMT-140可提高M2型巨噬细胞中溶酶体的pH值, 阻断自噬过程, 进而激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs)与核转录因子-κB (nuclear factor κB, NF-κB)信号通路, 最终诱导M2型TAMs向M1型TAMs转化, 实现对肿瘤的抑制作用。IHMT-140作为一种潜在的抗肿瘤免疫调节剂, 不仅为TAMs重编程机制研究提供了新型工具分子, 也为肿瘤免疫治疗策略的开发提供了研究基础。动物实验方案均经中国科学院合肥物质科学院所批准, 批准号为DWLL-2023-116。
, authors=马雯雯
1, 2, 邹凤鸣
1, 王文超
1, 2, 王蓓蕾
1, *, 刘青松
1, 2, *, authorsList=马雯雯, 邹凤鸣, 王文超, 王蓓蕾, 刘青松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王蓓蕾, 刘青松, authorNote=
作者贡献:
马雯雯和邹凤鸣参与了实验操作、数据处理; 王蓓蕾进行了实验设计与指导及部分数据处理、文章撰写及修改; 王文超和刘青松提出整体设计并指导文章修改。
, correspAuthorsNote=
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1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841084671848823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841084504076659, language=CN, stringName=马雯雯, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841084407607663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084415996272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084407607663, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, address=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841084948672892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841084772512121, language=CN, stringName=邹凤鸣, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, address=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841084285972844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084298555757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084311138670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)])]), Author(id=1308841085015781758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841085112250753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841085015781758, language=EN, stringName=Wen-chao WANG, firstName=Wen-chao, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841085196136834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841085015781758, language=CN, stringName=王文超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031
2中国科学技术大学, 安徽 合肥 230026, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841084285972844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084298555757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084311138670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841084407607663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084415996272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084407607663, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, *, address=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841085422629255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841085284217220, language=CN, stringName=王蓓蕾, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, *, address=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841084285972844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084298555757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084311138670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)])]), Author(id=1308841085489738121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qsliu97@hmfl.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1308841085582012812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841085489738121, language=EN, stringName=Qing-song LIU, firstName=Qing-song, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, *, address=
1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
2University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1308841085653315981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, authorId=1308841085489738121, language=CN, stringName=刘青松, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, *, address=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031
2中国科学技术大学, 安徽 合肥 230026, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308841084285972844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084298555757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841084407607663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084415996272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084407607663, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1Hefei Cancer Hospital of CAS, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084311138670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084285972844, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院健康与医学技术研究所, 中国科学院合肥肿瘤医院, 安徽 合肥 230031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308841084407607663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308841084415996272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, companyId=1308841084407607663, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2中国科学技术大学, 安徽 合肥 230026)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308841086559285656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Vl+er8B/6YWpy5JAu9t8fA==, figureFileBig=+ADdOHTY3suHyPTf38jbig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841086622200217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Assessment of the antitumor efficacy of IHMT-140 in a PANC02 syngeneic model. A: Schematic of the experimental design; B: Body weight change curves; C: Tumor growth curves; D: Final tumor weights from each treatment group; E: Representative photographs of excised tumors. n = 5, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. **P < 0.01 vs vehicle group, figureFileSmall=Vl+er8B/6YWpy5JAu9t8fA==, figureFileBig=+ADdOHTY3suHyPTf38jbig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841086831915418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kVfNAInXvIy29naqNjzGaA==, figureFileBig=TZDw0s/MyAs8W6nnsfz/Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841087045824923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Analysis of treatment effects on spleen weight and splenic immune cell populations. A: Quantification of spleen weight of each group; B-E: Proportion of NK cells (B), B cells (C), T cells (D), and CD8+ T cells (E) in spleen. n = 5, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs vehicle group, figureFileSmall=kVfNAInXvIy29naqNjzGaA==, figureFileBig=TZDw0s/MyAs8W6nnsfz/Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841088744518044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=QQkgIm5o0cT7Czcof5tBdg==, figureFileBig=+ulOHatgNotbsis5Er3WJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841088815821213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Evaluation of IHMT-140 on tumor microenvironment macrophage reprogramming in a PANC02 syngeneic mouse model. A: mRNA expression of M1-like macrophage marker iNOS in tumor tissues; B: mRNA expression of M2-like macrophage marker CD206 in tumor tissues; C: Representative immunohistochemical (IHC) staining images of tumors (scale bar, 40 μm). n = 5, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs vehicle group, figureFileSmall=QQkgIm5o0cT7Czcof5tBdg==, figureFileBig=+ulOHatgNotbsis5Er3WJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841088882930078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=y8rkMIaG++DcQzSy7oo8uQ==, figureFileBig=IZ4UB0btlPLam3SlOxpaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841088966816159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Transcriptome profiling of IHMT-140-treated BMDM cells. A: Bar graph depicting the quantitative distribution of upregulated and downregulated DEGs; B: Volcano plot visualizing the magnitude and statistical significance of DEGs, highlighting upregulated (blue) and downregulated (red) genes; C: Top 10 enriched pathways from KEGG analyses; D: Top 10 enriched pathways from GO-BP analyses; E: Top 10 enriched pathways from GO-CC analyses; F: Top 10 enriched pathways from GO-MF analyses. DEGs: Differentially expressed genes; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; GO-BP: Gene ontology biological process; GO-CC: Gene ontology cellular component; GO-MF: Gene ontology molecular function, figureFileSmall=y8rkMIaG++DcQzSy7oo8uQ==, figureFileBig=IZ4UB0btlPLam3SlOxpaOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089067479456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nT3fLZyl802hT/sgpalCOQ==, figureFileBig=+TSs6DX7mPaCLieDDYReUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089155559841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Morphological changes associated with IHMT-140 induced repolarization of M2-type TAMs to M1-type TAMs. A: Representative images of M2-type THP-1-derived macrophages after treatment; B: Representative images of M2-type BMDM after treatment (scale bar, 50 μm). BMDM: Bone marrow-derived macrophages, figureFileSmall=nT3fLZyl802hT/sgpalCOQ==, figureFileBig=+TSs6DX7mPaCLieDDYReUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089235251618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0a8d0aliOgXBp1yMgoqT1g==, figureFileBig=TzpTQceCWWBo/ezn0RjuaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089298166179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
IHMT-140 promotes M2-to-M1 repolarization in TAMs. A-D: In THP-1-derived macrophages, RT-qPCR analysis shows the relative mRNA levels of CD86 (A), ARG (B), CD206 (C), and IL-10 (D) after treatment with or without IHMT-140; E-G: In BMDM, the relative mRNA levels of iNOS (E), ARG (F), and CD206 (G) are shown; H: Relative mRNA levels of key M1 (TNF-α, IL-6) and M2 (IL-10) inflammatory factors are also presented. n = 3, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ****P < 0.000 1 vs M2 without IHMT-140 group, figureFileSmall=0a8d0aliOgXBp1yMgoqT1g==, figureFileBig=TzpTQceCWWBo/ezn0RjuaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089382052260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DRoEeTqBcUPqTa+JrgaI/g==, figureFileBig=6fFyPc7QLCa7z4qE8GsrDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089444966821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=
IHMT-140 increases lysosomal pH in M2-TAMs. A: Lysosomal pH measurements in M2-polarized THP-1 cells following IHMT-140 treatment; B: Lysosomal pH measurements in M2-polarized bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM-M2) following treatment with IHMT-140. n = 3, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. ***P < 0.001, figureFileSmall=DRoEeTqBcUPqTa+JrgaI/g==, figureFileBig=6fFyPc7QLCa7z4qE8GsrDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089503687078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=40sFhHZAjeuxD8LxuLIi7A==, figureFileBig=5o8cCIQx03/xX62oIWqo0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089562407335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Analysis of signaling pathways following IHMT-140 treatment. A: Western blot analysis of p62, LC3B, p-p38, p-JNK, and p-NF-κB after 12 h of IHMT-140 or chloroquine (CQ) treatment; B: Quantitative analysis of the protein levels shown in (A); C: Immunofluorescence imaging of NF-κB (red) and nuclei (DAPI, blue) in M2-polarized BMDM (scale bar, 20 μm); D: Relative mRNA levels of CD86 (M1 marker) and CD206 (M2 marker) in BMDMs treated with IHMT-140 (10 μmol·L-1) alone or in combination with the p38 inhibitor SB203580 (3 μmol·L-1), the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (20 μmol·L-1), or L-lactic acid (LAC, 100 mmol·L-1) for 48 h. n = 3, $ \overline{x}\pm s $. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs IHMT-140 group, figureFileSmall=40sFhHZAjeuxD8LxuLIi7A==, figureFileBig=5o8cCIQx03/xX62oIWqo0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841089633710504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer sequence | Reverse primer sequence |
| hCD86 | CTCTTTGTGATGGCCTTCCTG | CTTAGGTTCTGGGTAACCGTG |
| hCD206 | CTACAAGGGATCGGGTTTATGGA | TTGGCATTGCCTAGTAGCGTA |
| hIL-10 | GGGAGCCCCTTTGATGATTAA | GCCACAGCTTTCAAGAATGAAGT |
| hARG | GTGGAAACTTGCATGGACAAC | AATCCTGGCACATCGGGAATC |
| hGAPDH | CCAAGGAGTAAGACCCCTGG | TGGTTGAGCACAGGGTACTT |
| miNOS | ATCTTTGCCACCAAGATGGCCTGG | TTCCTGTGCTGTGCTACAGTTCCG |
| mCD206 | CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGC | CGGAATTTCTGGGATTCAGCTTC |
| mTNF-α | CCACGTCGTAGCAAACCAC | TTGTCCCTTGAAGAGAACCTG |
| mARG | CATATCTGCCAAAGACATCGTG | GACATCAAAGCTCAGGTGAATC |
| mIL-6 | CCCAATTTCCAATGCTCTCCTA | AGGAATGTCCACAAACTGATATGCT |
| mIL-10 | GCTGAGGCGCTGTCATCGATTT | GGCCCTGCAGCTCTCAAGTGT |
| mTubulin | AGATTTGATGGGGCCCTGAA | CAGGCATTGGTGATCTCTGC |
), ArticleFig(id=1308841089692430761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841080636928345, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR. iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; CD206: Mannose receptor C-type; GAPDH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; CD86: Cluster of differentiation 86; ARG: Arginase; IL-10: Interleukin-10; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-6: Interleukin-6
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer sequence | Reverse primer sequence |
| hCD86 | CTCTTTGTGATGGCCTTCCTG | CTTAGGTTCTGGGTAACCGTG |
| hCD206 | CTACAAGGGATCGGGTTTATGGA | TTGGCATTGCCTAGTAGCGTA |
| hIL-10 | GGGAGCCCCTTTGATGATTAA | GCCACAGCTTTCAAGAATGAAGT |
| hARG | GTGGAAACTTGCATGGACAAC | AATCCTGGCACATCGGGAATC |
| hGAPDH | CCAAGGAGTAAGACCCCTGG | TGGTTGAGCACAGGGTACTT |
| miNOS | ATCTTTGCCACCAAGATGGCCTGG | TTCCTGTGCTGTGCTACAGTTCCG |
| mCD206 | CTCTGTTCAGCTATTGGACGC | CGGAATTTCTGGGATTCAGCTTC |
| mTNF-α | CCACGTCGTAGCAAACCAC | TTGTCCCTTGAAGAGAACCTG |
| mARG | CATATCTGCCAAAGACATCGTG | GACATCAAAGCTCAGGTGAATC |
| mIL-6 | CCCAATTTCCAATGCTCTCCTA | AGGAATGTCCACAAACTGATATGCT |
| mIL-10 | GCTGAGGCGCTGTCATCGATTT | GGCCCTGCAGCTCTCAAGTGT |
| mTubulin | AGATTTGATGGGGCCCTGAA | CAGGCATTGGTGATCTCTGC |
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