Article(id=1308828786947359538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1114, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758124800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-18, revisedDate=1765123200000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978699670, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978699670, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978699670, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978699670, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=961, endPage=972, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828787165463347, articleId=1308828786947359538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Genome-wide analysis and cadmium-induced expression profiling of the CDPK gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) serve as crucial calcium sensors in plants, playing key roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a total of 26 Salvia miltiorrhiza CDPK (SmCDPK) genes were identified through genome-wide analysis, which were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the 26 SmCDPKs into four distinct subfamilies (Ⅰ-Ⅳ), and systematic predictions were conducted for their physicochemical properties, secondary structures, and subcellular localization. Promoter analysis uncovered multiple cis-elements associated with light, phytohormones, and abiotic stress. Transcriptome profiling under 50 and 100 μmol·L-1 cadmium (Cd) stress demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns of these SmCDPK genes. Notably, SmCDPK18 was upregulated in both roots and leaves under Cd exposure, suggesting involvement in Cd detoxification and oxidative regulation. In contrast, SmCDPK2, SmCDPK8, and SmCDPK22 were significantly downregulated in roots. These expression patterns were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). This study provides insight into the CDPK gene family in S. miltiorrhiza and its potential roles in cadmium stress response, offering valuable theoretical support and key gene resources for future molecular breeding and environmental adaptation studies in medicinal plants.

, authors=Li-jun LIU1, 2, Wen-ying ZHANG1, 2, Hong-mei LUO1, 2, *, authorsList=Li-jun LIU, Wen-ying ZHANG, Hong-mei LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hong-mei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828788759298880, articleId=1308828786947359538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=丹参钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK) 家族鉴定及其镉胁迫响应研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPK) 是植物特有的钙信号感应因子, 广泛参与植物的生长发育与逆境响应。为系统鉴定丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) CDPK基因家族成员及其对镉(cadmium, Cd) 胁迫的响应机制, 本研究在丹参基因组中鉴定出26个全长CDPK基因(SmCDPKs), 分布于7条染色体, 并对其蛋白理化性质、二级结构及亚细胞定位进行了系统预测和分析。通过构建系统进化树, 将SmCDPKs划分为四个亚族, 并结合基因结构与保守基序分析, 预测其功能的保守性与多样性。顺式作用元件分析显示, SmCDPKs启动子区富含响应光照、激素及胁迫的调控元件。转录组数据分析结果表明, SmCDPK基因在不同Cd浓度胁迫下呈现组织特异性表达模式, 其中SmCDPK18在根和叶中均受Cd胁迫诱导上调表达, 而SmCDPK2、SmCDPK8、SmCDPK22等基因的表达水平受Cd胁迫诱导后显著下调。通过实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR) 检测Cd胁迫下基因的相对表达量, 结果与转录组数据一致, 验证了关键差异表达的SmCDPKs的Cd响应模式。本研究从基因组层面对丹参CDPK基因家族进行了系统鉴定并探讨其在Cd胁迫诱导下的响应特征, 为丹参应对Cd胁迫的机制研究及分子育种提供了关键基因资源与理论依据。

, authors=刘俐君1, 2, 张文颖1, 2, 罗红梅1, 2, *, authorsList=刘俐君, 张文颖, 罗红梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗红梅, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘俐君负责本课题数据分析、实验完成和论文撰写; 张文颖提供了学术指导, 参与修改论文手稿; 罗红梅整体负责本研究的实验设计和论文审阅修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
罗红梅,E-mail:
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Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza [J]. 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CDPK: Calcium-dependent protein kinase; Sm: Salvia miltiorrhiza, figureFileSmall=BWKGIUBI71FWayHnFHH7xw==, figureFileBig=bFzYbGao1SxUWPkgBiHoHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481147052756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LxEXu4qG7Qd6rUl3Cvbl0g==, figureFileBig=bdJTnOWyJN0xRUujxMEFQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481218355925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of CDPK proteins from S. miltiorrhiza (★), Arabidopsis thaliana (●), and Oryza sativa (▲). At: Arabidopsis thaliana; Os: Oryza sativa, figureFileSmall=LxEXu4qG7Qd6rUl3Cvbl0g==, figureFileBig=bdJTnOWyJN0xRUujxMEFQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481289659094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CQSAK8Y9q5Mw5YcuWa96Xg==, figureFileBig=MrFhzN5YIhHNp/XwOVuHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481348379351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Analysis of conserved motifs in SmCDPK genes. A: Phylogenetic tree and motif distribution of all SmCDPK genes, each colored box represents a distinct motif (1-15); B: Detailed sequence information and logos of the 15 identified conserved motifs. SmCDPK: Salvia miltiorrhiza calcium-dependent protein kinase, figureFileSmall=CQSAK8Y9q5Mw5YcuWa96Xg==, figureFileBig=MrFhzN5YIhHNp/XwOVuHiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481444848344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YPfFwDERojDeG2A3sptm/Q==, figureFileBig=pOCq9arLx874K+9FVArbFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481528734425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structural analysis of SmCDPK genes. A: Schematic representation of conserved domains in the SmCDPKs; B: CDS and UTR organization of SmCDPK genes; CDS: Coding sequence; UTR: Untranslated region, figureFileSmall=YPfFwDERojDeG2A3sptm/Q==, figureFileBig=pOCq9arLx874K+9FVArbFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481604231898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mTrZ+J3vQ1uwTsxZ3+Qwjg==, figureFileBig=t+iGAU6StnPJY3nSM+OrwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481675535067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Analysis of putative cis-regulatory elements in promoter regions of SmCDPK genes, figureFileSmall=mTrZ+J3vQ1uwTsxZ3+Qwjg==, figureFileBig=t+iGAU6StnPJY3nSM+OrwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481746838236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lxEpd6/1+LioXfaDYKxjvw==, figureFileBig=lSLWixXtqEf/6JB10Axitg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481805558493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Expression of SmCDPK genes under cadmium stress. A: Heatmap of all SmCDPK genes in leaf; B: Heatmap of all SmCDPKs in root; C: qRT-PCR verification of selected SmCDPKs. qRT-PCR: Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. L: Leaf; R: Root. n = 3, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1, figureFileSmall=lxEpd6/1+LioXfaDYKxjvw==, figureFileBig=lSLWixXtqEf/6JB10Axitg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834481872667358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein nameNumber of amino acidMolecular weightTheoretical pIInstability indexAliphatic indexGrand average of hydropathicity
SmCDPK153559.814.938.6273.33-0.546
SmCDPK249655.175.2945.5796.75-0.159
SmCDPK351858.035.3836.4475.56-0.518
SmCDPK453360.416.2341.881.74-0.505
SmCDPK553160.845.6540.8183.67-0.434
SmCDPK653260.496.136.7574.96-0.563
SmCDPK752859.645.883486.97-0.385
SmCDPK857764.768.8841.8175.6-0.569
SmCDPK957363.855.3638.9780.96-0.386
SmCDPK1060767.125.6244.176.94-0.453
SmCDPK1158465.50643.6982.64-0.346
SmCDPK1253960.276.2241.8873.51-0.513
SmCDPK1350356.585.2840.7484.14-0.382
SmCDPK1452258.915.4940.3881.26-0.431
SmCDPK1554361.50636.0683.81-0.418
SmCDPK1653860.89744.4272.86-0.624
SmCDPK1740245.485.9945.1285.6-0.287
SmCDPK1851257.176.1832.2381-0.383
SmCDPK1951557.475.9739.8281.05-0.38
SmCDPK2052859.565.7435.1284.2-0.459
SmCDPK2154261.356.0935.0283.97-0.389
SmCDPK2256263.738.8942.9778.63-0.62
SmCDPK2360167.665.3342.5180.63-0.377
SmCDPK2453259.245.3346.1786-0.251
SmCDPK2552359.035.6937.1182.75-0.477
SmCDPK2656462.675.4442.2486.31-0.297
), ArticleFig(id=1308834481952359135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Analysis of the physicochemical properties of CDPKs in S. miltiorrhiza

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein nameNumber of amino acidMolecular weightTheoretical pIInstability indexAliphatic indexGrand average of hydropathicity
SmCDPK153559.814.938.6273.33-0.546
SmCDPK249655.175.2945.5796.75-0.159
SmCDPK351858.035.3836.4475.56-0.518
SmCDPK453360.416.2341.881.74-0.505
SmCDPK553160.845.6540.8183.67-0.434
SmCDPK653260.496.136.7574.96-0.563
SmCDPK752859.645.883486.97-0.385
SmCDPK857764.768.8841.8175.6-0.569
SmCDPK957363.855.3638.9780.96-0.386
SmCDPK1060767.125.6244.176.94-0.453
SmCDPK1158465.50643.6982.64-0.346
SmCDPK1253960.276.2241.8873.51-0.513
SmCDPK1350356.585.2840.7484.14-0.382
SmCDPK1452258.915.4940.3881.26-0.431
SmCDPK1554361.50636.0683.81-0.418
SmCDPK1653860.89744.4272.86-0.624
SmCDPK1740245.485.9945.1285.6-0.287
SmCDPK1851257.176.1832.2381-0.383
SmCDPK1951557.475.9739.8281.05-0.38
SmCDPK2052859.565.7435.1284.2-0.459
SmCDPK2154261.356.0935.0283.97-0.389
SmCDPK2256263.738.8942.9778.63-0.62
SmCDPK2360167.665.3342.5180.63-0.377
SmCDPK2453259.245.3346.1786-0.251
SmCDPK2552359.035.6937.1182.75-0.477
SmCDPK2656462.675.4442.2486.31-0.297
), ArticleFig(id=1308834482036245216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein nameAlpha helix/%Extended strand/%Random coil/%Subcellular localization
SmCDPK146.179.1644.67Nucleus
SmCDPK251.818.6739.52Cytoplasm
SmCDPK345.759.6544.59Cytoplasm
SmCDPK447.479.3843.15Cytoplasm
SmCDPK547.839.4242.75Cytoplasm
SmCDPK648.319.7741.92Cytoplasm
SmCDPK747.169.0943.75Chloroplast
SmCDPK841.778.8449.39Chloroplast
SmCDPK943.988.247.82Chloroplast
SmCDPK1040.868.5750.58Plasma membrane
SmCDPK1142.649.4247.95Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1243.419.4647.12Vacuole
SmCDPK1350.710.1439.17Chloroplast
SmCDPK1445.49.3945.21Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1547.889.2142.91Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1644.429.4846.1Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1742.5411.1946.27Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1846.489.3844.14Peroxisomes
SmCDPK1945.249.5145.24Chloroplast
SmCDPK2049.058.7142.23Chloroplast
SmCDPK2147.428.8643.73Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2241.289.0749.64Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2342.69.1548.25Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2445.119.445.49Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2550.19.7540.15Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2644.868.1646.99Cytoplasm
), ArticleFig(id=1308834482132714209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Secondary structure and subcellular localization of CDPK gene family in S. miltiorrhiza

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Protein nameAlpha helix/%Extended strand/%Random coil/%Subcellular localization
SmCDPK146.179.1644.67Nucleus
SmCDPK251.818.6739.52Cytoplasm
SmCDPK345.759.6544.59Cytoplasm
SmCDPK447.479.3843.15Cytoplasm
SmCDPK547.839.4242.75Cytoplasm
SmCDPK648.319.7741.92Cytoplasm
SmCDPK747.169.0943.75Chloroplast
SmCDPK841.778.8449.39Chloroplast
SmCDPK943.988.247.82Chloroplast
SmCDPK1040.868.5750.58Plasma membrane
SmCDPK1142.649.4247.95Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1243.419.4647.12Vacuole
SmCDPK1350.710.1439.17Chloroplast
SmCDPK1445.49.3945.21Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1547.889.2142.91Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1644.429.4846.1Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1742.5411.1946.27Cytoplasm
SmCDPK1846.489.3844.14Peroxisomes
SmCDPK1945.249.5145.24Chloroplast
SmCDPK2049.058.7142.23Chloroplast
SmCDPK2147.428.8643.73Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2241.289.0749.64Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2342.69.1548.25Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2445.119.445.49Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2550.19.7540.15Cytoplasm
SmCDPK2644.868.1646.99Cytoplasm
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丹参钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK) 家族鉴定及其镉胁迫响应研究
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刘俐君 1, 2 , 张文颖 1, 2 , 罗红梅 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 961-972
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 961 -972
丹参钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK) 家族鉴定及其镉胁迫响应研究
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2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308834477128909488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834477137298097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, companyId=1308834477128909488, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834477145686706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, companyId=1308834477128909488, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308834477204406963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834477208601268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, companyId=1308834477204406963, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308834477216989877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828786947359538, companyId=1308834477204406963, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193)])])]
刘俐君1, 2, 张文颖1, 2, 罗红梅1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193
通讯作者:
罗红梅,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘俐君负责本课题数据分析、实验完成和论文撰写; 张文颖提供了学术指导, 参与修改论文手稿; 罗红梅整体负责本研究的实验设计和论文审阅修改。

Genome-wide analysis and cadmium-induced expression profiling of the CDPK gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza
Li-jun LIU1, 2, Wen-ying ZHANG1, 2, Hong-mei LUO1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resource, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1114
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钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPK) 是植物特有的钙信号感应因子, 广泛参与植物的生长发育与逆境响应。为系统鉴定丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) CDPK基因家族成员及其对镉(cadmium, Cd) 胁迫的响应机制, 本研究在丹参基因组中鉴定出26个全长CDPK基因(SmCDPKs), 分布于7条染色体, 并对其蛋白理化性质、二级结构及亚细胞定位进行了系统预测和分析。通过构建系统进化树, 将SmCDPKs划分为四个亚族, 并结合基因结构与保守基序分析, 预测其功能的保守性与多样性。顺式作用元件分析显示, SmCDPKs启动子区富含响应光照、激素及胁迫的调控元件。转录组数据分析结果表明, SmCDPK基因在不同Cd浓度胁迫下呈现组织特异性表达模式, 其中SmCDPK18在根和叶中均受Cd胁迫诱导上调表达, 而SmCDPK2、SmCDPK8、SmCDPK22等基因的表达水平受Cd胁迫诱导后显著下调。通过实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR) 检测Cd胁迫下基因的相对表达量, 结果与转录组数据一致, 验证了关键差异表达的SmCDPKs的Cd响应模式。本研究从基因组层面对丹参CDPK基因家族进行了系统鉴定并探讨其在Cd胁迫诱导下的响应特征, 为丹参应对Cd胁迫的机制研究及分子育种提供了关键基因资源与理论依据。

钙依赖蛋白激酶  /  丹参  /  镉胁迫  /  基因家族  /  表达分析

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) serve as crucial calcium sensors in plants, playing key roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a total of 26 Salvia miltiorrhiza CDPK (SmCDPK) genes were identified through genome-wide analysis, which were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the 26 SmCDPKs into four distinct subfamilies (Ⅰ-Ⅳ), and systematic predictions were conducted for their physicochemical properties, secondary structures, and subcellular localization. Promoter analysis uncovered multiple cis-elements associated with light, phytohormones, and abiotic stress. Transcriptome profiling under 50 and 100 μmol·L-1 cadmium (Cd) stress demonstrated tissue-specific expression patterns of these SmCDPK genes. Notably, SmCDPK18 was upregulated in both roots and leaves under Cd exposure, suggesting involvement in Cd detoxification and oxidative regulation. In contrast, SmCDPK2, SmCDPK8, and SmCDPK22 were significantly downregulated in roots. These expression patterns were confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). This study provides insight into the CDPK gene family in S. miltiorrhiza and its potential roles in cadmium stress response, offering valuable theoretical support and key gene resources for future molecular breeding and environmental adaptation studies in medicinal plants.

calcium-dependent protein kinase  /  Salvia miltiorrhiza  /  cadmium stress  /  gene family  /  expression analysis
刘俐君, 张文颖, 罗红梅. 丹参钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK) 家族鉴定及其镉胁迫响应研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 961 -972 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1114
Li-jun LIU, Wen-ying ZHANG, Hong-mei LUO. Genome-wide analysis and cadmium-induced expression profiling of the CDPK gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 961 -972 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1114
植物通过复杂的信号转导网络调节代谢过程, 以适应多变的环境条件。该信号转导网络由多种蛋白质与非蛋白质成分共同构成, 其中钙离子(Ca2+) 作为重要的第二信使之一, 在植物对外界刺激(如温度、光照、盐分及渗透压变化) 作出快速应答过程中发挥关键作用[1]。当植物感受到这些刺激时, 细胞内Ca2+浓度迅速波动, 形成具有时空特异性的钙信号, 这些信号随后被钙传感蛋白识别并激活下游转录与代谢反应[2]。目前在植物中已鉴定出四类主要的Ca2+传感蛋白, 包括钙调蛋白(calmodulins, CaMs)、类钙调蛋白(calmodulin-like proteins, CMLs)、类钙调磷酸酶B蛋白(calcineurin B-like proteins, CBLs) 及钙依赖蛋白激酶(calcium-dependent protein kinase, CDPKs)[3]。前三者作为典型的信号中继蛋白(sensor relays), 仅含Ca2+感应结构域, 需依赖下游效应因子发挥功能; 而CDPKs同时具备丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶催化结构域和Ca2+感应结构域, 能在感知Ca2+信号时直接调控靶蛋白, 因而被归类为“感应‒响应蛋白”(sensor responders), 在植物Ca2+信号转导过程中具有重要地位[4]。
CDPKs广泛存在于植物、原生生物、卵菌及绿藻中[5], 并在植物生长发育及逆境应对中发挥关键作用。在拟南芥[Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.][6]、水稻(Oryza sativa L.)[7]、小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)[8]、玉米(Zea mays L.)[9]、辣椒(Capsicum annuum L.)[10]以及野生多毛番茄(Solanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D. M. Spooner)[11]中分别鉴定出34、29、20、40、31种CDPKs。研究表明, CDPKs在植物逆境应答中具有多样化的功能, 沉默多毛番茄中的ShCDPK6和ShCDPK26基因后, 植株对灰葡萄孢菌侵染(生物胁迫) 以及低温、干旱等非生物胁迫的抗性显著下降[11]; 烟草(Nicotiana benthamiana Domin) 中过表达MDCPK1A能够清除活性氧(ROS) 积累并调控胁迫相关基因表达, 从而显著增强抗寒性与耐盐性[12]。综上所述, 不同植物中CDPKs的数量存在差异, 在胁迫应答中的功能也表现出高度多样性。
丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) 是唇形科(Lamiaceae) 鼠尾草属(Salvia) 植物, 入药部位为根及根茎[13]。丹参被广泛应用于心血管疾病治疗, 其主要活性成分包括脂溶性丹参酮与水溶性丹酚酸[14]。近年全球工业化与农业活动加剧导致土壤重金属污染日趋严重, 其中镉(cadmium, Cd) 因高迁移性及强生物毒性, 已成为威胁药用植物安全生产的关键污染物[15]。丹参主产区(四川、山东、陕西和河南等地) 普遍存在Cd污染问题[16]。已有研究证实有些丹参药材中存在Cd残留, 且残留水平与炮制加工阶段呈显著正相关[17]。
虽然CDPK家族在模式植物和经济作物中响应胁迫的机制研究已取得了显著进展, 但其在药用植物重金属胁迫响应中的功能解析仍鲜有报道。丹参作为药用模式植物[18], 其药效物质(丹参酮、丹酚酸) 主要在根及根茎中积累, 易受环境胁迫影响[19, 20], 同时由于丹参的入药部位直接接触土壤中Cd污染, 为丹参药材的品质和用药安全带来隐患。目前, 丹参CDPK家族(SmCDPKs) 尚未被鉴定, SmCDPKs是否参与了丹参Cd胁迫响应过程尚未见报道。本研究通过整合基因组学、转录组学等数据, 利用生物信息学等方法, 对SmCDPK家族成员进行鉴定, 并结合表达谱数据分析, 探索SmCDPK基因在不同浓度Cd胁迫下的表达特性, 为深入研究SmCDPK基因家族的功能及其在丹参响应重金属胁迫过程中的作用机制提供依据。
植物材料  丹参植物材料来自中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所试验田, 为山东泗水产地丹参品种。丹参全基因组信息来源于本课题组前期数据。
试剂  PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (批号: AO11111A)、TB Green® Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ (批号: AO71182A) 购自TaKaRa公司; CdCl2·2.5H2O (批号: C13129708) 购自上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司; Hoagland营养液(批号: NS34224010) 购自北京酷来搏科技有限公司。本实验所用引物由苏州安升达生物科技有限公司合成。
丹参镉胁迫处理  选取生长约45天、高度约12 cm、长势一致的丹参幼苗期植株, 剪取其地上部分转移至含有标准Hoagland营养液的容器中进行水培培养。待植株恢复生长并诱导出新根系后(约60天), 向营养液中分别添加50和100 μmol·L-1 CdCl2·2.5H2O溶液, 进行Cd胁迫处理, 处理时间参照文献[21, 22]研究并作出适当调整后定为3天。胁迫处理结束后, 分别收集各处理组及对照组(未添加CdCl2·2.5H2O) 的根和叶样品, 迅速置于液氮中冷冻, 并转移至-80 ℃超低温冰箱, 送至北京百迈克生物科技有限公司进行转录组测序分析。
丹参CDPK家族基因鉴定  从TAIR数据库(https://www.arabidopsis.org) 下载拟南芥CDPK蛋白序列, 通过本地BLAST程序与丹参基因组蛋白数据库进行同源比对, 筛选E-value ≤ 1×e-10, identity ≥ 50%的候选序列。同时, 基于Interpro数据库下载的Pkinase结构域(PF00069) 和EF-hand结构域(PF13499) 的隐马尔可夫模型(Hidden Markov Model, HMM), 使用HMMER 3.0的hmmsearch命令对丹参全蛋白组进行扫描, 筛选出同时包含这两个保守结构域的蛋白序列。整合上述BLAST同源比对和HMM结构域扫描的候选结果, 通过SMART在线数据库(https://smart.embl.de) 验证候选蛋白的结构域。最后保留具备完整Pkinase结构域和至少一个EF-hand结构域的序列, 将其定义为丹参CDPK家族成员。
丹参CDPKs染色体定位及蛋白特征分析  基于丹参基因组注释文件提取出SmCDPKs的染色体位置信息, 并利用TBtools Ⅱ软件[23]Gene Location Visualize功能绘制其在染色体上的分布图谱; 利用One stepMCScanX功能进行共线性分析; 利用Protein Paramter Calc功能, 计算SmCDPKs的氨基酸数量(number of amino acids)、分子量(molecular weight)、理论等电点(theoretical pI)、不稳定性指数(instability index)、脂肪族指数(aliphatic index) 及亲水性平均值(grand average of hydropathicity, GRAVY); 利用NCBI BLASTp (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) 工具进行蛋白序列比对; 利用SOPMA (https://npsa.lyon.inserm.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=/NPSA/npsa_sopma.html) 在线工具进行SmCDPKs的蛋白质二级结构预测; 利用WoLF PSORT (https://wolfpsort.hgc.jp) 在线工具进行SmCDPKs亚细胞定位的预测。
丹参CDPK基因家族进化分析  从TAIR数据库(https://www.arabidopsis.org) 和Interpro数据库(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro) 分别下载拟南芥和水稻的完整CDPKs蛋白序列; 使用MEGA 11.0软件[24]对上述物种的CDPKs蛋白序列进行比对, 采用邻接法(neighbor-joining, NJ) 构建丹参、水稻和拟南芥CDPKs蛋白的系统进化树, 自展检验(bootstrap) 设置1 000次重复。使用iTOL在线工具(https://itol.embl.de) 进行进化树的可视化。
丹参CDPK基因结构、保守基序、保守结构域及启动子顺式作用元件分析  利用TBtools Ⅱ软件[23]对SmCDPKs进行相关分析: 采用最大似然法(maximum likelihood, ML) 构建SmCDPKs系统发育树, 自展检验设置5 000次重复; 基于丹参基因组注释文件, 提取SmCDPKs的完整基因信息并进行可视化分析; 使用MEME (multiple Em for motif elicitation) 在线工具对全部SmCDPKs蛋白序列进行保守基序预测, motif数量上限设为15; 用Interpro在线工具中的Pfam数据库对SmCDPKs蛋白序列进行保守结构域分析。提取所有SmCDPK基因转录起始位点(transcription start site, TSS) 上游2 000 bp的基因组DNA序列作为启动子区域, 将启动子序列提交至植物顺式作用元件数据库(PlantCARE, https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html) 进行在线扫描分析, 重点关注与植物激素响应、非生物胁迫响应、光响应元件以及参与防御和胁迫反应等相关的核心元件。
丹参CDPK基因在镉胁迫下的表达量分析  基于转录组数据, 分析50 μmol·L-1和100 μmol·L-1 Cd胁迫处理3 d后丹参CDPK家族成员在根和叶中的相对表达量(fragments per kilobase million, FPKM), 将表达量取对数并利用TBtools的Heatmap工具绘制SmCDPK基因表达聚类热图。基于热图和表达量数据筛选差异表达的SmCDPKs。
利用PrimeScriptTM RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser合成cDNA。利用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR) 方法检测候选基因在不同浓度Cd胁迫及不同部位的表达水平。利用NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) 设计候选基因的荧光定量引物。以SmActin作为内参基因[25], 使用TB Green® Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ进行qRT-PCR反应, 数据处理使用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对表达量。使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 及Sidák多重比较检验进行统计学分析, P < 0.05视为差异具有统计学显著性。
基于HMM模型对丹参基因组中CDPK基因家族成员进行筛选, 获得25个同时包含Pkinase结构域与EF-hand结构域的候选基因。以拟南芥CDPK家族蛋白序列为参考, 通过本地BLAST分析鉴定出24个同源基因。整合上述结果, 将候选基因蛋白序列提交至SMART数据库进行结构域验证, 最终确定丹参CDPK家族包含26个全长非冗余成员。对26个丹参CDPK基因进行染色体定位分析, 并依次命名为SmCDPK1~SmCDPK26 (图1A)。结果表明, 丹参CDPK基因不均匀分布在7条染色体上, Chr05染色体上无CDPK基因。共线性分析结果显示, 丹参CDPK基因在基因组中呈分散分布, 未检测到明显的大片段复制或广泛的共线区段。仅有两对基因(SmCDPK1/SmCDPK2和SmCDPK10/SmCDPK11) 在染色体上的位置相对较近(图1B), 但BLASTp比对的氨基酸序列相似性较低(33.75%和61.12%), 进一步表明这些基因并非近期串联复制形成。
丹参CDPK家族成员蛋白质的氨基酸数目为402~607, 分子质量为45.48~67.66 kDa, 平均亲水性为-0.624~-0.159, 均为亲水性蛋白。丹参CDPK蛋白质等电点在4.9~8.89之间, 绝大部分CDPK蛋白等电点≤ 7, 仅有SmCDPK8和SmCDPK22等电点分别为8.88和8.89, 为碱性蛋白。26个SmCDPK蛋白的脂肪族指数介于72.86至96.75之间, 其中11个为稳定蛋白(instability index < 40), 见表1。
亚细胞定位预测结果显示26个丹参CDPK家族成员中有16个定位于细胞质(cytoplasm), 6个CDPKs定位于叶绿体(chloroplast), 剩余3个CDPKs分别定位于液泡(vacuole)、细胞膜(plasma membrane) 和过氧化物酶体(peroxisomes)。蛋白质二级结构预测结果表明, 丹参CDPK家族成员的二级结构以α-螺旋和无规则卷曲占主导, 14个成员α-螺旋占比最高, 11个成员无规则卷曲占比最高, SmCDPK19的α-螺旋和无规则卷曲占比相同; 所有成员的延伸链占比均为最低(表2)。
将26个丹参SmCDPKs与拟南芥及水稻的CDPKs蛋白质构建系统进化树(图2)。结果表明, 拟南芥、水稻和丹参的CDPKs蛋白根据聚类关系可以分为4个亚族(group Ⅰ~Ⅳ), 丹参CDPK蛋白在4个亚族中呈现不均匀分布, Ⅰ亚族和Ⅲ亚族中分布数量相同且最多, Ⅳ亚族分布最少。其中, SmCDPK9、SmCDPK10、SmCDPK11、SmCDPK13、SmCDPK17、SmCDPK23、SmCDPK24和SmCDPK26属于第Ⅰ亚族; SmCDPK1、SmCDPK3、SmCDPK12、SmCDPK14、SmCDPK16、SmCDPK18、SmCDPK19属于第Ⅱ亚族; SmCDPK4、SmCDPK5、SmCDPK6、SmCDPK7、SmCDPK15、SmCDPK20、SmCDPK21、SmCDPK25属于第Ⅲ亚族; SmCDPK2、SmCDPK8、SmCDPK22属于第Ⅳ亚族。
丹参CDPK家族成员的保守基序分析, 有助于进一步验证其进化关系的合理性。通过在线工具MEME共预测丹参CDPK家族中的15个motif, 结果表明所有家族成员均包含7个高度保守的motif, 即motif 1、motif 2、motif 3、motif 4、motif 5、motif 7、motif 10 (图3A、B), 构成了该家族最核心的保守基序。各亚族成员之间的motif数量和排列方式具有相似性, 与系统进化树的结果较为一致。其中, motif 11仅存在于第Ⅲ亚族; 第Ⅳ亚族的motif数量最少; 除第四亚族, motif 9、motif 12和motif 15在其他亚族中均存在不同数量(图3A)。表明同一亚族的CDPK蛋白可能具有相似功能, motif差异化分布也暗示其蛋白功能和进化的多样性。
丹参CDPK保守结构域分析显示, Pkinase结构域(蛋白激酶结构域) 和EF-hand结构域在所有成员中高度保守, 但数量各不相同。大部分丹参CDPKs成员包含2个EF-hand结构域, 而SmCDPK17仅有1个EF-hand结构域, 数量最少(图4A)。表明亲缘关系越近的SmCDPKs成员, 其保守结构域的数量和排列也越相似。基因结构分析显示丹参CDPK基因家族不同成员之间的基因结构差异较大(图4B): 各成员中的外显子数量介于4~12之间, 以7个外显子居多; 部分成员缺失非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR), 如SmCDPK1、SmCDPK5、SmCDPK8和SmCDPK10, 其中SmCDPK1结构最简单, 仅含4个外显子, 而SmCDPK8则包含12个外显子, 与SmCDPK22同为所有成员中最多。
植物顺式作用元件是转录因子的结合位点, 在植物生长发育和抵抗逆境胁迫中通过与特定转录因子的结合, 启动相应基因的转录而发挥重要功能。SmCDPKs顺式作用元件预测分析结果(图5) 显示该家族成员的启动子区域主要包含五大类功能元件, 按分布频率排序依次为: 光响应类、激素响应类、胁迫响应类、组织发育调控类和代谢调控类元件。光响应(light responsive) 元件在所有成员中平均密度高, 且覆盖率100%, 表明CDPK家族广泛参与光信号介导的生理过程。各SmCDPK基因普遍含有多种激素响应元件, 其中以茉莉酸甲酯响应(MeJA-responsive) 元件与脱落酸响应(abscisic acid responsive) 元件分布最广。
丹参CDPK基因家族中含有的胁迫响应类顺式作用元件包括厌氧诱导(anaerobic induction) 调控元件、缺氧特异性诱导(anoxic specific inducibility) 增强子元件、干旱诱导(MYB drought-inducibility) 结合位点、低温响应(low-temperature responsive) 元件、防御与胁迫响应(defense and stress responsive) 元件和伤害响应(wound-responsive) 元件(图5), 提示丹参CDPK家族成员在丹参抗逆境胁迫中具有重要功能。此外, 有14个丹参CDPKs含有分生组织表达(meristem expression) 调控元件, 提示其可参与细胞分裂与器官形态建成; SmCDPK3、SmCDPK11和SmCDPK14含有MYB黄酮类生物合成基因调控结合位点(MYB binding site involved in flavonoid biosynthetic genes regulation), 提示其在次生代谢化合物生物合成方面可能具有潜在功能; SmCDPK3、SmCDPK4、SmCDPK5、SmCDPK6、SmCDPK13和SmCDPK24包含有生物钟调控(circadian control) 元件, 暗示它们可能存在调节生物节律方面的功能。
为探索丹参CDPKs对重金属胁迫的响应特征, 将丹参CDPK基因在重金属Cd胁迫下的表达量进行热图可视化(图6A、B)。分析发现对照组样品中丹参CDPK基因表达量呈现组织特异性。部分成员(如SmCDPK1、SmCDPK3和SmCDPK5) 在各组织中的表达量较低, FPKM值均低于1, 表明其在正常条件下可能处于低表达状态。CDPK家族部分成员存在Cd胁迫诱导的根部特异性响应: SmCDPK4和SmCDPK18在Cd胁迫处理后根部的表达量上调, 提示其可能参与丹参Cd胁迫的防御机制; SmCDPK2、SmCDPK6、SmCDPK11、SmCDPK16、SmCDPK22和SmCDPK26在Cd胁迫处理后根部表达量显著下调, 而SmCDPK8在Cd胁迫下根和叶中表达量均有明显下调趋势。值得注意的是第四亚族成员(SmCDPK2、SmCDPK8和SmCDPK22) 在Cd胁迫处理后根部表达量均呈现明显下调趋势。
基于Cd胁迫下的转录组热图分析, 筛选出6个差异显著的CDPKs (|log₂FC| > 1), 分别为第Ⅰ亚族的SmCDPK11, 第Ⅱ亚族的SmCDPK18, 第Ⅲ亚族的SmCDPK6和第Ⅳ亚族的SmCDPK2、SmCDPK8、SmCDPK22。采用qRT-PCR技术对以上6个基因在Cd胁迫下的组织表达模式进行了验证(图6C)。SmCDPK18在根中正向响应Cd胁迫, 其余五个基因在Cd胁迫下根部的表达量均下降; 不同Cd胁迫浓度下SmCDPK11和SmCDPK18在叶片中的表达量上调, SmCDPK2在Cd胁迫叶片中的响应不明显, 其余基因在叶片中均负响应Cd胁迫。
近年来, 分子生物学与组学技术的融合为药用植物逆境生物学研究提供了新范式, 多组学整合分析已成为解析植物逆境响应网络的高效工具[26]。本研究从丹参基因组中鉴定出26个SmCDPKs, 并进一步对其进行了染色体定位、蛋白质理化性质、二级结构和亚细胞定位的预测分析, 为深入研究其生物学功能提供基础。共线性与序列比对综合分析表明, 丹参CDPK家族在进化上总体较为保守。SmCDPKs基因在基因组上呈分散分布, 未见明显的家族内共线区段或串联排列; 与双子叶模式植物拟南芥仍保留若干保守共线对, 而与单子叶模式植物水稻的共线性较弱。结合家族成员数(丹参26个、拟南芥34个、水稻29个), 可推测丹参CDPK家族未发生明显的谱系特异性扩张或收缩, 其功能多样性更可能源于序列演化与表达调控的分化而非近期大规模复制。但要精确鉴别复制类型与估算复制时代, 应进一步结合分支模型与Ka/Ks等演化速率分析, 这将是后续研究的方向。亚细胞定位预测分析显示, 一半以上的丹参CDPKs蛋白定位于细胞质, 提示其可能直接感知胞内Ca2+信号; 其次, 部分CDPKs定位于叶绿体, 推测其可能在光合作用的调控中发挥作用。CDPK在不同植物中的亚细胞分布存在差异[27-29], 这种亚细胞分布的多样性不仅反映了CDPK家族在植物细胞内的功能多样性, 还暗示了它们在多种重要生理过程如光合作用、逆境响应和代谢调控中可能发挥调控作用。此外, 蛋白质系统进化分析结果显示, 26个丹参CDPKs成员分为4个亚族(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ), 其中第Ⅳ亚族成员最少, 这与多数植物的CDPK分类结果相一致[30-32], 该结果反映了CDPK在陆生植物演化过程中的结构稳定特征, 同时也暗示了Group Ⅳ亚族的CDPK在丹参中可能具有专属性的生物功能。
在基因家族鉴定研究中, 系统分析家族成员的基因结构、保守结构域与保守基序不仅能够揭示家族成员的结构多样性, 还能验证进化树分类准确性及推断基因功能[33]。本研究鉴定出7个motif存在于所有丹参CDPKs成员的序列中, 且motif的数量与排列方式与进化树聚类结果高度吻合。第Ⅳ亚族整体motif数量最少, 提示该亚族的CDPKs结构更简单、功能更专一, 这与二穗短柄草[Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv.][34]等物种的CDPK家族分类结果一致。CDPK家族的典型结构特征为同时含有激酶结构域(Pkinase) 与EF-hand结构域, 通过EF-hand结构域感知细胞内Ca2+浓度变化, 解除自抑制作用, 激活激酶结构域; 激酶结构域则将信号转导至下游靶蛋白, 调控植物多种生理活动[35]。大部分丹参CDPKs成员含4个EF-hands结构域, 但部分成员EF-hands结构域数量较少, 如SmCDPK17仅含1个EF-hand结构域, 这与先前在拟南芥[6]、水稻[7]、番茄[31]等物种的研究结果相似: 尽管绝大多数成员含有典型的4个EF-hands结构域以确保对Ca2+信号的依赖性, 但也有少数成员失去或存在退化的EF-hands。但这些CDPKs可能自发激活或通过其他信号途径参与功能调控, 如玉米中的ZmCPK1包含退化的EF-hand结构域, 表现出钙非依赖的激酶活性, 能够在Ca2+缺失条件下发挥作用并在低温胁迫中作为负调控因子发挥功能[36]。因此推测SmCDPK17可能表现为钙非依赖或钙低敏型激酶, 从而在信号转导和生理反应中发挥非典型或专属性的调控作用。
本研究预测的丹参CDPK基因启动子区域富含多种应答胁迫的顺式元件, 涵盖干旱、低温、水涝、缺氧、病原防御等类型, 提示丹参CDPKs在多种逆境条件下可能具有调控作用。部分成员同时包含厌氧和缺氧响应元件, 暗示其在水涝或土壤缺氧胁迫中具有潜在功能, 例如水稻中OsCDPK5和OsCDPK13可以通过调控水稻中的呼吸爆发氧化酶同源物(RBOH) 介导的ROS生成, 在水稻适应低氧环境过程中发挥关键作用[37]。此外, 激素响应类元件在丹参启动子区域广泛分布, 尤其以茉莉酸甲酯和脱落酸响应元件最为丰富, 这与CDPK参与植物激素信号通路调控的功能高度一致。例如拟南芥CPK4和CPK11被证实能正向调控脱落酸(abscisic acid, ABA) 信号通路, 通过磷酸化ABF1/ABF4等转录因子调控种子萌发、气孔关闭及抗盐能力[38]; 在野生烟草(Nicotiana attenuate Torr. ex S. Watson) 中, NaCDPK4和NaCDPK可调控茉莉酸合成以激活防御响应[39]。值得注意的是部分成员启动子区域中发现了MYB黄酮类生物合成基因调控结合位点, 提示这些基因可能参与黄酮类化合物的次级代谢调控。甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) 的CDPKs在盐胁迫下表达上调, 伴随黄酮类和甘草酸显著积累[40], 结合启动子结构预测, 推测其可能是通过磷酸化调控MYB转录因子, 从而激活下游黄酮合成酶基因表达。
丹参作为根及根茎入药的传统中药, 其药材安全深受土壤中Cd等重金属污染的影响。CDPK是植物感知钙信号并将其转导至下游响应靶基因的关键信号因子, 在多种重金属胁迫响应中发挥着核心调控功能[41-44]。在胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)[45]、桑树(Morus alba L.)[46]中也均鉴定出具有响应Cd胁迫功能的CDPK基因。CDPK响应植物Cd胁迫的机制较为复杂: 有研究表明CDPK参与硫化氢(H2S) 信号调控, 产生更多的H2S从而增强植物的抗氧化能力[47]; 在拟南芥中, AtCPK21和AtCPK23能与Cd转运蛋白NRAMP6直接互作, 磷酸化NRAMP6的Ser489和Thr505位点, 从而抑制其Cd2+转运活性[48]; 胡杨CDPK基因PeCPK21与Cd转运蛋白、液泡隔离相关蛋白、抗氧化和水通道蛋白都存在相互作用, 从而系统性调控胡杨Cd耐受机制[45]。为进一步探讨丹参CDPK在Cd胁迫中的生物学功能, 本研究基于高通量转录组数据对丹参各CDPK成员在Cd处理下的表达变化进行了深入分析。研究发现丹参CDPK基因表达模式的组织特异性明显, 根是植物对Cd胁迫响应的主要部位, 这也与丹参根系对Cd的富集特性一致[49]。Cd胁迫下部分CDPKs成员在根中的表达下调, 可能反映了丹参根对Cd信号的敏感抑制, 避免Ca2+-CDPK过度激活引发细胞损伤。SmCDPK18在根(重要Cd积累部位) 和叶中同步上调, 提示其可能具备“抑制Cd积累+ 调节抗氧化”的双重功能。
本研究从全基因组水平对丹参CDPK家族进行了系统鉴定, 结合生物信息学分析, 并利用转录组数据解析了该家族成员在Cd胁迫下的表达特征, 探索其在丹参Cd胁迫响应研究中的应用潜力。该研究为筛选丹参抗Cd胁迫的关键CDPK基因及其功能研究提供基础, 对促进中药材抗重金属品种培育及生态栽培具有重要意义。

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2026年第61卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1114
  • 接收时间:2025-09-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-18
  • 修回日期:2025-12-08
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
    2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 药用植物研究所, 中草药物质基础与资源利用教育部重点实验室, 北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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