Article(id=1308841075368878791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1142, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758729600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-25, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981629459, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1778515200000, pubDateStr=2026-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981629459, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981629459, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981629459, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308840985296204417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='5', pageStart='1435', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778515200000', pubDateStr='2026-05-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981607984, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984207975, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851890515968862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308840985296204417, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1654, endPage=1662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841075591176904, articleId=1308841075368878791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Xiaoxianxiong Decoction alleviates atherosclerosis by activating GAS6/AXL to inhibit ferroptosis in endothelial cells, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate whether Xiaoxianxiong Decoction (XXXD) can exert a protective effect in atherosclerosis (AS) by activating growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6)/receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (AXL) and inhibiting endothelial cell ferroptosis. This experiment was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2022-10). At the animal level, the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the AS model. At the cellular level, the endothelial cell injury model was established with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and the cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+, and lipid peroxidation indicators malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were detected. Western blot was used to detect the expression of GAS6, AXL, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) proteins. The results showed that XXXD could reduce body weight, aortic plaque area and lipid accumulation in AS mice, improve dyslipidemia, increase lipid antioxidant capacity in aorta and endothelial cells (increase SOD, GPx and GR, inhibit MDA), reduce LDH, ROS, MDA and Fe2+ levels in endothelial cells, and up-regulate the expression of GAS6, AXL, GPX4, and SLC7A11 proteins to improve AS and endothelial cell injury. The above results confirmed that XXXD can alleviate AS by regulating ferroptosis of endothelial cells through the GAS6/AXL signaling pathway.

, authors=Chen-xi LU1, 2, Ya-hui JIN2, Yuan LIU1, Fei-fei REN1, Xue WU2, *, Xia DU1, *, authorsList=Chen-xi LU, Ya-hui JIN, Yuan LIU, Fei-fei REN, Xue WU, Xia DU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue WU, Xia DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841077000463061, articleId=1308841075368878791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=小陷胸汤激活GAS6/AXL抑制内皮细胞铁死亡改善动脉粥样硬化, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨小陷胸汤(Xiaoxianxiong Decoction, XXXD)通过激活生长停滞特异因子6 (growth arrest specific 6, GAS6)/受体酪氨酸激酶AXL (receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, AXL)抑制内皮细胞铁死亡在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)中作用及具体机制研究。本研究获得了陕西省中医药研究院动物实验伦理委员会的批准(批准编号: 2022-10)。在动物水平使用高脂饮食(high-fat diet, HFD)喂养载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E knockout, ApoE-/-)构建AS模型, 检测体重、主动脉脂质斑块、脂质堆积及血清脂质水平等指标的变化。在细胞水平中, 使用氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein, ox-LDL)建立内皮细胞损伤模型, 检测细胞活率、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、Fe2+以及脂质过氧化指标丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、总谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(total glutathione peroxidase, GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR)的变化。Western blot检测GAS6、AXL、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)和溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)蛋白表达。结果发现, XXXD可减少AS小鼠体重、主动脉斑块面积和脂质堆积, 改善血脂异常, 增加主动脉和内皮细胞脂质抗氧化能力(增加SOD、GPx和GR, 抑制MDA), 降低内皮细胞中LDH、ROS、MDA和Fe2+水平, 上调GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11蛋白水平改善AS和内皮细胞损伤。上述结果证实, XXXD通过GAS6/AXL信号通路调控内皮细胞铁死亡, 发挥AS保护作用。

, authors=陆晨曦1, 2, 靳雅惠2, 刘园1, 任菲菲1, 吴雪2, *, 杜霞1, *, authorsList=陆晨曦, 靳雅惠, 刘园, 任菲菲, 吴雪, 杜霞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴雪, 杜霞, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

杜霞负责实验指导、文章审阅及修改; 陆晨曦负责实验设计、操作、数据整理及图表绘制; 吴雪负责文章撰写与修改; 靳雅惠负责论文修改和审阅; 刘园、任菲菲参与实验操作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴雪, E-mail:
杜霞, E-mail:
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XXXD: Xiaoxianxiong Decoction, figureFileSmall=HjvHuuKi5dnBnXtuiN2NBg==, figureFileBig=lEgI1LZLqO3qVTYtBYNuug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841081698083591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F3i04UBLvwerDHuNdiwYRg==, figureFileBig=YmLNHN+zaKu4gvu2BgMEFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841081798746888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=The protective effect of XXXD on AS mice. A: Schematic diagram of the administration plan for XXXD in the treatment of AS; B: Analysis of mouse body weight (n = 6); C: Representative images of oil red O staining of aortic (n = 3); D: Representative images of oil red O staining of aortic cross-sections (n = 3), scale bar = 100 μm; E: Analysis of serum lipid levels (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C) in mice (n = 6). x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs HFD group. AS: Atherosclerosis; HFD: High-fat diet; TG: Triglyceride; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Siv: Simvastatin; XXXD-L: 3.139 g·kg-1 XXXD; XXXD-M: 6.279 g·kg-1 XXXD; XXXD-H: 12.558 g·kg-1 XXXD; Siv: 0.65 mg·kg-1 simvastatin, figureFileSmall=F3i04UBLvwerDHuNdiwYRg==, figureFileBig=YmLNHN+zaKu4gvu2BgMEFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841081878438665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=v3YjMQ2oltmFvsEFmzzC3Q==, figureFileBig=74Ptae8CaVruuV2zPCibnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841081949741834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effect of XXXD on the injury caused by ox-LDL to HUVEC. A: Effects of different concentrations of ox-LDL on survival viability of HUVEC; B: Effects of different concentrations of XXXD on survival viability of HUVEC; C: Effects of different concentrations of XXXD on survival viability of HUVEC with ox-LDL; D: Effects of different concentrations of XXXD on LDH of HUVEC with ox-LDL; E, F: Representative images of DHE and ROS of HUVEC with ox-LDL, scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs ox-LDL group. DHE: Dihydroethidium; DCFH-DA: 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate; LDH: Lactate dehydrogenase; ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein, figureFileSmall=v3YjMQ2oltmFvsEFmzzC3Q==, figureFileBig=74Ptae8CaVruuV2zPCibnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841082025239307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=R3+EF679zIWcV1usl+2RAg==, figureFileBig=RG4Q1B1y7WxSG0heXMyK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841082104931084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=The effects of XXXD on lipid peroxidation in AS mice and ox-LDL-induced HUVEC. A-D: Levels of MDA, SOD, GPx, and GR in the aortic tissue (n = 6); E-H: Levels of MDA, SOD, GPx, and GR in HUVEC with ox-LDL (n = 3); I: Representative images of Fe2+ staining of HUVEC with ox-LDL, scale bar = 100 μm (n = 3). x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs HFD or ox-LDL group. MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GPx: Total glutathione peroxidase; GR: Glutathione reductase, figureFileSmall=R3+EF679zIWcV1usl+2RAg==, figureFileBig=RG4Q1B1y7WxSG0heXMyK6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841082176234253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e5+ur784j7vTABj3cZxDpQ==, figureFileBig=7WMKMQkiZNYikmpiQXdgCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841082239148814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=The effect of XXXD on the ferroptosis pathway mediated by GAS6/AXL. A, B: Representative protein probed for GAS6, AXL, GPX4, SLC7A11, and β-actin in the aortic tissue; C, D: Representative protein probed for GAS6, AXL, GPX4, SLC7A11, and β-actin in the HUVEC with ox-LDL. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs control; #P < 0.05 vs HFD or ox-LDL group. GAS6: Growth arrest specific gene 6; AXL: Receptor tyrosine kinase AXL; GPX4: Glutathione peroxidase 4; SLC7A11: Solute carrier family 7 member 11, figureFileSmall=e5+ur784j7vTABj3cZxDpQ==, figureFileBig=7WMKMQkiZNYikmpiQXdgCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841082331423503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vIbxHKtlv+n8WvDQ3Mj1Ww==, figureFileBig=Hr8PrtO2Fog4iqJ5Z6p5Ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841083614880528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841075368878791, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Inhibition of GAS6 eliminate the protective effect of XXXD on ox-LDL-induced ferroptosis of endothelial cells. A: The cell viability of HUVEC induced by ox-LDL after treatment with XXXD and GAS6 siRNA; B: LDH level of HUVEC induced by ox-LDL after treatment with XXXD and GAS6 siRNA; C: DHE staining of HUVEC induced by ox-LDL after treatment with XXXD and GAS6 siRNA, scale bar = 50 μm; D, E: Representative protein probed for GAS6, AXL, GPX4, SLC7A11, and β-actin in the HUVEC with ox-LDL. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs control group; #P < 0.05 vs ox-LDL group; @P < 0.05 vs XXXD + ox-LDL group, figureFileSmall=vIbxHKtlv+n8WvDQ3Mj1Ww==, figureFileBig=Hr8PrtO2Fog4iqJ5Z6p5Ng==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1189982048455397383, delFlag=0, nameCn=药学学报, nameEn=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0513-4870, eissn=null, cn=11-2163/R, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, 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小陷胸汤激活GAS6/AXL抑制内皮细胞铁死亡改善动脉粥样硬化
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陆晨曦 1, 2 , 靳雅惠 2 , 刘园 1 , 任菲菲 1 , 吴雪 2, * , 杜霞 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(5): 1654-1662
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (5) : 1654 -1662
小陷胸汤激活GAS6/AXL抑制内皮细胞铁死亡改善动脉粥样硬化
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陆晨曦1, 2, 靳雅惠2, 刘园1, 任菲菲1, 吴雪2, * , 杜霞1, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西省中医药研究院, 陕西 西安 710003
  • 2延安大学延安医学院, 陕西 延安 716000
通讯作者:
吴雪, E-mail:
杜霞, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

杜霞负责实验指导、文章审阅及修改; 陆晨曦负责实验设计、操作、数据整理及图表绘制; 吴雪负责文章撰写与修改; 靳雅惠负责论文修改和审阅; 刘园、任菲菲参与实验操作。

Xiaoxianxiong Decoction alleviates atherosclerosis by activating GAS6/AXL to inhibit ferroptosis in endothelial cells
Chen-xi LU1, 2, Ya-hui JIN2, Yuan LIU1, Fei-fei REN1, Xue WU2, * , Xia DU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an 710003, China
  • 2Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1142
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本研究旨在探讨小陷胸汤(Xiaoxianxiong Decoction, XXXD)通过激活生长停滞特异因子6 (growth arrest specific 6, GAS6)/受体酪氨酸激酶AXL (receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, AXL)抑制内皮细胞铁死亡在动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)中作用及具体机制研究。本研究获得了陕西省中医药研究院动物实验伦理委员会的批准(批准编号: 2022-10)。在动物水平使用高脂饮食(high-fat diet, HFD)喂养载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E knockout, ApoE-/-)构建AS模型, 检测体重、主动脉脂质斑块、脂质堆积及血清脂质水平等指标的变化。在细胞水平中, 使用氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein, ox-LDL)建立内皮细胞损伤模型, 检测细胞活率、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)、Fe2+以及脂质过氧化指标丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、总谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(total glutathione peroxidase, GPx)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR)的变化。Western blot检测GAS6、AXL、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)和溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)蛋白表达。结果发现, XXXD可减少AS小鼠体重、主动脉斑块面积和脂质堆积, 改善血脂异常, 增加主动脉和内皮细胞脂质抗氧化能力(增加SOD、GPx和GR, 抑制MDA), 降低内皮细胞中LDH、ROS、MDA和Fe2+水平, 上调GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11蛋白水平改善AS和内皮细胞损伤。上述结果证实, XXXD通过GAS6/AXL信号通路调控内皮细胞铁死亡, 发挥AS保护作用。

小陷胸汤  /  动脉粥样硬化  /  内皮细胞损伤  /  GAS6/AXL通路  /  铁死亡

This study aims to investigate whether Xiaoxianxiong Decoction (XXXD) can exert a protective effect in atherosclerosis (AS) by activating growth arrest specific 6 (GAS6)/receptor tyrosine kinase AXL (AXL) and inhibiting endothelial cell ferroptosis. This experiment was approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval number: 2022-10). At the animal level, the apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to establish the AS model. At the cellular level, the endothelial cell injury model was established with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), and the cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), Fe2+, and lipid peroxidation indicators malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were detected. Western blot was used to detect the expression of GAS6, AXL, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) proteins. The results showed that XXXD could reduce body weight, aortic plaque area and lipid accumulation in AS mice, improve dyslipidemia, increase lipid antioxidant capacity in aorta and endothelial cells (increase SOD, GPx and GR, inhibit MDA), reduce LDH, ROS, MDA and Fe2+ levels in endothelial cells, and up-regulate the expression of GAS6, AXL, GPX4, and SLC7A11 proteins to improve AS and endothelial cell injury. The above results confirmed that XXXD can alleviate AS by regulating ferroptosis of endothelial cells through the GAS6/AXL signaling pathway.

Xiaoxianxiong Decoction  /  atherosclerosis  /  endothelial injury  /  GAS6/AXL pathway  /  ferroptosis
陆晨曦, 靳雅惠, 刘园, 任菲菲, 吴雪, 杜霞. 小陷胸汤激活GAS6/AXL抑制内皮细胞铁死亡改善动脉粥样硬化. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1654 -1662 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1142
Chen-xi LU, Ya-hui JIN, Yuan LIU, Fei-fei REN, Xue WU, Xia DU. Xiaoxianxiong Decoction alleviates atherosclerosis by activating GAS6/AXL to inhibit ferroptosis in endothelial cells[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (5) : 1654 -1662 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1142
动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis, AS)是脂质的过度积累引起的慢性炎症性疾病, 其发病率和死亡率逐年增加, 严重危害患者健康[1]。AS是动脉内膜中脂质沉积引起纤维性增厚、组织坏死、崩解而形成粥样物质, 从而导致动脉壁变硬和管腔变窄[2]。近年来, 内皮功能障碍被认为是AS发病的起始环节[3]。AS初期, 大量低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein, LDL)会渗入内膜并被活性氧氧化, 产生大量氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low density lipoprotein, ox-LDL)进而驱动内皮细胞进一步死亡——铁死亡(ferroptosis)[4]。铁死亡不同于细胞凋亡、焦亡、自噬等程序性死亡, 它是一种铁依赖的细胞死亡过程, 该过程由铁离子或含铁酶催化的细胞脂质氧化物的异常代谢, 产生大量脂质过氧化产物, 导致线粒体外脂质过氧化, 进而引起线粒体外膜破裂和线粒体膜皱缩, 最终导致细胞死亡[5]。研究表明, 铁死亡能促进细胞内的脂质过氧化反应, 上调内皮细胞中促炎因子的表达, 并降低线粒体功能, 从而影响AS斑块的形成。
生长停滞特异性基因6 (growth arrest specific gene 6, GAS6)是一种维生素K依赖性蛋白, 其能通过调节受体酪氨酸激酶AXL (receptor tyrosine kinase AXL, AXL)参与细胞增殖、凋亡和内皮细胞损伤等病理过程[6-9]。值得注意的是, 激活GAS6/AXL能抑制肝脏铁死亡的发生[10]。另有研究报道, 维生素K是一种FDA批准的铁死亡抑制剂, 其可激活GAS6/AXL调节PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制铁死亡[11], 但其在AS中的作用尚不清楚。
小陷胸汤(Xiaoxianxiong Decoction, XXXD)出自东汉张仲景的《伤寒论·辨太阳病脉证并治》, 由瓜蒌、黄连和半夏3味药组成, 方中瓜蒌能清热化痰、理气宽胸, 黄连可以泄热、降火; 半夏则能降逆化痰、散心下之结, 是治疗AS的经典方剂[12]。现代药理证实, XXXD可以通过调节脂质代谢、抑制炎症、细胞凋亡和内皮细胞损伤改善AS[12]。然而XXXD是否通过GAS6/AXL-铁死亡途径减轻AS以及内皮细胞损伤尚不清楚。因此, 本研究利用高脂饲料(high-fat diet, HFD)喂养载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apolipoprotein E knockout, ApoE-/-)小鼠建立AS模型, ox-LDL构建内皮细胞损伤模型, 以GAS6/AXL介导的铁死亡通路为切入点探讨XXXD改善AS和内皮细胞损伤的分子机制。
实验动物与细胞  雄性ApoE-/-小鼠和C57BL/6J小鼠(6~8周龄)购于维通利华[SCXK(京)2021-0006]。所有动物饲养于清洁级环境, 温湿度适宜, 光照周期为12 h/12 h, 自由摄食饮水。所有动物实验程序均符合ARRIVE指南、美国国立卫生研究院实验室动物护理和使用指南。所有动物护理及实验操作均获得了陕西省中医药研究院动物实验伦理委员会的批准(批准编号: 2022-10)。人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVEC)购于普诺赛生命科技有限公司。
主要仪器  电泳仪(型号: SPW-DSE)、化学发光成像系统(型号: SCG-W3000), 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司; 倒置显微镜[型号: TS100-F, 尼康仪器(上海)有限公司]; 荧光显微镜(型号: CKX538F, 日本OLYMPUS公司); 酶标仪(型号: 1530-801015, 美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 冻干机(型号: D-37520, 北京博劢仪器有限公司); 高速台式离心机[型号: NX-1R冷冻型, 鼎昊源(天津)生物科技有限公司]。
主要试剂  甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG, 批号: 20240123)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC, 批号: 20240314)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C, 批号: 20240313)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, 批号: 20240325)、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH, 批号: 20240912)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA, 批号: 20240607)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD, 批号: 20250402)检测试剂盒购于南京建成生物工程研究所。ox-LDL(YB-002)购于广州奕元生物科技有限公司。二氢乙锭(dihydroethidium, DHE, S0064S)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS, S0033S)、总谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(total glutathione peroxidase, GPx, S0059S)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR, S0055)检测试剂盒购于碧云天生物技术有限公司。铁离子荧光检测试剂盒(FerroOrange, F374)购于日本同仁化学。GAS6抗体购于武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司(13795-1-AP); AXL和β-actin抗体购自武汉博奥森生物技术有限公司(bs-5180R, bs-0061R); 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4)抗体购于美国Abcam公司(ab125066); 溶质载体家族7成员11 (solute carrier family 7 member 11, SLC7A11)抗体购自武汉赛维尔生物技术有限公司(GB150180-100); Lipofectamine® 2000试剂(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司, 11668019)。
药物来源及制备  半夏、黄连和瓜蒌均采购于陕西兴盛德药业有限责任公司。将瓜蒌放入煎锅中, 加入去离子水1 200 mL, 浸泡30 min, 大火煮沸, 小火煮至体积为600 mL, 过滤去渣。随后, 加入黄连和半夏, 继续大火煮沸, 小火煨至体积为400 mL, 过滤去渣, 所得液体为XXXD的汤剂, 最后采用冷冻干燥仪将其制备成冻干粉, 溶于无血清培养基中, 使用0.22 μm无菌过滤器过滤后用于细胞实验。
动物分组  ApoE-/-小鼠适应性喂养两周后随机分为模型组(HFD)、低剂量XXXD组(XXXD-L, 3.139 g·kg-1)、中剂量XXXD组(XXXD-M, 6.279 g·kg-1)、高剂量XXXD组(XXXD-H, 12.558 g·kg-1)和阳性对照组(Siv, 0.65 mg·kg-1), AS组给予高脂饮食(脂肪含量21%、胆固醇含量0.15%)连续喂养8周。C57BL/6J作为对照组, 给予普通饲料和纯净水喂养。第9周通过灌胃给予XXXD处理, 持续8周。
苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE)染色  取小鼠主动脉组织, PBS冲洗后, 置于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h, 经常规石蜡包埋和切片后, 置于60 ℃下烘烤1~2 h, 然后用二甲苯各冲洗10 min。接着用100%、100%、95%、85%和75%的乙醇处理5 min。经蒸馏水清洗后用HE染色, 蒸馏水冲洗后用中性胶水封片, 在显微镜下观察。
油红O染色  取出ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉, 将主动脉根部冰冻切片用甲醛脱钙固定5 min, 蒸馏水冲洗5 min, 油红O染色10 min, 60%异丙醇浸泡10 s, 蒸馏水冲洗, Mayer苏木精复染5 min, PBS洗涤10 min, 中性胶水封片后在显微镜下观察。
血清脂质水平分析  夜间禁食后从眼眶丛处抽取血液样本, 室温静置30 min, 4 ℃离心10 min (3 000 r·min-1)。使用相应的检测试剂盒按照说明对TC、TG、LDL-C和HDL-C的水平进行测定。
HUVEC培养  将HUVEC接种于含100 u·mL-1青霉素-链霉素和10%胎牛血清的EMEM培养基中, 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。待细胞融合度达约80%~90%时, 选取状态良好的细胞进行传代, 用于后续实验。
分组及干预细胞实验分组  对照组、ox-LDL组(使用100 μg·mL-1处理细胞24 h)、不同浓度XXXD (10、20、40、80、100 μg·mL-1)保护组(XXXD预处理1 h后, 加入ox-LDL共同培养24 h)。
细胞活力测定  使用CCK-8法检测细胞活率。将HUVEC以5×103个/孔的密度接种于96孔板中, 按实验分组和设计处理细胞, 待实验结束后, 每孔加入100 μL含10 μL CCK-8试剂的培养基, 37 ℃孵育1 h, 在波长为450 nm的酶标仪中检测吸光度值。
ROS和DHE染色  使用2', 7'-二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, H2DCF-DA)检测试剂盒来测量细胞内的ROS水平。HUVEC置于24孔板中, 每孔1×104个细胞。实验结束后, 用PBS洗涤细胞, 并在37 ℃用10 µmol·L-1 H2DCF-DA孵育30 min。利用荧光显微镜随机拍摄图像, 并采用Image J进行分析。DHE染色与ROS染色类似, 也按照制造商的说明进行操作。
细胞内Fe2+测定  使用FerroOrange荧光探针, 检测细胞内的Fe2+水平。将HUVEC以每孔1×104个培养在24孔板中, 并在完全培养基中培养。实验结束后清洗细胞, 在37 ℃下用FerroOrange工作液处理细胞30 min, PBS清洗细胞, 在荧光显微镜下随机拍照。
LDH、MDA、SOD、GPx、GR水平的测定  分别使用试剂盒测定组织和细胞中LDH、MDA、SOD、GPx、GR等水平。实验操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。
Western blot  弃除培养液, 加入100 μL预冷的RIPA裂解液在冰上充分裂解, 使用BCA试剂盒检测蛋白浓度。通过SDS-PAGE电泳分离后将蛋白转至PVDF膜, TBST洗涤3次, 用3%牛血清白蛋白室温封闭2 h, 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, TBST洗膜3次, 二抗(1∶10 000)孵育1 h, 加入ECL化学发光液进行蛋白显影, 最后用Image J进行数据分析。
小干扰RNA转染  HUVEC以每孔1×105个细胞的密度在6孔板中于37 ℃下孵育过夜, 然后使用Lipofectamine®2000试剂按照制造商的方案转染GAS6的小干扰RNA (si-GAS6)以及相应的对照小干扰RNA (si-control), 转染6~8 h后, 更换为完全培养基, 细胞培养24 h, 之后收集细胞用于后续实验。转染序列如下: si-GAS6正义链: CGCGGAAUCUGGUCAU CAATT, 反义链: UUGAUGACCAGAUUCCGCGTT; si-control正义链: UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT, 反义链: ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad 9.0软件进行作图, 计量资料以均数±标准差(x ± s)表示。组间比较使用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
对XXXD的样本进行高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)分析。在最佳条件下, 生成了来自不同地区的10个XXXD样本的HPLC指纹图谱(图1)。采用传统中药色谱指纹图谱系统(2012版A版)计算指纹图谱的相似度, 并区分这10批XXXD的共性峰。通过提取信号强度高且峰形良好的共性色谱峰, 确定了总共14个共性峰, 并生成了对照指纹图谱。样本的相似度分别为0.999、0.999、0.999、0.999、0.999、0.999、0.998、0.998、0.999和0.998。表明这10批XXXD测试样本之间既有相似之处也有差异, 符合样本光谱有效性关系的要求。
为了研究XXXD对AS的有效性, 通过HFD喂养ApoE-/-小鼠构建AS模型(图2A), 每周记录各组小鼠的体重。结果显示, 与对照组相比, HFD导致小鼠体重显著增加, 而XXXD和辛伐他汀(Siv)治疗显著降低了AS小鼠的体重(图2B)。此外, 与对照组相比, HFD导致主动脉斑块和脂质堆积显著增加。XXXD和Siv显著减少主动脉斑块和脂质堆积(图2C、D)。血清脂质水平是影响AS的一个重要因素, 本研究分析了XXXD对AS小鼠血清脂质水平(TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C)的影响。结果显示, 与对照组相比, HFD诱导ApoE-/-小鼠血清中TG、TC和LDL-C水平显著升高, HDL-C水平则显著降低(P < 0.05, 图2E)。XXXD-L能降低ApoE-/-小鼠的TG、TC和LDL-C水平, 并提高HDL-C水平(P < 0.05, 图2E)。XXXD-M、XXXD-H以及Siv也能逆转部分指标的变化。这些结果表明XXXD对AS小鼠具有显著的保护作用。
首先, 使用不同浓度ox-LDL处理HUVEC构建体外损伤模型。结果显示100 μg·mL-1 ox-LDL对HUVEC的损伤程度约50% (P < 0.05, 图3A)。图3B结果显示, XXXD的浓度小于等于100 μg·mL-1对HUVEC无显著影响, 该浓度将作为最大浓度进行下一步细胞实验。随后, 本研究评价了不同浓度XXXD对ox-LDL诱导HUVEC损伤的保护作用。结果显示, 与对照组相比, ox-LDL可显著降低HUVEC活率, 增加LDH的释放、超氧化物和ROS的积累(P < 0.05, 图3C~F)。与ox-LDL组相比, XXXD治疗后可显著增加HUVEC存活, 减低LDH水平、超氧化物和ROS的积累, 其中40 μg·mL-1 XXXD对细胞的保护作用最强(P < 0.05, 图3C~F)。
为了明确XXXD对AS小鼠和ox-LDL诱导的HUVEC脂质过氧化的影响, 本研究分析了小鼠主动脉组织和HUVEC中MDA、SOD、GPx和GR水平的变化。结果如图所示, 与对照组相比, HFD组中MDA水平显著增加, SOD、GPx和GR水平显著降低(P < 0.05, 图4A~D)。与HFD组相比, XXXD治疗后可显著降低MDA水平, 增加SOD、GPx和GR水平。同时, Siv也可降低MDA水平, 增加GPx水平(P < 0.05, 图4A~D)。在细胞水平, 与对照组相比, ox-LDL处理显著增加HUVEC中MDA水平, 降低SOD、GPx和GR水平(P < 0.05, 图4E~H)。与ox-LDL组相比, XXXD治疗后MDA水平显著降低, SOD、GPx和GR水平显著增加(P < 0.05, 图4E~H)。此外, 本研究也观察了XXXD对HUVEC中Fe2+的影响。通过FerroOrange染色观察到ox-LDL处理导致HUVEC中Fe2+显著积累, 而XXXD治疗后Fe2+水平显著降低(图4I)。表明XXXD可抑制AS期间内皮细胞脂质过氧化和铁离子积累。
结果如图5所示, 在动物水平, 与对照组相比, HFD组小鼠主动脉中GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11的蛋白水平显著降低; 而XXXD治疗后GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11的蛋白水平显著增加(P < 0.05, 图5A、B)。细胞水平也得到类似的结果, 与ox-LDL组相比, XXXD治疗后HUVEC中GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11的蛋白水平显著增加(P < 0.05, 图5C、D)。表明XXXD通过GAS6/AXL-铁死亡途径改善AS和内皮细胞损伤。
结果如图6所示, 与对照组相比, ox-LDL组细胞活率显著降低, LDH水平和细胞内ROS水平显著增加; XXXD处理后细胞活率显著增加, LDH水平和细胞内ROS水平显著降低; 而使用siRNA抑制GAS6后, XXXD对内皮细胞的保护作用被减弱(P < 0.05, 图6A~C)。Western blot检测发现, XXXD治疗后GAS6、AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11的蛋白水平显著增加; 而GAS6抑制后AXL、GPX4和SLC7A11的蛋白水平显著降低(P < 0.05, 图6D)。该结果进一步表明XXXD通过GAS6/AXL-铁死亡途径改善内皮细胞损伤。
AS是一种慢性炎症性疾病, 被认为是心血管疾病的首要致病因素, 严重威胁人类健康[1]。从中医的角度来看, AS属于胸闷、胸痛、脑卒中和头晕等病症的范畴。其主要发病机制包括浊痰积聚、血瘀、痰瘀互结的病理状态, 最终导致AS斑块的形成[13]。现代医学认为, 脂质代谢异常、内皮损伤等是AS的关键病理过程。在脂质代谢异常时, 血液中的脂质水平, 如胆固醇、甘油三酯和磷脂等会升高。这些疏水性物质需要与载脂蛋白结合形成脂蛋白以进行运输和代谢[3, 4]。因此, 改善血脂异常是AS治疗的主要方法。
XXXD来自《伤寒论》中的经典配方, 由半夏、瓜蒌和黄连组成。既往研究表明, XXXD具有调节脂质代谢和改善脂质斑块形成等药理作用, 且用于治疗冠心病、心绞痛、高血压等心血管疾病[12, 14]。本研究证实, XXXD可减轻HFD引起的体重增加, 减少主动脉中的脂质沉积, 改善血液中的异常脂质水平(降低TC、TG、LDL-C, 增加HDL-C)。ox-LDL是公认的AS的独立危险因子, 能引起内皮细胞的损伤和功能障碍, 这主要通过两种机制造成: ① 巨噬细胞如摄入大量的ox-LDL导致血管壁泡沫细胞和脂质的堆积; ② ox-LDL诱导内皮细胞表达多种炎症因子(IL-1β、IL-6等)和抑制一氧化氮的生成, 降低内皮的舒张反应, 从而引起了内皮细胞的损伤和功能障碍[15, 16]。既往研究证实, XXXD能通过降低ox-LDL和炎症相关因子的表达进而改善AS[17, 18]; 也可通过升高内皮细胞中一氧化氮的分泌, 降低内皮素-1含量, 提高内皮细胞生长并抑制其凋亡[19, 20]。在本研究中, ox-LDL处理能显著降低内皮细胞的活力, 增加培养液中LDH的释放和细胞中ROS的积累; 而XXXD处理能显著增加细胞活力, 降低LDH的释放和内皮细胞中ROS的积累。尽管XXXD治疗AS和内皮细胞损伤的治疗效果确切, 但是缺乏对作用机制的相关研究。
铁死亡是一种新发现的程序性细胞死亡形式, 其特征是铁驱动的ROS和脂质过氧化物的积累[21]。经典的铁死亡途径涉及胱氨酸/谷氨酸逆向转运蛋白系统, 其是一种表达于细胞质膜的氨基酸逆向转运蛋白, 由两个亚基SLC7A11和SLC3A2组成, 它们以1∶1的比例将胱氨酸转运至细胞内, 同时交换细胞内的谷氨酸, 从而实现细胞内胱氨酸还原为半胱氨酸[22]。半胱氨酸是谷胱甘肽合成的限速前体, 随后的谷胱甘肽被用作GPX4的辅因子, 参与亲电性解毒和ROS清除。GPX4是最重要的脂质过氧化酶抑制剂, 也是铁死亡的中心调节因子[5]。在本研究中, XXXD可显著抑制主动脉和内皮细胞中MDA和Fe2+的积累, 增加SOD、GPx和GR的水平。既往研究认为GAS6与AS的发生发展有关[23, 24]。GAS6血浆水平降低及AA等位基因型与急性冠脉综合征发生相关[25]。另有报道指出, 葛根芩连汤通过GAS6信号通路调节脂质代谢相关分子的表达, 从而改善大鼠AS[26]。值得注意的是, GAS6通过调节铁死亡途径参与疾病的发生。激活GAS6可减轻上皮细胞铁死亡和氧化应激的发生。Zhan等[10]指出, 激活GAS6/AXL及其下游PI3K/AKT可抑制肝脏缺血再灌注损伤期间脂质过氧化和铁死亡。本研究发现XXXD可增加GAS6、AXL和铁死亡分子GPX4与SLC7A11的表达; 而使用siRNA抑制GAS6后可显著减弱XXXD的内皮保护作用, 同时降低AXL、GPX4与SLC7A11的表达。
综上, XXXD可显著减轻AS和内皮细胞损伤, 其机制主要是通过激活GAS6/AXL信号通路, 抑制内皮细胞铁死亡发挥作用。该研究不仅有助于深化关于XXXD治疗AS病理机制的认识, 也为中医药防治AS提供了新思路。

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2026年第61卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1142
  • 接收时间:2025-09-25
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-25
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
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    1陕西省中医药研究院, 陕西 西安 710003
    2延安大学延安医学院, 陕西 延安 716000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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