Article(id=1308841041181115138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1335, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762790400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-11, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981621308, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981621308, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981621308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981621308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1522, endPage=1531, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841041390830339, articleId=1308841041181115138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of carboranes in the construction of targeted anticancer drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Targeted anticancer agents have become a cornerstone of cancer therapy, specifically acting on targets such as enzymes, receptors, and proteins to inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to enhancing therapeutic efficacy, these agents significantly reduce adverse effects and improve patients' quality of life. Carboranes, a class of boron cluster compounds with unique structural features in medicinal chemistry, hold considerable potential for optimizing the performance of targeted anticancer drugs. Characterized by three-dimensional aromaticity, high hydrophobicity, and substantial steric bulk, carboranes have been incorporated into the molecular scaffolds of known targeted anticancer agents by numerous researchers. Their distinct physicochemical properties are exploited to modulate the biological behavior of parent molecules, thereby strengthening drug-target interactions, improving target selectivity, and enhancing metabolic stability. Furthermore, due to their exceptionally high boron content, carboranes serve as efficient boron carriers in boron neutron capture therapy. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the application of carboranes in the design of targeted anticancer drugs, aiming to provide valuable insights and references for the development of carborane-based targeted anticancer agents.

, authors=Qing YU, Jing-ying HUANG, Xuan-da LÜ, Tao JIANG*, authorsList=Qing YU, Jing-ying HUANG, Xuan-da LÜ, Tao JIANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tao JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841044997931797, articleId=1308841041181115138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗癌靶向药作为癌症治疗的重要手段, 通过特异性地作用于酶、受体、蛋白质等靶点, 精准阻断癌细胞的生长和增殖, 不仅提高了治疗效果, 还显著降低了毒副作用, 改善了患者的生活质量。碳硼烷是药物化学领域一类结构独特的硼簇化合物, 在优化抗癌靶向药物性能方面展现出巨大的应用潜力。碳硼烷具有三维芳香性、高疏水性和较大体积, 许多研究人员将碳硼烷引入已知抗癌靶向药物结构, 利用其独特的理化性质来调控母体分子的行为, 从而实现药物与靶点的相互作用增强、药物对特定靶点的选择性提高、药物代谢稳定性的改善等。此外, 优异的硼含量使碳硼烷成为硼中子俘获治疗有效的硼携带剂。本文重点阐述碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展, 以期为碳硼烷类抗癌靶向药的研发提供参考和支持。

, authors=余晴, 黄静莹, 吕轩达, 姜涛*, authorsList=余晴, 黄静莹, 吕轩达, 姜涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜涛, authorNote=

作者贡献:

余晴负责查阅文献与论文撰写; 黄静莹和吕轩达负责图表制作; 姜涛负责论文修改与润色。

, correspAuthorsNote=
姜涛, Tel: 15077869702, E-mail:
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A: Vitamin D receptor agonists; B: Estrogen receptor β agonists; C: Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors; D: Boron agents targeting translocator protein; E: Carbonic anhydrase Ⅸ inhibitors; F: Cyclooxygenase inhibitors; G: 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors; H: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitors; I: Histone deacetylase inhibitors; J: Prostate specific membrane antigen inhibitors; K: TEAD auto palmitoylation inhibitors, figureFileSmall=FN+PeHz9MxOJAlNt/JvAIQ==, figureFileBig=ktjd8IfYonNd+ZNl7giong==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841054372201280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841041181115138, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundStrategy and mechanismRef.
Enhanced hydrophobic interactions: the high hydrophobicity of carboranes promotes hydrophobic interactions with target molecules, thereby increasing binding affinity[13]
Optimized cavity occupancy: by effectively filling the hydrophobic cavities of targets, their substantial steric bulk enhances hydrophobic interactions and promotes hydrogen bond formation[14]
Bioisosteric replacement: owing to their three-dimensional aromaticity, carboranes act as bioisosteres of conventional hydrophobic groups such as phenyl or adamantyl moieties, improving stability while maintaining or enhancing affinity[15]
Dual therapeutic modality: the high boron content of carboranes permits a dual therapeutic approach, combining conventional chemotherapy with BNCT for a synergistic effect[16]
), ArticleFig(id=1308841054443504450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841041181115138, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The role of carboranes in the design of bioactive molecules. BNCT: Boron neutron capture therapy

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompoundStrategy and mechanismRef.
Enhanced hydrophobic interactions: the high hydrophobicity of carboranes promotes hydrophobic interactions with target molecules, thereby increasing binding affinity[13]
Optimized cavity occupancy: by effectively filling the hydrophobic cavities of targets, their substantial steric bulk enhances hydrophobic interactions and promotes hydrogen bond formation[14]
Bioisosteric replacement: owing to their three-dimensional aromaticity, carboranes act as bioisosteres of conventional hydrophobic groups such as phenyl or adamantyl moieties, improving stability while maintaining or enhancing affinity[15]
Dual therapeutic modality: the high boron content of carboranes permits a dual therapeutic approach, combining conventional chemotherapy with BNCT for a synergistic effect[16]
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碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展
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余晴 , 黄静莹 , 吕轩达 , 姜涛 *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(5): 1522-1531
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (5) : 1522 -1531
碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展
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余晴, 黄静莹, 吕轩达, 姜涛*
作者信息
  • 江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004
通讯作者:
姜涛, Tel: 15077869702, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

余晴负责查阅文献与论文撰写; 黄静莹和吕轩达负责图表制作; 姜涛负责论文修改与润色。

Research progress on the application of carboranes in the construction of targeted anticancer drugs
Qing YU, Jing-ying HUANG, Xuan-da LÜ, Tao JIANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1335
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抗癌靶向药作为癌症治疗的重要手段, 通过特异性地作用于酶、受体、蛋白质等靶点, 精准阻断癌细胞的生长和增殖, 不仅提高了治疗效果, 还显著降低了毒副作用, 改善了患者的生活质量。碳硼烷是药物化学领域一类结构独特的硼簇化合物, 在优化抗癌靶向药物性能方面展现出巨大的应用潜力。碳硼烷具有三维芳香性、高疏水性和较大体积, 许多研究人员将碳硼烷引入已知抗癌靶向药物结构, 利用其独特的理化性质来调控母体分子的行为, 从而实现药物与靶点的相互作用增强、药物对特定靶点的选择性提高、药物代谢稳定性的改善等。此外, 优异的硼含量使碳硼烷成为硼中子俘获治疗有效的硼携带剂。本文重点阐述碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展, 以期为碳硼烷类抗癌靶向药的研发提供参考和支持。

碳硼烷  /  疏水性  /  稳定性  /  抗癌靶向药物  /  研究进展

Targeted anticancer agents have become a cornerstone of cancer therapy, specifically acting on targets such as enzymes, receptors, and proteins to inhibit the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. In addition to enhancing therapeutic efficacy, these agents significantly reduce adverse effects and improve patients' quality of life. Carboranes, a class of boron cluster compounds with unique structural features in medicinal chemistry, hold considerable potential for optimizing the performance of targeted anticancer drugs. Characterized by three-dimensional aromaticity, high hydrophobicity, and substantial steric bulk, carboranes have been incorporated into the molecular scaffolds of known targeted anticancer agents by numerous researchers. Their distinct physicochemical properties are exploited to modulate the biological behavior of parent molecules, thereby strengthening drug-target interactions, improving target selectivity, and enhancing metabolic stability. Furthermore, due to their exceptionally high boron content, carboranes serve as efficient boron carriers in boron neutron capture therapy. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the application of carboranes in the design of targeted anticancer drugs, aiming to provide valuable insights and references for the development of carborane-based targeted anticancer agents.

carborane  /  hydrophobicity  /  stability  /  targeted anticancer drug  /  research progress
余晴, 黄静莹, 吕轩达, 姜涛. 碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1522 -1531 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1335
Qing YU, Jing-ying HUANG, Xuan-da LÜ, Tao JIANG. Research progress on the application of carboranes in the construction of targeted anticancer drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1522 -1531 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1335
癌症严重威胁人类健康, 成为社会发展的重大公共卫生问题。最新数据显示, 2022年我国新发癌症病例数为482.5万, 占全球总发病率的24.2%; 癌症死亡病例数为257.4万, 占全球癌症死亡病例总数的26.4%, 我国癌症发病率和死亡率均占全球首位[1]。面对这一严峻态势, 开发更高效的癌症治疗手段迫在眉睫。传统的癌症治疗方式, 如手术切除、化学治疗和放射治疗等, 它们的疗效往往十分有限, 尤其对于晚期转移性肿瘤患者疗效欠佳。为克服传统疗法的局限性, 癌症治疗领域正经历一场从“广谱杀伤”到“精准靶向”的范式转移[2]。
近10年来, 我国抗癌靶向药物的研发进展显著, 相关药物的上市数量与占比逐年提高[3]。然而, 现有抗癌靶向药物在疗效、毒副作用、代谢稳定性等方面仍存在优化空间[4]。在此背景下, 碳硼烷凭借其独特的立体结构、高度的可功能化特性及卓越的代谢稳定性, 被越来越多地运用于药物研发与优化, 为新型抗癌靶向药物提供富有潜力的分子骨架[5] (图1)。碳硼烷自1963年首次被合成以来, 逐步引起研究者的关注[6]。早期研究发现, 碳硼烷基团能够以竞争性、非激动的方式与凝乳胰蛋白酶的苯基识别位点相互作用[7]; 随后, 其作为疏水性结构单元在生物活性分子构建中的应用潜力也得到系统性揭示[7]。基于上述重要发现, 碳硼烷在药物设计领域日益受到重视。大量研究表明, 将碳硼烷引入已知活性的抗癌靶向药物分子, 可有效调控母体分子的理化性质、作用机制和代谢行为, 从而优化药物活性、选择性、稳定性等关键性能[8]。因此, 将碳硼烷这一有机-无机杂化结构单元整合到抗癌靶向药物结构是药物设计与优化的一个重要途径。除此之外, 碳硼烷因其高硼含量, 已成为硼中子俘获疗法(boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT) 极具前景的候选硼剂, 相关的应用研究广泛而深入[9]。BNCT是一种先进的放射治疗方式, 能够将含硼化合物准确输送到肿瘤组织以实现精准的靶向治疗。目前, 临床上使用的硼剂主要是硼苯丙氨酸(L-p-boronophenylalanine, L-10BPA) 和硼硫醇钠(sodium borocaptate, BSH)[10]。本文基于前人的研究成果与最新的研究报道, 系统综述碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的应用研究进展, 并探讨其未来的发展方向。
碳硼烷由硼、碳、氢3种原子组成, 经验式为BmCnHm+n, 1, 2-二碳-闭式-十二顶点碳硼烷最为常见, 分子式是B10C2H12, 其结构为二十面体, 根据两个碳原子的相对位置可分为邻碳硼烷、间碳硼烷和对碳硼烷(结构见图2), 这3种同分异构体在高温条件下可发生相互转化[11]。碳硼烷独特的笼状立体结构赋予其三维芳香性、高度疏水性、化学稳定性和生物稳定性。基于这些特性, 近年来, 碳硼烷类化合物在抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗菌、抗抑郁等多种药理活性研究中备受关注, 并且在相关领域取得诸多进展[12]。
根据近些年相关的文献资料, 碳硼烷作为药效团引入抗癌靶向药物中的策略机制可大致分为表1[13-16]中4类。
近年来, 研究人员将碳硼烷结构单元引入已知活性的药物分子中, 构建了众多更有效的新型抗癌靶向药[8, 17]。以下, 笔者将按照药物靶点分类阐述碳硼烷用于构建抗癌靶向药物的研究进展, 并总结出具代表性的碳硼烷类化合物的化学结构(图3)。
维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor, VDR) 是核受体超家族的内分泌型成员, 通过与维生素D的代谢活性形式1, 25(OH)2D3 (1, 图3A) 结合而发挥作用[18]。VDR在疾病的发病机制和治疗中发挥着关键作用, VDR配体被认为是治疗关节炎、骨质疏松症、银屑病和癌症的潜在治疗剂[19]。大多数的VDR配体是天然激素骨化三醇的直接衍生物, 作用效力高, 但甾体类化合物结构复杂, 合成困难, 且化学性质不稳定。因此, 研究人员通过引入碳硼烷笼作为疏水核心克服这些问题。
Fujii等[13]基于1的结构设计并合成一种含有碳硼烷笼的新型VDR激动剂2 (图3A), 碳硼烷作为疏水基团, 相当于C、D环; 3个羟基为氢键形成的必需基团。实验结果表明, 化合物2具有一定的天然激素活性, 其晶体学结构数据揭示碳硼烷的球形B-H表面可作为与受体结合的有效疏水锚点, 进而诱导化合物的两侧醇羟基通过氢键与受体拟合。之后, 他们分别使用双环[2.2.2]辛烷和对碳硼烷作为球形疏水核, 合成两个新型非甾体VDR配体系列, 设计实验并比较生物活性。对比发现, 碳硼烷衍生物对人类白血病HL-60细胞的诱导分化活性比相应的双环烷[2.2.2]辛烷衍生物更强, 表明笼状碳硼烷比碳氢化合物更能有效地与VDR疏水表面发生相互作用[20]。为进一步了解非甾体类维生素D类似物的构效关系, 他们以对碳硼烷为疏水核心, 在两端分别引入单羟基烷基链和二羟基烷基链, 通过改变两个羟基烷基链的长度和羟基的取代位置, 合成两个系列的对碳硼烷衍生物[21]。构效关系研究表明化合物2生物活性最强, 在碳硼烷上连接两个含羟基的无环侧链, 可以确保与受体结合口袋中的VDR进行有效的氢键相互作用。此外, 他们开发出碳硼烷衍生物3 (图3A), 其生物活性与化合物1相当, 是一种效力极强的非甾体类VDR激动剂[22]。Otero等[23]研究出第一个具有碳硼烷单元的甾体类似物4 (图3A), 它不仅能与VDR有效结合, 发挥类似的激动活性, 还表现出比化合物1降低的血钙水平。另外, 他们用邻碳硼烷替代化合物1的A环或侧链末端羟基, 合成两种非常规维生素D类似物5和6 (图3A)[24], 生物学数据表明, 这两种类似物都是VDR激动剂, 且对人乳腺癌MCF-7细胞的增殖具有显著抑制作用, 但化合物5会增加CYP24A1 (负责代谢活性维生素D的酶) 的mRNA表达, 这可能会减弱其作用效力。上述研究表明, 疏水性碳硼烷替代甾体药物的C、D环或A环参与构建新型VDR激动剂是十分有效的策略。
雌激素受体(estrogen receptor, ER) 在人体多种细胞内表达, 主要存在ERα和ERβ两种亚型, 它们参与调控诸多复杂的生理过程, 在生殖系统、骨骼系统、心血管系统等发挥关键的调节作用; 此外, 它们在乳腺、前列腺和卵巢等特定组织中具有重要调节功能[25]。ERα和ERβ的表达水平根据肿瘤组织的种类和肿瘤所处阶段的不同而发生变化, 情况非常复杂。截至目前, 关于抗肿瘤研究最多的是ERβ选择性激动剂[26]。
1999年, Endo等[27]以碳硼烷为疏水核心, 基于雌二醇的结构, 设计并合成碳硼烷类ER激动剂7 (图3B)。Coss课题组[28]通过改变化合物7中碳硼烷两端侧链的结构, 开发大量ERβ高选择性的碳硼烷类激动剂, 研究表明, 化合物8 (图3B) 具有较强的ERβ激动活性, 对ERβ的选择性比ERα高200倍以上。对小鼠进行药代动力学研究发现[29], 以10 mg·kg-1剂量静脉注射后, 化合物8在小鼠体内显示出非常低的全身清除率, 为6 mL·h-1; 半衰期为5.4 h; 以相同剂量口服给药后, 吸收迅速, 绝对生物利用度为98.9%, 0.75 h达到最大血药浓度(21.8 μmol·L-1)。Coss团队[30]继续对化合物8展开一系列生物测试, 发现ERβ激动剂可以阻断ERα阳性的乳腺癌细胞增殖、迁移和集落形成, 诱导细胞凋亡和S期或G2/M期细胞周期阻滞; 同时, 关键的肿瘤抑制因子FOXO1和FOXO3a表达增加。此外, 结合药代动力学数据与实验药理学分析, 发现碳硼烷类ERβ激动剂在不同物种间存在显著的药理学差异, 这表明候选药物从动物模型向人类转化时应同时考虑受体的物种特异性及其对药效的影响[29]。以上研究结果揭示引入碳硼烷作为疏水性药效团可增强乳腺癌治疗药物与靶点的相互作用, 这对此类药物的研发具有重要意义。
表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 是酪氨酸激酶受体家族的一员, 由疏水跨膜部分、细胞内酪氨酸激酶结构域和细胞外配体结合结构域组成。结合配体激活后, 受体启动多种信号通路, 刺激细胞生长、增殖和分化[31]。此外, 在多种实体肿瘤中经常检测到EGFR过表达, 如肺、胰腺、头颈部、结直肠等[32]。因此, 开发新型高效的EGFR抑制剂对这些肿瘤的消除意义重大。目前, 除临床使用的药物阿法替尼、吉非替尼等之外, 研究人员也开发出新的EGFR抑制剂, 许多含碳硼烷的化合物显示出巨大抗癌潜力。
新型含碳硼烷的EGFR抑制剂大多以现有小分子激酶抑制剂为结构基础进行修饰而得。Couto等[33, 34]利用厄洛替尼的4-苯胺喹啉作支架, 通过1, 2, 3-三氮唑连接碳硼烷, 合成新型EGFR抑制剂9 (图3C)。体外研究表明, 该化合物在酸性和近似生理pH的水溶液中表现出良好的稳定性; 与大鼠肝微粒体共同孵育半小时, 该化合物代谢程度有限, 而厄洛替尼出现明显的生物转化; 穿透血脑屏障的能力强于镇静催眠药物地西泮; 对EGFR过表达的小鼠胶质瘤C6细胞的增殖抑制作用强于厄洛替尼。分子对接结果显示化合物9的碳硼烷可以与EGFR催化裂孔的氨基酸残基形成氢键或发生疏水相互作用, 提高结合亲和力, 从而增强抑制效果。此外, 他们以拉帕替尼为母体开发出两种碳硼烷衍生物10和11 (图3C), 二者的抑制效力稍弱于母体, 但展现出更强的体外细胞毒性。研究显示, 化合物10和11的硼富集能力优于L-10BPA, 对结直肠癌和胶质瘤显示出BNCT治疗潜力, 有望能成为集化学治疗与BNCT于一体的新型胶质母细胞瘤治疗剂[35]。
Yin等[31]将L-苯丙氨酸的苯基替换为碳硼烷, 并将该改性氨基酸作为肽链合成的起始残基及大环肽的功能性片段, 在人工核酶flexizyme辅助的体外翻译体系内, 构建含碳硼烷的大环肽文库, 从中筛选得到两条对人EGFR具有较高亲和力的环肽, 建模计算推测, 碳硼烷侧链可能直接与EGFR结合位点的疏水性β‑折叠片层核心发生相互作用; 同时, 这类碳硼烷基环肽在人血清中显示出良好的稳定性(半衰期为6 h), 而对应的L-苯丙氨酸基环肽半衰期小于1 h。目前这类碳硼烷基环肽应用于BNCT的研究仍在进行。Kaniowski等[36]将碳硼烷与EGFR mRNA的反义寡核苷酸片段偶联, 研究发现该类偶联物可与EGFR结合, 并经EGFR介导的内吞途径被EGFR过表达的癌细胞高效摄取, 最终不仅下调肿瘤细胞EGFR的表达, 还实现肿瘤选择性的硼富集, 这为BNCT硼剂的靶向递送提供新的策略。综上, 抗癌药物正确引入碳硼烷可以设计出具有化疗和放疗双重模式的增效药物, 甚至可能优化药物递送系统。
转位蛋白(translocator protein, TSPO) 主要参与线粒体通透性转换孔的形成, 介导线粒体膜内外的物质转运及信号交换。研究表明, TSPO的高表达水平与多种肿瘤的发生和发展相关[37]。因此, TSPO可作为肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。
Narlawar等[16]设计并合成两种含碳硼烷的吲哚类化合物12和13 (图3D), 体外实验结果表明, 两者对TSPO表现出高亲和力, 并且在100 μmol·L-1时无明显的细胞毒性, 在此浓度下, 人胶质瘤T98G细胞的硼蓄积量是临床L-10BPA、BSH的25~100倍, 是正常胶质细胞的4~12倍, 这种低毒性、高硼摄取率使得化合物12和13成为胶质瘤BNCT的候选硼药。由此可得, 将碳硼烷引入靶向抗癌药物, 可有效提升硼元素向肿瘤细胞的输送效率, 从而增强疗效。
碳酸酐酶(carbonic anhydrases, CAs) 是一类含锌金属酶, 能高效催化二氧化碳、水与碳酸、H+之间发生可逆反应, 参与调节机体内环境的酸碱性。CAs存在多种亚型, 各亚型在催化活性、组织分布等方面存在差异, 其中CAIX的肿瘤特异性最高, 研究最深入[38]。另外, 肿瘤的乏氧微环境可激活CAs, 在肿瘤组织内的表达比正常组织细胞高150~200倍[39]。因此, 可将CAs作为重要的治疗靶点, 通过抑制剂靶向抑制其活性, 改变肿瘤微环境, 从而阻碍肿瘤发展。
Kugler课题组研究合成大量抑制CAIX活性的含有磺胺基团的碳硼烷衍生物和金属碳硼烷衍生物[14, 40-43], 磺胺类碳硼烷衍生物14 (图3E) 可在体外血浆中稳定存在, 血浆蛋白结合率为90%以上; 小鼠的最大耐受剂量为125 mg·kg-1; 半衰期为2 h。对CAIX选择性约为CAII的1 230倍, 采用X射线衍射方法跟踪磺胺类碳硼烷衍生物与CAIX和CAII活性位点的相互作用, 发现该类衍生物对CAIX具有高度选择性的原因在于: CAIX的疏水腔结合区域附近的第131位残基为缬氨酸, 其较小的侧链体积有利于碳硼烷簇与该区域的相互作用; 而广泛表达的CAII疏水区域附近的第131位残基是苯丙氨酸, 其侧链体积较大[41]。此外, 研究显示, 采用丙基连接磺胺基团和碳硼烷簇时, 该类衍生物与CAIX的疏水腔填充效果最佳[14]。Lanfranco等[44]设计并合成一类含碳硼烷、磺酰胺及脲基的硼化衍生物15和16 (图3E), 旨在利用CA抑制与BNCT联合治疗间皮瘤。实验研究时, 为增加化合物水溶性, 使用环糊精包合。体外实验显示, 化合物16 (IC50 = 4.7 ± 3 nmol·L-1) 对CAIX的抑制活性优于乙酰唑胺(IC50 = 14 ± 10 nmol·L-1); 对小鼠AB22间皮瘤模型静脉给药并给予中子照射, 结果表明两个化合物单独给药即可抑制肿瘤生长, 与BNCT联合使用时肿瘤体积减小更明显。以上示例表明, 在药物中引入大体积碳硼烷可用于调控药物与同一靶点不同亚型之间的相互作用强度, 从而产生选择性差异, 这为高选择性药物的发展提供了新途径。
环氧酶(cyclooxygenase, COX) 是一种催化前列腺素生物合成的膜结合二聚体酶, 存在COX-1和COX-2两种异构体。COX-2的上调与肿瘤发生、类风湿关节炎和炎症直接相关, 成为许多相关疾病的潜在治疗靶点[17]。
Hey-Hawkins课题组[45-50]基于尼美舒利、塞来昔布、罗非考昔等COX-2抑制剂开发一系列的碳硼烷衍生物, 它们大多展现出比母体更强的抗肿瘤潜力。Zhang等[51]以塞来昔布为反应起始原料合成碳硼烷衍生物17 (图3F), 该化合物对COX-2抑制作用较强且选择性高, 进行人舌鳞癌细胞CAL27的BNCT试验时, 该化合物表现出比BSH更高的肿瘤选择性和药物摄取率。此外, 化合物17通过影响细胞骨架, 减弱肿瘤细胞迁移能力, 破坏DNA双链, 从而诱导癌细胞凋亡。以上研究表明, 碳硼烷的引入可提高已知COX-2抑制剂的作用效力, 这为开发新一代COX-2抑制剂提供了新思路。
脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase, LOX) 是生物体内催化多不饱和脂肪酸过氧化的酶, 主要存在3种类型, 即5-LOX、12-LOX、15-LOX, 研究较多的是5-LOX, 它负责将花生四烯酸转化为白三烯, 而白三烯参与炎症和血管生成[52]。炎症是驱动癌症发展的关键因素, 其作用贯穿于肿瘤发生、发展及转移的各个阶段, 深刻影响疾病进程[53]。因此, 靶向干预介导炎症形成的关键分子并抑制其功能, 可作为一种有效的抗肿瘤策略。
Hey-Hawkins课题组对已知的5-LOX抑制剂进行碳硼烷修饰, 得到一些毒性低、抗癌效果更好的碳硼烷衍生物[15, 46, 54-57]。Rev-5901是一个5-LOX抑制剂, 但由于其易于代谢, 缺乏体内疗效, 因此从未进行过临床研究。为提高Rev-5901的代谢稳定性, Hey-Hawkins团队[15]用碳硼烷替代苯基, 得到衍生物18和19 (图3G), 两者对5-LOX的抑制活性降低, 但对人黑色素瘤A375细胞毒性显著增强, 且对人非恶性MRC-5成纤维细胞的毒性有所降低, 这可能是因为分子稳定性增加, 有关解释需进一步研究验证。用四氢吡喃取代化合物19的烷基侧链得到化合物20 (图3G), 该化合物对多种黑色素瘤和结肠癌细胞呈现毒性增强, 研究证实这种抗癌活性源于对5-LOX和热休克蛋白90的共抑制[56]。Tebufelone是一种COX-2和5-LOX双重抑制剂。用碳硼烷替代tebufelone的二叔丁基苯基, 并在碳硼烷的碳原子与相邻羟基间插入亚甲基, 得到衍生物21 (图3G)[55], 该化合物对人结肠癌HT-29细胞表现出显著增强的抗增殖活性, 具有5-LOX抑制性, 而COX-2抑制能力几乎完全消失。进一步研究表明, 其抗肿瘤效应可能与调节细胞内活性氧及一氧化氮水平有关。综合以上研究, 将碳硼烷笼作为苯基的替代物引入已知药物分子结构, 可在增强药物的抗癌活性或降低对正常细胞毒性方面体现优势, 其具体作用机制仍需进一步深入探索。
烟酰胺磷酸核糖基转移酶(nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, NAMPT) 是催化烟酰胺合成烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的限速酶。而烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸是一种重要的辅酶, 在线粒体呼吸链中传递电子, 驱动三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP) 的生成; 癌细胞的一个显著特征是对高能分子(即ATP) 的高需求, 以维持其快速生长与增殖[58]。由此, NAMPT成为一个颇具前景的抗癌靶点。通过靶向抑制NAMPT的活性, 能够阻断肿瘤的能量供应, 进而遏制癌细胞的生长与增殖。
达珀利奈(daporinad, FK866) 是少数进入临床试验的NAMPT抑制剂之一, 用于治疗T细胞淋巴瘤、黑色素瘤和慢性B淋巴细胞白血病[59]。为提高FK866的活性, Lee课题组[60]基于碳硼烷的大小和疏水性, 以及它们可与氨基酸残基形成强二氢键的潜力, 用碳硼烷的3种异构体替换FK866的苯甲酰哌啶部分, 得到的化合物NAMPT抑制活性均有提高, 化合物22 (图3H) 活性比FK866强100倍。Asawa等[61]根据FK866和NAMPT的对接模拟结果, 在化合物22的结构中引入酰胺基进行二次优化, 得到的化合物23和24 (图3H) 抑制活性提高了10倍; 进一步对化合物24进行分子对接模拟发现, 碳硼烷酰胺结构与NAMPT第191位的组氨酸残基之间形成氢键, 这一相互作用可能增强化合物对NAMPT的抑制作用。
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase, HDAC) 是一类具有多种亚型的重要蛋白酶, 主要参与染色体结构修饰和基因表达调控过程[62]。已有研究表明, HDAC在人类肿瘤内普遍存在异常表达现象[63]; HDAC的过度表达会显著增强组蛋白的去乙酰化作用, 导致松弛的核小体变得十分紧密, 染色质转为封闭状态, 从而阻碍抑癌基因的转录过程[62]。
伏立诺他[64]是临床上用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤的HDAC抑制剂, 虽然它是一种有效的化疗药物, 但对特定的HDAC亚型缺乏选择性。Kavianpour等[65]根据各种HDAC的晶体结构特点, 发现对帽基位置的结构进行修饰可能赋予抑制剂选择性。他们在伏立诺他的苯基部位引入硼簇, 开发出含碳硼烷的新型HDAC抑制剂25 (图3I)。该化合物对HDAC2的抑制活性与伏立诺他相当; 进一步机制研究发现, HDAC2活性位点存在一个内部空腔, 引入体积庞大的碳硼烷笼可增强药物与靶点通道边缘氨基酸残基的相互作用, 进而提升与靶点的结合亲和力。Selg等[66]将碳硼烷作为芳基的生物电子等排体, 通过固相合成方法将疏水性连接基团、异羟肟酸基团(锌离子结合位点) 与碳硼烷类帽基组合起来, 构建一个HDAC抑制剂库。其中, 化合物26 (图3I) 对HDAC6具有较强的选择性, 其抑制活性(IC50 = 6 ± 0.1 nmol·L-1) 是伏立诺他(IC50 = 31 ± 9 nmol·L-1) 的5倍; 化合物27 (图3I) 对HDAC6的抑制活性(IC50 = 31 ± 4 nmol·L-1) 则与伏立诺他相当。与各自的苯基类似物相比, 化合物26和27抑制活性更强, 表明以碳硼烷作为帽基更具优势。此外, 两个化合物对人卵巢癌A2780细胞系具有抗增殖作用; 与蛋白酶体抑制剂硼替佐米联合使用时, 对人早幼粒白血病HL-60细胞系表现协同抑制活性。综上, 碳硼烷的引入可为提高HDAC抑制剂的选择性和靶向性提供有效策略。
前列腺特异性膜抗原(prostate-specific membrane antigen, PSMA) 是一种Ⅱ型跨膜糖蛋白, 在绝大多数前列腺癌细胞及多种实体瘤的新生血管内皮细胞内高表达, 该蛋白已成为前列腺癌精准治疗的关键分子靶点[67]。
El-Zaria等[68]以PSMA抑制剂的核心药效团——谷氨酸-脲基-赖氨酸结构为基础, 开发出一系列含碳硼烷的PSMA抑制剂。为提高化合物的水溶性, 研究人员在碳硼烷上引入一个羟基。合成的水溶性碘代碳硼烷衍生物28 (图3J) 的靶点亲和力(IC50 = 73.2 nmol·L-1) 与已知PSMA抑制剂2-(双甘膦)-戊二酸(IC50 = 63.9 nmol·L-1) 相当; 然而, 对接种前列腺癌LNCaP细胞的小鼠进行药物分布研究, 发现胆囊、肠道、肝脏部位具有高摄取现象, 该化合物需进一步结构优化, 以改善其在体内的分布并减少非靶器官的吸收。Youn等[69]设计并合成含碳硼烷的脲基PSMA抑制剂, X射线晶体结构分析表明, 该类化合物与PSMA结合时, 体积庞大的碳硼烷簇位于PSMA宽阔的入口漏斗区域, 提示经进一步的结构修饰, 该类碳硼烷化合物有望成为开发新型PSMA抑制剂的先导化合物。另外, 有研究者将碳硼烷与已知PSMA抑制剂的支架进行偶联, 得到高结合亲和力的碳硼烷衍生物, 这类衍生物不仅能高效抑制PSMA, 还可发挥BNCT的治疗作用[70-72]。因此, 将碳硼烷作为关键药效团引入分子设计, 已成为开发高效PSMA抑制剂的有效策略之一。
转录增强相关结构域(transcriptional enhanced associate domain, TEAD) 蛋白是Hippo信号通路的关键下游效应蛋白, 在组织发育、再生、细胞增殖和癌症的发展等生理与病理过程中发挥至关重要的作用。已有研究证实, TEAD蛋白的过量表达与癌症的发生和发展存在密切关联[73]。
TEAD蛋白有一个用于容纳棕榈酸的深的疏水口袋, 与棕榈酸结合后, 可确保TEAD蛋白自身的稳定性并避免降解, 因此, TEAD抑制剂通常含有疏水性基团, 如苯基、金刚烷[74]。Li等[75]将已知TEAD抑制剂的金刚烷或苯基结构替换为疏水性更强的碳硼烷笼, 成功设计合成碳硼烷衍生物29和30 (图3K)。生物学评价表明, 这两种化合物作为TEAD转录抑制剂, 对多种前列腺癌细胞表现出较高的抗增殖和抗转移活性; 同时, 它们能有效抑制TEAD介导的转录调控过程, 并显著下调Hippo信号通路关键下游效应分子YAP/TAZ的靶基因(CCN1、ANKRD1、CTGF等) 的表达水平。
本文系统性地梳理了碳硼烷运用于抗癌靶向药物构建的文献, 按照药物靶点进行分类与归纳, 详细阐述碳硼烷在抗癌靶向药物构建中的具体作用与优势, 诸如增强药物与靶点的结合亲和力、提高药物的代谢稳定性、赋予药物双重抗癌机制等。碳硼烷作为非传统的修饰分子, 为药物的设计与优化提供更多的选择。
然而, 大多数碳硼烷类化合物的药代动力学与药理学研究尚不系统, 导致其临床转化陷入瓶颈。未来的研究应重点聚焦于以下几个方面: ①提高水溶性: 进行分子结构修饰, 引入羧基后成盐、引入羟基、糖基、聚乙二醇短链等极性基团, 将亲水性和可排泄性纳入设计范畴。发展先进递送系统, 通过环糊精包合、脂质体包封、制成聚合物胶束等方法, 提高化合物在血液中的溶解度, 提高生物利用度。②探索多模式联合治疗体系: 除了将靶向抑制肿瘤标志物和BNCT结合, 还可利用碳硼烷的吸电子特性, 构建适用于光动力或光热治疗的多功能分子; 多模式联合治疗可大大减少用药剂量, 缓解不良反应。③临床试验: 当研究到达一定阶段, 需展开人体临床试验, 对药物的体内安全性、有效性进行深入研究, 评估其作为新型含碳硼烷的靶向抗癌药物的临床应用潜力。随着上述关键问题的解决, 碳硼烷类药物在抗癌领域将有着更广阔的应用前景。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1335
  • 接收时间:2025-11-11
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-11
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
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    江西中医药大学药学院, 江西 南昌 330004

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姜涛, Tel: 15077869702, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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