Article(id=1308840288026714806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1250, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760976000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-21, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981441742, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981441742, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981441742, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981441742, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1011, endPage=1018, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840288643277495, articleId=1308840288026714806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the role and mechanisms of κ-opioid receptor in pruritus regulation, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pruritus is an important physiological sensation mediated by the somatosensory system, and its clinical significance is increasingly recognized. Based on the underlying mechanisms, pruritus can be classified into histaminergic and non-histaminergic types. Non-histaminergic pruritus constitutes the major form of most chronic pruritus conditions and often shows poor response to conventional antihistamines. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in the spinal cord, serving as a pruritus-specific receptor, plays a critical role in the transmission of non-histaminergic pruritic signals. The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) exert opposite effects in pruritus regulation: MOR activation promotes pruritus, whereas KOR activation produces inhibitory effects. This review systematically elaborates on the multiple molecular mechanisms through which KOR inhibits pruritus, with a focus on the direct inhibition of GRPR function via protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ)-mediated phosphorylation, interference with intracellular calcium signaling, potential modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and comprehensive regulation of pruritic pathways through signaling molecules such as Gβγ and β-arrestin 2. Together, these mechanisms constitute the basis for KOR-mediated regulation of pruritic signals at the spinal level. Although KOR agonists (e.g., TRK-820, CR845) have shown therapeutic potential for chronic pruritus in clinical studies, translational challenges such as species differences and cross-talk among signaling pathways warrant further attention. In-depth elucidation of the KOR regulatory network not only provides novel insights into the physiological and pathological mechanisms of pruritus but also establishes a solid theoretical foundation for the development of novel, highly-targeted anti-pruritus drugs with fewer side effects.

, authors=Xin-yang GUO1, 2, Jing-yu YANG1, *, Pei-lan ZHOU2, *, Rui-bin SU1, 2, *, authorsList=Xin-yang GUO, Jing-yu YANG, Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing-yu YANG, Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840289360503484, articleId=1308840288026714806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=κ阿片受体在瘙痒调控中的作用及其机制研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

瘙痒是一种由躯体感觉系统介导的重要生理感觉, 其临床意义日益受到关注。根据发生机制, 瘙痒可分为组胺能和非组胺能两种类型, 其中非组胺能瘙痒是大多数慢性瘙痒的主要形式, 常规抗组胺药物的治疗反应不佳。脊髓中的胃泌素释放肽受体(gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, GRPR) 作为瘙痒特异性受体, 在非组胺能瘙痒的信号传递中发挥关键作用。κ阿片受体(κ-opioid receptor, KOR) 与μ阿片受体(μ-opioid receptor, MOR) 在瘙痒调控中发挥相反作用: MOR激活促进瘙痒, 而KOR激活则产生抑制作用。本综述系统阐述KOR抑制瘙痒的多重分子机制, 重点包括: 通过蛋白激酶Cδ (protein kinase Cδ, PKCδ) 磷酸化直接抑制GRPR功能、干扰细胞内钙信号、对磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)/Akt通路的潜在调控, 以及经由Gβγ、β-arrestin 2等信号分子对瘙痒通路进行的综合性调控。这些机制共同构成了KOR在脊髓水平调控瘙痒信号的基础。尽管KOR激动剂(如TRK-820、CR845) 在临床研究中显示出治疗慢性瘙痒的潜力, 但仍需关注物种差异、信号通路交叉干扰等转化挑战。深入阐明KOR的调控网络, 不仅为揭示瘙痒的生理、病理机制提供了新视角, 也为开发靶向性强、不良反应少的新型止痒药物奠定了坚实的理论基础。

, authors=郭鑫阳1, 2, 杨静玉1, *, 周培岚2, *, 苏瑞斌1, 2, *, authorsList=郭鑫阳, 杨静玉, 周培岚, 苏瑞斌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨静玉, 周培岚, 苏瑞斌, authorNote=

作者贡献:

郭鑫阳负责文献检索和文章撰写; 周培岚、杨静玉、苏瑞斌对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨静玉, E-mail:
周培岚, E-mail:
苏瑞斌, E-mail:
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This figure illustrates the key neural circuit mechanism underlying pruritus induction at the spinal dorsal horn level following morphine intrathecal administration. Morphine, acting as a μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, primarily activates MORs expressed on dynorphinergic (Pdyn+) neurons and neuropeptide Y (NPY+) neurons. MOR activation inhibits these two types of inhibitory interneurons, leading to a significant reduction in the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, including dynorphin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and glycine. This "disinhibition" effect enhances the activity of downstream gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR+) excitatory neurons, thereby relaying intense pruritic signals to higher brain centers and ultimately evoking scratching behavior, figureFileSmall=/UKZcVJz1JvIhXAikaE7Cw==, figureFileBig=3T3N5lKpUKczHvksae9odg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840291734479589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840288026714806, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2PPdgH9gq5wYkx+oxcOr8A==, figureFileBig=XTg5BxfjkDehXIgxJD78Jw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840291793199846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840288026714806, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of the molecular mechanisms by which μ- and κ-opioid receptors regulate pruritic signaling at the spinal level. This schematic summarizes the mechanisms through which MOR activation promotes and κ-opioid receptor (KOR) activation inhibits spinal pruritic transmission. The pruritogenic effect of MOR is primarily mediated via two key pathways: ① Direct activation through heterodimer formation between MOR1D and GRPR, leading to phospholipase C (PLC) activation, increased intracellular calcium concentration, and enhanced excitability of GRPR+ neurons; ② indirect "disinhibition" via suppression of Pdyn+ and NPY+ inhibitory interneurons, which elevates the excitability of downstream GRPR+ neurons. Conversely, the antipruritic effect of KOR is mediated through multiple converging pathways: ① Direct inhibition of GRPR function via PLC-dependent recruitment and activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), resulting in GRPR phosphorylation; ② potential inhibitory pathways mediated by signaling molecules including Gαi, Gβγ, and β-arrestin 2 (indicated by dashed inhibitory arrows in the figure), which may collectively contribute to the integrated modulation of GRPR+ neuron excitability; ③ the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which also participates in pruritic signal transmission and may be indirectly modulated by KOR. 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κ阿片受体在瘙痒调控中的作用及其机制研究进展
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郭鑫阳 1, 2 , 杨静玉 1, * , 周培岚 2, * , 苏瑞斌 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(4): 1011-1018
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (4) : 1011 -1018
κ阿片受体在瘙痒调控中的作用及其机制研究进展
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郭鑫阳1, 2, 杨静玉1, * , 周培岚2, * , 苏瑞斌1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学临床药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2军事医学研究院, 北京 100850
通讯作者:
杨静玉, E-mail:
周培岚, E-mail:
苏瑞斌, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

郭鑫阳负责文献检索和文章撰写; 周培岚、杨静玉、苏瑞斌对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

Research progress on the role and mechanisms of κ-opioid receptor in pruritus regulation
Xin-yang GUO1, 2, Jing-yu YANG1, * , Pei-lan ZHOU2, * , Rui-bin SU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Clinical Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1250
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瘙痒是一种由躯体感觉系统介导的重要生理感觉, 其临床意义日益受到关注。根据发生机制, 瘙痒可分为组胺能和非组胺能两种类型, 其中非组胺能瘙痒是大多数慢性瘙痒的主要形式, 常规抗组胺药物的治疗反应不佳。脊髓中的胃泌素释放肽受体(gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, GRPR) 作为瘙痒特异性受体, 在非组胺能瘙痒的信号传递中发挥关键作用。κ阿片受体(κ-opioid receptor, KOR) 与μ阿片受体(μ-opioid receptor, MOR) 在瘙痒调控中发挥相反作用: MOR激活促进瘙痒, 而KOR激活则产生抑制作用。本综述系统阐述KOR抑制瘙痒的多重分子机制, 重点包括: 通过蛋白激酶Cδ (protein kinase Cδ, PKCδ) 磷酸化直接抑制GRPR功能、干扰细胞内钙信号、对磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)/Akt通路的潜在调控, 以及经由Gβγ、β-arrestin 2等信号分子对瘙痒通路进行的综合性调控。这些机制共同构成了KOR在脊髓水平调控瘙痒信号的基础。尽管KOR激动剂(如TRK-820、CR845) 在临床研究中显示出治疗慢性瘙痒的潜力, 但仍需关注物种差异、信号通路交叉干扰等转化挑战。深入阐明KOR的调控网络, 不仅为揭示瘙痒的生理、病理机制提供了新视角, 也为开发靶向性强、不良反应少的新型止痒药物奠定了坚实的理论基础。

瘙痒  /  胃泌素释放肽受体  /  κ阿片受体  /  μ阿片受体  /  信号转导

Pruritus is an important physiological sensation mediated by the somatosensory system, and its clinical significance is increasingly recognized. Based on the underlying mechanisms, pruritus can be classified into histaminergic and non-histaminergic types. Non-histaminergic pruritus constitutes the major form of most chronic pruritus conditions and often shows poor response to conventional antihistamines. The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in the spinal cord, serving as a pruritus-specific receptor, plays a critical role in the transmission of non-histaminergic pruritic signals. The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) exert opposite effects in pruritus regulation: MOR activation promotes pruritus, whereas KOR activation produces inhibitory effects. This review systematically elaborates on the multiple molecular mechanisms through which KOR inhibits pruritus, with a focus on the direct inhibition of GRPR function via protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ)-mediated phosphorylation, interference with intracellular calcium signaling, potential modulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, and comprehensive regulation of pruritic pathways through signaling molecules such as Gβγ and β-arrestin 2. Together, these mechanisms constitute the basis for KOR-mediated regulation of pruritic signals at the spinal level. Although KOR agonists (e.g., TRK-820, CR845) have shown therapeutic potential for chronic pruritus in clinical studies, translational challenges such as species differences and cross-talk among signaling pathways warrant further attention. In-depth elucidation of the KOR regulatory network not only provides novel insights into the physiological and pathological mechanisms of pruritus but also establishes a solid theoretical foundation for the development of novel, highly-targeted anti-pruritus drugs with fewer side effects.

pruritus  /  gastrin-releasing peptide receptor  /  κ-opioid receptor  /  μ-opioid receptor  /  signal transduction
郭鑫阳, 杨静玉, 周培岚, 苏瑞斌. κ阿片受体在瘙痒调控中的作用及其机制研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1011 -1018 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1250
Xin-yang GUO, Jing-yu YANG, Pei-lan ZHOU, Rui-bin SU. Research progress on the role and mechanisms of κ-opioid receptor in pruritus regulation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1011 -1018 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1250
瘙痒是一种令人不愉快的感觉, 它会引起抓挠的欲望。临床上常见的慢性瘙痒常常会持续6周以上, 严重影响了患者的生活质量[1]。其病因复杂多样, 包括皮肤干燥(最常见全身性瘙痒原因)、过敏反应、神经精神因素以及糖尿病、肾病、尿毒症等系统性疾病。
瘙痒起源于表皮和真皮-表皮交界处, 其信号传导依赖于选择性微小的无髓鞘C纤维。在这一过程中, 活化的无髓鞘C纤维与角质形成细胞、免疫细胞之间形成复杂的细胞间相互作用网络[2]。根据瘙痒对组胺的敏感性不同, 瘙痒可以分为组胺依赖性(组胺能) 瘙痒或非组胺依赖性(非组胺能) 瘙痒。组胺作为经典致痒介质, 主要通过H1受体(histamine receptor H1, H1R) 介导瘙痒反应。值得注意的是, H1R同样参与痛觉调控, H1R基因敲除小鼠在急性和炎症性疼痛模型中均表现出显著的痛觉感知障碍[3]。从神经传导通路来看, 组胺通过激活特定的无髓鞘C纤维亚群, 将信号经脊髓背角浅层传递, 再经前外侧束上行至丘脑, 最终投射至体感皮层和前扣带皮层[4]。然而常规抗组胺药物对慢性瘙痒的临床疗效不佳, 这提示其发病机制是非组胺依赖性的, 即组胺仅在其中发挥有限作用。慢性瘙痒发病过程中, 皮肤和免疫系统中多种细胞(如肥大细胞、淋巴细胞、角质形成细胞等) 持续释放非组胺类的致痒物质, 这些介质通过相应的受体驱动瘙痒的慢性化进程[5]。对组胺不敏感的非组胺能感觉神经纤维是慢性瘙痒转导的载体, 它们可被非组胺能的多种瘙痒原激活, 这导致了非组胺能瘙痒信号通路的多样性与调控机制的复杂性, 深入探究其调控机制、寻找新的干预策略变得至关重要。
瘙痒发生时, 多种致痒介质参与其中, 包括但不限于: 蛋白酶类、细胞因子、前列腺素、神经肽、神经生长因子以及组胺等; 同时, 多种瘙痒相关受体被激活, 主要包括蛋白酶激活受体和瞬时受体电位通道(transient receptor potential channels, TRP channels) 家族成员, 如TRPV1、TRPV3、TRPA1和TRPM8[2, 6]。这些外周瘙痒信号经感觉神经纤维传入中枢, 主要在脊髓背角进行整合。其中, 阿片受体系统在脊髓水平的调控机制发挥重要作用。阿片受体家族主要包括μ阿片受体(μ-opioid receptor, MOR)、κ阿片受体(κ-opioid receptor, KOR) 和δ阿片受体(δ-opioid receptor, DOR) 三种类型, 它们分别特异性结合内源性配体β-内啡肽、强啡肽(dynorphin) 和脑啡肽[7]。值得注意的是, 阿片系统在瘙痒调控中发挥双向调节作用: MOR的激活促进瘙痒发生, 而KOR与DOR的激活可抑制瘙痒。
MOR作为阿片受体的重要亚型, 其激活不仅具有镇痛作用, 也与瘙痒密切相关。临床使用吗啡等MOR激动剂常会引起瘙痒, 其机制涉及脊髓水平MOR与胃泌素释放肽受体(gastrin-releasing peptide receptor, GRPR) 的相互作用。研究发现, MOR1D亚型可与GRPR形成异源二聚体, 通过激活磷脂酶C/三磷酸肌醇(inositol triphosphate, IP3)/钙离子信号通路, 增强瘙痒信号的传递[8]。此外, MOR通过“去抑制”机制间接促进瘙痒的发生。MOR在脊髓背角高表达于特定的抑制性中间神经元群, 如强啡肽阳性(Pdyn+) 神经元与神经肽Y阳性(NPY+) 神经元。MOR的激活会抑制此类神经元的兴奋性, 减少抑制性递质γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA)、甘氨酸(glycine)、强啡肽以及NPY的释放, 从而解除其对下游GRPR+瘙痒传导神经元的抑制, 最终诱发瘙痒(图1)[9, 10]。
KOR作为内源性强啡肽的受体, 其激动剂在多种瘙痒模型中显示出显著疗效, 机制涉及对GRPR+神经元的直接抑制及对相关信号通路的调控[11, 12]。DOR作为脑啡肽的受体, 其激活同样可抑制瘙痒。研究发现, 脊髓中前脑啡肽的神经元与NPY神经元高度共表达, 且DOR与NPY受体NPY1R存在表达重叠, 提示其可能通过内源性NPY系统协同作用。KOR与DOR在部分脊髓兴奋性神经元中共表达, 瘙痒刺激可特异性激活此类神经元, 进一步提示二者可能存在功能协同[13]。因此, MOR、KOR与DOR通过其特定的内源性配体系统, 构成了一个动态平衡的瘙痒调控网络: MOR激活时促进瘙痒, 而KOR与DOR则通过多重机制发挥抑制效果, 三者间的精细平衡对维持正常感觉稳态至关重要。
2007年研究人员发现了GRPR, 该受体属于G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR), 是小鼠脊髓中第一个被发现的瘙痒特异性受体[14]。实验研究证实, 通过鞘内给予GRP或其类似物bombesin (均为GRPR配体), 可在啮齿类动物中诱导剂量依赖性的显著抓挠行为[15]。更深入的研究采用鞘内注射bombesin-皂苷毒素复合物的方法选择性消融脊髓GRPR+神经元, 结果显示无论是组胺能还是非组胺能瘙痒反应, 均被几乎完全消除[16]。此外, GRPR基因敲除小鼠表现出急性瘙痒行为明显减少, 而其痛觉反应保持正常, 这一发现进一步证实了GRPR在瘙痒信号传导中的关键作用[17]。
近年来, 随着对疼痛和瘙痒机制研究的不断深入, KOR已成为治疗瘙痒和疼痛的重要分子靶点而备受关注[18]。作为一类新型治疗药物, KOR激动剂在瘙痒抑制方面展现出显著疗效, 其独特的作用机制不仅深化了研究者对瘙痒病理生理过程的理解, 更为临床治疗提供了新的策略和思路。
KOR作为Gαi/o蛋白偶联受体家族的成员, 具有典型的7次跨膜结构, 属于视紫红质样受体亚家族[19]。当KOR被激动剂激活后, 通过解离Gα和Gβγ亚基, 一方面激活G蛋白门控的内向整流钾通道, 另一方面抑制电压门控钙通道, 最终导致神经元超极化[20]。在中枢神经系统中, KOR广泛分布于前额叶皮层轴突、伏隔核、下丘脑、导水管周围灰质、孤束核、腹侧被盖区、杏仁核、新皮层、脊髓背角等区域; 在外周组织中, 背根神经节(DRG) 细胞以及肌肉、关节和内脏神经末梢均检测到KOR表达[7]。
KOR被激活后具有镇痛、抗成瘾、抑制瘙痒等作用, 但也会引起烦躁不安、厌恶或抑郁等不良反应[21]。Simonin等[22]利用KOR敲除小鼠, 在一系列镇痛模型中发现, KOR是U50488H镇痛的主要靶点。KOR激动剂的促抑郁和厌恶作用与p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶的磷酸化[23]和环磷酸腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(cAMP response element binding protein, CREB) 活性调控相关[24]。神经化学研究发现, 与MOR激动剂促进多巴胺释放不同, KOR激动剂可抑制大鼠伏隔核和尾状核多巴胺及其代谢产物释放[25], 这可能是其抗成瘾作用的机制基础。
临床研究发现银屑病患者表皮KOR表达显著下调, 体外实验证实KOR激活可抑制炎症细胞因子产生[7]。药理学研究表明, KOR拮抗剂nor-BNI和5′-GNTI可诱发急性瘙痒[26]。而KOR激动剂Nalfurafine (TRK-820) 预处理后, 5′-GNTI诱发的抓挠行为呈剂量依赖性降低, 小鼠脊髓背角浅层中的瘙痒神经元的激活也被TRK-820抑制。此外, TRK-820还在多种动物模型, 包括自身免疫性、胆汁淤积性和吗啡诱导的瘙痒中表现出显著止痒效果[27]。基因敲除研究进一步证实, KOR缺失小鼠表皮萎缩、神经纤维密度增加[28], 且对拮抗剂诱导的瘙痒反应减弱[26]。KOR激动剂纳布啡在野生型小鼠中可以抑制氯喹诱导的瘙痒, 而在KOR敲除小鼠中纳布啡的止痒效果消失。目前, 三种KOR激动剂TRK-820、CR845、纳布啡正在进行临床研究, TRK-820已在日本获准用于治疗尿毒症性瘙痒, CR845获FDA批准用于血液透析相关瘙痒[29, 30]。
这些研究充分证实KOR在瘙痒调控中的关键作用, 使KOR激动剂成为治疗慢性瘙痒的潜在靶向药物。现有临床证据支持KOR激动剂对尿毒症瘙痒的疗效, 动物实验则提示其对其他类型瘙痒也可能具有治疗价值[7]。
如前文所述, MOR与KOR在瘙痒调控中功能拮抗, 共同构成一个精密的平衡系统。KOR广泛分布在中枢神经系统及外周组织, 在瘙痒传导通路: 外周感觉神经末梢、脊髓背角及中枢神经系统发挥抑制作用。其抗瘙痒机制包括直接抑制瘙痒特异性神经元的兴奋性、调节神经递质释放、干扰瘙痒相关信号通路的传递, 以及与瘙痒关键受体(GRPR) 的交互作用(图2)[11, 12, 31]。
KOR被激动剂激活后, 首先与百日咳毒素(pertussis toxin, PTX) 敏感的异源三聚体Gαi/o蛋白偶联, 随后解离为Gαi/o和Gβγ亚基, 这些亚基能够激活细胞内多种效应系统[32]。其中, 激活态的Gαi亚基能够抑制腺苷酸环化酶(adenylyl cyclase, AC) 的活性, 降低胞内cAMP浓度, 从而减弱cAMP信号通路[33]。另有研究发现, 在分离的小鼠脊髓背角神经元上, KOR激动剂U50488H单独作用对胞内钙离子浓度没有明显影响, 与GRP共同作用后, 明显抑制GRPR激活后的PLCβ/IP3/Ca2+信号通路, Gαi特异性抑制剂PTX预处理后, U50488H对钙离子的抑制作用无影响[11], 这提示Gαi信号通路可能不参与KOR激活对瘙痒的抑制。
G蛋白解离后, Gβγ亚基可直接结合并激活G蛋白偶联内向整流钾通道(G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel, GIRK), 促进钾离子外流, 导致细胞膜超极化, 从而降低神经元兴奋性。当Gα-GTP水解为Gα-GDP时, 信号转导终止, Gα-GDP与Gβγ亚基重新结合, 通道随之失活。GIRK通道在神经系统、心脏和胰腺等多种组织中均有表达, 参与慢抑制性突触电位的形成。通过GIRK介导的自我抑制作用, 神经元能够有效调节自身兴奋性, 防止过度激活[34]。值得注意的是, 中枢神经系统中的GIRK通道已被证实参与阿片类药物的镇痛作用[35]。鉴于GIRK通道在神经系统中的广泛分布及其对神经元兴奋性的重要调控作用, 特别是其作为阿片类药物镇痛作用的关键效应器, 推测GIRK通道可能也参与了KOR介导的抗瘙痒过程。在脊髓背角和感觉神经元等瘙痒信号传导的关键部位, GIRK通道的激活可能通过诱导神经元超极化, 抑制瘙痒特异性神经元的过度兴奋, 发挥潜在的抗瘙痒作用。
β-Arrestin作为一种重要的支架蛋白和信号调控因子, 能够调控GPCR相关的信号通路, 参与GPCR的脱敏、内化和复敏等过程。当G蛋白处于激活状态时, β-arrestin可与G蛋白偶联受体激酶(G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK) 协同作用, 调节受体的内吞、降解及信号转导等功能。在脱敏过程中, β-arrestin主要通过抑制第二信使的生成和促进其降解发挥作用。值得注意的是, β-arrestin还能不依赖G蛋白的激活而直接启动信号转导[36]。
KOR激动剂作用于KOR后, Gα-GTP和Gβγ亚基与受体解离, 进一步激活下游信号产生级联反应, KOR迅速发生磷酸化, 进而促进支架蛋白β-arrestin的募集[20]。KOR激活后, 除了激活G蛋白信号通路, 也可以激活β-arrestin信号通路, 引起细胞外信号调节激酶1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, ERK1/2) 的磷酸化, KOR激动剂U69593介导的ERK1/2磷酸化在β-arrestin 2敲除小鼠(βarr2-KO) 中显著下调[37]。Morgenweck等[26]发现, 与野生型(wild type, WT) 小鼠相比, βarr2-KO小鼠中KOR拮抗剂诱导的瘙痒反应减弱, 而磷酸氯喹诱导的瘙痒在两种基因型小鼠中无显著差异。这一结果提示KOR拮抗剂诱导的瘙痒可能依赖于KOR-β-arrestin 2机制。KOR激动剂U50488H明显抑制氯喹诱导WT和βarr2-KO小鼠的瘙痒反应, G蛋白偏向性激动剂isoquinolinone 2.1抑制KOR拮抗剂nor-BNI或氯喹诱导的瘙痒作用与U50488H类似。以上结果表明, KOR激动剂的止痒作用与β-arrestin 2无相关性。但是另一项研究显示, 鞘内注射吗啡后, βarr2-KO小鼠的抓挠次数较WT小鼠显著增加, 提示β-arrestin 2可能参与抑制吗啡诱导瘙痒的信号通路[38]。这些研究表明, β-arrestin 2与瘙痒调控存在密切关联, 但其具体作用机制仍需深入探索。
磷脂酶C (phospholipase C, PLC) 是跨膜信号转导中的关键效应分子。在KOR被激活后, PLC催化底物磷脂酰肌醇4, 5-二磷酸(phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate, PIP2) 水解, 生成第二信使IP3和二酰甘油(diacylglycerol, DAG)。其中, IP3通过激活内质网/肌质网膜上的IP3受体, 促使胞内钙库释放Ca2+; 而DAG则直接激活胞质中的蛋白激酶C (protein kinase C, PKC), 进而引发下游蛋白的磷酸化级联反应[39]。
近年研究表明, PLC-PKC信号轴是KOR调控网络的核心组成部分。KOR激动剂U50488H通过激活PLC促进DAG生成, 进而选择性招募PKCδ亚型并向质膜转位。膜定位的PKCδ可磷酸化GRPR, 最终抑制瘙痒信号传递。相关研究证实, 使用10 μmol·L-1 PLC选择性抑制剂U73122预孵育10 min, 可阻断KOR激动剂U50488H诱导的PKCδ-EGFP向质膜的易位; 相比之下, U73122的非活性类似物U73343 (10 μmol·L-1) 对PKCδ-EGFP的膜易位无影响。全细胞磷酸化实验进一步表明, KOR激活通过PLC依赖性途径诱导GRPR磷酸化, 而U73122能阻断这一过程。行为学实验也支持该通路的调控作用, 给予小鼠PKC激动剂PMA可显著减少抓挠次数, 而PKC拮抗剂BIM则能逆转U50488H对瘙痒的抑制作用。此外, 脊髓PKC亚型特异性siRNA敲低实验发现: 敲低Prkcd (PKCδ编码基因) 会阻断U50488H的抗瘙痒效应, 但敲低Prkca (PKCα编码基因) 不影响其作用, 证实PKCδ是KOR抑制瘙痒的关键效应分子[11]。综上所述, KOR激动剂通过激活PLC-PKCδ信号通路, 促使GRPR发生磷酸化修饰, 从而发挥抗瘙痒作用。
磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K) 和蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt) 通路在医学研究中备受关注, 因其在调控细胞代谢、生长、增殖、存活、转录及蛋白质合成等多种功能中发挥关键作用。该通路的激活始于GPCR或受体酪氨酸激酶(receptor tyrosine kinase, RTKs) 的刺激, 促使PI3K磷酸化PIP2, 生成磷脂酰肌醇-3, 4, 5-三磷酸(phosphatidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, PIP3), PIP3的积累进一步触发Akt的激活[40]。
Pereira等[41]研究发现, PI3K/Akt通路可能参与GRPR介导的瘙痒信号传递。离体小鼠脊髓经GRP处理后, Akt磷酸化水平显著升高, 而GRPR拮抗剂或PI3K选择性抑制剂能以浓度依赖性方式阻断这一效应; 在转染GRPR的HEK293细胞中, GRP刺激同样显著增强Akt磷酸化。在动物实验中, PI3K选择性抑制剂可有效抑制GRP引发的抓挠行为, 以及丙酮-乙醚-水(acetone-ether-water, AEW) 诱导的干性皮肤模型小鼠的抓挠行为。进一步研究表明, PI3K需通过质膜结合的Gβγ亚基被募集至质膜, 才能催化PIP2转化为PIP3。其中, 由高膜亲和性Gγ亚基组成的Gβγ亚基对PIP3生成起主导作用[42]。据此推测, KOR激动剂可能通过激活低膜亲和性Gγ亚基, 干扰PIP3的产生, 从而抑制Akt磷酸化, 最终减少小鼠抓挠行为。
KOR和MOR虽同属Gαi/o蛋白偶联受体家族, 但对钙信号的调控呈现显著差异, 这可能是二者在瘙痒调控中发挥相反作用的关键机制。KOR激活后通过双重途径抑制钙信号: 一方面, 全细胞电压钳实验表明KOR激动剂U69593可显著抑制电压门控钙通道, 对N型、L型和P/Q型钙电流的抑制率分别达32%、64%和28%[43, 44]; 另一方面, 钙成像研究显示KOR激动剂U50488H能降低GRP诱导的脊髓背角神经元钙反应, 提示其还可能抑制胞内钙库释放[11]。这种广泛的钙信号抑制作用可能是KOR发挥止痒效应的基础, 通过抑制胞内钙库释放和降低神经元兴奋性来阻断瘙痒信号传递。
与之相反, MOR表现出促进钙信号的特性。在脊髓水平, MOR通过“去抑制”机制间接增强钙信号: MOR高表达于Pdyn+等抑制性中间神经元, 其激活可引发细胞超极化及抑制性递质释放减少[9], 从而解除对下游GRPR+神经元的抑制, 促进其兴奋性和钙内流, 最终增强瘙痒信号传递。此外, PLC抑制剂U73122可抑制吗啡诱导的抓挠行为[38], 提示MOR可能通过Gβγ激活PLC-IP3通路诱导钙库释放。共表达实验进一步显示, MOR1D与GRPR可发生交叉作用, 协同引发胞内钙升高[8], 为MOR直接增强钙信号提供了实验依据。
GRPR在脊髓非组胺能瘙痒的传递中起着关键作用[45], 其内源性配体GRP特异性表达于背根神经节中与TRPV1和P物质共定位的神经元亚群[46]。值得注意的是, 慢性瘙痒状态下, 小鼠、猴和人类患者均表现出血清GRP水平升高和脊髓GRPR表达上调的特征性改变。多项实验证实, 在不同类型的小鼠瘙痒模型中, GRPR的阻断均能显著减轻瘙痒症状。通过双标记原位杂交(in situ hybridization, ISH) 技术进一步发现, 脊髓浅表背角50%的GRPR神经元共表达Oprk1 mRNA, 证实了KOR与GRPR在脊髓中的共表达现象。功能实验显示, GRP特异性激活可诱导小鼠产生抓挠行为, 而KOR激动剂U50488H能有效抑制该行为[11]。
另一项研究证明, GRPR在脊髓-臂旁核投射神经元(spinoparabrachial neuron, SPBN) 中特异性表达, 是瘙痒信号传递的核心介质。KOR激动剂TRK-820通过选择性抑制表达GRPR的SPBN, 而非中间神经元, 显著减轻瘙痒肽诱导的抓挠行为。荧光原位杂交(fluorescent in situ hybridization, FISH) 分析揭示, 55%的SPBN表达KOR, 且75%表达GRPR的SPBN共表达KOR, 这一发现从分子水平阐明了KOR通过直接调控表达GRPR的SPBN阻断瘙痒信号向臂旁核等高级中枢上传的机制。这些重要发现不仅系统揭示了KOR-GRPR通路在瘙痒调控中的作用机制, 更重要的是为开发靶向KOR的高选择性止痒药物提供了坚实的理论基础, 为临床难治性瘙痒的治疗开辟了新的干预策略。未来研究可进一步探索KOR亚型选择性激动剂的开发, 以及该通路在各类瘙痒疾病中的特异性调控机制[12]。
KOR激动剂在临床治疗中的应用已取得显著进展, 特别是在尿毒症性瘙痒、结节性瘙痒和胆汁淤积性瘙痒等难治性瘙痒疾病的治疗中展现出良好疗效。其中, TRK-820作为首个获批的KOR靶向药物, 已在日本成功用于尿毒症性瘙痒的治疗[30]。噻吩诺啡是军事医学研究院毒物药物研究所研发的混合型阿片受体激动剂, 对KOR和DOR有较强的激活作用, 而对MOR激活作用较弱, 在多种疼痛模型中表现出良好的镇痛效果且未观察到依赖性, 同时具有一定的止痒作用[15, 47, 48]。这些临床实践不仅验证了KOR作为治疗靶点的可行性, 更为开发新型抗瘙痒药物提供了重要参考。
从机制研究来看, KOR-GRPR交互作用的发现为理解瘙痒调控提供了新视角。现有证据表明, KOR可能通过以下途径发挥止痒作用: ①直接调控表达GRPR的SPBN兴奋性; ②干扰瘙痒信号通路的传导; ③调节关键信号分子的活性。值得注意的是, G蛋白解离后产生的Gβγ亚基可直接激活GIRK通道, 促进钾离子外流导致神经元超极化, 这可能是KOR抑制瘙痒的机制之一。然而, 关于KOR具体通过何种G蛋白亚型传递止痒信号仍存在争议。前期研究使用Gαi特异性抑制剂PTX的实验结果显示, KOR对钙信号的调控不依赖Gαi通路[11], 这提示研究者需要重新审视传统G蛋白分类在瘙痒调控中的适用性。
β-Arrestin信号通路在瘙痒调控中的作用同样值得关注。虽然目前关于β-arrestin 2在止痒中的确切角色尚未完全阐明, 但已有证据表明其在GPCR信号转导和内化过程中发挥多重调控功能。特别值得注意的是, β-arrestin不仅参与受体脱敏, 还可能作为独立信号支架蛋白激活下游通路。因此, 深入解析β-arrestin在KOR信号网络中的作用将有助于全面理解瘙痒调控机制。
尽管KOR激动剂的临床应用前景广阔, 但当前研究仍存在若干局限。首先, 多数机制证据源于啮齿类动物模型, 其与人类在瘙痒神经环路及药物反应上存在物种差异, 可能影响临床转化的预测效度[9]。其次, KOR信号与μ/δ阿片受体及其他GPCR通路存在广泛的交叉干扰, 增加了开发高选择性配体的难度[49]。此外, 现有部分KOR激动剂仍可能引起中枢神经系统不良反应(如镇静或烦躁)[21], 且不同疾病背景下的瘙痒可能存在独特的病理机制[4], 需在应用时加以区分。未来研究需借助更贴近人类的模型、精准的靶向策略及针对特定瘙痒疾病的机制探索, 以推动KOR靶向治疗的安全有效应用。
基于上述进展与挑战, KOR激动剂作为一类新型抗瘙痒药物, 其临床应用潜力已得到初步验证。未来, 随着对其信号机制(尤其是物种特异性、通路选择性和不良反应机制) 的更深入研究, 有望开发出更具选择性和安全性的靶向治疗药物。这不仅能为慢性瘙痒患者提供更有效的治疗方案, 也将为深入理解GPCR在感觉调控中的复杂作用提供新的理论框架。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1250
  • 接收时间:2025-10-21
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-21
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
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    1沈阳药科大学临床药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2军事医学研究院, 北京 100850

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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