Article(id=1308816659142505076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1072, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=1766073600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975808177, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975808177, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975808177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975808177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=37, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816659612267126, articleId=1308816659142505076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=New technology and application of direct action target discovery of Chinese medicine active ingredients, columnId=1308816659473855093, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research Progress and Prospects on the Chemical Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as a treasure of traditional medicine, has complex and diverse active ingredients and mechanisms of action. For the purpose of thoroughly investigate the direct targets of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, promote research into the efficacy mechanisms of TCM, and advance new drug development. This paper presents a review of new technologies that are widely used or have potential in the field of target discovery for active ingredients in TCM. It is intended to provide new perspectives and ideas for related fields. Currently, active ingredient target discovery technologies for TCM are mainly divided into labelling methods and non-labelling methods. Labelling methods identify and capture targets through the design of specific molecular probes, offering high sensitivity and specificity. The non-labelling method identifies targets by monitoring changes in biophysical properties such as target protein stability. It is simple, accurate, and does not require drug modification. Both approaches have their unique advantages, revealing the mechanisms of interaction between active components of traditional Chinese medicine and biomolecules from different perspectives. This provides scientific basis and innovative ideas for the study of the efficacy mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of new drugs. This paper reviews the research achievements and methodological advances from February 2006 to January 2025, in the identification of active components in TCM, natural products research, and the application of proteomics technologies for target identification. The review focuses on research methodologies and application dimensions, aiming to supply traditional drug discovery approaches and provide insights for future studies in this field.

, authors=Xiao-qin HE1, 2, Ju-yi TIAN1, Qi-yue LIN1, Piao LUO1, Qian ZHANG1, *, Ji-gang WANG1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Xiao-qin HE, Ju-yi TIAN, Qi-yue LIN, Piao LUO, Qian ZHANG, Ji-gang WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qian ZHANG, Ji-gang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816662925767297, articleId=1308816659142505076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药活性成分直接作用靶点发现的新技术及应用, columnId=1308816659700351406, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药作为传统医学的瑰宝, 其活性成分的作用和机制复杂多样。为深入探究中药活性成分的直接作用靶点, 推动中药药效机制的研究和新药开发, 本文综述了当前在中药活性成分靶点发现领域中应用广泛或具有潜力的新技术, 旨在为相关领域提供新的视角和思路。目前, 中药活性成分靶点发现技术主要分为标记法和非标记法。标记法通过设计特定的分子探针来识别和捕获作用靶点, 具有高灵敏度和特异性; 非标记法则通过监测靶蛋白稳定性等生物物理性质的变化来识别靶点, 简便准确且无需修饰药物。二者各有其独特优势, 从不同角度揭示了中药活性成分与生物分子间的相互作用机制, 为中药药效机制的研究和新药开发提供了科学依据和创新思路。本文综述了2006年2月~2025年1月以来, 在中药活性成分靶点鉴定方面的活性成分靶点识别、天然产物研究、蛋白质组学技术应用等领域的研究成果与方法进展。本文将聚焦研究方法与应用维度进行综述, 以期补充传统药物发现的方法, 为该领域后续研究提供借鉴与参考。

, authors=贺晓琴1, 2, 田居意1, 林琦越1, 罗飘1, 张倩1, *, 王继刚1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=贺晓琴, 田居意, 林琦越, 罗飘, 张倩, 王继刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张倩, 王继刚, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

贺晓琴、田居意负责整合文献并撰写文章; 林琦越、罗飘、张倩、王继刚对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张倩, E-mail:
王继刚, Tel: 18260046833, E-mail:
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MethodAdvantageDisadvantageApplicable scopeRef
Biotin labellingHigh specificityModification may affect activitySingle herbal medicine[46]
Molecular target 'hooking'High-throughput screeningNonspecific bindingMulti-target identification and research of TCM[47]
ABPPDirectly compares TCM active ingredients with expressed proteins for high-throughput screeningLarge sample size, easily influencedRevealing the mechanism of action at the protein expression level[48]
Light-affinity labelling techniqueHigh specificity, dynamic capture, light activationPhotosensitivityLow-affinity, low-dynamic protein interactions[49]
Photoaffinity beadsEfficient capture, easy operationHigh costs, limited technologyChinese medicine interaction network and target screening[29]
Click chemistry based on proteomicsHigh-throughput screening, applicable to living cellsNon-specific reaction existsComplex biological samples[50]
DARTSDirect observation of interactions; realisation of high-throughput screeningRequires further verification; susceptible to external interferenceWide applications scope (in vivo, in vitro, in situ)[51]
SPRReal-time, tagless, high-throughput screeningSusceptible to the influence of sample propertiesTarget discovery and validation[52]
TPPComprehensive assessment; high sensitivityRequires large-scale data analysisImpact on target protein stability[53]
), ArticleFig(id=1308816668793598657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816659142505076, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Comparison of advantages and disadvantages between labeled methods and label-free methods. TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodAdvantageDisadvantageApplicable scopeRef
Biotin labellingHigh specificityModification may affect activitySingle herbal medicine[46]
Molecular target 'hooking'High-throughput screeningNonspecific bindingMulti-target identification and research of TCM[47]
ABPPDirectly compares TCM active ingredients with expressed proteins for high-throughput screeningLarge sample size, easily influencedRevealing the mechanism of action at the protein expression level[48]
Light-affinity labelling techniqueHigh specificity, dynamic capture, light activationPhotosensitivityLow-affinity, low-dynamic protein interactions[49]
Photoaffinity beadsEfficient capture, easy operationHigh costs, limited technologyChinese medicine interaction network and target screening[29]
Click chemistry based on proteomicsHigh-throughput screening, applicable to living cellsNon-specific reaction existsComplex biological samples[50]
DARTSDirect observation of interactions; realisation of high-throughput screeningRequires further verification; susceptible to external interferenceWide applications scope (in vivo, in vitro, in situ)[51]
SPRReal-time, tagless, high-throughput screeningSusceptible to the influence of sample propertiesTarget discovery and validation[52]
TPPComprehensive assessment; high sensitivityRequires large-scale data analysisImpact on target protein stability[53]
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中药活性成分直接作用靶点发现的新技术及应用
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贺晓琴 1, 2 , 田居意 1 , 林琦越 1 , 罗飘 1 , 张倩 1, * , 王继刚 1, 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026,61(1): 37-46
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026 , 61 (1) : 37 -46
中药活性成分直接作用靶点发现的新技术及应用
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2School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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2南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
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贺晓琴1, 2, 田居意1, 林琦越1, 罗飘1, 张倩1, * , 王继刚1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学中医药学院, 广东省中药制剂重点实验室, 广东省中西医结合防治情志病基础研究卓越中心, 广东 广州 510515
  • 2南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
  • 3中国中医科学院中药研究所, 青蒿素研究中心, 北京 100700
通讯作者:
张倩, E-mail:
王继刚, Tel: 18260046833, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

贺晓琴、田居意负责整合文献并撰写文章; 林琦越、罗飘、张倩、王继刚对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

New technology and application of direct action target discovery of Chinese medicine active ingredients
Xiao-qin HE1, 2, Ju-yi TIAN1, Qi-yue LIN1, Piao LUO1, Qian ZHANG1, * , Ji-gang WANG1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2School of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 3Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1072
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中药作为传统医学的瑰宝, 其活性成分的作用和机制复杂多样。为深入探究中药活性成分的直接作用靶点, 推动中药药效机制的研究和新药开发, 本文综述了当前在中药活性成分靶点发现领域中应用广泛或具有潜力的新技术, 旨在为相关领域提供新的视角和思路。目前, 中药活性成分靶点发现技术主要分为标记法和非标记法。标记法通过设计特定的分子探针来识别和捕获作用靶点, 具有高灵敏度和特异性; 非标记法则通过监测靶蛋白稳定性等生物物理性质的变化来识别靶点, 简便准确且无需修饰药物。二者各有其独特优势, 从不同角度揭示了中药活性成分与生物分子间的相互作用机制, 为中药药效机制的研究和新药开发提供了科学依据和创新思路。本文综述了2006年2月~2025年1月以来, 在中药活性成分靶点鉴定方面的活性成分靶点识别、天然产物研究、蛋白质组学技术应用等领域的研究成果与方法进展。本文将聚焦研究方法与应用维度进行综述, 以期补充传统药物发现的方法, 为该领域后续研究提供借鉴与参考。

中药活性成分  /  直接作用靶点  /  新技术  /  标记法  /  非标记法

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as a treasure of traditional medicine, has complex and diverse active ingredients and mechanisms of action. For the purpose of thoroughly investigate the direct targets of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, promote research into the efficacy mechanisms of TCM, and advance new drug development. This paper presents a review of new technologies that are widely used or have potential in the field of target discovery for active ingredients in TCM. It is intended to provide new perspectives and ideas for related fields. Currently, active ingredient target discovery technologies for TCM are mainly divided into labelling methods and non-labelling methods. Labelling methods identify and capture targets through the design of specific molecular probes, offering high sensitivity and specificity. The non-labelling method identifies targets by monitoring changes in biophysical properties such as target protein stability. It is simple, accurate, and does not require drug modification. Both approaches have their unique advantages, revealing the mechanisms of interaction between active components of traditional Chinese medicine and biomolecules from different perspectives. This provides scientific basis and innovative ideas for the study of the efficacy mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of new drugs. This paper reviews the research achievements and methodological advances from February 2006 to January 2025, in the identification of active components in TCM, natural products research, and the application of proteomics technologies for target identification. The review focuses on research methodologies and application dimensions, aiming to supply traditional drug discovery approaches and provide insights for future studies in this field.

active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine  /  direct action target  /  new technology  /  labelling method  /  non-labelling method
贺晓琴, 田居意, 林琦越, 罗飘, 张倩, 王继刚. 中药活性成分直接作用靶点发现的新技术及应用. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1072
Xiao-qin HE, Ju-yi TIAN, Qi-yue LIN, Piao LUO, Qian ZHANG, Ji-gang WANG. New technology and application of direct action target discovery of Chinese medicine active ingredients[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 37 -46 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1072
中药(traditional Chinese medicine, TCM) 作为中华文化的瑰宝, 其原始创新研究一直备受研究者关注。TCM的显著特点及其技术难点集中体现在其成分和靶点的复杂多样。多成分多靶点的协同作用机制尚未明了, 低丰度的靶蛋白的高效富集与鉴定技术存在技术瓶颈, 这些问题构成了TCM活性成分作用靶点的发现的关键挑战。中药活性成分是指中药中具有医疗或生理活性的能发挥药理作用, 有预防、治疗疾病作用的化合物。研究和阐明活性成分的作用机制, 有利于中药的现代化及新药的开发。中药活性成分一般通过靶向作用于体内的一些生物大分子, 通过调节其生物活性, 进而调控靶点分子下游的细胞信号通路, 从而达到预防和治疗疾病的效果, 因此明确发挥作用的中药活性成分的作用靶点是理解其药效和作用机制的关键。目前鉴定活性成分的主要方法分为标记法与非标记法两种, 标记法通过化学修饰活性成分, 形成特异性探针, 如生物素标记探针和光亲和标记探针, 能够高效筛选靶点。非标记法技术, 如药物亲和反应的靶点稳定技术(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS) 分析、表面等离子共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 及热蛋白组分析(thermal proteome profiling, TPP), 避免了化学结构修饰的干扰, 通过监测药物与靶点结合后形成的复合物的稳定性对于外界反应的灵敏度的变化来进行靶点识别。标记法与非标记法在靶点鉴定的研究过程中相辅相成, 为中药靶点的发现和机制研究提供了新方法。本文将系统总结标记法与非标记法靶点发现技术的应用原理、技术特点及相关实例, 重点围绕TCM成分复杂、多靶点机制不明、低丰度靶蛋白难鉴定等关键问题, 分析两种技术的解决办法与创新思路, 以期为进一步探索TCM活性成分直接作用靶点的发现与应用提供借鉴思路, 助力TCM药效机制研究的详细阐释与创新药物研发。
标记法探针技术通过化学方法改造中药活性成分, 形成标记探针, 与目标蛋白形成复合物, 利用荧光成像、质谱分析等技术鉴定作用靶点[1]。主要包括化学蛋白质组学(activity-based protein profiling, ABPP)、分子靶点“钩钓”、光亲和标记探针及“点击化学”靶点鉴定等鉴定技术。随着化学生物学和化学蛋白组学的发展, 标记法探针技术在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中应用日益广泛, 有助于进一步揭示中药活性成分的作用机制, 为中药药效的深入研究和临床应用提供科学依据, 同时为发现药物作用新靶点、新药研究提供新的思路和方法[2]。
生物素标记探针技术是利用生物素与亲和素之间的高亲和力, 将生物素与中药活性成分相结合, 形成特异性识别探针, 保持生物活性并与靶点蛋白结合。该技术具有灵敏度高、特异性强及高分辨率的优势, 通过标记和筛选实现对多个潜在靶点的快速鉴定, 提高实验安全性和准确性。目前已广泛应用于中药活性成分靶点鉴定、基因表达调控、功能研究及药物筛选。
生物素标记靶点的探针技术广泛用于中药天然产物中的靶点鉴定。腺花素是来自腺花刺草叶片, 可促进急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞的分化。为揭示腺花素的抗白血病机制, Chen[3]通过制备生物素标记的腺嘌呤, 并据此发现过氧化物酶体同工酶中的过氧化物酶Ⅰ (peroxiredoxin Ⅰ, Prx Ⅰ) 和过氧化物酶Ⅱ (peroxiredoxin Ⅱ, Prx Ⅱ) 可能是其关键靶蛋白, 参与其诱导分化的作用途径。薯蓣皂苷元具有抗肿瘤作用, 为研究其具体作用机制, Wang等[4]通过化学偶联策略成功合成含有长臂亲脂性链和亲水性链的薯蓣皂苷元生物素标记探针, 以MTT法对其进行抗肿瘤活性评价, 其在多种肿瘤细胞系中展现出了显著的抑制增殖效果。与薯蓣皂苷元原药相比, 活性相当甚至更优。薯蓣皂苷元在肿瘤细胞中直接作用靶点的成功鉴定, 为揭示其抗肿瘤机制提供了重要线索。通过生物素标记发现葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) 是槲皮素的作用靶点, 从而为吉非替尼在非小细胞肺癌中的协同治疗作用提供了可能的分子机制解释[5]。此外, 生物素标记也被用于鉴定各种天然产物的靶蛋白, 如二甲双胍中的早老素增强子2蛋白可以介导对腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(5′-AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 的激活作用[6]。青蒿素能够直接结合线粒体Lon蛋白酶1 (Lon peptidase 1, LONP1), 诱导LONP1与胆固醇侧链裂解酶(cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, CYP11A1) 之间的相互作用, 促进CYP11A1的降解, 从而抑制卵巢雄激素的合成并抑制多囊卵巢综合征的病理过程[7]。
虽然生物素标记探针技术在揭示中药活性成分靶点方面表现出色, 具备高度创新性和推广价值。然而, 该技术受制于复杂活性成分的可修饰性, 尤其在处理中药方剂多样结构时, 难以实现全面偶联并稳定鉴定靶点, 限制了其广泛应用。未来通过创新偶联策略、提升探针与目标分子的结合效率、优化实验流程、整合多组学分析、构建高通量筛选平台, 有望克服现有技术的局限性, 提高其准确性与效率。
靶点钓钩(亦称靶点识别或靶点解析) 是一种用于药物发现与研究的方法, 其核心在于生物靶点的鉴定, 从而揭示这些分子作用的机制。在传统中医药领域, 靶点钓钩能够揭示中药活性成分与体内靶点蛋白的相互作用, 从而解决中药及其复方化学成分复杂导致靶点不明的问题, 推动对药物作用机制的理解与药物发现研究的进展[8]。
分子靶点“钩钓”技术通过药物分子选择、特异性结合靶点蛋白, 富集于微球上, 经凝胶电泳、质谱分析等手段鉴定靶点蛋白。Wang等[9]结合中药活性分子探针, 成功应用该技术鉴定中药作用靶点, 深入解析中药活性成分的直接靶点及机制。分子靶点“钓钩”技术在中药活性成分作用靶点的研究中具有广阔的应用前景。Liao等[10]合成了苏木酮A分子探针, 实验发现其靶标为肌苷-磷酸脱氢酶2, 并通过共价修饰显著抑制该酶的活性; 在体外实验和动物模型中, 该化合物均显示出显著的抗神经炎症作用。Wang等[11]野菊花内酯的抗炎靶点为热休克蛋白70 (heat shock protein 70, HSP70), 通过与HSP70的特定位点结合, 诱导其构象发生改变, 从而提高HSP70的活性并显现显著的抗神经炎症效应。此外, Zeng[12]采用“钩钓”技术确定淫羊藿苷直接作用靶点为Bcl-2相关X蛋白(bcl-2 associated X protein, Bax), 通过与其特异性结合, 抑制Bax的活性以实现神经保护效果。Zhang等[13]通过将生物素化砷与人全蛋白质组微阵列相结合, 实现对砷结合蛋白的全局鉴定, 共识别出360种砷结合蛋白, 其中包括糖酵解的关键限速酶己糖激酶2 (hexokinase 2, HK2), 后续研究发现砷通过抑制糖酵解通路限速酶HK2的活性, 导致肿瘤细胞的凋亡。Ye等[14]使用了生物素标记的雷公藤红素, 并检测雷公藤红素与HuProt人蛋白芯片上制备的重组蛋白的结合, 结果表明雷公藤红素可能通过调节信号转导和转录激活因子3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3) 来介导心肌细胞中的活性。从而发现雷公藤红素可以通过直接结合并抑制STAT3酪氨酸磷酸化和核转位来预防血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的心功能障碍。
相较于传统方法, 该技术能够直接鉴定中药活性成分的靶点, 有效克服传统方法在靶点识别上的局限性: 如靶点识别困难、实验条件限制及低通量和低效率等问题。同时该技术能识别低丰度、痕量蛋白, 对中药低含量活性成分检测效果好, 具有直接、高效、准确的特点, 以及高灵敏度和高通量的优势。分子靶点“钩钓”技术高特异、灵敏、直接的特性, 在发现中药活性成分靶点方面潜力巨大。但操作复杂、成本高、条件严格, 实施难度大。通过提高探针性能、优化实验条件、结合多组学技术、开发高通量平台等, 可提升该技术准确性和效率, 为中药创新研究提供有力的支持。
ABPP是基于活性小分子探针与靶蛋白的特异性结合, 通过高通量蛋白质组学技术, 对生物样本中的蛋白质进行准确分离和量化分析, 构建出活性蛋白质表达谱(图1)。通过比较不同处理组的蛋白质表达谱, 识别差异表达的蛋白, 并结合生物信息学方法对这些差异蛋白进行功能注释与通路分析, 从而预测中药的潜在作用靶点。ABPP不仅用于评估细胞环境中蛋白质的活性状态, 还能为未知蛋白质提供的功能注释, 并推动小分子抑制剂靶标的研究[15]。其显著优势在于无需对生物样品进行预先纯化, 即可对特定病理或生理过程中的整体蛋白质组进行研究。通过探索活性探针与细胞、组织或疾病模型中的靶点蛋白相互作用, ABPP为靶标鉴定和药物发现提供了强有力的技术支撑[16, 17]。
雷公藤红素是中药雷公藤中提取出的重要活性成分, Zhang[18]通过设计并合成雷公藤红素的分子探针, 利用ABPP技术, 成功鉴定出雷公藤红素与结肠癌细胞内多种蛋白质的特异性结合, 这些蛋白质主要涉及细胞周期调控、凋亡诱导及信号转导等关键生物过程。具体而言, 雷公藤红素能够显著抑制细胞周期调控蛋白如细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶的活性, 导致细胞周期阻滞; 激活凋亡相关蛋白, 如Caspase-3和Caspase-9, 诱导结肠癌细胞凋亡; 通过调节PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路中的关键蛋白, 如蛋白激酶B和mTOR, 影响癌细胞的生长和代谢。结果表明, 雷公藤红素通过多靶点、多途径的方式发挥抗结肠癌作用。此外, 通过该技术已经鉴定了青蒿素[19]、黄芩苷[20]、穿心莲内酯[21]多种中药活性成分在不同疾病中的靶点。
ABPP针对生物体内特定蛋白进行全局性研究, 尤其适用于多成分、多靶点的中药研究。ABPP技术通过设计能与蛋白质活性中心反应的“活性分子探针”, 高效识别中药活性成分与靶标蛋白的相互作用, 相较于传统方法更为直接高效, 能迅速筛选潜在靶标蛋白, 但局限在于一般探针合成周期长成本较高。
光亲和探针技术能够在活细胞中捕获小分子与蛋白质之间的动态结合, 并实现靶点的分离富集, 在组学水平全面鉴定非共价小分子药物直接作用靶点。其原理是化合物通过光反应基团(photoreactive group, PRG) 衍生化形成光亲和探针, 在其与靶蛋白形成可逆或不可逆结合时, 利用紫外光照射光反应基团后形成高反应性中间体(通常是氮宾、卡宾或双自由基), 使化合物与结合蛋白之间形成共价键[22]。通过光敏基团的活化, 将非共价动态相互作用转化为稳定共价相互作用。随后, 借助于生物正交反应, 探针结合蛋白即可被选择性分离富集, 从而实现对低丰度靶点蛋白质的鉴定。随着技术的不断进步, 光亲和探针在设计和应用上取得显著进展, 不仅提高了标记效率和特异性, 还拓宽了其应用范围[23]。与传统生物素基团修饰改造相比, 光亲和标记探针技术因光交联连接子体积小, 因此对活性小分子结构、细胞穿膜能力等改动均较小。结合长波长紫外光照条件, 可在活细胞中直接结合并共价捕获结合蛋白, 广泛应用于活性小分子靶点发现、脱靶蛋白鉴定和分布成像等领域。
光亲和标记探针技术在药物靶点发现领域取得了显著进展, 为中药活性成分直接作用靶点的鉴定提供了有力工具。Lin等研究团队[24]利用光亲和标记探针技术, 设计并合成一种基于脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthase, FASN) 特异性可逆抑制剂G9的亲和探针, 成功实现对肿瘤细胞中天然FASN的直接捕获, 并据此从银杏叶提取物中筛选出3种与FASN紧密结合的黄酮类成分, 这些成分在体外实验中展现出了潜在的抗肿瘤活性。光亲和标记探针技术与ABPP技术的结合为中药活性成分直接作用靶点的发现提供创新策略。Xu[25]设计并合成基于18β-甘草次酸的光亲和活性探针, 该探针不仅保留18β-甘草次酸的抗炎活性, 还通过光交联反应能够特异性地标记与其结合的蛋白质靶点。不但为初步筛选潜在抗炎靶点提供了有效工具, 还为揭示18β-甘草次酸的作用机制及开发新型抗炎药物提供了有力支持。以参与细胞固有免疫的第二信使环二核苷酸2′, 3′-cGAMP为模板, 设计合成了3种带有二氮嗪基团的光交联探针, 通过该探针鉴定出2′, 3′-cGAMP的结合蛋白是EF1A1。Li等[26]基于FBP结构, 通过在4-OH引入光亲和基团(双吖丙啶) 及炔基把手, 合成光亲和探针PA-FBP, 并应用于HepG2细胞, 评估在活细胞与裂解液中的标记效率, 活细胞中的标记效率较高且依赖UV光照, 提示为非共价标记。为验证细胞对FBP的摄取, 采用13C6-FBP进行稳定同位素示踪, 检测到细胞内出现同位素标记的下游产物, 因而选用活细胞开展后续研究。随后通过凝胶荧光电泳优化活细胞内探针标记蛋白的条件, 并将该条件用于质谱蛋白鉴定。为确保PA-FBP能标记目标蛋白, 选用FBP已知靶点丙酮酸激酶M2 (pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2)、SOS1和MDH2, 实施下拉实验以证实探针的标记能力。通过后续研究并发现了FBP-ALDH2-ROS轴介导的新型葡萄糖信号传导模式。
传统中药靶点的鉴定方法常面临准确性与效率的挑战, 光亲和标记探针技术凭借共价捕获机制, 能精确标记中药活性成分与靶蛋白的结合位点, 从而克服这一难题。然而, 设计并合成理想的光亲和探针是将其应用于小分子靶蛋白鉴定的关键挑战[27], 优化探针的过程可能需要投入与早期先导药物在效力、选择性和物理化学性质优化上仍需努力。
光亲和磁珠(photoaffinity beads) 技术通过引入光敏基团, 在光照条件下与靶蛋白发生共价结合, 从而实现对低亲和力及瞬时蛋白质相互作用的精确捕获。这一特性使得光亲和磁珠技术在中药复杂成分体系中, 能够高效筛选出与特定靶点结合的活性成分。其不足之处在于, 对于非共价药物分子弱或者动态结合的靶点蛋白可能在富集过程中丢失。但相较于传统方法, 光亲和磁珠技术可显著提高靶点发现的准确性和灵敏度, 为中药新药研发提供有力的科学支撑。
光亲和磁珠技术在探索低亲和力蛋白质相互作用及翻译后修饰介导的相互作用中展现出独特优势。Gao等[28]通过光亲和磁珠技术, 并在表面引入聚乙二醇钝化层, 从而显著降低非特异性相互作用, 实现对于特定PTM位点相互作用的低亲和力蛋白的精准捕获。该技术提高了检测的特异性和分辨率, 为研究中药活性成分与生物体内低亲和力靶点的直接作用提供了新思路。
基于光亲和磁珠的药物靶点发现技术以磁珠连接的光亲和多肽探针层与蛋白质分子间的弱相互作用在紫外照射条件下转化为牢固的共价连接, 实现弱相互作用蛋白质分子的特异高效的捕获和磁性分离[29]。避免了化学探针的设计和合成, 同时减少药物结构变化, 保证药物分子与靶点蛋白质之间的特异性结合。固载有活性药物分子的磁珠与蛋白质组孵育后, 可富集和分离药物靶点蛋白质, 用于免疫印记和质谱分析。光亲和磁珠技术因无需合成, 实验周期、成本降低, 适用于难以进行结构改造的药物分子。目前已成功应用于化学小分子药物、天然产物、已批准老药及内源性代谢物。然而, 开发化学探针面临着诸如合成复杂、产率低、成本高及药物分子构效关系不明等问题。
点击化学是一类通过拼接小分子基团, 以简单高效的方式实现C-X-C杂原子化学反应的组合化学方法(图2)。在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中, 该技术旨在模拟活性成分与靶标蛋白的相互作用, 同时尽量保持化合物的生物活性。通过引入光交联基团、炔基或叠氮基团来构建活性分子探针, 利用点击化学反应将药物分子直接与靶点蛋白“锚定”。随后对细胞裂解、靶点富集等步骤进行纯化, 并借助高分辨质谱实现精确鉴定。由于具有高度特异性, 点击化学显著降低非特异性结合的风险, 从而提升靶点发现的准确性; 同时反应条件通常温和, 能有效避免活性减损。
姜黄素(curcumin, Cur) 是姜科植物姜黄(Curcuma longa L.) 中主要的生物活性成分, 能调节糖脂代谢紊乱及改善胰岛素抵抗。Cur的药理作用已被广泛地证实, 然而其潜在的作用方式和直接的作用靶点仍然未知, 因此确定Cur多重药理作用的潜在机制具有重要意义。Shi[30]通过合成两种Cur的小分子探针, 利用细胞模型验证了其显著降低模型细胞的脂质蓄积及胰岛素抵抗的效果, 通过靶点垂钓技术找到了Cur可能的直接作用靶标, 并对靶蛋白进行验证, 发现Cur与TKFC蛋白发生直接结合而发挥调节糖脂代谢的作用。Zhang等[31]设计并合成了辣椒素(capsaicin, CAP) 探针, 以分析和鉴定CAP的潜在靶蛋白, 发现CAP直接与PKM2的Cys424和乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 的半胱氨酸残基结合, 抑制其抑制瓦博格效应(Warburg effect) 的活性。此外, CAP靶向环氧化物酶2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2), 下调其表达, 然后抑制炎症。在活化的RAW264.7细胞中敲低PKM2或COX-2可减轻Warburg效应并抑制炎症。Wei等[32]通过ABPP技术, 在细胞中定位葫芦素B靶蛋白GRP78, 揭示了葫芦素B通过GRP78-FOXM1-KIF20A通路诱导结膜黑色素瘤细胞G2/M期停滞。
点击化学在将中药活性成分与靶蛋白连接的过程中, 其核心挑战在于尽量减少对生物体系的干扰。某些点击化学反应可能存在生物毒性或对生物活性造成影响, 因此在开发新型点击化学反应时, 应充分评估对生物体系的潜在影响, 优先选择生物相容性高的试剂和条件, 确保连接过程对生物活性的影响降到最低。
非标记法类技术无需对小分子药物的结构进行修饰, 可通过检测中药活性成分与靶标蛋白结合后形成的复合物的物理性质如稳定性、溶解度等的变化, 来识别潜在靶点。非标记法靶点识别技术主要包括DARTS分析、SPR及TPP等技术。相较于标记法, 非标记法避免了化学修饰可能导致的药效降低或丧失的风险, 同时也减少了假阳性结果, 适用于中药复杂体系的鉴定分析。
DARTS技术的基本原理为靶蛋白与小分子化合物结合后, 其结构会变得更加稳定, 即增强了蛋白的稳定性, 不易被蛋白酶水解。通过考马斯亮蓝/银染识别差异蛋白条带再结合MS分析, 以确定中药活性成分的潜在作用靶点[33-35]。该技术适用于确证天然小分子药物的中药活性成分与靶点的相互作用(图3)。
乌头中主要毒性成分为乌头碱, Wei等[36]利用DARTS技术确定了链酶蛋白酶和蛋白质量比为1∶100, 消化时间为30 min, 经LC-MS/MS的DARTS技术鉴定出细胞质磷脂酶A2 (cytosolic phospholipase A2, cPLA2) 为乌头碱的直接靶标。乌头碱作用于cPLA2, 释放花生四烯酸, 经PGE2/COX2途径释放炎症因子, 导致心脏毒性。网络富集分析显示, 乌头碱的心脏毒性与花生四烯酸代谢通路紧密相关。补骨脂素是补骨脂的主要肝毒性成分, Sun等[37]利用DARTS技术确定了条件为链酶蛋白酶和蛋白质量比为1∶300, 消化15 min。经DARTS技术鉴定出ABL1为补骨脂素肝毒性直接靶标。补骨脂素通过ABL1降低Nrf2表达, 升高ROS水平, 减少mTOR表达, 引发氧化应激和细胞死亡, 导致肝毒性, 揭示了药源性疾病的深层毒性机制。
DARTS技术简便准确, 无需修饰药物仅需通过比较药物处理前后蛋白酶处理样品中剩余蛋白量, 即可准确鉴定与药物结合的靶蛋白。但该技术的应用有一定的局限性, 即对丰度低或亲和力弱的靶点识别有限, 在处理复杂样本时受限。因此, 可以尝试结合更先进的样本处理技术和多组学分析, 如蛋白质组学、代谢组学等, 进行更加深入的研究。
SPR技术借助传统的光学现象是一种免标记光学生物传感方法, 将蛋白固定在芯片表面, 与中药提取物或纯化的活性成分相接触, 通过分析反射光强度随时间的信号变化, 计算其结合常数、解离常数及亲和力常数等以判断中药活性成分是否与靶点进行结合, 形成完整的相互作用谱系(图4)。SPR技术能够实现实时监测生物分子间的相互作用的全过程, 为中药作用机制的深入研究提供新思路。
乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AChE) 抑制剂可逆性地抑制AChE, 用于治疗重症肌无力、青光眼和阿尔茨海默病。基于前期研究肉苁蓉对阿尔茨海默病、癌因性疲劳及肝纤维化的治疗作用, Gong等[38]成功研发出由肉苁蓉、人参、黄芪组成的肉苁蓉复方制剂, 旨在防治神经系统疾病。通过分子对接技术, 筛选出该复方制剂中潜在的AChE抑制剂, 并借助SPR技术, 经EDC/NHS活化、蛋白质偶联及乙醇胺封闭多余结合位点等步骤, 验证了其与AChE蛋白的强亲和力。Lv等[39]以白芍为研究对象, 利用SPR技术鉴定了与肿瘤坏死因子受体1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, TNF-R1) 结合的化合物, 并确定了芍药苷和丹皮酚与TNF-R1的亲和力常数分别为4.9和11.8 μmol·L-1, 从而揭示了其抗炎机制。此研究不仅验证了SPR技术在中药活性成分筛选中的高效性, 还通过TNF-R1/SPR与UPLC-QTOF/MS联用系统, 直接从白芷提取液中鉴定出芍药苷和丹皮酚为活性成分。
SPR技术在发现中药活性成分直接作用靶点方面表现出了显著的效果和优势。具备实时动态全过程监测、无需标记样品、样品需求量低、检测过程快速且全自动高通量、具备高分辨率与高灵敏度、应用范围广泛等特点, 为中药活性成分的筛选和验证提供了有力的技术支持。其不足之处在于其作为高精尖生物分子检测技术, 操作复杂、门槛较高, 且样品处理较为复杂。其对特定靶点依赖性较高, 因此适用于已知靶点与活性成分之间的相互作用。后续可通过构建基于SPR的蛋白质组学或代谢组学平台, 拓展其应用范围。
TPP是一种基于CETSA与定量质谱(quantitative mass spectrometry, MS) 相结合的技术, 因此也称为MS-CETSA。当药物与蛋白结合会影响蛋白质的热稳定性, 使与药物结合的蛋白在加热后会表现出更高的稳定性。当细胞或细胞裂解液被加热到一定温度时, 蛋白质会发生变性并逐渐不溶。被小分子药物结合的蛋白的热稳定性大于非结合态, 相同温度下受到的影响更小(图5)。TPP通过测量不同加热温度下的溶解曲线及其差异来确定整个蛋白质组的稳定性, 揭示蛋白质与小分子(如药物、代谢物)、核酸或其他蛋白质相互作用时的稳定性变化, 从而实现对蛋白质组状态的全面评估[40]。热蛋白质组学广泛用于药物发现和蛋白质组学分析, 以研究蛋白质稳定性、相互作用和翻译后修饰。相较于其他小分子靶点鉴定方法, 其最大的优点是不需要对活性小分子进行化学修饰, 极大地拓宽了该方法的应用范围[41]。
蛋白质的热稳定性变化是研究配体结合的重要手段, 也是药靶发现的关键环节。目前, 热蛋白质组学已广泛应用于新药靶点发现、机制解析和药物适应证拓展等领域, 尤其在揭示小分子药物的多靶点效应方面具有显著优势。
Zhen等[42]通过建立一种小分子靶标蛋白的鉴定方法, 即引入索引保留时间(indexed retention time, iRT) 肽段作为非标记热蛋白质组学分析定量归一化内标, 实现对小分子靶标的准确挖掘。将iRT肽段加入到表征良好的模型药物甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate, MTX) 处理的293T细胞提取液中, 在不同温度加热处理时它们稳定存在, 因此可作为定量归一化的标准。实验结果表明, 以iRT作为定量校正, 对总蛋白含量有良好的校正效果的同时, 对MTX的靶标蛋白二氢叶酸还原酶(dihydrofolate reductase) 热熔解拟合曲线也有一定改善。在研究雷公藤红素对脓毒症炎症的缓解作用时, Luo等[43]利用热蛋白质组学方法鉴定出PKM2作为雷公藤红素的直接作用靶点。通过热稳定性分析, 发现雷公藤红素能够显著影响PKM2的热稳定性, 进而抑制其介导的瓦博格效应, 从而减轻脓毒症中的炎症反应。这一发现不仅揭示了雷公藤内酯醇的药理作用机制, 也展示了热蛋白质组学分析在中药活性成分靶点发现中的有效性和准确性。
TPP技术在多领域展现出显著成效, 不仅广泛应用于系统鉴定靶蛋白与脱靶蛋白, 还适用于评估药物分子对靶蛋白的结合亲和力, 以及分析内源代谢物所参与的相互作用蛋白网络。该技术具有高灵敏度与高准确性等优势, 能够提供更全面的蛋白质状态与相互作用信息, 为揭示生物过程提供有力的工具。
中药是中华民族的传统特色, 其多成分、多靶点的调节优势显著, 但其作用机制模糊是现代化的核心瓶颈。明确中药活性成分的直接作用靶点, 是解析其疗效与机制的关键, 可为创新药研发及合理用药提供支撑。传统靶点发现技术存在灵敏度低等局限, 难以适配中药复杂体系研究。近年, 多学科融合催生的系列新技术突破了传统桎梏, 但因原理不同, 其应用场景与效能各有优劣。因此, 梳理这些技术并剖析利弊, 对推动中药现代化至关重要。
中药靶点钩钓技术可识别药效靶点、阐明机制及助力新药研发, 但因中药成分复杂、部分为“前药”, 无法解释其完整药理与中医功效, 难以钩钓间接作用物质, 复方钩钓易“漏钓”或“靶点群偏移”, 靶点与药效的印证需深入研究。ABPP技术能鉴定量化蛋白活性与功能, 可活细胞内分析、精准捕获直接靶点及富集动态/低丰度靶点, 但探针构建难度大, 对非蛋白靶点应用有限, 未来潜力可期[44]。光亲和标记探针法可捕获瞬时/弱相互作用, 提升下拉实验(Pull-Down) 效率, 助力结合位点鉴定, 但探针设计复杂、易非特异性交联, 短波长激活限制体内应用。光亲和磁珠技术无需化学探针, 能减少药物结构改变、高效富集靶点, 适用于难改造天然产物及活细胞研究, 但弱结合靶点易丢失, 磁珠可能封闭活性位点或产生非特异性吸附。以CuAAC为代表的点击化学, 靶点标记富集效率高、特异性强, 对化合物活性影响小, 但铜介导有细胞毒性, 反应条件受限, 需改进以扩大应用。
DARTS技术的优点显著, 无需修饰小分子、无需大量纯蛋白, 不仅适用范围广, 还能确定药物的直接结合靶点, 其局限性则在于药物与靶点的结合亲和力可能受限, 且部分天然耐受蛋白酶的蛋白质会对结果产生干扰; SPR技术同样优势突出, 可定量分析分子结合动力学与亲和常数, 样品消耗量仅为纳升-微升级别, 对低分子质量配体或弱结合作用灵敏度高, 同时支持多种固定化策略以适配不同靶标, 现代系统更能通过高通量并行分析完成低丰度靶标的动力学分析, 但它也存在诸多不足, 比如固定化可能改变结合伙伴的构象或活性, 易产生假阳性信号, 存在质程传输限制, 仪器及配件成本高且微流控通道易堵塞需定期维护, 既无法区分激动剂与拮抗剂, 在复杂基质下还依赖高纯度分析物、通量有限[45]。TPP技术的优点在于无需改造目标小分子, 适用于纯蛋白及细胞/组织裂解液, 数据可直接反映蛋白与小分子的相互作用, 不过其缺点也较为明显, 蛋白质与小分子结合后可能不产生热稳定性变化, 小分子孵育时间会影响靶标识别, 检测所需药物浓度较高且无法富集低丰度靶点, 不过该技术在天然产物钓靶中可用于初步筛选能改变蛋白构象的小分子或天然产物(表1)[29, 46-53]。
总之, 标记法以其靶向性明确、检测灵敏度高的特点在靶点验证中独具价值, 非标记法则凭借无需化学修饰、更贴近生理状态的优势成为靶点初筛的有力工具。二者并非相互替代, 而是各有侧重、互为补充。对于复杂中药成分的靶点研究, 将标记法与非标记法有机结合, 实现“初筛广覆盖”与“验证高精准”的高效衔接, 既能规避单一技术的固有局限, 又能形成协同增效的技术体系, 为天然药物活性成分作用靶点的快速识别、精准鉴定提供更可靠的技术支撑, 进而加速天然药物作用机制的阐明与现代化进程。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1072
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-19
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    1南方医科大学中医药学院, 广东省中药制剂重点实验室, 广东省中西医结合防治情志病基础研究卓越中心, 广东 广州 510515
    2南方医科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510515
    3中国中医科学院中药研究所, 青蒿素研究中心, 北京 100700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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