Article(id=1308816678817985278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757433600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-10, revisedDate=1765728000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975812868, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975812868, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975812868, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975812868, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=47, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816680520872704, articleId=1308816678817985278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the application of chemical proteomics in the target identification of active components in traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1308816659473855093, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research Progress and Prospects on the Chemical Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Chemical proteomics is a technology widely used in the discovery of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the identification of their targets, enabling the systematic elucidation of TCM's mechanisms of action. Its core lies in designing specific molecular probes to accurately identify target proteins of active TCM components, providing a theoretical basis for revealing pharmacodynamic material foundations and supporting new drug development. China is rich in herbal medicine resources, yet the specific mechanisms and "scientific validity" of TCM have long faced skepticism and criticism. Due to its high specificity and systematic approach, chemical proteomics has become a key tool in promoting the modernization of TCM research. This review summarizes studies from the past five years on identifying targets of active TCM ingredients using chemical proteomics, analyzing both label-based and label-free methods, and discusses the advantages and limitations of different identification strategies. The aim is to provide methodological references for target identification of active TCM components and contribute to the modernization of TCM research.

, authors=Ting CAO1, Qi-yue LIN1, Wei-yi HE1, Jin-lin HE1, Zi-hua CHEN1, Qian ZHANG1, Ji-gang WANG1, 2, *, Piao LUO1, *, authorsList=Ting CAO, Qi-yue LIN, Wei-yi HE, Jin-lin HE, Zi-hua CHEN, Qian ZHANG, Ji-gang WANG, Piao LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ji-gang WANG, Piao LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816681884021514, articleId=1308816678817985278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=化学蛋白组学在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中的应用研究进展, columnId=1308816659700351406, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

化学蛋白组学是一种广泛应用于中药活性成分发现及靶点鉴定的技术, 可系统阐明中药的作用机制。其核心是通过设计特异性分子探针, 精准识别中药活性成分的靶点蛋白, 为揭示药效物质基础及新药研发提供理论支持。我国中草药资源丰富, 但中药的具体作用机制及“科学性”曾饱受质疑与批评。化学蛋白组学凭借其高特异性与系统性, 已成为推动中医药现代化研究的关键工具。本文综述了近五年基于化学蛋白组学鉴定中药活性成分靶点的研究, 从标记法和非标记法两个角度进行剖析, 分析不同鉴定方法的优势与不足, 以期为中药活性成分的靶点鉴定研究提供方法借鉴, 助力中医药研究现代化进程。

, authors=曹婷1, 林琦越1, 何伟仪1, 何缙霖1, 陈梓铧1, 张倩1, 王继刚1, 2, *, 罗飘1, *, authorsList=曹婷, 林琦越, 何伟仪, 何缙霖, 陈梓铧, 张倩, 王继刚, 罗飘, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王继刚, 罗飘, authorNote=
#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

曹婷和林琦越负责文献检索和文章撰写; 何伟仪、何缙霖、陈梓铧、张倩、王继刚、罗飘对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王继刚, E-mail:
罗飘, E-mail:
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CCCP: Compound-centric chemical proteomics; DARTS: Drug affinity responsive target stability; SPROX: Stability of protein from rates of oxidation; DBPP: Degradation-based protein profiling; PELSA: Peptide-centric local stability assay; TCM-MTF: Traditional Chinese medicine microsphere target fishing; TRAP: Target-responsive accessibility profiling; ABPP: Activity-based protein profiling; CETSA: Cellular thermal shift assay, figureFileSmall=axQej0kC5bLVPO3RPxoSoQ==, figureFileBig=J2EwbPBWvfFZMd7jn5d+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309082917222052397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816678817985278, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PluESW75rmPYUIgXhH1h0w==, figureFileBig=+g+6u2XX8xJdeF+JprpB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1309082917352075822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816678817985278, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Experimental workflow of label-based methods. 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MethodPrinciple & interactionApplication contextKey requirementAdvantageLimitationReference
CCCPAffinity-based pull-down via immobilized probes (non-covalent)Primary screening for potential binding partners in cell lysatesSynthesis of immobilized probes; LC-MS/MS platformAble to discover unknown targets; compatible with non-covalent interactionsStatic lysate conditions; chemical modification may alter activity[6, 7]
Biotin labelingAffinity capture using biotin-streptavidin interaction (covalent/non-covalent)Target localization and interaction network studies (in vitro/vivo)Biotinylated probes; efficient purificationIn vitro/in vivo use; stable binding; low false-positivesNon-specific streptavidin binding risk; no affinity quantification[9-12]
Photoaffinity labelingUV-induced covalent crosslinking of proximal proteinsCapturing transient, weak interactions in situProbe with photo-crosslinker; UV irradiationFits non-covalent/transient interactions; no amino acid preferenceLow crosslinking efficiency; challenging probe synthesis[19-21]
Bioorthogonal chemistryBioorthogonal reaction for selective conjugationLive-cell/in vivo labeling and imagingPre-incorporation of clickable handlesNo byproducts; live-cell tracing/localizationNecessitates prior probe functionalization[23-27]
DBPPPROTAC-induced target degradation (non-covalent)Functional validation and systematic multi-target screeningDesign and synthesis of PROTAC library; quantitative proteomicsNo covalent binding; validates function; high sensitivityLimited to E3 ligase-accessible/degradable targets[31, 32]
TCM-MTFPhoto-crosslinking of complex mixtures to functionalized beadsDirect target fishing from TCM extractsFunctionalized magnetic microspheresNo pre-separation; suitable for complex systems like TCM formulasTarget-to-component mapping requires orthogonal validation[33-35]
DARTSLigand-induced protease resistance (non-covalent)Rapid, label-free initial screeningNo compound modificationSimple, fast, low-cost; fits mixed extractsLow sensitivity for weak targets; false positives (protein stability)[36, 38, 39]
CETSALigand-induced thermal stabilization (non-covalent)Target engagement validation in cells, tissues, or in vivoDetection via immunoblotting or LC-MS/MSApplicable to live cells/tissues/in vivo; low false-positivesMay miss stability-neutral interactions; less effective for insoluble proteins[40-44]
SPROXLigand-altered methionine oxidation kinetics in denaturants (non-covalent)Target identification and affinity estimationNo compound modification; LC-MS/MS detectionHigh sensitivity; detects weak interactionsLimited to methionine-containing proteins; complex workflow[45-48]
TRAPLigand-induced changes in lysine solvent accessibility (non-covalent)Target and binding site identification in live cellsLimited proteolysis and LC-MS/MSLabel-free; live-cell compatible; detects conformationsPrimarily reflects changes in lysine accessibility[49-52]
PELSALigand-induced changes in local protease sensitivity (non-covalent)High-resolution target and binding epitope mappingHydrogen-deuterium exchange or limited proteolysis with high-resolution LC-MS/MSUltra-sensitive; precise binding site mapping; broad useTechnically demanding; needs advanced bioinformatics[53-55]
), ArticleFig(id=1309082917654065714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816678817985278, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Summary of principles, applications, and limitations of chemoproteomics technologies. PROTAC: Proteolysis targeting chimera; TCM: Traditional Chinese medicine; LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodPrinciple & interactionApplication contextKey requirementAdvantageLimitationReference
CCCPAffinity-based pull-down via immobilized probes (non-covalent)Primary screening for potential binding partners in cell lysatesSynthesis of immobilized probes; LC-MS/MS platformAble to discover unknown targets; compatible with non-covalent interactionsStatic lysate conditions; chemical modification may alter activity[6, 7]
Biotin labelingAffinity capture using biotin-streptavidin interaction (covalent/non-covalent)Target localization and interaction network studies (in vitro/vivo)Biotinylated probes; efficient purificationIn vitro/in vivo use; stable binding; low false-positivesNon-specific streptavidin binding risk; no affinity quantification[9-12]
Photoaffinity labelingUV-induced covalent crosslinking of proximal proteinsCapturing transient, weak interactions in situProbe with photo-crosslinker; UV irradiationFits non-covalent/transient interactions; no amino acid preferenceLow crosslinking efficiency; challenging probe synthesis[19-21]
Bioorthogonal chemistryBioorthogonal reaction for selective conjugationLive-cell/in vivo labeling and imagingPre-incorporation of clickable handlesNo byproducts; live-cell tracing/localizationNecessitates prior probe functionalization[23-27]
DBPPPROTAC-induced target degradation (non-covalent)Functional validation and systematic multi-target screeningDesign and synthesis of PROTAC library; quantitative proteomicsNo covalent binding; validates function; high sensitivityLimited to E3 ligase-accessible/degradable targets[31, 32]
TCM-MTFPhoto-crosslinking of complex mixtures to functionalized beadsDirect target fishing from TCM extractsFunctionalized magnetic microspheresNo pre-separation; suitable for complex systems like TCM formulasTarget-to-component mapping requires orthogonal validation[33-35]
DARTSLigand-induced protease resistance (non-covalent)Rapid, label-free initial screeningNo compound modificationSimple, fast, low-cost; fits mixed extractsLow sensitivity for weak targets; false positives (protein stability)[36, 38, 39]
CETSALigand-induced thermal stabilization (non-covalent)Target engagement validation in cells, tissues, or in vivoDetection via immunoblotting or LC-MS/MSApplicable to live cells/tissues/in vivo; low false-positivesMay miss stability-neutral interactions; less effective for insoluble proteins[40-44]
SPROXLigand-altered methionine oxidation kinetics in denaturants (non-covalent)Target identification and affinity estimationNo compound modification; LC-MS/MS detectionHigh sensitivity; detects weak interactionsLimited to methionine-containing proteins; complex workflow[45-48]
TRAPLigand-induced changes in lysine solvent accessibility (non-covalent)Target and binding site identification in live cellsLimited proteolysis and LC-MS/MSLabel-free; live-cell compatible; detects conformationsPrimarily reflects changes in lysine accessibility[49-52]
PELSALigand-induced changes in local protease sensitivity (non-covalent)High-resolution target and binding epitope mappingHydrogen-deuterium exchange or limited proteolysis with high-resolution LC-MS/MSUltra-sensitive; precise binding site mapping; broad useTechnically demanding; needs advanced bioinformatics[53-55]
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化学蛋白组学在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中的应用研究进展
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曹婷 1 , 林琦越 1 , 何伟仪 1 , 何缙霖 1 , 陈梓铧 1 , 张倩 1 , 王继刚 1, 2, * , 罗飘 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026,61(1): 47-57
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026 , 61 (1) : 47 -57
化学蛋白组学在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中的应用研究进展
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曹婷1, 林琦越1, 何伟仪1, 何缙霖1, 陈梓铧1, 张倩1, 王继刚1, 2, * , 罗飘1, *
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学中医药学院, 广东省中药制剂重点实验室, 广东省中西医结合防治情志病基础研究卓越中心, 广东 广州 510515
  • 2中国中医科学院中药研究所, 青蒿素研究中心, 北京 100700
通讯作者:
王继刚, E-mail:
罗飘, E-mail:
作者简介:
#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

曹婷和林琦越负责文献检索和文章撰写; 何伟仪、何缙霖、陈梓铧、张倩、王继刚、罗飘对论文进行设计、整体指导和修改。所有作者阅读并认可终稿。

Research progress on the application of chemical proteomics in the target identification of active components in traditional Chinese medicine
Ting CAO1, Qi-yue LIN1, Wei-yi HE1, Jin-lin HE1, Zi-hua CHEN1, Qian ZHANG1, Ji-gang WANG1, 2, * , Piao LUO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine for Qingzhi Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
  • 2Artemisinin Research Center, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1071
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化学蛋白组学是一种广泛应用于中药活性成分发现及靶点鉴定的技术, 可系统阐明中药的作用机制。其核心是通过设计特异性分子探针, 精准识别中药活性成分的靶点蛋白, 为揭示药效物质基础及新药研发提供理论支持。我国中草药资源丰富, 但中药的具体作用机制及“科学性”曾饱受质疑与批评。化学蛋白组学凭借其高特异性与系统性, 已成为推动中医药现代化研究的关键工具。本文综述了近五年基于化学蛋白组学鉴定中药活性成分靶点的研究, 从标记法和非标记法两个角度进行剖析, 分析不同鉴定方法的优势与不足, 以期为中药活性成分的靶点鉴定研究提供方法借鉴, 助力中医药研究现代化进程。

化学蛋白组学  /  中药活性成分  /  靶点鉴定  /  分子探针  /  作用机制

Chemical proteomics is a technology widely used in the discovery of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and the identification of their targets, enabling the systematic elucidation of TCM's mechanisms of action. Its core lies in designing specific molecular probes to accurately identify target proteins of active TCM components, providing a theoretical basis for revealing pharmacodynamic material foundations and supporting new drug development. China is rich in herbal medicine resources, yet the specific mechanisms and "scientific validity" of TCM have long faced skepticism and criticism. Due to its high specificity and systematic approach, chemical proteomics has become a key tool in promoting the modernization of TCM research. This review summarizes studies from the past five years on identifying targets of active TCM ingredients using chemical proteomics, analyzing both label-based and label-free methods, and discusses the advantages and limitations of different identification strategies. The aim is to provide methodological references for target identification of active TCM components and contribute to the modernization of TCM research.

chemical proteomics  /  active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine  /  target identification  /  molecular probe  /  mechanisms of action
曹婷, 林琦越, 何伟仪, 何缙霖, 陈梓铧, 张倩, 王继刚, 罗飘. 化学蛋白组学在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中的应用研究进展. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1071
Ting CAO, Qi-yue LIN, Wei-yi HE, Jin-lin HE, Zi-hua CHEN, Qian ZHANG, Ji-gang WANG, Piao LUO. Research progress on the application of chemical proteomics in the target identification of active components in traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 47 -57 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1071
中药是中华民族的瑰宝, 在疾病防治中发挥着不可替代的作用。根据第四次全国中药资源普查结果, 我国中药资源总计18 817种, 其中新物种共计196种, 预期将有100余种可开发为中药新资源, 中草药资源极其丰富[1]。然而, 中药的活性成分复杂, 药理研究与靶点鉴定之间的脱节使得中药的临床应用缺乏充分的科学依据, 药效物质基础不明确、作用机制不明晰等问题更是严重阻碍了中药的现代化进程[2]。因此, 迫切需要更为精准、高效的技术来阐明中药活性成分的靶点及药理机制, 在此背景下, 化学蛋白组学应运而生。
化学蛋白组学在蛋白组学的基础上发展而来, 通过构建与药物靶点特异性结合的化学探针, 富集蛋白并进行质谱分析, 从而鉴定药物的作用靶点, 为中药现代化研究提供了技术支撑。与以往经典用于中药活性成分研究的生物化学、分子生物学等技术相比, 化学蛋白组学更具精准性、高通量性及高效性, 探针可精准捕获靶点, 质谱分析可同时检测数千种蛋白质的相互作用[3-5]。
中药具有多成分、多靶点的特点, 其活性成分通过调控多个靶点与通路协同发挥治疗作用, 传统的单一靶点研究方法难以系统解析中药的整体作用网络。化学蛋白组学既能精准捕获单一靶点, 又能通过高通量策略系统揭示中药成分的“多靶点-多通路”作用模式, 适用于中药复杂体系的研究。因此, 化学蛋白组学已被广泛用于中药活性成分的发现、活性成分靶点的鉴定及作用机制的研究。在方法上, 化学蛋白质组学已经发展出标记法与非标记法两大类策略并形成互补优势, 标记法通过设计特异性探针实现靶点精准定位, 显著提升了对活细胞内靶点的捕获能力, 非标记法无需化学修饰即可识别靶点, 通过检测药物结合引起的蛋白热稳定性、蛋白酶敏感性或氧化速率等理化性质变化, 极大拓展了难以修饰的中药天然产物的研究范围。近年来, 基于蛋白降解的靶点鉴定、中药微球靶点垂钓、人工智能辅助靶点预测等新兴技术进一步推动化学蛋白质组学领域向系统化、智能化方向发展。
本文综述了近5年来化学蛋白组学技术在中药活性成分靶点鉴定中的应用进展, 系统梳理了其技术发展的关键里程碑(图1), 总结了不同技术的实验流程, 并对比分析其优势与不足, 以期为中药活性成分靶点鉴定及机制研究提供参考借鉴。
基于标记策略的靶点鉴定技术是化学蛋白组学中用于系统鉴定药物直接作用靶点的代表方法。其核心思想在于通过一个连接子将中药活性成分与报告基团或固相基质共价连接, 构建化学探针, 随后利用报告基团的特异性亲和力从复杂的蛋白质组中“钩取”靶蛋白并进行鉴定。常用的基于标记策略的靶点鉴定技术有以化合物为中心的化学蛋白组学、基于活性的蛋白质谱、基于蛋白降解的蛋白质谱分析技术等, 其主要流程如图2所示。
以化合物为中心的化学蛋白组学(compound-centric chemical proteomics, CCCP) 是一种开创性的靶标鉴定方法, 原理是通过标记分子修饰天然产物, 再将修饰后的天然产物通过化学方法与琼脂糖珠与磁性微球等固相基质形成共价结合, 接着加入含有目标蛋白的细胞裂解液或组织提取物, 富集能与生物活性分子结合的靶蛋白, 经洗脱纯化后通过质谱等技术鉴定靶蛋白。该技术通过生物活性分子与蛋白质的亲和力, 均衡地捕获包括非酶类蛋白在内的结合蛋白, 具备快速、高效富集靶蛋白及易于发掘潜在靶蛋白等优点, 在新药研发和中草药“老药新用”领域具有深远的科学价值。
在1989年初, Harding等[6]通过制备天然免疫抑制剂FK506的专属亲和基质, 成功捕获并鉴定出FK506的靶点为FK506结合蛋白12 (FK506 binding protein 12, FKBP12), 其核心技术为CCCP法的发展和应用奠定了基础。随着研究技术不断发展, 越来越多的研究实验中都应用了此类技术。Zhou等[7]将五味子醇甲(schisandrol A, SolA) 偶联到磁性纳米颗粒上, 采用pull-down策略及定量质谱分析出SolA的直接细胞靶点为ATP酶H+转运V0亚基d1 (ATPase H+ transporting V0 subunit d1, ATP6V0D1), 揭示了SolA通过Cys355对ATP6V0D1亚基构象进行变构调控, 促进溶酶体酸化从而治疗糖尿病相关神经元损伤的机制。
CCCP在发现活性分子潜在靶点方面有着独特的优势, 所有能与基质中的活性分子通过亲和力结合的靶蛋白, 都有可能被发现并进一步探索其生物意义。尤其对于功效复杂的中草药而言, 其单一的活性分子或许会对生物多个靶蛋白结合并产生有价值的影响。然而, CCCP也存在技术难题, 理想的基质材料特性要求高, 活性分子固定后可能影响构象及结合能力, 蛋白与基质的非特异性结合可能导致假阳性结果。此外, CCCP适用于细胞或组织裂解液研究, 无法真实反映在生物体内药物与靶标的动态相互作用。未来可通过开发新型基质材料、改进固定策略等对CCCP进行技术创新, 提高CCCP的可行性和准确性。
基于活性的蛋白质谱分析(activity-based protein profiling, ABPP) 是目前运用较为广泛的化学蛋白组学技术, 由Cravatt小组[8]首次提出。作为对CCCP的创新与发展, ABPP的核心在于设计并合成基于活性的探针, 特异性共价修饰目标蛋白(特别是各类酶) 活性位点上的功能基团(如半胱氨酸、赖氨酸等), 形成稳定的“探针-蛋白”复合物, 从而动态报告生物系统内酶的活性状态, 实现对功能相关蛋白的精准捕获与分析。在技术流程上, 探针与蛋白质组孵育结合后, 经过富集与洗脱, 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、液相色谱-质谱联用(liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) 等技术进行靶点鉴定。
ABPP技术高度依赖化学探针的合成, 但并不是所有活性分子经历化学修饰后都可以维持原有的生物学活性, 因此构建化学探针后还需要对探针的生物活性进行评估。此外, 传统ABPP探针通常依赖有限的活性氨基酸残基进行结合, 存在结合位点单一、可能与非目标杂蛋白结合而产生假阳性结果等问题。同时, 大多数传统探针的报告基团体积较大, 难以有效穿透细胞膜。点击化学与生物正交反应的引入, 使得探针合成后的整体体积减小, 拓宽了ABPP的应用范围。期待未来开发出更多化学探针与靶蛋白的结合位点, 丰富探针可鉴定的药物靶点类型; 优化探针, 提高其与蛋白的结合特异性, 减少假阳性结果; 改进探针合成技术, 减少化学修饰对活性分子生物活性的影响, 使更多的中药活性分子得以参与到靶点鉴定实验中。
生物素(biotin) 作为化学探针的一种重要指示基团, 可与糖蛋白、亲和素或链霉亲和素紧密结合, 反应时特异性结合被生物素连接酶修饰过的目标蛋白亲核氨基酸残基。随后, 这些被生物素标记的蛋白经亲和素磁珠富集纯化, 并通过质谱进行分析[9]。在化学蛋白组学中, 基于生物素与链霉亲和素特异性结合的标记技术被广泛应用, 可用于开展药物靶标垂钓、蛋白互作机制、活性成分筛选等研究。
白藜芦醇(resveratrol, RSV) 是一种天然多酚类化合物, Chen等[10]开发并使用生物素标记的白藜芦醇探针, 揭示了RSV靶向结合组蛋白去乙酰化酶1 (histone deacetylase 1, HDAC1) 和乙酰辅酶A乙酰转移酶1 (acetyl-coenzyme A acetyltransferase 1, ACAT1) 来抑制小鼠黑色素瘤转移的机制。Luo等[11]设计并合成雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel) 的探针, 利用点击化学将生物素-叠氮化物共价标记至与雷公藤红素探针结合的蛋白上, 经链霉亲和素琼脂糖珠富集、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离以及LC-MS/MS鉴定, 确定M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase M2, PKM2)、高迁移率族蛋白B1 (high mobility group box 1, HMGB1) 和乳酸脱氢酶A (lactate dehydrogenase A, LDHA) 3个蛋白为Cel治疗脓毒症的潜在靶点。Zhang等[12]将生物素化的辣椒素探针与脂多糖刺激后的RAW 264.7细胞共孵育, 直接捕获结合靶点, 通过串联质量标签定量质谱成功鉴定出辣椒素的特异性作用靶点为环氧化酶-2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2)、PKM2和LDHA。
生物素标记技术的优点在于探针与靶标蛋白反应时, 受细胞所处环境影响较小, 体内外实验均可采用, 相较于传统化学探针, 生物素与靶标蛋白的结合更稳定, 不易发生探针与靶标蛋白错配的现象, 降低了假阳性结果产生的概率。然而, 生物素与链霉亲和素之间的结合是一种极强的非共价相互作用, 可能结合非生物素化的杂蛋白, 检测所得的生物素化蛋白的丰度并不能代表蛋白相互作用的强度或丰度。目前, 生物素标记技术发展迅速, 除了经典的基于生物素连接酶(Bir A)[13]与生物素的标记技术, 还衍生出基于BioID[14]、BioID2[15]、TurboID[16]的标记技术, 基于抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的生物素标记(engineered ascorbate peroxidase, APEX)[17]和APEX2技术[18]等新技术。
光亲和标记(photoaffinity labeling, PAL) 技术与ABPP互补, 适用于非共价相互作用研究。传统ABPP探针通常靶向蛋白的活性位点(如催化性丝氨酸/半胱氨酸), 而PAL通过引入光反应基团(如二氮杂环丙烯), 在紫外线照射下生成高活性中间体(如卡宾), 通过C-H/N-H插入反应标记探针邻近的任何氨基酸残基。光亲和探针通过上述光交联反应捕获空间邻近的靶蛋白, 结合质谱完成靶点垂钓。
近年来, 光亲和探针越来越受到学者的重视, 并将其运用到中药活性成分靶点鉴定的研究中。Zhu等[19]通过合成三尖杉酯内酯(harringtonolide, HO) 的光亲和标记探针, 发现HO可以抑制A375细胞中的上皮间质转化过程, 并抑制FAK/Src/STAT3信号通路的激活, 从而有效抑制肿瘤细胞的转移。青蒿素(artemisinin, Art) 是中药活性成分走向世界的代表, Gao等[20]设计并合成青蒿素的光亲和探针, 确定了青蒿素在恶性疟原虫红细胞内不同发育阶段的蛋白质靶标, 阐述了青蒿素的抗疟疾活性在疟原虫蛋白质合成、糖酵解和氧化稳态等生理阶段发挥的关键作用。没食子酸乙酯(ethyl gallate, EG) 是一种天然多酚类化合物, Yu等[21]通过二氮嗪光交联剂标记EG, 使其与Asp70和Tyr120形成氢键, 将磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白1 (recombinant phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein 1, PEBP1) 鉴定为EG的有效作用靶点, 为溃疡性结肠炎的相关药物开发提供了新的策略。
光亲和探针技术对于中药活性成分靶点的鉴定具有良好的适用性。光亲和探针本身的研究也在不断深入, 甚至有学者合成了带有可释放接头的光亲和探针, 弥补了没有标记转移功能的大分子光亲和探针的缺点[22]。然而, 光亲和探针的合成有一定难度, 探针合成后同样需要检验活性分子的生物活性是否受到影响。
生物正交化学在点击化学的基础上发展而来。点击化学最早由Sharpless团队[23]提出, 在点击化学反应中, 结构简单的物质单位相互连接(C-X-C), 快速合成具有稳定化学键的新化合物, 产率高、无有害副产物, 但反应中使用的催化剂铜离子对活细胞的毒性限制了其在生物学中的应用。2004年, Bertozzi团队[24]改进化学反应策略, 发明了无需催化剂、依靠张力驱动的叠氮-炔环加成(strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, SPAAC) 反应, 该反应不影响生物体的正常生化过程, 可用于活细胞中研究生物大分子的机制功能, 也被称为生物正交化学。
Qin等[25]对巨噬细胞代谢产物衣康酸进行修饰, 设计并合成了一种新型的生物正交探针ITalk, 在炎症巨噬细胞中直接捕获衣康酸的作用靶点, 系统鉴定了1 926个靶蛋白和1 131个特异性修饰位点, 极大拓展了已知的衣康酸相互作用蛋白谱。熊果酸(ursolic acid, UA) 为天然的三萜羧酸化合物, Ma等[26]通过点击化学反应合成UA探针, 对细胞内酶活性进行评估, 鉴定出半胱氨酸天冬氨酸特异性蛋白酶3 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 3, CASP3) 及其下游信号通路为潜在靶点。
生物正交化学反应的优点在于合成的化合物结构稳定, 产率高, 具有良好的生物相容性[27], 反应过程无副产物, 可在各类溶剂中进行, 因此被广泛地应用于活体示踪、靶点定位等研究中。与此同时, 适用于生物正交化学反应的点击化学技术也在不断更新与成熟, 如Staudinger反应[28]、逆电子需求的Diels-Alder反应[29]、光催化的生物正交反应[30]等, 为生命科学研究提供了更精准、灵活的应用工具。
基于蛋白降解的蛋白质谱分析技术(degradation-based protein profiling, DBPP) 是一种新兴化学蛋白质组学策略, 由Ni等[31]于2024年提出, 核心原理是利用蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeting chimera, PROTAC) 探针诱导目标蛋白降解联合定量蛋白质组学技术, 对药物小分子作用靶点进行高通量识别与验证。DBPP的主要操作流程如下: 首先设计并合成一系列含有待研究药物分子的结构多样的PROTAC衍生物构成“PROTAC工具箱”, 这些衍生物通常包含目标小分子作为目标蛋白配体、E3泛素连接酶配体(如cereblon或von hippel-lindau), 以及不同长度与类型的连接链; 其次通过细胞表型筛选具有良好降解活性的PROTAC工具分子并设计相应的阴性对照(如阻断E3结合能力的衍生物); 随后利用这些PROTAC处理细胞, 通过定量蛋白质组学技术系统分析蛋白表达变化, 筛选出在PROTAC组中显著下调而在对照组中不变的蛋白作为候选靶点; 最后结合免疫共沉淀、细胞热位移分析(cellular thermal shift assay, CETSA)、微量热泳动等技术验证目标蛋白与药物分子之间的直接结合关系[32]。
DBPP已成功应用于多个天然产物的靶点发现中。在Cel的研究中, Ni等[31]通过DBPP策略不仅验证了已知靶点κB抑制蛋白激酶β (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta, IKKβ) 和磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶α (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha, PI3Kα), 还发现检查点激酶1 (checkpoint kinase 1, CHK1)、O-糖基化酶(O‐GlcNAcase) 等新靶点, 研究证实Cel能直接结合CHK1并引起G2/M期细胞周期阻滞, 为研究Cel在代谢和神经退行性疾病中的作用提供了新线索; Chen等[32]首次鉴定出RNA外切酶4 (RNA exonuclease 4, REXO4) 为吴茱萸碱衍生物的直接作用靶点, 揭示吴茱萸碱的PROTAC化合物可在体内降解REXO4进一步产生抗肿瘤作用的机制。
对比ABPP靶点鉴定策略, DBPP不依赖于共价结合或光交联基团, 因此适用于非共价、弱亲和力的靶点识别。该技术不仅拓展了靶点鉴定的方法学范畴, 也为多靶点、弱结合化合物的机制研究提供了有力工具, PROTAC催化降解的特性使其可在较低浓度下实现靶点蛋白的有效清除, 提高了检测灵敏度。此外, 通过设计多种连接链的PROTAC工具箱, 可同时捕获多个潜在靶点, 尤其适合多靶点天然产物的全面机制解析。总之, DBPP可系统、高效地揭示天然产物的多重靶点网络, 也为基于天然产物的药物开发提供了新的靶点资源和分子工具, 在精准药物开发中展现出广阔前景。
现有化学蛋白质组学技术主要对中药单体进行研究, 对于中药复方的应用研究存在不足, 为了在中药复方靶点研究领域实现突破, 中药微球靶点鉴定技术(traditional Chinese medicine microsphere target fishing, TCM-MTF) 应运而生。中药微球靶点鉴定技术是一种从复杂体系中发现关键药物靶点的“垂钓”策略, 首先由Zhao等[33]在2021年提出。该技术的核心在于构建一种由内至外包括磁性核心、修饰层、光亲和标签层及中药活性成分层的功能化磁性微球, 主要工作流程为将载有中药成分的微球与目标蛋白样品(如细胞裂解液) 共孵育, 活性成分会与其相应的靶蛋白结合; 随后通过紫外线照射, 使光亲和标签激活, 将这种“成分-靶点”相互作用永久固定; 最后利用微球的磁性分离出被“垂钓”上的靶蛋白, 通过LC-MS/MS等技术进行鉴定。
Zhang等[34]在研究参芪降糖颗粒治疗糖尿病肾病的机制时, 构建了由Fe3O4磁性层、油酸修饰层、TAD光亲和层和参芪降糖颗粒活性成分层组成的微球(TCM-MPs), 从人肾系膜细胞裂解液中垂钓出了28个差异表达蛋白, 并最终聚焦于关键靶点鸟嘌呤核苷酸结合蛋白α刺激活性多肽(guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide, GNAS) 进行后续的功能验证和反向成分筛选。Wang等[35]在研究优化银屑灵方的抗银屑病机制时, 使用DHBP作为光交联剂, 将优化银屑灵方提取物固定在磁性微球上, 从脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞裂解液中鉴定出76个潜在靶点, 并进一步将FUS蛋白(fused in sarcoma, FUS) 确证为其发挥抗炎作用的关键分子靶标。
中药微球靶点鉴定技术的最大优势在于其“非选择性”固定策略, 无需对中药中成千上万的活性成分进行预先的、繁琐的化学修饰, 特别适合于像中药这样的复杂体系进行直接、高通量的靶点发现。未来对于中药微球富集出的大量潜在靶点, 可以通过人工智能机器学习模型整合中药成分数据库, 并结合分子对接模拟技术, 快速锁定成分-靶点对, 解析中药复方药效物质基础。
随着化学蛋白组学研究向中药天然产物解析、低丰度靶标捕获等复杂场景延伸, 标记法的局限逐渐成为瓶颈, 推动技术向非标记法转换。标记法需对小分子进行标签修饰, 且修饰位点必须不破坏其生物活性与靶标结合能力, 这要求研究者开展大量结构-活性关系研究筛选位点。对中药中多环萜类、糖苷类等结构复杂、活性位点敏感的天然产物而言, 常因找不到合适修饰位点导致探针设计失败, 或因成本高、周期长制约进展。尤其ABPP依赖共价或强亲和力结合捕获靶蛋白, 仅能靶向含保守催化残基的酶家族, 无法识别转录因子等调控蛋白。非标记法则利用小分子结合后靶蛋白热稳定性、质谱信号、构象等理化性质的特异性变化反向锁定靶标, 无需探针设计, 可直接用于中药复方天然产物研究, 还能提升低丰度靶标检出率。广泛应用的非标记法包括细胞热位移分析、药物亲和反应靶标稳定性分析及氧化蛋白稳定性分析等, 其基本流程如图3所示。
药物亲和反应靶点稳定性技术(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS) 是一种新型的药物靶点鉴定方法, 该方法在2009年由Lomenick等[36]提出, 主要原理是药物活性成分与靶蛋白结合形成稳定络合物后, 靶蛋白不易被蛋白酶降解, 从而得以与非目标蛋白分离。主要操作流程为将药物活性成分与目标蛋白结合, 经蛋白酶处理后进行凝胶电泳筛选, 通过对比实验组与对照组, 可以观察到加入药物的实验组有受药物保护的条带, 再运用LC-MS/MS技术即可得到相应的靶标蛋白。
藤黄酰胺为人工合成的具有藤黄素类似物作用的新型化合物[37]。Qu等[38]运用药物亲和力反应靶标稳定性策略, 鉴定出大脑中WD重复结构域1 (WD repeat domain 1, WDR1) 是藤黄酰胺的直接结合靶点, 从而揭示了藤黄酰胺抑制胶质瘤细胞增殖的作用机制, 为临床安全治疗脑恶性胶质瘤和胶质母细胞瘤提供理论支持。Ferraro等[39]通过构建艾黄素配体, 使其能够与靶蛋白结合, 经蛋白水解处理后鉴定出丝聚蛋白A (filaggrin A, FLG) 和丝聚蛋白B (filaggrin B, FLG2) 为艾黄素的直接作用靶标, 揭示了艾黄素发挥抗肿瘤转移作用的具体细胞靶点。
DARTS技术有着操作简单、效率高、适用范围广等优点, 已经成为小分子药物靶蛋白鉴定的重要工具, 但其对于某些低丰度的靶标蛋白检测灵敏性不足。某些非目标蛋白的化学结构特殊(高度折叠或修饰), 蛋白酶难以消化, 可能导致假阳性结果。
CETSA是Martinez Molina等[40]在2013年提出的一种将药物与细胞、组织样本中的靶蛋白相结合, 并利用不同蛋白的热稳定性进行样本分离的策略, 主要操作是将细胞裂解液与药物混合, 按梯度加热并进行冷却离心, 分离出不同阶段沉淀出来的蛋白质, 并绘制蛋白质的热熔化曲线, 通过分析药物-靶标蛋白复合物与非目标蛋白之间的热熔化曲线中点的位移温度, 从而鉴别出靶标蛋白。
表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(epigallocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG) 来源于茶叶, Ren等[41]通过CETSA技术, 观察EGCG与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 的靶向结合情况, 推测EGCG可能通过靶向调控EGFR信号通路, 诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞周期阻滞和凋亡, 从而发挥肿瘤抑制作用。Bai等[42]运用高通量CETSA技术鉴定出稳定蛋白组的羧基还原酶1 (carbonyl reductase 1, CBR1) 和糖原合酶激酶3α (glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha, GSK3A)、不稳定蛋白组的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1 (mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, MAPK1) 是槲皮素的直接结合靶点, 认识到了槲皮素与靶标蛋白结合后化学性质的改变。
蛋白免疫印迹技术是CETSA的重要环节, 可用于鉴定药物具体的作用靶标, 但面对数量巨大的样本时, 难免存在效率低、工作量大等缺点, 因此Savitski等[43]于2014年提出将CETSA与质谱法联用的TPP策略, 提升单位时间内靶蛋白的检测效率。为了能够进一步高效地鉴定大量靶标蛋白与药物的互作情况, 拓宽CETSA在药物靶点鉴定领域的适用场景, 进一步开发出了高通量CETSA技术[44], 为中药活性成分靶点鉴定提供了更多的机遇和挑战。
氧化蛋白稳定性分析(stability of proteins from rates of oxidation, SPROX) 最早在2010年由West等[45]提出, 主要用来测定目标蛋白在氧化环境下的稳定性。该检测方法高度依赖蛋氨酸(methionine) 这一特殊的小分子氨基酸, 核心是通过蛋白降解剂盐酸胍来调整蛋氨酸的氧化速率, 对被氧化的残基进行质谱定量分析药物结合对蛋白稳定性的影响。
传统SPROX策略无法分析所有不同性质蛋白与药物的相互作用, 极大地限制了SPROX在药物靶标鉴定领域的使用。Meng等[46]将TPP策略与SPROX策略相结合, 将经过氧化处理的蛋白运用TPP策略进行定量分析, 弥补了SPROX的空缺。Hatstat等[47]对N-芳基苯并咪唑化合物NAB2和神经母细胞瘤来源的SHSY5Y细胞裂解物中的蛋白质进行TPP和SPROX分析, 鉴定出Ras相关结合蛋白1a (ras-associated binding protein 1a, Rab1a) 为NAB2的新潜在靶点, 为阐明NAB2减轻α-突触核蛋白毒性的作用机制提供新的证据。
SPROX技术通过蛋氨酸氧化速率分析靶蛋白稳定性, 无需修饰中药成分, 避免了中药活性成分因结构修饰导致的活性改变或失活, 但其只适用于鉴定含有蛋氨酸的中药靶蛋白。在实际操作中, 可以先确认靶蛋白的甲硫氨酸位点, 再设计SPROX实验。除了将TPP与SPROX结合的策略, 还衍生出“自上而下”的氧化蛋白稳定性分析技术[48], 该方法利用野生型与氧化蛋白质型的相对离子信号来推断化学变性剂诱导的折叠-展开转换, 将为药物靶标鉴定的相关研究提供更多崭新的视角。
靶点响应性可及性分析(target-responsive accessibility profiling, TRAP) 是一种基于化学蛋白质组学的无衍生化靶点发现方法, 该技术由Tian等[49]于2020年提出, 其核心原理在于监测小分子配体与靶蛋白结合后引起的蛋白质赖氨酸残基可及性变化。TRAP技术通过全局性标记蛋白质中反应性赖氨酸残基, 结合多重定量蛋白质组学分析, 识别在配体存在下发生显著变化的肽段, 从而推断药物结合的靶点及结合区域。该技术首先在活细胞或细胞裂解液中加入待测配体, 使其与潜在靶点结合; 利用还原性二甲基化反应, 使用甲醛和硼烷-吡啶复合物对蛋白质赖氨酸进行共价标记; 接着通过LC-MS/MS对标记后的肽段进行定量分析; 最后, 通过比较药物处理组与对照组的肽段丰度变化, 计算出TRAP比率, 识别出具有显著可及性变化的靶点响应肽, 进而确定配体的潜在靶点蛋白。
在靶点预测方面, TRAP已用于多种内源性代谢物和外源性药物的靶点组研究中。例如, Tian等[50]利用TRAP技术在结直肠癌细胞模型中识别出913个潜在靶点蛋白和2 487个代谢物-蛋白互作关系, 揭示了糖酵解代谢物在调控酶活性、转录因子功能和蛋白翻译后修饰中的广泛作用。此外, TRAP也被用于鉴定天然产物水飞蓟宾的靶点酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族成员4 (acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, ACSL4)[51], 以及雷公藤红素与腺苷酸环化酶关联蛋白1 (adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1, CAP1)[52]的相互作用, 为理解其抗炎和抗代谢等机制提供了分子基础。
TRAP技术同样无需合成药物小分子衍生的化学探针, 避免因结构修饰而影响天然结合行为, 同时能够在接近生理状态的活细胞环境中进行靶点识别; 此外, TRAP还能探测小分子结合引起的构象变化或变构效应, 拓展了其在靶点机制研究中的适用范围。总之, TRAP技术作为一种高效、无衍生化的化学蛋白质组学方法, 在药物靶点发现、代谢物-蛋白质互作网络构建及作用机制解析方面展现出重要价值和广泛应用前景。
基于质谱的肽中心局部稳定性测定(peptide-centric local stability assay, PELSA) 是一种创新的无标记蛋白质组学技术, 该技术由Li等[53]于2024年提出, 通过检测药物小分子诱导的蛋白质局部构象变化, 系统鉴定其作用靶点及其结合位点。该技术主要步骤如下, 首先将样本在天然条件下裂解并去除内源干扰物(如细胞裂解液), 将待测药物小分子与裂解液共孵育促使结合平衡, 随后使用特定比例的蛋白酶进行限时酶切反应, 通过超滤去除未消化蛋白并收集酶切肽段, 同样采用质谱技术, 通过比较实验组与对照组的肽段丰度差异, 结合生物信息学算法构建局部稳定性图谱, 进而确定靶标蛋白及其特异性结合区域。
PELSA在靶点预测及验证方面展现出广泛的适用性。除常规药物分子外, 该技术还应用于金属离子结合蛋白筛选、抗体表位定位、代谢物受体鉴定等多个前沿领域。在激酶抑制剂星形孢菌素的研究中, Li等[53]通过PELSA技术鉴定到的激酶靶标数量较传统方法提升达12倍以上; 基于PELSA技术对局部稳定性的精准解析, Zhao等[54]发现黄芩黄酮Ⅱ可显著改变溶质载体家族1成员4 (solute carrier family 1 member 4, SLC1A4) 的蛋白水解敏感性, 这为二者的直接相互作用提供了关键证据。这些特性使PELSA成为药物脱靶效应评估、酶-底物/抑制剂互作机制解析研究的理想方法。
与传统方法相比, PELSA采用高浓度蛋白酶(酶/底物比例为1/2) 进行局部酶切, 以保持蛋白质的天然构象, 直接产生反映结构稳定性的肽段混合物, 从而实现对药物小分子结合区域的精准解析[55], 并极大扩展了适用化合物范围; 此外, 通过局部酶切策略显著提升了检测灵敏度, 对低丰度靶标和弱亲和力相互作用的识别能力显著优于传统方法。该方法不仅能提供结合位点空间信息, 还可通过浓度梯度实验估算局部亲和力; 综合其实验流程可发现仅需数小时即可完成, 且能与多种同位素标记策略兼容, 具有良好的经济性和可扩展性。
中药活性成分是重要的药物开发资源, 其作用靶点及分子机制不明晰的问题严重阻碍了新药的研发及中药的国际化进程, 而化学蛋白组学的发展为突破这一瓶颈提供了强有力的工具。化学蛋白组学技术主要分为标记法和非标记法两大类。标记法就像是给中药活性成分装上“GPS定位器”——通过化学方法将活性成分修饰成一种能特异性结合靶蛋白的探针, 从而追踪到具体发挥作用的蛋白质。文中综述的标记法包括以化合物为中心的化学蛋白组学、基于活性的蛋白质谱分析、基于蛋白降解的蛋白质谱分析、中药微球靶点鉴定技术, 在众多标记策略中, 基于活性的蛋白质谱分析精准度高、特异性强, 已成为中药靶点研究常用的手段之一, 点击化学反应的引入进一步拓展了其应用范围。然而, 化学修饰易导致中药活性成分的活性改变或丧失, 这一局限性使得非标记策略展现出独特的价值。非标记法利用靶蛋白理化性质的改变进行鉴定, 包括药物亲和反应靶点稳定性技术、细胞热位移分析、氧化蛋白稳定性分析、靶点响应性可及性分析、基于质谱的肽中心局部稳定性测定, 为研究难以修饰的中药活性成分提供了强大助力。
但中药研究仍面临独特挑战。中药含有成百上千种活性成分, 单一成分可能作用于多个蛋白发挥疗效, 二者间的相互作用若是微弱和瞬时的则难以被捕获。除此之外, 中药的整体药效依赖组方中各味中药的七情配伍, 发挥药效的活性成分与作用靶点之间形成了一个复杂的网络, 依赖任何单一组学技术(如化学蛋白质组学本身) 都难以完整呈现全局关联。为了应对这些挑战, 研究者采用DARTS进行快速初筛, 再通过CETSA在细胞水平验证, 最后用ABPP进行精确的分子机制阐释, 这种将多层次、互补的多种化学蛋白质组学技术协同联用的策略不仅最大限度地发挥了各类技术的独特优势, 还为最终阐明中药的药理机制打下坚实的基础。随着人工智能的不断成熟, AI在中药靶点鉴定领域的应用研究日益增多并不断深入[56-58]。AI的强大非线性拟合与特征提取能力能高效整合化学蛋白质组学与转录组学、代谢组学等多组学技术和中医药数据库, 并结合生物信息学对海量数据进行深度挖掘, 从整体上解析中药的作用机制。通过AI整合多组学技术这一策略, 研究者有望绘制出中药“成分-靶点-通路-病证”相互作用的网络图, 在系统层面跨越从传统经验到现代科学阐释的鸿沟, 推动中医药的现代化转型。
总而言之, 化学蛋白组学技术为中药靶点鉴定带来了深刻变革。相较于传统的先预测靶点再进行验证的方法, 化学蛋白组学直接在成千上万的蛋白中对靶蛋白进行“垂钓”, 极大推动了新的作用靶点的发现。表1归纳总结了文中的各类化学蛋白组学方法的原理、相互作用类型、应用场景、关键要求和优缺点, 期待未来涌现出更多创新的化学蛋白组学技术, 推动中药活性成分靶点研究的发展, 助力中药现代化, 为中医药正名。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1071
  • 接收时间:2025-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-10
  • 修回日期:2025-12-15
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    1南方医科大学中医药学院, 广东省中药制剂重点实验室, 广东省中西医结合防治情志病基础研究卓越中心, 广东 广州 510515
    2中国中医科学院中药研究所, 青蒿素研究中心, 北京 100700

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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