Article(id=1308840297153520409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758816000000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-26, revisedDate=1761235200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981443918, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1775923200000, pubDateStr=2026-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981443918, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981443918, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981443918, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840287129141340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='4', pageStart='1001', pageEnd='1434', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775923200000', pubDateStr='2026-04-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981441528, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984228828, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851977992368435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840287129141340, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1062, endPage=1071, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308840297405178650, articleId=1308840297153520409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress in green enzymatic catalysis for antibiotic production, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As indispensable medications in the medical field, antibiotics face severe challenges such as high pollution and high energy consumption in their traditional chemical synthesis processes. The novel enzymatic catalytic process, leveraging the catalytic properties of enzymes and the advantages of environmental friendliness, has emerged as a new direction for the green development of the antibiotic industry. This paper focuses on the application progress of the novel enzymatic catalytic process in the green synthesis of antibiotics, systematically elaborates on its catalytic mechanism, and analyzes the specific applications and advantages of this process in the production of antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. Meanwhile, it points out the issue that catalyst residues during the production process affect the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products, and discusses the current challenges confronted by the novel enzymatic catalytic process for antibiotics. Finally, by applying cutting-edge technologies including synthetic biology and artificial intelligence, this paper provides a theoretical basis and solutions for breaking through existing technical limitations and promoting the green upgrading of the antibiotic industry.

, authors=Xu-yang LIANG1, 2, Li ZHU2, Pei-pei ZHANG2, Xin DI1, *, Yan WANG2, *, authorsList=Xu-yang LIANG, Li ZHU, Pei-pei ZHANG, Xin DI, Yan WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin DI, Yan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308840299019985703, articleId=1308840297153520409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=抗生素绿色酶法催化工艺的应用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

抗生素作为医疗领域不可或缺的药物, 其传统化学合成工艺面临高污染、高能耗等严峻挑战。新型酶法催化工艺凭借酶的催化特性及环境友好型优势, 成为抗生素产业绿色发展的新方向。本文聚焦新型酶法催化工艺在抗生素绿色合成中的应用进展, 系统阐述了其催化机制, 分析了该工艺在β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类等抗生素生产中的具体应用与优势, 同时指出了生产过程中催化剂残留影响药品质量安全的问题, 并探讨了当前抗生素新型酶法催化工艺所面临的挑战, 最终通过应用合成生物学与人工智能等前沿技术, 为突破现有技术限制、推动抗生素产业绿色升级提供理论依据与解决方案。

, authors=梁旭阳1, 2, 朱俐2, 张培培2, 邸欣1, *, 王琰2, *, authorsList=梁旭阳, 朱俐, 张培培, 邸欣, 王琰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邸欣, 王琰, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

梁旭阳、朱俐负责文献分析, 论文撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 张培培负责文献收集与整理; 邸欣、王琰负责论文的选题、构思及稿件的修改与校对。

, correspAuthorsNote=
邸欣, E-mail:
王琰, E-mail:
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A: LPVPGTGK; B: TVHGNILQTDQTTQTAYAK; C: LTADQAWDVIR; D: AVQGLPADDPR; E: SVHGLIVK; F: FDDAQHVAYAK, figureFileSmall=b6aAnqhwEpLgVKZuFuYXoA==, figureFileBig=fspCADobTxT4EgTK7HAcEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308840304040567646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308840297153520409, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No.VarietyLimitExpression system
1Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine1.0%Hansenula polymorpha
2Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine0.05%CHO cell
3Human interferon α1b0.10%Escherichia coli
4Recombinant human interferon α2α for injection0.050%Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5Interferon α1b for injection0.050%, 0.02%Yeast and Pseudomonas expression
6Human interleukin-2 injection0.10%Escherichia coli
7Recombinant human interleukin-11 for injection0.05%Escherichia coli
8Nimotuzumab injection0.01%Murine myeloma cell
9Conbercept ophthalmic injection30 ng·mg-1CHO cell
10Human insulin10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
11Insulin glargine10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
12Insulin lispro10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
13Recombinant human growth hormone for injection10 ng·mg-1Human growth hormone-engineered cells
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Residue limits for host cell proteins (HCP) in major recombinant biologics–Chinese Pharmacopoeia (ChP) 2020 edition[32]. CHO: Chinese hamster ovary

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No.VarietyLimitExpression system
1Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine1.0%Hansenula polymorpha
2Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine0.05%CHO cell
3Human interferon α1b0.10%Escherichia coli
4Recombinant human interferon α2α for injection0.050%Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae
5Interferon α1b for injection0.050%, 0.02%Yeast and Pseudomonas expression
6Human interleukin-2 injection0.10%Escherichia coli
7Recombinant human interleukin-11 for injection0.05%Escherichia coli
8Nimotuzumab injection0.01%Murine myeloma cell
9Conbercept ophthalmic injection30 ng·mg-1CHO cell
10Human insulin10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
11Insulin glargine10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
12Insulin lispro10 ng·mg-1Approved engineered bacteria
13Recombinant human growth hormone for injection10 ng·mg-1Human growth hormone-engineered cells
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抗生素绿色酶法催化工艺的应用研究进展
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梁旭阳 1, 2 , 朱俐 2 , 张培培 2 , 邸欣 1, * , 王琰 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2026,61(4): 1062-1071
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药学学报 |综述 2026 , 61 (4) : 1062 -1071
抗生素绿色酶法催化工艺的应用研究进展
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梁旭阳1, 2, 朱俐2, 张培培2, 邸欣1, * , 王琰2, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629
通讯作者:
邸欣, E-mail:
王琰, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

梁旭阳、朱俐负责文献分析, 论文撰写、图片与表格的绘制; 张培培负责文献收集与整理; 邸欣、王琰负责论文的选题、构思及稿件的修改与校对。

Progress in green enzymatic catalysis for antibiotic production
Xu-yang LIANG1, 2, Li ZHU2, Pei-pei ZHANG2, Xin DI1, * , Yan WANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2China National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2026-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1146
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抗生素作为医疗领域不可或缺的药物, 其传统化学合成工艺面临高污染、高能耗等严峻挑战。新型酶法催化工艺凭借酶的催化特性及环境友好型优势, 成为抗生素产业绿色发展的新方向。本文聚焦新型酶法催化工艺在抗生素绿色合成中的应用进展, 系统阐述了其催化机制, 分析了该工艺在β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类等抗生素生产中的具体应用与优势, 同时指出了生产过程中催化剂残留影响药品质量安全的问题, 并探讨了当前抗生素新型酶法催化工艺所面临的挑战, 最终通过应用合成生物学与人工智能等前沿技术, 为突破现有技术限制、推动抗生素产业绿色升级提供理论依据与解决方案。

抗生素  /  酶法催化  /  质量控制  /  合成生物学  /  人工智能

As indispensable medications in the medical field, antibiotics face severe challenges such as high pollution and high energy consumption in their traditional chemical synthesis processes. The novel enzymatic catalytic process, leveraging the catalytic properties of enzymes and the advantages of environmental friendliness, has emerged as a new direction for the green development of the antibiotic industry. This paper focuses on the application progress of the novel enzymatic catalytic process in the green synthesis of antibiotics, systematically elaborates on its catalytic mechanism, and analyzes the specific applications and advantages of this process in the production of antibiotics such as β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and macrolides. Meanwhile, it points out the issue that catalyst residues during the production process affect the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products, and discusses the current challenges confronted by the novel enzymatic catalytic process for antibiotics. Finally, by applying cutting-edge technologies including synthetic biology and artificial intelligence, this paper provides a theoretical basis and solutions for breaking through existing technical limitations and promoting the green upgrading of the antibiotic industry.

antibiotic  /  enzymatic catalysis  /  quality control  /  synthetic biology  /  artificial intelligence
梁旭阳, 朱俐, 张培培, 邸欣, 王琰. 抗生素绿色酶法催化工艺的应用研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1062 -1071 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1146
Xu-yang LIANG, Li ZHU, Pei-pei ZHANG, Xin DI, Yan WANG. Progress in green enzymatic catalysis for antibiotic production[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (4) : 1062 -1071 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1146
抗生素自问世以来, 始终是人类对抗感染性疾病的关键防线, 在保障人类健康方面发挥了不可替代的作用[1]。随着全球人口增长、疾病谱变化[2]及抗生素使用场景的拓展[3], 其市场需求持续攀升。传统化学合成工艺常伴有反应条件苛刻、能耗高、副产物多、环境污染严重等弊端[4, 5], 不仅会增加生产成本, 还对生态环境造成巨大压力。在此背景下, 新型酶法催化工艺凭借酶的高效性、专一性、反应条件温和及良好的环境友好性等显著优势, 逐渐成为抗生素生产领域的研究热点与发展方向[6-8]。
酶法催化工艺始于20世纪60~70年代, 初期因酶活性低、纯化技术滞后局限于研发阶段; 70年代实现抗生素酶法半合成产业化突破; 80年代“酶法裂解”技术解决了β-内酰胺类抗生素生产污染问题[9]; 90年代末21世纪初, 依托生物工程与固定化酶技术, 帝斯曼等企业实现了头孢氨苄、阿莫西林等酶法合成产业化[10]。我国酶法技术起步较晚, 2012年一步酶法首次应用7-氨基头孢烷酸(7-aminnocephalosporanic acid, 7-ACA) 工业化生产; 我国“十三五”期间, 科研团队[11]突破青霉素、头孢类抗生素绿色制造关键技术, 开发了发酵减排与清洁生产技术, 攻克头孢氨苄高效酶法合成及固-固-液三相分离耦合技术, 建成1 000吨/年头孢氨苄原料药酶法绿色制造生产线, 打破了国外技术垄断。
酶作为生物催化剂, 因其专一性高, 在抗生素合成中能精准催化目标反应, 几乎无不良反应和杂质, 产品纯度高、质量稳定; 反应条件温和, 可降低设备投资与维护成本; 同时, 高纯度产品还可减少后续分离提纯难度与成本[12, 13]。因此, 新型酶法催化工艺可有效降低抗生素生产成本, 增强企业市场竞争力[14]。同时, 使用酶法催化工艺可使有毒有害原材料使用量减少50%以上, 废水排放量降低30%~40%, 化学需氧量排放量削减60%~70%, 使环境友好性得到飞跃提升[15, 16]。
本文系统综述了国内外近年来抗生素新型酶法催化工艺的研究进展, 重点剖析其催化机制、在各类抗生素生产中的应用优势, 聚焦生产过程中催化剂残留影响药品质量安全的问题, 以及应用合成生物学与人工智能驱动的技术突破路径。通过对比国内外发展现状, 明确酶法工艺在绿色转型中的核心价值, 为抗生素产业的高效、低碳发展提供理论依据与新思路。
抗生素的高效绿色合成是当前制药工业的重要发展方向, 酶法催化凭借其独特的分子机制——即酶分子表面存在特定的活性中心, 该活性中心能够精准识别底物分子, 进而显著降低化学反应的活化能, 使反应能够在常温、常压及接近中性pH的温和条件下快速进行。要深入理解酶法催化在抗生素合成中的核心优势, 需剖析酶的催化本质, 系统阐述新型酶法催化工艺在抗生素合成中的核心作用原理及其技术特征。
酶具有高度的底物特异性, 凭借其独特的活性中心, 能精准识别抗生素合成中的特定底物, Walsh[17]在抗生素生物合成的研究中曾指出, 非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase, NRPS) 可通过高度特异的模块化机制确保底物精确识别与组装, 其底物特异性主要由腺苷化结构域(A结构域) 的“非核糖体密码”决定, 从而精确选择特定氨基酸。因此, 通过诱导契合模型特异性结合, 能够显著降低反应活化能, 使合成反应在常温、常压等温和条件下快速进行。
许多抗生素具有手性中心, 酶法催化能够实现手性选择性合成, 得到具有特定手性构型的抗生素。Keatinge-Clay[18]在红霉素的合成中发现, 酮还原酶(ketoreductase, KRED) 能够选择性地将红霉素内酯环上的酮基还原为特定构型的羟基, 从而确定了红霉素的手性中心, 保证了其生物活性。利用酶的手性选择性合成能力, 能准确构建抗生素的手性中心, 保障产物生物活性, 这是传统化学合成难以企及的优势。
在酶催化反应的研究与应用中, 热力学与动力学是两大核心理论支柱, 二者从不同维度共同阐释酶的催化机制与功能特性, 前者聚焦反应的“可行性与最终限度”, 后者关注反应的“速率与进行过程”, 共同决定了酶催化在生理代谢与工业生产中的实际效果。Kurochkina等[19]在研究中表明, 在抗生素合成过程中, 热力学控制适用于β-内酰胺母核与游离羧酸的直接合成, 以可逆酰胺键平衡移动为核心, 通过调控pH、提高羧酸与β-内酰胺母核浓度比并结合平衡常数定量预测产率, 无需活化酰基供体、成本低, 适配头孢西丁等平衡常数($ {K}_{eq}^{0} $) 大的抗生素; 动力学控制适用于酰基转移合成, 依赖酶与活化酰基供体形成的酰基酶中间体, 通过优化β-内酰胺母核与水对中间体的脱酰速率比, 并结合最大产率公式调控, 该策略需使用约6倍过量的酰基供体, 无平衡限制且产率较高, 适配头孢唑林等$ {K}_{eq}^{0} $小的抗生素。两类策略均经固定化酶/细胞实验验证, 头孢西丁、头孢唑林分别借助这两种策略实现了90%、85%的产率。工业选择需结合抗生素类型, 低成本合成选热力学控制, 高附加值且$ {K}_{eq}^{0} $小的抗生素合成选动力学控制。
在青霉素类抗生素生产中, 新型酶法催化工艺用于青霉素母核6-氨基青霉烷酸(6-aminopenicillanic acid, 6-APA) 的制备。传统化学法制备6-APA需使用大量有毒有害的化学试剂, 且反应步骤繁琐、收率较低。而酶法工艺利用青霉素酰化酶, 可在温和条件下高效催化青霉素G或V水解生成6-APA (图1)[20], 该反应条件温和, 产物纯度高。青霉素酰化酶作为该工艺的关键催化剂, 主要来源于巨大芽孢杆菌、节杆菌等微生物。从类型上看, 青霉素酰化酶属于水解酶, 能够特异性识别青霉素分子中的酰胺键并催化其水解。天然发酵产生的青霉素主要有青霉素G和青霉素V两种类型, 以青霉素G为例, 在青霉素酰化酶的催化下, 通过酰基置换反应, 用新的酰基供体替换原有的苯乙酰基, 能够成功合成众多新型的半合成青霉素[21]。
对于头孢菌素类抗生素, 新型酶法催化工艺在核心中间体7-ACA及7-氨基-3-去乙酰氧基头孢烷酸(7-aminocephalosporanic acid, 7-ADCA) 的合成中扮演关键角色。一步酶法和两步酶法合成7-ACA技术(图2)[22]已成功实现工业化应用。其中, 两步酶法工艺成熟可靠, 底物转化率和产品质量有坚实保障, 在7-ADCA合成方面, 第一步所用的D-氨基酸氧化酶(D-amino acid oxidase, DAAO), 其来源广泛, 包括细菌、真菌等, 属于氧化还原酶, 可催化底物发生氧化反应; 第二步所使用的戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸酰化酶(glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase, GL-7-ACA) 多来自微生物, 属于水解酶, 能特异性地催化戊二酰-7-氨基头孢烷酸脱去戊二酰基, 生成7-ACA。而一步酶法是采用基因工程技术来改造头孢菌素C (cephalosporin C, CPC) 酰化酶的基因, 构建并筛选出能高效、高活性表达CPC酰化酶的基因工程细胞株, CPC酰化酶主要来源于链霉菌属, 属于酰基转移酶。该技术使CPC酰化酶活性达到工业应用水平, 发酵制酶过程中无需添加抗生素和诱导剂, 固定化酶活性达60 U·g-1以上, 可重复使用20批以上。相比化学法, 避免了复杂的化学保护与脱保护步骤, 减少了污染, 提高了原子经济性, 为头孢菌素类抗生素多样化、绿色生产筑牢根基[23]。
抗生素的新型酶法催化工艺在氨基糖苷类抗生素生产中展现出显著的应用潜力, 能够高效、环保地替代传统化学合成方法。Stojanovski等[24]开发的化学酶法路线, 通过GenB4催化的异构化反应与还原胺化耦合, 实现了庆大霉素C1a C-6′位的选择性N-烷基化(图3), 高效合成了11种新型类似物。其中5种类似物对野生型细菌活性与庆大霉素C1a相当, 4种对耐药大肠杆菌有效。该路线具有选择性高、条件温和、成本可控的优势, 为氨基糖苷类抗生素的可持续合成与抗耐药药物研发提供了重要技术支撑, 对解决全球抗菌耐药性危机具有重要意义。
在大环内酯类抗生素如红霉素、阿奇霉素等的生产过程中, 新型酶法催化工艺用于其关键结构单元的构建与修饰[25, 26]。在红霉素生物合成中, 聚酮合酶是核心酶系, 聚酮合酶主要来源于链霉菌属, 是一类多酶复合体, 包含多个功能域, 每个功能域具有特定的催化活性, 对聚酮化合物(polyketids, PKS) 基因簇进行改造与优化, 如同给“核心生产设备”升级, 调控酶的表达水平与催化活性, 可有效提高红霉素的产量[27]。此外, 利用糖基转移酶等对红霉素进行糖基化修饰[28], 能明显改善其抗菌活性、稳定性和药代动力学性质, 糖基转移酶多从微生物中获取, 属于转移酶类。Zhang等[29]将特定的糖基通过酶催化连接到红霉素分子上, 所得衍生物的抗菌谱更广, 对某些耐药菌的抑制作用更强, 且在体内的半衰期延长, 提高了临床治疗效果。红霉素的生物合成中, EryB酶负责催化赤霉素内酯B (erythronolide B, EB) 生成3-α-麦芽果糖基赤霉素内酯B (3-α-maltosylerythronolide B, MEB), 然后通过ERYC酶转化为红霉素D (erythromycin D, ErD) (图4)。
目前, 抗生素新型酶法工艺因反应简单、选择性高及环境友好等优势成为半合成抗生素的主流路径, 但生物催化剂如青霉素G酰基转移酶(penicillin G acylase, PGA) 等大分子残留可能引发免疫风险, 直接影响药品安全有效性, 故药品监管机构对该工艺产品注册申报提出严格要求, 建立科学质控体系、明确关键指标并通过可靠检测验证工艺可靠性, 成为业界关注的核心点。
在酶法工艺中, 催化剂残留所带来的风险不容忽视, 其风险源呈现出多维度、多环节的特点。以PGA为例, 作为酶法合成β-内酰胺类抗生素时不可或缺的关键催化剂, 它的异质二聚体结构具有明确的分子特征——由α亚基和β亚基组成, 总分子质量约为80 kDa。这种特定结构的酶若未能在生产过程中被彻底去除, 残留于终产品中, 便会成为一种外源性抗原。当此类残留的酶进入人体后, 人体免疫系统会将其识别为外来异物, 进而引发一系列免疫应答反应, 这不仅可能影响药物的治疗效果, 还会对患者的身体健康构成潜在威胁。
此外, 在发酵类抗生素的生产过程中, 催化剂残留的风险源更为复杂多样。除了上述的PGA之外, 起始原料6-APA合成上游的宿主蛋白也是重要的残留来源之一。宿主蛋白来源于生产过程中所使用的微生物宿主, 在发酵及后续的提取纯化过程中, 若分离不彻底, 就会伴随产品一同残留下来。同时, 发酵液中的各类组分, 如微生物代谢产生的小分子物质、未完全消耗的培养基成分等, 也可能在生产环节中因分离工艺的局限性而未能被完全清除, 从而成为潜在的残留风险源。这些残留物质的存在, 不仅可能影响抗生素产品的纯度和质量稳定性, 还可能引发其他不可预知的安全问题, 对药品的安全性和有效性构成挑战。因此, 检测催化剂残留是酶法催化工艺及其产品应实施必要的质量风险控制。
欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency, EMA) 于2023年10月26日新修订了《DNA和宿主细胞蛋白质杂质, 常规检测与验证研究——科学指南》, 将残留宿主细胞蛋白(host cell proteins, HCP) 单独作为一个技术指导原则发布了《宿主细胞蛋白检测, 药物标准规范》[30], 主要围绕证明生产工艺可靠性、稳定性及产品安全性展开, 核心是提供残留蛋白等大分子物质检测结果, 要求企业在进口申报资料中提供残留蛋白等大分子物质的检测结果。
美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 对发酵类产品残留蛋白的控制要求体现在人用药品注册技术要求国际协调会(International Conference on Harmonization, ICH) 的生物技术产品和生物制品的检验方法和可接受标准(Q6B) 中, FDA要求生物制品的HCP必须通过验证的分析方法, 如酶联免疫吸附测定检测, 并设定基于毒理学数据的可接受限度, 具体限度因产品而异, 同时需证明残留蛋白无免疫原性或毒性, 尤其是治疗性蛋白药物[31]。
伴随我国加入ICH及药品审评审批机制改革的持续推进, 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心对酶法催化工艺中关键的PGA催化酶监控愈发重视。以酶法工艺生产的阿莫西林为例, 在2018~2020年开展的“阿莫西林药品质量与疗效一致性评价”工作中, 明确要求将PGA作为关键指标, 对所有参与质量评价的酶法催化工艺产品开展质量风险评估, 《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版主要重组生物制品HCP残留量限度要求如表1[32]所示。
但是, 目前各监管部门仅仅是把酶法催化工艺产品中的PGA残留纳入注册申报的要求范围, 尚未制定出可供参考的、针对酶法催化工艺生产的小分子抗生素中内源蛋白大分子残留风险控制的法规文件, 关于酶法催化工艺质量风险控制与评价的相关指导原则仍处于缺失状态[32]。
酶法催化工艺虽在抗生素生产中展现出显著优势, 但在实际工业化应用过程中仍面临着诸多挑战, 如酶的稳定性及活性易受影响、酶的成本较高及工艺放大不易等。这些技术经济性挑战构成了当前制约酶法工艺全面替代传统化学合成的关键障碍, 亟需通过技术创新加以突破。
尽管酶具有高效催化特性, 但在实际应用中, 酶的稳定性和活性易受多种因素影响, 如温度、pH值、底物浓度、反应时间等。在工业生产环境中, 反应体系的复杂性和长时间连续运行, 可能导致酶的结构发生改变, 进而使其活性降低甚至失活[33]。Kokkonen等[34]也在研究中指出, 一些底物或产物会对酶产生抑制作用, 影响酶的持续高效催化, 这在一定程度上限制了新型酶法催化工艺的大规模、长时间稳定运行。
酶的制备过程较为复杂, 通常需要通过微生物发酵、细胞培养等生物技术手段进行生产, 后续还需经过多步分离、纯化工艺才能获得高纯度的酶制剂[35]。这一系列过程涉及专业的设备、严格的培养条件及精细的操作流程, 导致酶的生产成本居高不下。以新型基因工程改造的酶为例, 其研发、生产过程需要投入大量的人力、物力和财力, 使得酶制剂价格昂贵, 增加了抗生素生产企业采用新型酶法催化工艺的前期成本负担, 在一定程度上阻碍了该工艺的广泛推广与应用。另一方面, 以酶法生产阿莫西林等半合成青霉素为例, 野生型青霉素G酰化酶存在水解活性高、合成活性低、合成水解比(S/H) 小、侧链消耗高及酶的稳定性差等缺点, 这导致需要使用大量酶才能达到一定的生产效率, 因此增加了酶的成本[36]。
从实验室研发到工业化大规模生产, 抗生素新型酶法催化工艺面临着工艺放大与优化的诸多挑战。在实验室小试阶段, 反应条件易于控制, 能够实现较为理想的酶催化效果。然而, 当进行工业化放大时, 反应体系的规模效应导致传质、传热过程变得复杂, 酶与底物的混合均匀性难以保证, 反应动力学和热力学特性也可能发生改变[37]。例如, 在大规模发酵罐中, 氧气传递效率可能限制微生物生长与酶的表达, 导致酶产量不稳定; 在连续化酶催化反应过程中, 如何实现底物与酶的高效接触、产物的及时分离及固定化酶的长期稳定运行, 都是亟待解决的工艺优化难题, 需要深入研究与实践探索。
催化酶属于企业核心技术, 保密性强, 目前尚未纳入药品生产监管范围, 从监管角度对催化酶菌属来源、完整蛋白特征等影响质控的关键信息掌握甚少, 且不同来源的催化酶序列、特征肽、完整蛋白性质等完全不同, 其所表现出的酶稳定性、立体选择性、酶活性等理化特性显著不同。因此, 催化酶关键属性的研究缺项不利于酶法催化工艺药品生产质量控制与监测。随着该类型工艺技术日益成熟和不同种类品种大范围应用, 亟需建立适用于酶法催化工艺关键催化酶的安全性评价方法和蛋白鉴定分析方法, 使来源复杂的不同工艺催化酶得到有效的监管与追踪。
外源性大分子蛋白物质的检测及致敏评价方法多样、各有特性。检测上, 有5类经典显色-比色法: 凯式定氮法通过测含氮算蛋白含量, 简单但耗时长、易受非蛋白氮干扰, 双缩脲法快速但灵敏度低, 福林酚法灵敏度高却干扰多、耗时长; 双吡啶卡宾酸法灵敏度高, 但需排除还原剂和铜螯合物干扰, 考马斯亮蓝法(Bradford) 灵敏度高、线性范围宽, 但易受强碱性缓冲液影响; 基于色谱的方法中, 紫外-可见光谱法、荧光检测法(fluorescence detection, FD) 常与分子排阻法或高效液相色谱法联用, 分子排阻法可分离蛋白, 荧光-高效液相色谱法(FD-HPLC) 能测微量HCP[38, 39]; 酶联免疫吸附法虽专属性强、灵敏度高, 但开发周期长且有假阴/阳性, 只能用于成熟生物制品HCP检测, 遵循“一厂一品一法”[40]; 电泳法中, 十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法(SDS-PAGE) 分辨率高, 琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离范围广, 新型微波辅助加压闭路萃取技术可实现一体化快速分析, 应用于临床等领域[41-43]; 光谱快检技术快速无损, 可鉴别蛋白但定量精准度欠佳[44, 45]; 质谱法是大分子蛋白检测的优选方法, 静电轨道肼(Orbitrap) 等技术可实现精准鉴定, 被视为蛋白质组学“金标准”[46-50], 在最新研究中, Wang等[51]等建立了一种基于滤辅助样品制备(filter aided sample preparation, FASP) 结合平行反应监测(parallel reaction monitoring, PRM) 的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS) 技术, 对8家企业的12批PGA及其在半合成β-内酰胺类抗生素(semi-synthetic β-lactam antibiotics, SSBAs) 中的残留蛋白进行了系统的定性与定量分析(图5), 最终筛选出6个特异性特征肽作为定量与溯源标志物(图6)。
合成生物学与人工智能技术作为现代生物制造的核心驱动力, 近年来在抗生素酶法催化工艺中展现出革命性应用价值。其精准设计能力、智能优化优势及高效整合特性, 为解决传统酶法工艺中催化效率低、稳定性差、生产成本高及残留酶分析方法建立困难等关键问题提供了创新突破路径。
合成生物学为酶分子设计与改造提供了创新技术手段[52]。Arnold[53]和Tian等[54]通过定点突变优化酶活性中心, 显著提升了催化效率。Packer等[55]采用定向进化方法构建突变体文库, Markel等[56]利用高通量筛选技术, 可快速获得高性能酶变体[57]。通过精确调控基因的表达时机和表达量, 能够使宿主细胞高效、稳定地合成目标酶[58]。Lin等[36]通过引入二硫键、盐桥等稳定结构, 或者去除酶分子中的不稳定区域, 显著提高酶的环境耐受性。这样可以使酶在抗生素生产过程中的各种反应条件下保持较高的活性和稳定性, 延长酶的使用寿命, 降低生产成本。
合成生物学还能够设计和构建具有全新催化功能的非天然酶, 这些酶可以催化自然界中不存在的反应, 为抗生素的合成提供新的途径和方法。Yeh等[59]通过从头设计蛋白质结构, 创造出能够直接合成具有独特结构和活性的抗生素类似物的酶, Klaus等[60]将来自不同微生物的聚酮合酶基因、非核糖体肽合成酶基因等进行拼接和改造, 构建出能够合成新型聚酮类或肽类抗生素的人工生物合成途径, 为新型抗生素的研发提供了新的策略和平台[61]。
此外, 利用合成生物学技术设计构建具有特定识别功能的生物元件可用于PGA检测。如设计人工蛋白质结构域或核酸适配体, 针对PGA独特序列或结构特征, 筛选与之特异性结合的分子。利用噬菌体展示文库筛选与特定PGA蛋白高亲和力结合的多肽, 或通过指数富集的配基系统进化技术[62]筛选核酸适配体, 将其与荧光基团、电化学传感器结合构建传感器, 实现对PGA的特异性检测。这些生物元件的设计合成, 为PGA残留的痕量检测提供了高特异性的识别工具, 有助于提高检测的准确性和灵敏度。
人工智能技术在数据处理、模型构建与预测方面具有强大优势, 将其与抗生素新型酶法催化工艺相结合, 能够实现工艺的智能化优化与精准控制[63]。利用深度神经网络等人工智能技术, 可对酶分子的三维结构进行精准预测[64]。Wu等[65]利用深度神经网络可精准预测酶三维结构, 应用相关技术设计的酶成功率提升30%, 研发周期缩短40%。诺贝尔奖得主大卫·贝克团队[66]利用相似方法成功设计出功能性丝氨酸水解酶, 仅需最小化的活性位点规范就能有效地催化酯水解反应。
利用人工智能算法可对酶发酵生产过程中的各种参数进行实时监测和优化。通过建立发酵过程的数学模型, 结合传感器收集的数据, 如温度、pH值、溶氧等, 预测发酵状态并自动调整培养条件, 以实现酶的高效表达和生产[67]。多个研究团队[68-70]基于深度学习的过程控制模型可以根据实时数据预测酶的产量和质量, 提前调整发酵参数, 避免生产过程中的波动和损失。同时还可模拟酶催化反应的路径和机制, 预测不同底物和反应条件下的反应产物和速率。通过对大量反应数据的学习, 模型可以识别出反应的关键步骤和影响因素, 为优化反应条件提供指导。Xu等[71]通过聚类分析、主成分分析等方法, 还可对酶的性能进行分类和评估, 帮助研究人员更好地理解酶的结构与功能关系, 为进一步的酶设计和改造提供依据。
利用AlphaFold等深度学习模型可预测PGA的三维结构, 结合LC-MS/MS质谱数据构建特征肽段识别模型。通过训练卷积神经网络识别PGA特征肽段的二级质谱碎片模式, 可实现痕量残留的定性定量分析。
抗生素新型酶法催化工艺在生产领域意义重大, 它是抗生素产业迈向绿色、高效发展的关键路径。与传统化学合成工艺相比, 新型酶法催化工艺优势显著。在环境友好性上, 它反应条件温和, 能大幅减少有毒有害化学试剂使用, 降低废水、废气和废渣排放, 推动抗生素产业可持续发展; 产品质量方面, 酶的高度专一性使合成的抗生素纯度高、杂质少, 提升了产品质量和疗效; 生产成本上, 酶的高效催化缩短反应时间, 温和的反应条件降低设备要求, 高纯度产品简化后续工序, 有效降低了生产成本。然而, 该工艺目前也面临诸多挑战, 酶的稳定性和活性易受多种因素影响, 在工业生产复杂环境中, 酶活性降低甚至失活的问题限制了工艺的大规模稳定运行; 酶的生产成本较高, 从研发到生产的复杂流程导致酶制剂价格昂贵, 增加了企业前期成本负担; 从实验室到工业化生产的工艺放大过程中, 传质、传热难题及反应动力学和热力学特性的改变都需要深入研究解决; 同时, 残留酶分析方法建立困难更是酶法催化工艺药品生产质量控制与监测的一大难题。
然而, 随着新技术的进步, 抗生素新型酶法催化工艺仍具有广阔的发展前景。基于合成生物学技术, 可以对酶分子进行精准设计与改造, 提高酶的生产效率和稳定性, 构建高效多酶催化体系, 开发新型抗生素合成途径, 为残留酶的痕量检测提供高特异性的识别工具; 人工智能与酶法催化工艺的深度融合, 能够实现酶分子设计、生产过程、反应过程的优化及高通量筛选与分析的智能化, 同时实现痕量残留的定性定量分析。随着这些技术的不断成熟与应用, 抗生素新型酶法催化工艺将突破现有发展桎梏, 实现更广泛的工业化应用。与此同时, 必须同步推动相应评价技术创新发展, 质量安全控制与研究并非被动的质量把关环节, 而是主动的技术赋能过程, 通过识别质量问题、分析问题成因, 为工艺创新提供明确方向, 是酶法催化工艺突破现有技术瓶颈、实现技术升级的核心驱动力。通过应对现有挑战并充分利用这些发展方向, 抗生素新型酶法催化工艺将突破瓶颈, 实现更广泛的工业化应用, 有力推动抗生素产业的绿色、高效升级, 为保障人类健康提供更坚实的技术支持。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1146
  • 接收时间:2025-09-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-26
  • 修回日期:2025-10-24
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    1沈阳药科大学药学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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