药学学报

Compoud type	Classification	Essential oil component	Plant source	Main effect
Hydrocarbon	Monoterpenes	Limonene	Lemon	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-anxiety^[4]
Myrcene	Hops	Anticancer^[5]
Pinene	Pine	Antibacterial, antioxidant, refreshing/invigorating^[6]
Sesquiterpenes	Vetiverene	Vetiver	Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-anxiety^[7]
Farnesene	Galbanum	Potent anti-inflammatory, promotes digestion, antioxidant^[8]
Bisabolene	Myrrh Resin	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic^[9]; antibacterial^[10]
Diterpenes	Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]
Phytol	Chlorophyll of higher plants^[12]	Anti-inflammatory^[13]
Cembrene	Coniferous plants	Antibacterial^[14]
Oxygenated compound	Alcohols	Linalool	Rosewood	Antibacterial, health maintenance^[15]
Santalol	Plants of Santalum genus^[16]	Antibacterial and anticancer^[17]
Citronellol	Palmarosa	Antibacterial^[18]
Aldehydes	Citral	Lemongrass	Antibacterial^[19]
Citronellal	Plants of Cymbopogon genus	Air freshener, cleaner, dloor polish, deodorant, hand/body lotion moisturizer, perfume, adhesive^[20]
Cinnamaldehyde	Styrax tree	Improves sleep quality in patients with cerebral small vessel disease^[21], improves amnestic mild cognitive impairment^[22]; antidepressant, anti-anxiety^[23]
Ketones	Menthone	Mint	Antibacterial^[24]
Thujone	Mugwort	Anticancer^[25]
Camphor	Camphor tree^[26]	Analgesic^[27]
Esters	Methyl salicylate	Wintergreen^[28]	Anti-ance^[29], anti-inflammatory^[30]
Neryl acetate	Helichrysum^[31]	Anti-aging^[32]
Linalyl acetate	Clary sage	Analgesic^[33]
Phenols	Eugenol	Clove^[34]	Antibacterial^[35]
Carvacrol	Oregano and thyme^[36]	Anticancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant^[37]
Thymol	Thyme^[38]	Antibacterial^[39]
Oxides	Linalool oxide	Lavender^[40]	Mild sedative, contributes to complex aroma^[41]
Piperonal	Long pepper, black pepper^[42]	Supports respiration, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor^[43]
Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]

Compoud type	Classification	Essential oil component	Plant source	Main effect
Hydrocarbon	Monoterpenes	Limonene	Lemon	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-anxiety^[4]
Myrcene	Hops	Anticancer^[5]
Pinene	Pine	Antibacterial, antioxidant, refreshing/invigorating^[6]
Sesquiterpenes	Vetiverene	Vetiver	Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-anxiety^[7]
Farnesene	Galbanum	Potent anti-inflammatory, promotes digestion, antioxidant^[8]
Bisabolene	Myrrh Resin	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic^[9]; antibacterial^[10]
Diterpenes	Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]
Phytol	Chlorophyll of higher plants^[12]	Anti-inflammatory^[13]
Cembrene	Coniferous plants	Antibacterial^[14]
Oxygenated compound	Alcohols	Linalool	Rosewood	Antibacterial, health maintenance^[15]
Santalol	Plants of Santalum genus^[16]	Antibacterial and anticancer^[17]
Citronellol	Palmarosa	Antibacterial^[18]
Aldehydes	Citral	Lemongrass	Antibacterial^[19]
Citronellal	Plants of Cymbopogon genus	Air freshener, cleaner, dloor polish, deodorant, hand/body lotion moisturizer, perfume, adhesive^[20]
Cinnamaldehyde	Styrax tree	Improves sleep quality in patients with cerebral small vessel disease^[21], improves amnestic mild cognitive impairment^[22]; antidepressant, anti-anxiety^[23]
Ketones	Menthone	Mint	Antibacterial^[24]
Thujone	Mugwort	Anticancer^[25]
Camphor	Camphor tree^[26]	Analgesic^[27]
Esters	Methyl salicylate	Wintergreen^[28]	Anti-ance^[29], anti-inflammatory^[30]
Neryl acetate	Helichrysum^[31]	Anti-aging^[32]
Linalyl acetate	Clary sage	Analgesic^[33]
Phenols	Eugenol	Clove^[34]	Antibacterial^[35]
Carvacrol	Oregano and thyme^[36]	Anticancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant^[37]
Thymol	Thyme^[38]	Antibacterial^[39]
Oxides	Linalool oxide	Lavender^[40]	Mild sedative, contributes to complex aroma^[41]
Piperonal	Long pepper, black pepper^[42]	Supports respiration, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor^[43]
Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]

Category	Advantage	Disadvantage
Essential oil-nanoemulsion	Simple process, strong penetration; easy preparation and scalable production; significantly improves solubility and tissue penetration; allows for combination therapy	Poor stability, potential irritancy; long-term storage instability; high surfactant concentration may irritate skin; low drug loading capacity
Essential oil-nanogel	Good sustained release, excellent biocompatibility; long- lasting antibacterial effect; high biocompatibility and safety; strong adhesion, suitable for topical application	Complex and tedious preparation process; low efficiency; may affect essential oil release and utilization; stringent storage conditions
Essential oil-liposome	High encapsulation efficiency, good targeting; optimal biocompatibility; easy surface modification for targeting and sustained release	High cost, poor stability; high cost of raw materials and equipment; phospholipids prone to oxidation and hydrolysis, strict storage requirements; short in vivo circulation time
Essential oil-polymeric Nanoparticles	Strong stability, low toxicity; excellent physicochemical stability; high and controllable drug loading; can significantly reduce the side effects of essential oils	Wide variety of materials, complex process; risk of in vivo residue for some materials; use of organic solvents in preparation, complex process; release profile not easy to control

Category	Advantage	Disadvantage
Essential oil-nanoemulsion	Simple process, strong penetration; easy preparation and scalable production; significantly improves solubility and tissue penetration; allows for combination therapy	Poor stability, potential irritancy; long-term storage instability; high surfactant concentration may irritate skin; low drug loading capacity
Essential oil-nanogel	Good sustained release, excellent biocompatibility; long- lasting antibacterial effect; high biocompatibility and safety; strong adhesion, suitable for topical application	Complex and tedious preparation process; low efficiency; may affect essential oil release and utilization; stringent storage conditions
Essential oil-liposome	High encapsulation efficiency, good targeting; optimal biocompatibility; easy surface modification for targeting and sustained release	High cost, poor stability; high cost of raw materials and equipment; phospholipids prone to oxidation and hydrolysis, strict storage requirements; short in vivo circulation time
Essential oil-polymeric Nanoparticles	Strong stability, low toxicity; excellent physicochemical stability; high and controllable drug loading; can significantly reduce the side effects of essential oils	Wide variety of materials, complex process; risk of in vivo residue for some materials; use of organic solvents in preparation, complex process; release profile not easy to control

天然植物精油的生物活性及纳米递送系统的研究进展

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蔡宏轩 , 程苇钇 , 任玮晔 , 陈井泉 , 何李婷 , 洪佳慧 , 魏颖慧 , 朴寄纲 ^*

药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(8): 2968-2979

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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (8) : 2968 -2979

天然植物精油的生物活性及纳米递送系统的研究进展

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蔡宏轩, 程苇钇, 任玮晔, 陈井泉, 何李婷, 洪佳慧, 魏颖慧, 朴寄纲^*

作者信息

浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江杭州 310000

通讯作者:

朴寄纲, Tel: 86-571-61768130, E-mail: jppiao@zcmu.edu.cn

Research progress on the bioactivities and nano-delivery systems of natural plant essential oils

Hong-xuan CAI, Wei-yi CHENG, Wei-ye REN, Jing-quan CHEN, Li-ting HE, Jia-hui HONG, Ying-hui WEI, Ji-gang PIAO^*

Affiliations

School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310000, China

出版时间: 2026-08-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1158

文章导航

摘要

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天然植物精油作为植物的次级代谢产物, 具有疏水性和挥发性, 在抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗衰老及抗肿瘤等方面表现出广泛的生物活性, 被视为化学合成药物的潜在替代品。然而, 其稳定性差、水溶性低等理化特性限制了其临床应用。纳米技术通过构建脂质体、纳米乳液、纳米凝胶和高分子纳米粒等递送系统, 显著提升了精油的稳定性、生物利用度和靶向性, 增强了其药理活性并降低了毒副作用。本文系统综述了天然植物精油的化学组成、生物活性机制及其纳米制剂的研究进展, 重点探讨了纳米递送系统在改善精油性能方面的应用策略与效果, 并展望了其在现代医学中的转化潜力与未来发展方向。

关键词

天然植物精油 / 生物活性 / 纳米递送系统 / 化学组成 / 药理机制

Abstract

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Natural plant essential oils, as secondary metabolites of plants, possess hydrophobicity and volatility, and exhibit a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and antitumor effects. They are considered potential alternatives to chemically synthesized drugs. However, their poor stability and low water solubility limit clinical applications. Nanotechnology, through the construction of delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, nanogels, and polymeric nanoparticles, significantly improves the stability, bioavailability, and targeting ability of essential oils, thereby enhancing their pharmacological activity and reducing toxic side effects. This review systematically summarizes the chemical composition, biological activity mechanisms, and recent advances in nanoformulations of natural plant essential oils, with a particular focus on the application strategies and effects of nanodelivery systems in improving essential oil performance. Furthermore, it highlights their translational potential and future development directions in modern medicine.

Key words

natural plant essential oil / biological activity / nanodelivery system / chemical composition / pharmacological mechanism

引用本文

蔡宏轩, 程苇钇, 任玮晔, 陈井泉, 何李婷, 洪佳慧, 魏颖慧, 朴寄纲. 天然植物精油的生物活性及纳米递送系统的研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2968 -2979 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1158

Hong-xuan CAI, Wei-yi CHENG, Wei-ye REN, Jing-quan CHEN, Li-ting HE, Jia-hui HONG, Ying-hui WEI, Ji-gang PIAO. Research progress on the bioactivities and nano-delivery systems of natural plant essential oils[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (8) : 2968 -2979 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1158

正文

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天然植物精油是由植物的叶、花、种子及树皮等组织分泌的次级代谢产物, 具有疏水性特征, 在植物生态系统中发挥着防御天敌、介导种间信号传递等重要功能。近年来, 精油不仅在农林及日化领域具有广泛应用价值, 如杀虫、驱虫、除草、杀螨、杀线虫等生物防控作用, 还可用于香水调香、肥皂制备及油脂类污渍的去除。此外, 天然植物精油在药用领域也展现出显著的生物活性, 包括抗菌(抑制细菌、真菌等病原微生物增殖)、抗氧化(清除体内过量自由基)、抗衰老及辅助化疗(增强抗癌效果、减轻药物毒副反应) 等作用^[1]。鉴于其广泛的生物活性, 天然植物精油被视为部分不良反应显著的化学合成药物的潜在替代品^[2]。同时, 以天然植物精油为核心的芳香疗法也逐渐成为临床疾病治疗中的辅助与替代疗法之一^[3]。为进一步提升精油的药效表现与递送效率, 纳米技术被广泛引入精油制剂开发。植物精油纳米制剂作为天然活性物质与先进递送系统的融合形式, 可显著改善其稳定性、生物利用度与靶向性。通过构建脂质体、纳米乳液等载体系统, 精油在抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等领域的治疗潜力得到增强, 为天然药物的现代化转化与精准治疗提供了新路径。本文聚焦医用视角, 系统梳理天然植物精油的药用潜力及其纳米制剂在纳米医学与药物递送系统中的研究进展, 重点探讨其制备策略、药效机制、应用案例与关键技术瓶颈, 旨在通过系统综述植物精油纳米制剂的纳米递送策略, 以解决其在药用现代化转化中面临的稳定性差、生物利用度低等关键瓶颈问题, 为天然芳香药物的现代化转化与临床辅助治疗中的循证应用提供理论支持与技术参考。

1　天然植物精油的化学组成与分类

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天然植物精油的化学组成极为复杂, 主要可分为碳氢化合物和含氧化合物两大类。碳氢化合物主要包括单萜烯类、倍半萜烯类和双萜烯类, 这些成分由碳和氢构成, 具有高度挥发性和芳香性。芳香植物精油主要成分及分类见下表1^[4-43]。其中, 单萜烯类(如柠檬烯、蒎烯) 分子质量较小, 易挥发, 常见于柑橘类精油, 具有抗菌、抗病毒、提神醒脑等作用; 倍半萜烯类(如岩兰草烯、没药烯) 分子质量较大, 挥发性较低, 稳定性强, 常用于镇静、抗炎和皮肤修复; 双萜烯类则分子结构更为复杂, 在部分木本植物精油中可见, 具有较强的生理调节功能。

含氧化合物则包括醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、酚类和氧化物类等, 这些成分在精油中占据重要地位, 决定了其香气特征和药理活性。醇类(如芳樟醇、香茅醇) 具有温和的抗菌和镇痛作用, 适用于敏感肌肤; 醛类(如柠檬醛、肉桂醛) 香气清新, 具抗真菌和抗炎特性, 但刺激性较强; 酮类(如薄荷酮、樟脑) 具有祛痰、促进循环等功能, 但部分酮类具有神经毒性, 需谨慎使用; 酯类(如水杨酸甲酯、乙酸芳樟酯) 气味柔和, 常用于镇静和抗痉挛; 酚类(如丁香酚、百里酚) 活性强, 具有强效抗菌和抗病毒能力, 但刺激性较大, 不宜长期或高浓度使用; 氧化物类(如桉油醇) 则以清凉、祛痰、扩张支气管等作用著称, 常用于呼吸系统疾病的辅助治疗。

上述化合物大多为易挥发的小分子, 其相对分子质量通常小于300^[44-46], 能够迅速穿透皮肤屏障或经呼吸道吸收进入体内, 发挥多种生理和药理效应^{[47, 48]}。精油的化学组成不仅决定了其香气特征, 也直接影响其安全性与适用范围, 是芳香疗法和天然药物开发中的核心基础。

2　天然植物精油的生物活性及其作用机制

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植物精油作为天然产物的重要代表, 因其成分多样、结构复杂而展现出广泛的生物活性。大量研究表明, 精油在抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面具有显著作用, 在多个细胞和动物模型中均表现出良好的药理效应^[49]。这些生物活性不仅源于其化学成分的协同作用, 也与其对细胞膜结构、代谢通路及信号转导机制的干预密切相关。

2.1　抗菌活性

天然植物精油在自然界中发挥着重要的防御功能, 通过展现抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒及杀虫活性, 有效抵御病原微生物和昆虫侵袭, 并降低植食性动物的取食偏好, 从而增强植物对环境胁迫的适应能力。植物精油的抗菌机制主要依赖其疏水性特征, 使其能够与细菌细胞膜中的脂质组分发生强烈相互作用, 进而破坏膜结构、增加膜通透性, 导致胞内蛋白质和核酸等关键分子的泄漏, 引发细胞代谢紊乱和功能失衡, 最终诱导细菌死亡^{[50, 51]}。部分精油成分还可干扰细菌能量代谢、诱导氧化应激反应, 或直接作用于DNA结构与毒力基因表达, 展现出多靶点的抗菌效应。

在耐药菌研究方面, Ali等^[52]发现肉桂、桉树和丁香精油对MRSA表现出显著抑菌活性, 其中肉桂(Cinnamomum verum) 精油抑菌圈最大(22.67 ± 1.52 mm), 其后依次为桉树(Eucalyptus globulus, 18.67 ± 2.51 mm) 和丁香(Syzygium aromaticum, 12.67 ± 2.51 mm)。Merghni等^[53]揭示了1, 8-桉叶素(桉树脑) 抗MRSA的双重机制: 一方面破坏MRSA的细胞膜完整性, 增加膜通透性, 引发核酸和蛋白质的大量外泄, 同时改变细胞表面Zeta电位, 导致细菌基本结构和功能紊乱; 另一方面诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成并抑制关键抗氧化酶(如CAT和SOD) 活性, 从而引发氧化应激, 加速细胞损伤与死亡。其双重作用机制使1, 8-桉叶素在MRSA中表现出明确的抑菌效应(最小抑制浓度MIC = 7.23 mg·mL^-1)。Cui等^[54]则证实牛至(Origanu vulgare) 精油通过膜破坏、能量代谢干扰及其主要活性成分香芹酚(carvacrol) 与细菌DNA嵌合等途径, 有效抑制MRSA毒力基因pvl的表达, 从而降低菌株的致病性。此外, 针对口腔致龋菌变形链球菌, Yuan等^[55]通过体外实验证实牛至精油可有效抑制变形链球菌的酸产生、疏水性和生物膜形成, 并显著下调多种毒力相关基因(如GTFB/C/D、SPAP、GBPB、VICR、RELA等) 的表达。与青霉素/链霉素相比, 牛至精油(oregano essential oil, OEO) 表现出更强的抑菌圈直径和更低的MIC/MBC值, 且在角质形成细胞中无明显毒性。综合结果表明, 牛至精油具有良好的安全性和多靶点抗菌活性, 是一种具有应用前景的天然抗龋齿剂。天然植物精油通过多靶点机制不仅可有效杀灭耐药菌株与口腔致病菌, 还可能削弱其耐药性与致病性, 为其在抗耐药细菌治疗中的应用提供了坚实的理论基础与研究支撑。

2.2　抗氧化活性

植物精油在抗氧化领域展现出显著的生物活性, 主要归因于其富含的酚类、多酚类、黄酮类及萜类化合物。这些成分能够有效清除体内的ROS自由基, 如羟基自由基(·OH)、超氧阴离子(O₂⁻) 和DPPH自由基, 从而阻断脂质过氧化链式反应, 保护细胞膜结构及生物大分子免受氧化损伤。植物精油的抗氧化活性在多维度研究中得以揭示, 展现出物种特异性与机制多样性。Aebisher等^[56]通过DPPH与ABTS自由基清除实验分析7种唇形科植物精油发现: 百里香和香薄荷精油的挥发性成分抗氧化活性最突出, 推测其核心驱动力为高含量的百里酚、香芹酚等酚类成分; 具体来看, 二者环乙烷组分对ABTS自由基的清除活性显著优于DPPH, 而马郁兰、鼠尾草等精油中, 白薰衣草和薄荷的氧化物类成分抗氧化活性更优。Chen等^[57]进一步明确肉桂、百里香与丁香精油成分与活性关联: 这3种精油及其核心成分丁香酚、百里香酚, 在FOE (铁氧化酶体系) 和RB (红细胞模型) 中均展现异抗氧化活性, 且精油整体抗氧化能力与丁香酚、百里香酚的含量呈显著正相关, 直接佐证酚类成分的关键作用。Odeh等^[58]通过大鼠实验揭示桃金娘与月桂精油的抗氧化及调控作用: 月桂(Laurus nobilis L.) 精油可通过调节糖酵解、脂质代谢减轻体重, 改善动脉粥样硬化指标, 发挥心血管保护作用; 桃金娘(Myrtus communis L.) 精油多数组织中抗氧化能力更优, 但除肾脏外, 其氧化物类成分会增加红细胞膜通透性, 导致毒性物质渗入, 提示需协同评估其抗氧化活性与安全性。植物精油中的酚类化合物(如百里酚、丁香酚、香芹酚)、含环己二烯基结构的萜类(如γ-萜品烯、薄荷-1, 4-二烯-7-醛) 均展现出显著抗氧化潜力。酚类成分可通过提供氢原子或作为羟基、过氧基及超氧化物基团的电子供体, 直接清除反应性物质以发挥断链抗氧化作用, 还能抑制脂质过氧化并协同“回收”α-生育酚等抗氧化剂^[59], 在缓解氧化应激、延缓细胞衰老及预防慢性疾病方面具有广泛应用潜力。

2.3　抗炎活性

植物精油的抗炎机制呈现出多通路靶向与微环境调控的协同特征。已有研究对48种精油在体内外炎症模型中的作用进行了系统分析, 结果表明其主要通过干预Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)、核转录因子NF-κB、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 等炎症相关信号通路, 抑制促炎因子如TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β的合成与释放, 从而在炎症级联反应的上游环节发挥阻断与调控作用^[60]。

Borges等^[61]通过数据库整合分析发现, 迷迭香精油(essential oil of rosemary, EORO) 可通过抑制NF-κB的转录激活与核转位, 有效降低TNF-α与IL-6的表达水平, 展现出显著的抗炎活性。de Oliveira等^[62]进一步在体内外实验中证实, EORO富含迷迭香酸(酚酸类) 与齐墩果酸(三萜类) 等活性成分, 其中酚酸类可清除ROS, 切断氧化与炎症之间的偶联反应; 三萜类则通过诱导炎症细胞凋亡, 共同构建“抗氧化-促凋亡”协同抗炎网络。

此外, 部分研究指出植物精油中的氧化物类成分在肠道炎症中具有双重调控作用: 一方面可抑制炎症介质的分泌、调节肠道微生物群落结构, 从而重塑结肠微环境; 另一方面借助其抗氧化能力切断氧化-炎症偶联, 甚至在结直肠癌模型中展现出潜在的抗肿瘤效应^[63]。值得注意的是, 氧化物结构的复杂性及精油成分的地理源性差异虽增加了机制解析的挑战, 但也赋予其“多靶点干预”优势。精油可同时作用于抗菌、抗炎与抗氧化通路, 降低微生物耐药性并抑制炎症进展, 为结肠病理生理状态的调节提供更系统化的干预策略。这种“广谱信号通路抑制+肠道微环境精准调控”的协同模式, 充分体现了植物精油抗炎机制的多层次性与临床应用潜力。

2.4　抗衰老活性

植物精油的抗衰老活性主要归因于其富含的萜类与醇类化合物, 其中核心萜类包括石竹烯氧化物、石竹烯、β-石竹烯及萜品烯-4-醇, 醇类则以芳樟醇、茯苓醇为代表。这些成分通过多靶点干预机制协同发挥抗衰老效应, 涉及抗氧化、抗炎、基因调控及酶活性抑制等多个层面。El-Nashar等^[64]评估岩蔷薇属植物(月桂蔷薇、孟斯佩里岩蔷薇、鼠尾草等) 精油的抗衰老活性发现: 该类精油可通过SIRT1介导的线粒体功能调控机制, 缓解紫外线B (ultraviolet B, UVB) 诱导的人角质形成细胞(HaCaT) 衰老——具体表现为显著促进抗衰老基因SIRT1的转录表达, 提升线粒体数量、体积及功能活性, 而这一效应与线粒体融合调控因子MITOL上调、分裂因子Drp1下调直接相关。Salem等^[65]在研究香菜精油纳米粒时, 发现其通过激活TGFβ/SMAD信号通路实现抗衰效应。一方面上调Collagen与TGFβ1等关键分子, 促进真皮基质合成; 另一方面降低丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 水平, 抑制TNF-α及基质金属蛋白酶MMP-2/9的表达, 从而同步缓解氧化应激与炎症损伤。El-Nashar等^[64]通过酶活性抑制与分子对接分析, 揭示费约果(Acca sellowiana) 精油的广谱抗衰老潜力: 其萜类(石竹烯氧化物、石竹烯) 与醇类(芳樟醇、τ-cadinol) 成分可协同抑制多种衰老相关酶活性, 具体为乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE, IC₅₀ = 3.99 μg·mL^-1)、胶原酶(IC₅₀ = 408.10 μg·mL^-1)、弹性蛋白酶(IC₅₀ = 0.17 μg·mL^-1)、酪氨酸酶(IC₅₀ = 8.45 μg·mL^-1)。因此, 植物精油可通过调控衰老相关基因表达、改善线粒体功能、激活真皮修复通路及抑制关键酶活性等多重机制, 在延缓皮肤老化与系统性衰老方面展现出良好的应用前景。其多靶点、低毒性、天然来源的特性, 使其成为抗衰老领域中值得深入开发的功能性活性物质。

2.5　抗肿瘤活性

在抗肿瘤领域, 植物精油的生物活性主要依赖其成分间的协同或拮抗作用, 通过多靶点、多通路的干预机制发挥抗肿瘤效应。一方面, 精油可激活机体免疫系统, 成为化疗、放疗等常规治疗手段的潜在辅助或替代方案; 另一方面, 部分精油成分可直接促进免疫杀伤相关细胞的增殖与活性, 包括多形核白细胞(参与肿瘤炎性微环境重塑)、巨噬细胞(吞噬肿瘤细胞)、树突状细胞(提呈肿瘤抗原)、自然杀伤细胞(裂解肿瘤细胞), 以及介导特异性免疫的B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞等。Mangral等^[66]通过网络药理学与分子对接研究发现, 髯杜鹃花(Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don) 精油中的芳樟醇与α-红没药醇可特异性结合TNF-α、MAPK3和EGFR等关键靶点, 有效阻断肺癌细胞增殖信号通路, 显著抑制A549细胞增殖并诱导凋亡。Shabana等^[67]在对A549肺癌细胞的研究中指出, 植物来源的β-石竹烯氧化物(β-caryophyllene oxide, CPO) 通过双重机制发挥抗癌作用: 其一, 通过诱导G2/M期细胞周期阻滞, 抑制癌细胞分裂(伴随p21、p53等周期调控蛋白上调); 其二, 通过激活凋亡通路, 促进Bax表达、抑制Bcl-2表达, 从而触发程序性细胞死亡。Emire等^[68]则报道, 牛至精油富含香芹酚、百里酚等植物化学成分, 可通过多成分协同作用调节免疫细胞活性、抑制肿瘤微环境中的血管生成, 在肺癌等多种肿瘤的预防与治疗中展现出良好潜力。植物精油在抗癌机制上不仅涉及免疫系统激活与炎症调控, 还可通过靶向细胞周期与凋亡通路实现对肿瘤细胞的直接抑制, 使其成为癌症治疗领域中值得深入探索的功能性活性物质。

3　植物精油纳米制剂在纳米医学与药物递送系统中的研究

收起

天然植物精油因其天然来源与多重生物活性, 在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化及抗肿瘤等方面展现出广泛应用潜力。然而, 其疏水性强、易挥发、稳定性差等理化特性, 严重限制了其在临床治疗中的有效递送与药效发挥。近年来, 纳米医学与药物递送技术的快速发展为精油的高效利用提供了新思路。通过构建多种纳米载体系统, 如脂质体、纳米乳液、高分子纳米粒等, 可实现精油的控释、靶向递送与生物利用度提升, 从而增强其治疗效果并降低毒副作用。多种纳米载体系统比较详见表2。

3.1　精油-纳米乳剂

精油的疏水性和易挥发性限制了其直接应用, 因此构建纳米乳剂(nanoemulsions, NEs) 成为提升其稳定性与生物利用度的有效策略。Artiga-Artigas等^[69]采用伪三元相实验设计(pseudo-ternary phase design) 与高压微流化(150 MPa, 5个循环) 技术, 以牛至、百里香、柠檬草和柑橘精油作为油相, Tween 80和天然高分子果胶作为乳化剂, 制备出粒径小于500 nm的稳定纳米乳剂。研究表明, Tween 80在适宜浓度下可显著提升乳化效率, 而果胶则在低浓度时具备一定乳化潜力但稳定性有限。在应用方面, 精油纳米乳剂不仅能够改善精油在水相体系中的分散性, 还能提高组织穿透性与控释能力, 在低剂量下实现更强的生物活性。例如, Wang等^[70]通过将茶树(Melaleuca alternifolia) 精油与表面活性剂Tween 80配制成稳定纳米乳剂(nanoemulsified tea tree oil, Nano TTO), 不仅解决了其理化不稳定性, 还显著增强了抗菌功效。机制研究表明, Nano TTO可靶向辅助调节因子AgrA, 抑制Agr系统的表达, 从而削弱MRSA的生物膜形成能力。在此基础上, Nano TTO作为抗生素佐剂展现出协同抗菌作用, 显著提高了阿莫西林(amoxicillin, AMX) 对MRSA的敏感性。在小鼠败血症和皮肤感染模型中的体内实验进一步证实, Nano TTO与AMX联合应用能够有效改善治疗效果。此外, 将白玉兰精油(Magnolia denudata essential oil, MDO) 通过超声乳化与伪三元相图技术制备的纳米乳液(nanoemulsion, NE) 和自微乳化药物释放系统(self-microemulsifying drug delivery system, SMEDDS), 有效改善了MDO的水溶性与理化稳定性^[71]。纳米级液滴(9~281 nm) 不仅提高了精油在水相体系中的分散性, 还增强了其组织穿透性与控释能力。在麻醉应用中, 纳米乳剂显著缩短了麻醉诱导时间, 延长了恢复时间, 表现出更强的镇静效果。与传统乙醇溶液相比, 纳米乳剂形式的MDO在模拟运输中能更有效缓解鱼体应激反应, 降低血清皮质醇与乳酸脱氢酶水平, 改善能量代谢指标。

精油-纳米乳剂制备工艺简单且易规模化; 能改善精油疏水性与挥发性, 提升其在水相中的分散性及组织穿透性; 可与其他药物协同增强药效, 适配多类应用场景。但该制剂在长期储存中, 其粒径易受环境温度和pH值影响而变化, 导致物理稳定性较差; 同时, 其中含有的高浓度表面活性剂可能引发局部刺激性, 并且其载药量也相对较低。Jaiswal等^[72]的实验表明, 环境因素(如体温、皮肤pH) 导致制剂不稳定或粒径增大, 将直接影响药物的透皮吸收效率和最终体内结果。Vater等^[73]在将卵磷脂与阴离子和非离子表面活性剂在同等条件下进行细胞培养测试中验证传统表面活性剂在有效浓度下即表现出比卵磷脂高得多的细胞毒性。Somala等^[74]制备的配方比例直接体现了载药量低的问题: 作为活性成分的香茅精油在纳米乳剂中仅占4%的质量比; 同时, 为实现纳米乳化, 所需表面活性剂的用量与精油用量持平(也为4%), 这种高比例的辅料进一步凸显了有效成分载量的不足。

3.2　精油-纳米凝胶

纳米凝胶(nanogels) 作为一种高分散性、可注射性和可控释放的智能载体, 在精油递送系统中展现出独特优势。通过将天然植物精油嵌入高分子水凝胶网络, 可有效缓解其挥发性强、水溶性差等理化缺陷, 实现稳定包封与缓释释放。研究表明, 精油-纳米凝胶不仅具备良好的生物相容性和黏附性, 还能在感染性创面、皮肤炎症及肿瘤治疗等场景中实现靶向递送与增强疗效。例如, Xu等^[75]通过纳米沉淀法制备了以玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein) 包裹的纳米罗勒精油(BEO@Zein), 并将其负载于PVP-PVA基水凝胶, 形成的BEO@Zein/PVP-PVA复合纳米凝胶敷料显著降低了精油挥发性, 并实现缓释释放, 显现出优异的抑菌持久性(超过72 h) 与抗生物膜性能。Jing等^[76]通过纳米包载与凝胶基质协同构建了德国洋甘菊(Matricaria chamomilla) 精油纳米乳凝胶, 该制剂显著提升了洋甘菊精油的稳定性、生物利用度与皮肤安全性, 在特异性皮炎模型中表现出良好的抗炎与免疫调节作用, 可有效缓解皮损症状、抑制Th2主导的过敏反应, 并改善局部免疫失衡。研究结果表明, 洋甘菊精油纳米乳凝胶具有多靶点、多通路的治疗潜力, 为特异性皮炎的外用干预提供了安全、高效的天然药物策略。Tang等^[77]采用低能乳化法制备生姜精油纳米乳(ginger essential oil nanoemulsion, GEON), 并通过与双醛纳米纤丝纤维素(dialdehyde nanofibrillated cellulose, Dia-NFC) 和羧甲基壳聚糖(carboxymethyl chitosan, CMCS) 交联构建纳米乳水凝胶(ginger essential oil nanoemulsion hydrogel, GEONH), 实现了精油的稳定包载与缓释释放。与游离生姜精油(ginger essential oil, GEO) 相比, GEON的抗菌活性显著增强, 对铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为5和2.5 mg·mL^-1, 其机制主要为破坏细菌细胞膜结构。GEONH在凝胶强度、吸水性与黏附性方面表现优异, 对三种腐败菌的抑菌率均达99%, 体现出精油与高分子基质的协同抗菌效应。Rao等^[78]开发了一种通过微波诱导磷酸化修饰的蛋清蛋白纳米凝胶(cinnamon bark essential oil, CBEO), 用于递送肉桂皮精油(CBEO), 以提升其稳定性与抗菌性能。与未磷酸化的对照体系相比, 该纳米凝胶粒径更小、分布更均匀、表面电荷更强, 在高温与高盐环境下表现出更优的理化稳定性。其抗菌活性显著增强, 对多种致病菌的最小抑菌浓度降低50%, 并可实现长达108 h的完全抑菌效果。Drais等^[79]的研究通过皮肤刺激性实验证实, 所有纳米凝胶配方(HN1-HN5) 施用后均未引起皮肤病变, 表明其生物相容性良好。同时, 空白凝胶对照实验显示, 含精油的纳米凝胶在保持显著抗菌活性时未增加毒性风险, 证明其毒副作用低。

精油-纳米凝胶可实现精油稳定包封与缓释释放, 抑菌长效性突出; 生物相容性好, 毒副作用低, 具备良好的使用安全性, 黏附性优异, 适配局部给药场景, 能调节炎症与免疫反应。但存在制备流程复杂, 导致生产效率低下; 同时, 其内部的凝胶网络会阻碍活性成分的扩散, 影响生物利用度; 此外, 由于含水量高, 它在低温下易冻结, 对储存条件提出了较高要求。Yousefpoor等^[80]明确指出, 在纳米乳剂的制备过程中, 研究人员需面临制剂放大生产问题。这直接体现了从实验室的小规模制备到工业化大规模生产之间存在巨大鸿沟, 复杂的多步操作工艺是导致其生产效率低下的关键原因。Li等^[81]在研究中通过GC-MS和感官评估表明, 酶交联凝胶的释放慢于热交联凝胶, 且随明胶浓度增加, 释放速率显著降低, 这证明致密凝胶网络会延缓精油扩散, 在需要快速释放的应用中可能限制其生物利用度。Hong等^[82]的研究通过冻融循环实验证明, 高含水乳剂体系必须依赖纳米纤维素抑制冰晶以维持结构稳定, 此特性恰恰说明其本身在低温下极易冻结失稳, 因而必须依赖冷冻储存条件才能保持性能。

3.3　精油-脂质体

脂质体作为一种由磷脂双层构成的纳米级囊泡结构, 因其良好的生物相容性、靶向性及控释能力, 已广泛应用于药物递送系统中。将天然植物精油包载于脂质体中, 不仅可显著改善其挥发性强、水溶性差等理化缺陷, 还能增强其稳定性、生物利用度及组织穿透性, 从而提升其药效表现。Li等^[83]采用薄膜水合-高压均质法构建了花椒精油纳米脂质体(Zanthoxylum bungeanum essential oil nanoliposomesZBEO-NL), 以蛋黄卵磷脂和胆固醇为壁材, 显著提升精油的包封率(88.7 ± 1.2)%, 远高于多数植物精油脂质体报道的70%左右水平。Zeta电位分析显示其表面电荷为-35.4 mV, 高于空白脂质体, 表明体系稳定性增强。理化表征[傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared, FTIR)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)、热重分析(thermogravimetric analysis, TGA)] 结果证实, ZBEO与磷脂通过氢键和疏水作用形成稳定复合物, 脂质体呈非晶态结构, 热稳定性显著提升。在储存14天后, ZBEO-NL包封率仅下降8.2%, 磷脂酯键未发生明显水解, 表现出优异的储存稳定性。抑菌实验结果显示, ZBEO-NL对大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌圈直径分别为18.4和20.1 mm, 显著高于游离ZBEO的12.7和14.3 mm, 抑菌效果提升超过40%。这表明脂质体包载不仅改善了精油的水溶性与稳定性, 还有效增强了其生物活性, 为花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum) 精油在食品保鲜与医学领域的应用提供了可靠的纳米递送策略与技术支撑。佛香精油通过破坏细胞壁、细胞膜结构从而抑制蛋白质合成和生物膜形成以达到抑制细菌的效果, 但由于精油的挥发性和不稳定性使其作用被制约, 佛香精油脂质体的研发很好地延长了精油的抑菌效果。Huang等^[84]将佛手精油与丁香精油复配后制成脂质体凝胶, 提高了佛香精油的稳定性、皮肤滞留性和缓释效果。抑菌率曲线显示佛香精油凝胶具有缓释作用, 抑菌效果更持久, 并且在精油含量为1.068 mg·mL^-1时, 抑菌率达65.9%; 凝胶的pH接近人体皮肤表面, 提高了佛香精油的皮肤表面滞留性。Ge等^[85]通过脂质体包封与壳聚糖静电结合构建了茶树精油缓释抗菌材料, 显著提升了精油的稳定性与抗菌性能。采用薄膜水化-超声法制备的脂质体在卵磷脂∶胆固醇为5.51∶1、TTO浓度1.21%、Tween 80浓度0.79%的条件下表现出良好的稳定性与缓释性。脂质体的引入降低了壳聚糖结晶度, 增强材料柔韧性与抗溶蚀性。该复合体系通过壳聚糖吸附破坏细胞膜、精油渗透致膜损伤、脂质体增强渗透与稳定性三重机制协同发挥高效抗菌作用。该材料具备良好的生物相容性与广谱抗菌性, 适用于医用敷料、抗菌纺织品、食品包装及化妆品等领域, 展现出较高的应用潜力。He等^[86]在研究中通过体内实验证明, 经透明质酸(hyaluronic acid) 修饰的脂质体(HA-CXO-Lip) 能显著减少UVB照射小鼠的表皮增厚与红斑, 并有效抑制皮肤中CD44受体的表达。这一结果证实表面修饰通过HA与皮肤细胞表面CD44受体的特异性结合, 增强了脂质体的皮肤靶向性与滞留性, 从而提升其抗光老化效果。

精油-脂质体生物相容性极佳, 易被细胞摄取; 包封率远高于常规载体; 储存过程中精油稳定性较好; 可通过表面修饰提升靶向性与皮肤滞留性。但精油-脂质体在研究中表现出磷脂易氧化水解的特性, 且其制备依赖高纯度磷脂与专用设备导致成本较高; 同时其易被单核-巨噬细胞系统快速清除, 导致血液循环时间短。Chen等^[87]在研究中通过4 ℃储存实验表明, 牡蛎磷脂含量在7天内显著下降68.08%, 同时游离脂肪酸含量大幅增加, 磷脂酶活性显著增强, 直接证实磷脂在常规储存条件下易发生水解反应, 长期储存需严格控温控湿。Sherry等^[88]在综述中指出, 脂质体的组成(如特定磷脂类型、胆固醇含量) 和制备方法对脂质体特性具有关键影响, 而微流控、高压均质等专用制备技术及高纯度磷脂原料的使用, 共同构成了其较高的生产成本。Maitani等^[89]在研究中通过PEG化来延长脂质颗粒循环寿命, 这直接反衬出传统脂质体因易被单核-巨噬细胞系统快速清除而导致血液循环时间短的核心缺陷。

3.4　精油-高分子纳米粒

高分子纳米粒是一种具有良好生物相容性和可调控释放特性的纳米载体, 在改善植物精油的挥发性和不稳定性方面显示出显著优势。Corrado等^[90]将OEO高效包封于聚羟基丁酸酯(polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB) 及其共聚物PHB-HHx构建的纳米颗粒中, 包封效率超过60%, 载药量约为50%。所得纳米颗粒粒径分布均匀(150~210 nm), 在模拟体系中的释放行为符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型, 以扩散为主要控制机制。聚合物组成显著影响释放速率, PHB-HHx因其更高的无定形特性而表现出更快释放, 这一特性由广角X射线衍射(wide-angle X-ray scattering, WAXS) 与差示扫描量热(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) 分析所证实。抗菌实验显示, 两种精油纳米系统均对微球菌(Micrococcus luteus) 具有抑菌活性, 其中PHB-HH x体系的效果优于游离精油。

Yousefi等^[91]借助乳液-离子凝胶技术, 将生姜精油(Zataria multiflora essential oil) 封装于不同度的壳聚糖纳米颗粒内, 并对生姜精油抗氧化与抗菌作用展开研究。FTIR证实了生姜精油被成功封装于壳聚糖基质中。所制备的纳米粒呈球形, 粒径分布在198~318 nm之间, 并带有显著的正电性(zeta电位为+21.31至+43.57 mV), 这种正电荷特性有助于纳米粒与带负电的细菌细胞膜相互作用, 增强抗菌效果。封装效率最高可达68.32%, 负载量达27.54%, 表现出20%~61%的DPPH自由基清除活性。Essid等^[92]通过响应面法系统优化了肉桂精油封装至壳聚糖纳米粒的工艺, 获得了超高包封率(92.58%)、粒径为480 nm且分布均匀的纳米制剂。该纳米制剂展现出卓越的抗白色念珠菌活性(MIC = 125 µg·mL^-1) 和强大的抗什曼原虫活性(对L. tropica和L. major的IC₅₀分别为10.47和15.09 µg·mL^-1), 其效果甚至优于游离精油, 并且纳米封装将精油的细胞毒性降低了75%。这些实验结果表明高分子纳米粒在保护精油免受氧化变质和蒸发来增强精油的稳定性方面具有显著的优异性。Xu等^[93]在研究中表明, CS-CEO纳米颗粒在4 ℃储存及37 ℃生理环境下能保持结构稳定并有效抑制肿瘤, 证明其具备良好的储存稳定性及耐温耐盐性。

精油-高分子纳米粒耐高温、高盐, 储存稳定性强; 载药量可控且整体较高; 能显著降低精油毒性; 对特定病原体(如寄生虫) 抑制效果优于游离精油。但该制剂采用的部分非生物降解材料可能造成体内残留, 且其制备过程需使用有机溶剂并涉及复杂的后续纯化步骤。同时, 其药物释放速率受聚合物特性影响, 易出现释放不均一的问题。Kik等^[94]的研究表明, 聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒可通过皮肤、呼吸道和消化道进入生物体, 并在生物体内沉积, 通过食物链逐级积累, 证实其在生物体内具有长期残留性。Ercin等^[95]在研究中采用单乳剂法制备PLGA纳米粒, 此过程需使用有机溶剂溶解PLGA高分子材料; 后续通过紫外、DLS、SEM等多重表征及体外释放研究, 表明其需经过复杂的纯化步骤以去除溶剂及未包封成分, 确保制剂稳定性。Su等^[96]在研究中指出, PLGA微球的释放速率可通过调节其乳酸/乙醇酸单体比进行控制, 且实际应用中依赖乳化、喷雾干燥等多种制备工艺, 这些因素共同导致微球结构存在差异, 进而引起药物释放曲线不均一的问题。

4　总结与展望

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综上所述, 植物精油作为一种来源广泛、结构多样、功能丰富的天然活性物质, 本文总结了其在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗衰老及抗肿瘤等领域展现出的多靶点、低耐药治疗潜力。其核心成分通过干扰病原体膜结构、调控炎症信号通路、清除自由基及调节神经递质等机制, 在多种疾病模型中表现出良好的药理活性与安全性。临床研究亦初步验证了精油在辅助缓解化疗不良反应、呼吸系统症状、胃肠功能障碍及神经精神疾病中的应用价值。然而, 精油的复杂性也带来了显著挑战, 包括成分标准化困难、理化性质不稳定(如易挥发、低水溶性)、潜在毒性风险及多组分协同机制解析不足等问题, 严重制约了其在现代医学体系中的规范化应用^[97]。尤其在药物递送、剂型开发及特殊人群安全性评估方面, 仍需大量基础与临床研究支撑。

未来的发展应聚焦于构建“技术-机制-应用”三位一体的协同框架: 通过绿色提取、纳米递送、智能封装等技术提升精油的稳定性与靶向效率; 借助多组学整合与高质量临床研究深入解析其多靶点协同机制; 推动跨学科协作与产业标准化, 降低生产成本、提升质量控制水平。同时, 应加强对精油混合物的协同效应研究, 探索更具针对性与感官友好的复配策略, 并关注其在抗真菌毒素、微生物群落调控等新兴领域的潜力。唯有在安全性、机制解析与应用拓展三方面实现系统性突破, 植物精油这一“天然化学宝库”方能真正实现从传统资源向现代精准药物的转化, 在未来医学与健康产业中发挥更广泛而深远的作用。

尽管本文系统综述了天然植物精油的生物活性及其纳米递送系统的研究进展, 但目前植物精油的纳米递送系统尚未获得FDA/EMA/国家药监局等监管机构批准进入临床应用, 其应用研究大多仍处于临床前阶段, 存在若干局限性需加以关注。其一, 精油成分的批次差异性显著, 不同产地、采收季节、提取工艺的植物精油在化学成分组成与含量上存在波动, 这直接影响了精油生物活性的稳定性及纳米制剂的药效一致性, 后续研究需建立标准化的精油质量控制体系, 明确关键活性成分的含量范围; 其二, 纳米制剂的体内命运与长期安全性数据缺乏, 多数研究聚焦于体外药效或短期体内实验, 对纳米载体在体内的生物分布、代谢途径、降解产物及长期安全性缺乏深入分析, 这制约了精油纳米制剂向临床转化的进程, 未来需通过药代动力学、毒理学等研究, 系统阐明其体内行为与潜在风险; 其三, 纳米制剂部分稳定性较差, 制备工艺复杂、效率低、成本高, 且材料本身具有局限性, 部分材料会产生安全性问题或影响性能。这些局限性提示我们, 在推动天然植物精油纳米制剂的研究与应用时, 需兼顾成分稳定性与体内安全性的科学验证, 方能为其产业化与临床应用提供更坚实的学术支撑。

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2026年第61卷第8期

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1158

接收时间：2025-09-28
首发时间：2026-09-21
出版时间：2026-08-12

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收稿日期：2025-09-28
修回日期：2025-11-26

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浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江杭州 310000

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朴寄纲, Tel: 86-571-61768130, E-mail: jppiao@zcmu.edu.cn

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

科 Family	属数 Number of genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)	属 Genus	种数 Number of species	占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae	2	11	5.26	鹅膏菌属 Amanita	10	4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae	2	12	5.74	丝盖伞属 Inocybe	5	2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae	8	14	6.70	蜡蘑属 Laccaria	5	2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae	3	23	11.00	小皮伞属 Marasmius	6	2.87
				小菇属 Mycena	11	5.26
				光柄菇属 Pluteus	5	2.39
				红菇属 Russula	17	8.13
				栓菌属 Trametes	5	2.39

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Compoud type	Classification	Essential oil component	Plant source	Main effect
Hydrocarbon	Monoterpenes	Limonene	Lemon	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-anxiety^[4]
Myrcene	Hops	Anticancer^[5]
Pinene	Pine	Antibacterial, antioxidant, refreshing/invigorating^[6]
Sesquiterpenes	Vetiverene	Vetiver	Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-anxiety^[7]
Farnesene	Galbanum	Potent anti-inflammatory, promotes digestion, antioxidant^[8]
Bisabolene	Myrrh Resin	Anti-inflammatory, analgesic^[9]; antibacterial^[10]
Diterpenes	Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]
Phytol	Chlorophyll of higher plants^[12]	Anti-inflammatory^[13]
Cembrene	Coniferous plants	Antibacterial^[14]
Oxygenated compound	Alcohols	Linalool	Rosewood	Antibacterial, health maintenance^[15]
Santalol	Plants of Santalum genus^[16]	Antibacterial and anticancer^[17]
Citronellol	Palmarosa	Antibacterial^[18]
Aldehydes	Citral	Lemongrass	Antibacterial^[19]
Citronellal	Plants of Cymbopogon genus	Air freshener, cleaner, dloor polish, deodorant, hand/body lotion moisturizer, perfume, adhesive^[20]
Cinnamaldehyde	Styrax tree	Improves sleep quality in patients with cerebral small vessel disease^[21], improves amnestic mild cognitive impairment^[22]; antidepressant, anti-anxiety^[23]
Ketones	Menthone	Mint	Antibacterial^[24]
Thujone	Mugwort	Anticancer^[25]
Camphor	Camphor tree^[26]	Analgesic^[27]
Esters	Methyl salicylate	Wintergreen^[28]	Anti-ance^[29], anti-inflammatory^[30]
Neryl acetate	Helichrysum^[31]	Anti-aging^[32]
Linalyl acetate	Clary sage	Analgesic^[33]
Phenols	Eugenol	Clove^[34]	Antibacterial^[35]
Carvacrol	Oregano and thyme^[36]	Anticancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant^[37]
Thymol	Thyme^[38]	Antibacterial^[39]
Oxides	Linalool oxide	Lavender^[40]	Mild sedative, contributes to complex aroma^[41]
Piperonal	Long pepper, black pepper^[42]	Supports respiration, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor^[43]
Eucalyptol	Eucalyptus	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]

Compoud type

Classification

Essential oil component

Plant source

Main effect

Hydrocarbon

Monoterpenes

Limonene

Lemon

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-anxiety^[4]

Myrcene

Hops

Anticancer^[5]

Pinene

Pine

Antibacterial, antioxidant, refreshing/invigorating^[6]

Sesquiterpenes

Vetiverene

Vetiver

Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-anxiety^[7]

Farnesene

Galbanum

Potent anti-inflammatory, promotes digestion, antioxidant^[8]

Bisabolene

Myrrh Resin

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic^[9]; antibacterial^[10]

Diterpenes

Eucalyptol

Eucalyptus

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]

Phytol

Chlorophyll of higher plants^[12]

Anti-inflammatory^[13]

Cembrene

Coniferous plants

Antibacterial^[14]

Oxygenated compound

Alcohols

Linalool

Rosewood

Antibacterial, health maintenance^[15]

Santalol

Plants of Santalum genus^[16]

Antibacterial and anticancer^[17]

Citronellol

Palmarosa

Antibacterial^[18]

Aldehydes

Citral

Lemongrass

Antibacterial^[19]

Citronellal

Plants of Cymbopogon genus

Air freshener, cleaner, dloor polish, deodorant, hand/body lotion moisturizer, perfume, adhesive^[20]

Cinnamaldehyde

Styrax tree

Improves sleep quality in patients with cerebral small vessel disease^[21], improves amnestic mild cognitive impairment^[22]; antidepressant, anti-anxiety^[23]

Ketones

Menthone

Mint

Antibacterial^[24]

Thujone

Mugwort

Anticancer^[25]

Camphor

Camphor tree^[26]

Analgesic^[27]

Esters

Methyl salicylate

Wintergreen^[28]

Anti-ance^[29], anti-inflammatory^[30]

Neryl acetate

Helichrysum^[31]

Anti-aging^[32]

Linalyl acetate

Clary sage

Analgesic^[33]

Phenols

Eugenol

Clove^[34]

Antibacterial^[35]

Carvacrol

Oregano and thyme^[36]

Anticancer, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant^[37]

Thymol

Thyme^[38]

Antibacterial^[39]

Oxides

Linalool oxide

Lavender^[40]

Mild sedative, contributes to complex aroma^[41]

Piperonal

Long pepper, black pepper^[42]

Supports respiration, antioxidant, antimutagenic, and antitumor^[43]

Eucalyptol

Eucalyptus

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant^[11]