Article(id=1308817826614444503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757347200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-09, revisedDate=1762358400000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976086524, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976086524, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976086524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976086524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=655, endPage=664, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817826853519832, articleId=1308817826614444503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Formation of Smilax glabra starch-fatty acid complexes and their application in Pickering emulsions, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural starch granules exhibit limited stability in Pickering emulsions due to their strong surface hydrophilicity. In this study, debranched Smilax glabra starch was used as a matrix to prepare starch-fatty acid complexes (SGS-LA, SGS-LOA, and SGS-SA) by complexation with lauric acid (LA), linoleic acid (LOA), and stearic acid (SA), respectively. Their physicochemical properties and emulsification performance were systematically evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that these complexes formed Ⅴ-type crystalline structure through non-covalent interactions. Among them, SGS-LA exhibited the highest complex index (46.07%), with an average particle size of 114.30 μm and a contact angle of 68.71°. In the Pickering emulsions system, SGS-LA demonstrated the best emulsifying performance. Under the conditions of 80% oil phase volume fraction and 2% particle concentration, the emulsion stabilized by SGS-LA had the smallest droplet size (approximately 10 μm) and the highest emulsification index (82.87%). Environmental stability evaluation further revealed that neutral pH and low ionic strength (0-25 mmol·L-1) were conducive to emulsion stability. This study demonstrates that short-chain fatty acids facilitate the formation of starch-fatty acid complexes with small particle size and good emulsification performance, while also highlighting the important influence of environmental conditions on emulsion stability. These findings provide new insights for developing sustainable natural emulsifiers.

, authors=Ling-ling WU1, 2, Ya-ya SU2, Yu-ye XUE2, Nan WANG2, *, Hai-long YUAN2, *, authorsList=Ling-ling WU, Ya-ya SU, Yu-ye XUE, Nan WANG, Hai-long YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Nan WANG, Hai-long YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817828166336997, articleId=1308817826614444503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=土茯苓淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成及在Pickering乳液中的应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

天然淀粉颗粒因表面亲水性强而在Pickering乳液中稳定性有限。本研究以脱支土茯苓淀粉为基质, 分别与月桂酸(lauric acid, LA)、亚油酸(linoleic acid, LOA)和硬脂酸(stearic acid, SA)复合制备淀粉-脂肪酸复合物(SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA), 系统评估其理化性质及乳液性能。扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线衍射分析表明, 这些复合物通过非共价作用形成Ⅴ型复合物, 其中SGS-LA的复合指数最高(46.07%), 平均粒径为114.30 μm, 接触角为68.71°。在Pickering乳液体系中, SGS-LA表现出最优的乳化性能, 在油相体积分数80%、颗粒浓度2%的条件下, 其稳定乳液粒径最小(约为10 μm), 乳化指数最高(82.87%)。环境稳定性评估进一步表明, pH = 7及低离子强度(0~25 mmol·L-1)有利于乳液保持稳定。本研究表明短链脂肪酸有利于形成粒径小、乳化性能良好的淀粉-脂肪酸复合物, 提高了Pickering乳液的稳定性, 为开发可持续的天然乳化剂提供了新思路。

, authors=武玲玲1, 2, 苏雅雅2, 薛玉叶2, 王楠2, *, 袁海龙2, *, authorsList=武玲玲, 苏雅雅, 薛玉叶, 王楠, 袁海龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王楠, 袁海龙, authorNote=

作者贡献:

武玲玲负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 苏雅雅、薛玉叶负责实验研究; 王楠负责对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 袁海龙负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王楠, Tel: 18811385728, E-mail:
袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
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SampleCI/%RDS/%SDS/%RS/%
SGS-LA46.07 ± 0.1827.39 ± 0.0322.50 ± 0.0450.11 ± 0.07
SGS-SA35.89 ± 0.82*17.84 ± 0.13*19.65 ± 0.52*62.52 ± 0.59*
SGS-LOA33.15 ± 0.98*#14.44 ± 0.13*#28.61 ± 0.07*#56.95 ± 0.06*#
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Complex index (CI), rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), resistant starch (RS) of SGS-LA, SGS-LOA, SGS-SA. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs SGS-LA; #P < 0.05 vs SGS-SA

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SampleCI/%RDS/%SDS/%RS/%
SGS-LA46.07 ± 0.1827.39 ± 0.0322.50 ± 0.0450.11 ± 0.07
SGS-SA35.89 ± 0.82*17.84 ± 0.13*19.65 ± 0.52*62.52 ± 0.59*
SGS-LOA33.15 ± 0.98*#14.44 ± 0.13*#28.61 ± 0.07*#56.95 ± 0.06*#
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SampleParticle size/μm
D[3,2]D[4,3]Dx(10)Dx(50)Dx(90)
SGS19.50 ± 0.1735.53 ± 0.2919.8 ± 0.1030.60 ± 0.1048.43 ± 0.21
SGS-LA23.70 ± 0.26*116.70 ± 0.58*12.57 ± 0.25*114.30 ± 0.58*222.00 ± 1.00*
SGS-LOA52.90 ± 0.10*135.00 ± 0.15*42.10 ± 0.27*131.70 ± 0.58*228.00 ± 1.00*
SGS-SA76.30 ± 0.20*209.00 ± 1.73*106.30 ± 0.58*202.30 ± 1.53*333.00 ± 3.61*
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Particle size of SGS, SGS-LA, SGS-LOA, SGS-SA. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05 vs SGS. D[3,2]: Surface area-weighted mean diameter; D[4,3]: Volume-weighted mean diameter; Dx(10): Diameter at 10% cumulative volume; Dx(50): Median diameter; Dx(90): Diameter at 90% cumulative volume

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SampleParticle size/μm
D[3,2]D[4,3]Dx(10)Dx(50)Dx(90)
SGS19.50 ± 0.1735.53 ± 0.2919.8 ± 0.1030.60 ± 0.1048.43 ± 0.21
SGS-LA23.70 ± 0.26*116.70 ± 0.58*12.57 ± 0.25*114.30 ± 0.58*222.00 ± 1.00*
SGS-LOA52.90 ± 0.10*135.00 ± 0.15*42.10 ± 0.27*131.70 ± 0.58*228.00 ± 1.00*
SGS-SA76.30 ± 0.20*209.00 ± 1.73*106.30 ± 0.58*202.30 ± 1.53*333.00 ± 3.61*
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土茯苓淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成及在Pickering乳液中的应用
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武玲玲 1, 2 , 苏雅雅 2 , 薛玉叶 2 , 王楠 2, * , 袁海龙 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 655-664
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 655 -664
土茯苓淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成及在Pickering乳液中的应用
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武玲玲1, 2, 苏雅雅2, 薛玉叶2, 王楠2, * , 袁海龙2, *
作者信息
  • 1西北大学生命科学学院, 陕西 西安 710069
  • 2中国人民解放军空军军医大学, 空军特色医学中心药学部, 北京 100142
通讯作者:
王楠, Tel: 18811385728, E-mail:
袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

武玲玲负责实验研究、分析数据和文章撰写; 苏雅雅、薛玉叶负责实验研究; 王楠负责对文章的知识性内容进行审阅; 袁海龙负责思路指导和对文章的知识性内容进行审阅并提供研究经费。

Formation of Smilax glabra starch-fatty acid complexes and their application in Pickering emulsions
Ling-ling WU1, 2, Ya-ya SU2, Yu-ye XUE2, Nan WANG2, * , Hai-long YUAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi′an 710069, China
  • 2Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1070
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天然淀粉颗粒因表面亲水性强而在Pickering乳液中稳定性有限。本研究以脱支土茯苓淀粉为基质, 分别与月桂酸(lauric acid, LA)、亚油酸(linoleic acid, LOA)和硬脂酸(stearic acid, SA)复合制备淀粉-脂肪酸复合物(SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA), 系统评估其理化性质及乳液性能。扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱及X射线衍射分析表明, 这些复合物通过非共价作用形成Ⅴ型复合物, 其中SGS-LA的复合指数最高(46.07%), 平均粒径为114.30 μm, 接触角为68.71°。在Pickering乳液体系中, SGS-LA表现出最优的乳化性能, 在油相体积分数80%、颗粒浓度2%的条件下, 其稳定乳液粒径最小(约为10 μm), 乳化指数最高(82.87%)。环境稳定性评估进一步表明, pH = 7及低离子强度(0~25 mmol·L-1)有利于乳液保持稳定。本研究表明短链脂肪酸有利于形成粒径小、乳化性能良好的淀粉-脂肪酸复合物, 提高了Pickering乳液的稳定性, 为开发可持续的天然乳化剂提供了新思路。

土茯苓淀粉  /  淀粉-脂肪酸复合物  /  月桂酸  /  Ⅴ型晶体结构  /  Pickering乳液

Natural starch granules exhibit limited stability in Pickering emulsions due to their strong surface hydrophilicity. In this study, debranched Smilax glabra starch was used as a matrix to prepare starch-fatty acid complexes (SGS-LA, SGS-LOA, and SGS-SA) by complexation with lauric acid (LA), linoleic acid (LOA), and stearic acid (SA), respectively. Their physicochemical properties and emulsification performance were systematically evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that these complexes formed Ⅴ-type crystalline structure through non-covalent interactions. Among them, SGS-LA exhibited the highest complex index (46.07%), with an average particle size of 114.30 μm and a contact angle of 68.71°. In the Pickering emulsions system, SGS-LA demonstrated the best emulsifying performance. Under the conditions of 80% oil phase volume fraction and 2% particle concentration, the emulsion stabilized by SGS-LA had the smallest droplet size (approximately 10 μm) and the highest emulsification index (82.87%). Environmental stability evaluation further revealed that neutral pH and low ionic strength (0-25 mmol·L-1) were conducive to emulsion stability. This study demonstrates that short-chain fatty acids facilitate the formation of starch-fatty acid complexes with small particle size and good emulsification performance, while also highlighting the important influence of environmental conditions on emulsion stability. These findings provide new insights for developing sustainable natural emulsifiers.

Smilax glabra starch  /  starch-fatty acid complexe  /  lauric acid  /  Ⅴ-type crystalline structure  /  Pickering emulsion
武玲玲, 苏雅雅, 薛玉叶, 王楠, 袁海龙. 土茯苓淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成及在Pickering乳液中的应用. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 655 -664 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1070
Ling-ling WU, Ya-ya SU, Yu-ye XUE, Nan WANG, Hai-long YUAN. Formation of Smilax glabra starch-fatty acid complexes and their application in Pickering emulsions[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 655 -664 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1070
Pickering乳液是一类由固体或胶体颗粒稳定的乳液, 颗粒取代传统表面活性剂作为乳化剂。固体颗粒能不可逆地吸附在界面上, 形成致密的机械屏障, 从而显著提升乳液稳定性, 在医药、食品加工、营养递送等领域得到广泛应用[1]。淀粉作为一种可再生的天然高分子化合物, 因其来源广泛、生物相容性好等优点, 成为制备Pickering乳液的理想材料[2]。然而天然淀粉分子富含羟基, 亲水性强, 对Pickering乳液的稳定能力有限, 因此通过改性提高淀粉的乳化能力成为当前的研究热点。
淀粉改性方法包括化学改性、酶改性和物理改性。其中化学改性效果显著, 但涉及有害化学试剂, 可能导致安全问题和环境废物的产生, 因此安全性更高、环境友好的物理改性与酶法改性受到广泛关注。淀粉与脂肪酸的复合是一种高效的物理改性方法, 其原理是通过特定处理使淀粉转变为单螺旋空腔结构, 脂肪酸的疏水长链嵌入空腔内, 形成Ⅴ型复合物[3]。Zhou等[4]采用机械活化法制备了大米淀粉-脂肪酸复合物, 该复合物具有良好的乳化性能。Ramos-Villacob等[5]的研究也表明, 木薯淀粉-脂肪酸复合物能有效提高Pickering乳液的稳定性。然而大多数淀粉支链含量较高, 难以与脂肪酸复合[6]。有研究发现淀粉在酶法预处理后与脂肪酸复合可产生显著协同效应: 酶解脱支可特异性切断支链淀粉的α-1,6糖苷键, 释放大量直链分子, 为脂肪酸提供更多结合位点, 形成更多淀粉-脂肪酸复合物[7]。Yan等[8]发现, 对油莎豆淀粉进行酶解脱支预处理可显著提高其与棕榈酸的复合效率, 并增强其对Pickering乳液的稳定作用。Jia等[9]则将玉米淀粉酶解脱支后与癸酸复合, 成功构建了高内相Pickering乳液。综上所述, 酶解脱支与脂肪酸复合的双重改性在提升淀粉乳化性能方面展现出显著优势。
已有研究表明, 淀粉-脂肪酸复合物在稳定Pickering乳液方面展现出良好应用潜力。此外, 不同植物来源淀粉的分子结构差异会影响其与脂肪酸的复合效率, 其中脂肪酸主要与淀粉中的直链淀粉形成Ⅴ型复合物, 而支链淀粉中大量的短枝限制了复合物的形成[10]。因此, 淀粉中的直链淀粉含量对淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成至关重要。然而, 现有研究多集中于玉米、大米等传统作物淀粉, 而这类淀粉的直链淀粉含量相对较低[11]。土茯苓(Smilax glabra Roxb.)为百合科植物光叶菝葜的根茎, 是一种药食两用植物[12]。本团队前期研究发现, 其淀粉含量丰富, 且直链淀粉比例较高(约21%)[13], 直链淀粉含量较高的土茯苓淀粉(Smilax glabra starch, SGS)有望成为制备淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的理想原料。然而, 关于土茯苓淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的形成规律及其在Pickering乳液中的应用研究仍十分有限, 有待进一步系统探讨。
本研究旨在以SGS为原料, 普鲁兰酶解脱支后与不同链长脂肪酸复合制备淀粉-脂肪酸复合物, 系统研究其理化性质。随后, 以该复合物为乳化剂制备Pickering乳液, 评估油相体积分数、颗粒浓度、水相pH及离子强度对乳液稳定性的影响。本研究为非传统淀粉资源的功能开发及其在Pickering乳液体系中的应用提供了理论支持。
药品与试剂  新鲜土茯苓(Smilax glabra Roxb., 产自广西壮族自治区玉林市陆川县沙坡镇); 普鲁兰酶(C16091727, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); 淀粉葡萄糖苷酶(K2329270, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); α-淀粉酶(0000365078, 美国Sigma公司); 月桂酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸(RH273590、RH576490、RH545394, 上海易恩化学技术有限公司); 葡萄糖氧化酶过氧化物酶(GOPOD)测定试剂盒(240314-02, 上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司); 葵花籽油(食品级, 秦皇岛腾蓝商贸有限公司)。
仪器  数显恒温磁力搅拌水浴锅(SHJ-6, 中国巩义市予华仪器有限责任公司); 扫描电子显微镜(Gemini 300, 德国Zeiss公司); 光谱仪(Nicolet-iS20, 美国Thermo Science公司); X射线衍射仪(Ultima Ⅳ, 日本Rigaku公司); 台式高速冷冻离心机(TGL-2050M, 湖南沪康离心机有限公司); 激光粒度分析仪(Mastersizer 3000, 英国Malvern Panalytical公司); 接触角测量仪(JY-82C, 承德鼎盛试验机检测设备有限公司); 均质机(FSH-2A, 景飞科技有限公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(Primovert, 蔡司科技苏州有限公司)。
土茯苓淀粉的提取  新鲜的土茯苓切成小块, 加入去离子水并研磨, 纱布过滤后过100目筛收集滤液, 静置12 h使淀粉颗粒沉淀, 弃去上清; 然后加入去离子水多次清洗至水无明显颜色, 弃去上清, 收集沉淀, 40 ℃干燥, 研磨, 过100目筛, 密封保存。
淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的制备  淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的制备按照Zhou等[14]的方法制备。5%的淀粉浆液100 ℃水浴加热搅拌1 h, 冷却至55 ℃后向混合物中加入普鲁兰酶(40 ASPU·g-1淀粉), 进一步孵育24 h, 使支链淀粉脱支。将10%的月桂酸(LA)、亚油酸(LOA)和硬脂酸(SA) (基于淀粉干重, w/w)溶于无水乙醇, 分别添加到淀粉浆液中, 80 ℃水浴加热搅拌24 h, 冷却至室温后将样品离心, 用50%乙醇溶液和去离子水各洗涤3次, 40 ℃干燥, 研磨, 过100目筛, 密封保存。复合物分别命名为SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA。
扫描电子显微镜  通过扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)观察样品的微观结构。将干燥淀粉样品固定在导电黏合剂上, 通过溅射涂覆仪器在10 mA下喷金处理45 s, 在3 kV加速电压下观察样品的颗粒形貌[15]。
傅里叶变换红外光谱  将1 mg样品和100 mg溴化钾粉末充分研磨后, 装入压片模具中压成薄片, 使用Nicolet™ iS20光谱仪对淀粉样品扫描32次, 记录400~4 000 cm-1范围内的傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared, FTIR), 分辨率为4 cm-1 [16]。
X射线衍射  使用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)仪测定样品的结晶结构。以2°·min-1的速率扫描淀粉样品, 设置测定条件为电压40 kV、电流40 mA、衍射角范围5~40°, 并根据公式(1)计算样品的相对结晶度(relative crystallinity, RC)[17]:
$ \mathrm{RC}(\%)=A_{\mathrm{c}} /\left(A_{\mathrm{c}}+A_{\mathrm{a}}\right) \times 100 $
其中, Ac为结晶区域的面积, Aa为非结晶区域的面积。
复合指数的测定  复合指数按照Li等[18]的方法测定。称取100 mg样品置于15 mL离心管中, 加入1 mL无水乙醇和9 mL 1 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液, 100 ℃水浴加热搅拌15 min, 将混合物冷却至室温后转移到100 mL量瓶中, 去离子水定容。从上述碱分散溶液中移取5 mL至100 mL量瓶中, 加入1 mol·L-1乙酸溶液和碘液(1.3% I2和2.0%的KI的去离子水溶液)各1 mL, 去离子水定容, 充分混匀后静置15 min显色, 在620 nm处测定样品的吸光度(A)值, 并根据公式(2)计算复合指数(complex index, CI):
$ \mathrm{CI}(\%)=\left(A_{\text {reference }}-A_{\text {sample }}\right) / A_{\text {reference }} \times 100 $
其中, Areference代表原淀粉的吸光度, Asample代表复合物的吸光度。
抗性淀粉含量测定  抗性淀粉含量的测定根据Englyst等[19]的方法测定。将200 mg样品置于50 mL离心管中, 加入15 mL的醋酸钠缓冲溶液(pH 5.2, 0.2 mol·L-1), 混匀后在样品中加入玻璃珠防止团聚。淀粉悬浮液在37 ℃水浴恒温振荡器中平衡10 min, 然后向每个试管加入5 mL混合酶溶液, 继续在37 ℃水浴恒温振荡器(180 r·min-1)中进行水解。在特定的时间间隔(0、20和120 min)内, 吸取0.5 mL水解物并加入4.5 mL无水乙醇使酶失活。样品在4 000 ×g离心5 min, 用GOPOD试剂测定上清液中的葡萄糖含量, 快速消化淀粉(rapidly digestible starch, RDS)、慢速消化淀粉(slowly digestible starch, SDS)和抗性淀粉(resistant starch, RS)的含量根据公式(3) (4) (5)计算:
$ \operatorname{RDS}(\%)=\left(G_{20}-G_0\right) \times 0.9 / W $
$ \operatorname{SDS}(\%)=\left(G_{120}-G_{20}\right) \times 0.9 / W $
$\mathrm{RS}(\%)=100 \%-\mathrm{RDS} \%-\mathrm{SDS} \%$
其中, G0、G20和G120分别表示在0、20和120 min释放的葡萄糖的量, W是淀粉样品的重量。
粒径分布测定  称取样品并超声分散于去离子水中配制淀粉悬浮液, 室温下使用激光粒度分析仪测量其粒径, 设定水和淀粉的折射率分别为1.33和1.54[20]。
接触角测量  将样品压成薄片并放置在接触角测量平台上, 使用高精度注射器将5 μL去离子水滴加到压片表面, 平衡2 min后拍摄液滴的轮廓, 并测量其静态接触角[21]。
Pickering乳液的制备  分别称取200 mg的SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA样品, 分散于去离子水中配制成2% (w/v, 基于乳液的总体积)的淀粉分散液, 以8∶2的油水体积比在淀粉分散液中加入葵花籽油, 在室温下使用FSH-2A型均质机20 000 r·min-1剪切2 min制得乳液, 观察其表观形态、微观结构及24 h后的乳化指数, 选取乳化性能最优的淀粉颗粒用于后续研究。
Pickering乳液的稳定性分析  为了探究乳液的稳定性, 将各种浓度(1%~3%, w/v, 基于乳液的总体积)的SGS-LA样品分散于去离子水中, 按照一定的油相体积分数(50%~90%, v/v, 基于乳液的总体积)在淀粉分散液中加入葵花籽油, 在室温下使用均质机20 000 r·min-1剪切2 min制得乳液。为了研究pH值和离子强度对乳液的影响, 使用0.1 mol·L-1 NaOH和0.1 mol·L-1 HCl溶液将水相pH值调至5、6、7、8、9, 使用NaCl溶液将盐离子浓度调至0、25、50、75、100 mmol·L-1, 同时将颗粒浓度和油体积分数固定为2% (w/v)和80% (v/v)。Pickering乳液的贮藏稳定性通过乳化指数进行评价。将新鲜制备的乳液在室温下储存7天以评价稳定性, 在储存期间分别于第0、7天对乳液拍照, 并测量第1、3、5、7天乳液的总高度和乳化层高度, 计算乳化指数, 分析其贮藏稳定性。
Pickering乳液表观形态及微观结构  通过拍照的方式记录乳液的表观形态。吸取20 μL乳液滴至载玻片上, 观察乳液乳滴的粒径大小和结构。
Pickering乳液乳化指数  将新鲜制备的乳液置于样品瓶中, 室温下密封保存, 在特定时间下测量乳化层和总乳液的高度, 并根据公式(6)计算乳化指数(emulsification index, EI)[22]:
$ \mathrm{EI}(\%)=H_{\text {emulsions }} / H_{\text {total }} \times 100$
其中Hemulsions为乳化层的高度, Htotal为总乳液的高度。
统计学分析  使用Origin 2022和SPSS 23.0对数据进行处理。所有实验每组重复3次, 结果表示为x ± s表示, 组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)结合Tukey多重比较法, P < 0.05说明具有显著性差异。
淀粉样品的微观结构如图1A所示, SGS多为球形或多面体, 表面光滑且大小不一。复合改性的颗粒形貌发生显著变化, 呈现不规则的块状结构。其中SGS-LA表面相对平整, 仅可见细微纹理; 而SGS-SA和SGS-LOA表面粗糙, 伴有孔洞或凹陷。这可能是由于酶解脱支过程中普鲁兰酶作用于α-1,6-糖苷键, 产生了线性化的α-葡聚糖链[23], 而脱支淀粉与脂肪酸复合的过程中, 高温破坏了脱支淀粉的双螺旋结构, 使得脂肪酸与脱支淀粉相互作用, 形成了具有层状的晶体结构[24]。
图1B为淀粉样品的傅里叶变换红外光谱图。与SGS相比, 3种复合物在2 850和1 710 cm-1处均出现特征吸收峰, 这是由于淀粉单螺旋结构中脂肪酸-CH2/CH3基团的不对称伸缩振动和-C=O伸缩振动, 表明了脂肪酸进入了淀粉的螺旋腔中并形成淀粉-脂肪酸复合物[25, 26]。此外, 图谱中未出现新的吸收峰, 仅有吸收峰的强度和宽度有所变化, 说明复合过程未发生化学反应, 是通过非共价键形成的。Gu等[27]的研究也发现, 淀粉和脂肪酸复合后在2 850和1 710 cm-1处出现特征吸收峰。
淀粉样品的XRD分析结果如图1C所示。SGS呈现典型的B型结晶结构, 其特征衍射峰位于5.68°、15.08°、17.16°、22.14°和24.0°[28]。与SGS相比, 3种复合物的衍射图谱均在14.0°、20.0°附近出现了较弱的衍射峰, 这表明SGS与脂肪酸在复合过程中形成了Ⅴ型复合物[29]。相对结晶度的高低能够反映复合物内部分子链的排列是否规律, 其内部排列越整齐, 相对结晶度越高[25]。淀粉样品的相对结晶度如图1C所示, SGS的相对结晶度为49.61%, 随着脂肪酸的加入, SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA的相对结晶度显著降低, 这可能是由于制备过程中, 水分子与淀粉颗粒相互作用使得淀粉颗粒大量吸水溶解, 天然晶体结构发生不可逆的破坏[30]。随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加, 复合物的相对结晶度也增加[31]。
CI是衡量淀粉与脂肪酸复合程度的重要指标之一, 可通过碘与游离直链淀粉的结合能力评估淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的复合程度[32]。3种复合物的CI如表1所示, 随着脂肪酸中碳链长度的增加, 淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的复合能力显著降低, 这是因为脂肪酸碳链长度增加时, 其空间位阻增大且在水中的溶解度下降, 与淀粉的复合程度随之降低, 而分子质量小的短链脂肪酸则更容易与淀粉相互作用形成复合物[33]。
SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA的RDS、SDS、RS含量如表1所示。随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加, 复合物的RDS含量降低, RS含量显著上升, 其中SGS-SA抗消化性最强, 这可能与脂肪酸的疏水性有关。脂肪酸的疏水性随着链长的增加而逐渐增加, 当与淀粉复合时, 两个分子之间的相互作用增强, 在一定程度上增加了复合物的结构稳定性和抗消化性[34]。该结果与Hu等[35]的研究结果一致, 证实了脂肪酸碳链长度是影响淀粉-脂肪酸复合物消化特性的关键因素。
SGS、SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA的粒径分布如表2所示。SGS的平均粒径为30.60 μm。与SGS相比, SGS-LA、SGS-LOA、SGS-SA的粒径显著增加, 这可能是由于制备过程中, 更多的脂肪酸分子嵌入淀粉的螺旋空腔, 从而使形成的淀粉-脂肪酸复合物粒径增大[36]。随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加, 复合物的粒径也增加。
通过测量接触角来评估淀粉颗粒的两亲性, 接触角 > 90°表示疏水性, 接触角 < 90°表示亲水性, 接触角接近90°时样品具有良好的两亲性[37]。淀粉样品的接触角如图1D所示, SGS的接触角为34.86°, 具有很强的亲水性, 这是由于淀粉表面大量的羟基造成的[38]。相比于SGS, 3种复合物的接触角显著增加, 这表明复合改性后淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的疏水性增加。3种淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的接触角也有显著差异, 其中SGS-SA的接触角最大, 这可能是由于SA碳链最长, 其疏水性也相应增强[39]。
通过表观形态、微观结构和EI评价3种淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的乳化能力。如图2A所示, SGS-SA、SGS-LOA和SGS-LA所制备的乳液均呈乳白色, 未出现油相析出, 但以SGS-LOA为乳化剂的乳液在瓶底有少量颗粒沉积。乳液的微观结构如图2B所示, 以SGS-LA为乳化剂制备的乳液乳滴尺寸均匀、排列紧密, 而以SGS-SA、SGS-LOA为乳化剂的乳液乳滴排列较为稀疏且大小分布不均匀。EI是评价Pickering乳液稳定性的重要指标之一, 从图2C中可知, 贮藏24 h后, 以SGS-LA为乳化剂的乳液EI最高, 这可能是因为SGS-LA的粒径较小, 接触角接近90°, 在油/水界面处形成的屏障更为完全, 使得乳液稳定性较高[40]。因此, 后续实验选择SGS-LA作为乳化剂进行Pickering乳液的制备与研究。
油相体积分数(Φ)是影响Pickering乳液稳定性的重要因素, 适当的油水比例可以使颗粒乳化剂更好地覆盖在油水界面, 稳定乳液体系[41]。本研究在颗粒浓度不变的条件下, 制备了不同油相体积分数(Φ = 50%~90%)的Pickering乳液。如图3A所示, Φ = 50%~70%时乳液均质后立即发生相分离, 瓶底出现颗粒沉积, 这可能由于油相和水相之间存在密度差, 在重力的作用下使水相沉淀[42]; Φ = 80%和90%时乳液均质后未出现即时分层, 外观呈均匀乳白色。贮藏7天后, 所有乳液均出现分层, 其中Φ = 50%的乳液有大量的油析出, Φ = 60%和90%乳液有少量的油析出且瓶底均有淀粉颗粒的沉积。图3B表明, 随着Φ从50%增至70%, 乳滴尺寸逐渐减小; 当Φ = 80%时, 乳滴尺寸最小且分布最均匀; 当Φ增至90%时, 乳滴尺寸增大且分布不均匀。EI随时间变化曲线如图3C所示, 随着Φ增加, 乳液的EI增大, 稳定性提高[43]。贮藏7天后, 乳液EI均降低, 其中Φ = 80%的乳液EI最大。综上所述, Φ为80%的Pickering乳液具有较好的稳定性。
水-油界面的平衡不仅依赖于固体颗粒的润湿性, 也与颗粒的浓度密切相关[44]。本研究在油相体积分数为80%的条件下, 制备了不同颗粒浓度(C = 1%~3%)的Pickering乳液。如图4A所示, 所有乳液初始均未分层, 外观呈乳白色, 但C = 3%时瓶底出现颗粒沉积。贮藏7天后, C = 1%~1.5%的乳液均有少量的油析出, 这可能是由于低的颗粒浓度不足以在液滴表面形成致密且完整的颗粒吸附层; C = 2.5%~3%的乳液瓶底均含有少量的淀粉颗粒。乳液的微观结构如图4B所示, 当C = 1%~2%时, 乳液乳滴尺寸减小、分布更加均匀, C = 2%的乳液乳滴尺寸最小且大小分布均匀, Xu等[45]也发现随着颗粒浓度的增加, 乳液界面稳定性越好; C = 2.5%~3%时, 乳液乳滴尺寸变大且分布不均匀, 这可能与颗粒过度聚集导致的界面覆盖效率降低有关。乳液的EI随时间变化曲线如图4C所示, 随着储藏时间的增加, 乳液EI均有所降低, 其中C = 2%的乳液的EI最高。以上结果表明, 颗粒浓度对乳液的稳定性具有显著调控作用, 当颗粒浓度为2%时, Pickering乳液的稳定性良好。
水相pH值通过影响颗粒表面电荷、润湿性及相互作用, 进而影响Pickering乳液的稳定性[46]。本研究在颗粒浓度2%、油相体积分数80%的条件下, 制备了不同pH (5~9)的乳液。如图5A所示, 新鲜制备的乳液在均质后均未立即分层且呈现乳白色。贮藏7天后, 乳液均有不同程度的分层, 体系呈微黄色, 其中pH = 8~9的乳液均有少量的油析出且少量淀粉颗粒脱离界面, 这是由于水相pH值的改变导致了乳滴表面电荷及界面结构变化, 降低了乳液的稳定性[47]。图5B为乳液的微观结构, 当pH = 5~7时, 乳液乳滴尺寸逐渐减小, 数量增加, 在pH = 7时, 乳液乳滴尺寸最小且分布较均匀; 当pH = 8~9时, 乳液乳滴尺寸逐渐增大且分布不均匀。EI随时间变化曲线如图6C所示, 贮藏过程中所有乳液的EI均有所下降, pH = 6~7内乳液仍能保持较高EI, 其中pH = 7时乳液的EI最高。实验结果表明, 中性条件(pH = 7)有利于SGS-LA为乳化剂的Pickering乳液的稳定, 这是因为强酸和强碱环境会改变颗粒间的静电相互作用, 使颗粒表面电荷失衡, 影响颗粒在油水界面的吸附行为, 降低乳液的稳定性[48]。He等[49]的研究也发现pH会影响界面带电粒子之间的静电斥力, 从而影响乳液的稳定性。因此, 在实际应用中可控制pH提高Pickering乳液的稳定性。
盐离子浓度通过影响颗粒的表面电荷与静电斥力, 从而影响Pickering乳液的稳定性[43]。本研究在颗粒浓度为2%, 油相体积分数为80%的条件下, 制备了不同盐离子浓度(0~100 mmol·L-1)的Pickering乳液。图6A为乳液的表观形态, 新鲜制备的乳液在均质后均未立即分层且外观呈现乳白色。室温下贮藏7天后, 乳液均有不同程度的分层, 随着盐离子浓度的增加, 分层现象也逐渐增加, 50~100 mmol·L-1时出现少量析油及颗粒脱离界面现象, 表明高盐条件不利于乳液长期稳定。乳液的微观结构如图6B所示, 随着盐离子浓度的增加, 乳液乳滴尺寸逐渐增大, 分布不均; Hou等[50]的研究也发现随着盐离子浓度的增加, 乳液平均粒径增大, 这与本研究的结果一致。EI随时间变化曲线如图6C所示, 随着盐离子浓度的增加, 乳液的EI逐渐降低。未添加盐离子时(0 mmol·L-1), 乳液在贮藏期末仍保持最高EI (81.55%); 而当盐离子浓度为100 mmol·L-1时, EI显著下降至72.18%。实验结果显示, 低盐条件(0~25 mmol·L-1)有助于乳液体系的稳定性, 这是由于高浓度盐离子的加入会产生电荷屏蔽效应, 导致附着于油滴表面的淀粉颗粒间斥力减弱, 使乳液稳定性降低[51]。Wang[52]也发现盐离子浓度的加入会导致乳液稳定性下降。
本研究以SGS为原料, 通过酶解脱支后与脂肪酸复合的双重改性成功制备了淀粉-脂肪酸复合物。与SGS相比, 复合物的晶型由B型转变为Ⅴ型, 疏水性增强。比较不同链长脂肪酸复合物的乳化性能发现, SGS-LA表现最佳, 所形成的Pickering乳液具有更高稳定性。进一步研究表明, 在油相体积分数为80%、颗粒浓度为2%条件下, 乳液粒径最小、乳化指数最大; 中性和低盐离子环境亦有利于乳液稳定。综上, 本研究揭示了脂肪酸链长对复合物结构及乳液性能的调控规律, 为淀粉基Pickering乳液颗粒乳化剂的设计与优化提供了实验依据。

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2026年第61卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1070
  • 接收时间:2025-09-09
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-09
  • 修回日期:2025-11-06
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    1西北大学生命科学学院, 陕西 西安 710069
    2中国人民解放军空军军医大学, 空军特色医学中心药学部, 北京 100142

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王楠, Tel: 18811385728, E-mail:
袁海龙, Tel: 86-10-66928505, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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