Article(id=1320166607066870278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1320166565862027513, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1049, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681846633, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1789142400000, pubDateStr=2026-09-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681846633, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681846633, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681846633, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320166565862027513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='3490', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789142400000', pubDateStr='2026-09-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681836810, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792681836810, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3221, endPage=3231, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166607268196871, articleId=1320166607066870278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism-guided optimization and prospects of asthma animal models, columnId=1320166566939963642, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Mechanism and Translational Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine for the Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Asthma, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and driven by diverse mechanisms, including T2-high, T2-low, and non-immune pathways. In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), it is viewed as a syndrome of "root deficiency with branch excess", involving the dysfunction of the lung, spleen, and kidney. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating asthma mechanisms, screening therapeutic targets, and evaluating potential interventions, and their construction must closely align with disease pathogenesis. This study highlights a mechanism-guided approach to asthma animal modeling. It reviews models that reflect major immune phenotypes in modern medicine (T2-high, T2-low, and non-immune mechanisms)alongside TCM syndromes, including cold asthma, heat asthma, and kidney deficiency with phlegm retention. The construction principles, mechanistic links, and practical limitations of these models are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on optimizing models through a mechanism-oriented perspective and integrating Western and TCM frameworks. Such strategies are proposed to enhance the precision, translational value, and clinical relevance of asthma research using animal models.

, authors=Xin-ge WANG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG*, authorsList=Xin-ge WANG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yan-qiong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166608056726028, articleId=1320166607066870278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=机制引导下的哮喘动物模型优化与展望, columnId=1320166567116124412, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

哮喘是一种具有气道慢性炎症特征的异质性疾病, 其发病机制多样, 涵盖T2-high、T2-low及非免疫驱动等多种免疫与非免疫途径。在中医理论中, 哮喘病机属“本虚标实”, 与肺、脾、肾三脏功能失调密切相关。动物模型是探索哮喘机制、治疗靶点和评价干预策略的重要工具, 其构建质量直接关联研究的可靠性与转化价值。本文以“机制引导”为核心, 系统综述现代医学中不同免疫表型(T2-high、T2-low及非免疫机制) 及中医六类证候(寒哮、热哮、肾虚痰恋等) 对应的哮喘动物模型, 深入探讨其建模依据、机制关联及应用中存在的问题。进一步提出推动机制导向的模型优化与中西医融合建模策略, 以提升动物模型在哮喘精准研究和临床转化中的应用潜力。

, authors=王欣格, 张景媛, 林娜, 张彦琼*, authorsList=王欣格, 张景媛, 林娜, 张彦琼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张彦琼, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王欣格负责相关文献的收集、文章作图及综述的撰写;张景媛、林娜对综述的构思提出建议并进行修改和检查;张彦琼是综述框架的构思者及负责人,指导综述写作并对综述进行修改和检查。全体作者都阅读并同意终的文本。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张彦琼, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
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机制引导下的哮喘动物模型优化与展望
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王欣格 , 张景媛 , 林娜 , 张彦琼 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究 2026,61(9): 3221-3231
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药学学报 |专题报道: 儿童哮喘中医药防治的机制与转化研究 2026 , 61 (9) : 3221 -3231
机制引导下的哮喘动物模型优化与展望
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王欣格, 张景媛, 林娜, 张彦琼*
作者信息
  • 中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
通讯作者:
张彦琼, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王欣格负责相关文献的收集、文章作图及综述的撰写;张景媛、林娜对综述的构思提出建议并进行修改和检查;张彦琼是综述框架的构思者及负责人,指导综述写作并对综述进行修改和检查。全体作者都阅读并同意终的文本。

Mechanism-guided optimization and prospects of asthma animal models
Xin-ge WANG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2026-09-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1049
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哮喘是一种具有气道慢性炎症特征的异质性疾病, 其发病机制多样, 涵盖T2-high、T2-low及非免疫驱动等多种免疫与非免疫途径。在中医理论中, 哮喘病机属“本虚标实”, 与肺、脾、肾三脏功能失调密切相关。动物模型是探索哮喘机制、治疗靶点和评价干预策略的重要工具, 其构建质量直接关联研究的可靠性与转化价值。本文以“机制引导”为核心, 系统综述现代医学中不同免疫表型(T2-high、T2-low及非免疫机制) 及中医六类证候(寒哮、热哮、肾虚痰恋等) 对应的哮喘动物模型, 深入探讨其建模依据、机制关联及应用中存在的问题。进一步提出推动机制导向的模型优化与中西医融合建模策略, 以提升动物模型在哮喘精准研究和临床转化中的应用潜力。

哮喘  /  哮喘表型  /  发病机制  /  动物模型  /  中医证候  /  临床转化

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and driven by diverse mechanisms, including T2-high, T2-low, and non-immune pathways. In traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), it is viewed as a syndrome of "root deficiency with branch excess", involving the dysfunction of the lung, spleen, and kidney. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating asthma mechanisms, screening therapeutic targets, and evaluating potential interventions, and their construction must closely align with disease pathogenesis. This study highlights a mechanism-guided approach to asthma animal modeling. It reviews models that reflect major immune phenotypes in modern medicine (T2-high, T2-low, and non-immune mechanisms)alongside TCM syndromes, including cold asthma, heat asthma, and kidney deficiency with phlegm retention. The construction principles, mechanistic links, and practical limitations of these models are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on optimizing models through a mechanism-oriented perspective and integrating Western and TCM frameworks. Such strategies are proposed to enhance the precision, translational value, and clinical relevance of asthma research using animal models.

asthma  /  asthma phenotype  /  pathogenesis  /  animal model  /  traditional Chinese medicine syndrome  /  clinical translation
王欣格, 张景媛, 林娜, 张彦琼. 机制引导下的哮喘动物模型优化与展望. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3221 -3231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1049
Xin-ge WANG, Jing-yuan ZHANG, Na LIN, Yan-qiong ZHANG. Mechanism-guided optimization and prospects of asthma animal models[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (9) : 3221 -3231 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1049
哮喘是一种以慢性气道炎症和病理异质性为主要特征的常见呼吸系统疾病。其发病机制涉及多种免疫细胞[嗜酸性粒细胞、中性粒细胞、辅助型T细胞2 (T helper 2 cell, Th2)、Th17细胞等] 及其释放的细胞因子与介质的复杂协同作用[1, 2]。在先天性和适应性免疫系统共同参与, 并与气道上皮细胞相互作用下, 哮喘患者可出现支气管高反应性、黏液过度分泌、气道壁重塑和气道狭窄等一系列病理特征, 临床表现常为反复发作的喘息、气急、伴或不伴胸闷或咳嗽等症状[3]。
目前, 哮喘已成为全球常见的慢性非传染性疾病之一, 据估计影响约3.34亿人[4], 且在发展中国家的患病率呈持续上升趋势[5]。随着研究深入, 哮喘已被证实具有高度异质性, 可划分为多种临床与分子表型, 如以Th2免疫应答为主的T2-high炎症表型和涉及Th1/ Th17反应的中性粒细胞浸润型(T2-low) 等。这种机制多样性不仅体现了哮喘的复杂病理本质, 也为实现精准诊断和治疗带来重大挑战。
在传统中医学理论体系中, 哮喘归属于“哮病”“喘证”等范畴, 其病机特点可概括为“本虚标实”, 病位主要责之于肺、脾、肾, 是三脏功能失调所致。中医强调内因(体质偏颇)、外因(外邪侵袭) 与痰饮内生之间的相互作用, 形成了一套基于整体观念与辨证论治的哮喘病理认识体系[6]。
尽管当前研究已建立多种哮喘动物模型用于表型模拟及机制探索, 然而现有模型在准确反映人体哮喘发病机制方面仍存在明显局限。动物模型作为探讨哮喘病理过程、筛选治疗靶点及评价干预策略的核心工具, 其构建策略与机制的相关性直接决定研究的可信度、结果可重复性及临床转化价值。本综述基于现代医学与传统医学双重视角, 系统梳理哮喘关键发病机制, 并全面评估各类动物模型与机制之间的关联性, 旨在提出模型优化策略, 为提升哮喘研究的科学性与应用潜力提供理论依据与实验基础。
哮喘异质性极高的特点, 使其发病机制复杂多样, 增加了对其病理过程全面认识的难度。现代医学主要从免疫炎症反应及气道结构重塑等方面阐释哮喘的发生发展机制; 而传统医学则基于整体观与脏腑辨证理论, 从机体功能失调的角度加以解释。二者虽立论体系不同, 但在“炎症发生−痰液生成−气道重塑”等关键环节上存在内在契合。本节旨在从现代医学与传统医学两个视角系统阐述哮喘的核心发病机制, 进而全面认识哮喘疾病的发生, 为后续哮喘动物模型的构建提供理论依据。
哮喘复杂的发病机制既涉及Th2细胞、2型固有淋巴细胞(group 2 innate lymphoid cell, ILC2)、Th17细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞等多种免疫细胞和结构细胞(气道上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞), 又与多重信号通路及炎症介质相关。随着哮喘分子表型与炎症机制研究的不断深入, 目前基于主导免疫通路的不同, 可将哮喘分为不同亚型。现代医学主要依据免疫应答特征将哮喘机制划分为T2型(以Th2细胞反应为主)、非T2型(涉及Th1/ Th17免疫反应) 和非免疫驱动型(气道结构改变、氧化应激等) 三大类。下文将系统阐述这三类机制的核心特征及其在哮喘发病中的作用(图 1)。
T2-high炎症是哮喘中研究较为深入的机制, 尤其多见于儿童哮喘及过敏性哮喘, 约占所有哮喘病例的50%[7]。该类型以气道嗜酸性粒细胞浸润、血清免疫球蛋白E (immunoglobulin E, IgE) 水平升高、上皮重塑和气道高反应性(airway hyper reactivity, AHR) 为主要特征[8], 主要由Th2细胞和ILC2介导。在哮喘早期, 气道上皮细胞通过感应环境中的变应原、病毒或污染颗粒, 释放胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素(thymic stromal lymphopoietin, TSLP)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-25和IL-33, 进一步激活树突状细胞(dendritic cell, DC), 促使初始T细胞向Th2分化并活化ILC2[9]。活化的Th2和ILC2分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13等关键细胞因子, 诱导气道嗜酸性粒细胞增多。其中, IL-4促进B细胞产生IgE, 继而激活肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞, 引发速发型超敏反应; IL-5是嗜酸性粒细胞的关键生存和成熟因子, 通过C-C基序趋化因子受体3和其他嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子引诱剂(如肥大细胞衍生的前列腺素D2) 介导其向气道迁移[5]; IL-13则显著增强AHR, 诱导黏液过度分泌、黏膜增生及胶原沉积, 从而推动气道重塑。上述机制共同诱发典型哮喘症状, 如喘息、咳嗽、胸闷、夜间气促、呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO) 升高[7, 10]。该类哮喘通常对吸入性糖皮质激素(inhaled corticosteroids, ICS) 治疗反应良好, 目前针对IL-4Rα、IL-5及IgE的生物制剂也已广泛应用于临床[11]。
约20%~30%的哮喘患者表现为T2-low表型, 通常不伴明显嗜酸性粒细胞增多或IgE升高, 常见于成人起病哮喘、肥胖相关哮喘、吸烟或职业暴露型哮喘及糖皮质激素抵抗型哮喘, 其病理特征以中性粒细胞性炎症、较低激素反应性和更显著的气道重塑为主[12]。该亚型主要由Th1细胞、Th17细胞及其分泌的细胞因子[IL-17、IL-6、IL-8、干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ) 和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)] 驱动[12]。其中, Th17细胞及其分泌的IL-17A和IL-17F被认为是该亚型炎症反应的重要驱动因子[13], 通过激活气道上皮细胞、成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞, 诱导其分泌趋化因子C-X-C基序配体1 (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1, CXCL1)、CXCL8 (即IL-8), 强力招募和活化中性粒细胞[14]。作为肺部主要的中性粒细胞趋化因子, CXCL8显著促进中性粒细胞在气道中的聚集与滞留[15]。活化的中性粒细胞进一步释放弹性蛋白酶(elastase)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 和活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 直接损伤气道上皮屏障, 促进上皮细胞脱落和增强黏液分泌, 并促进AHR与气道重塑[16]。同时, Th1细胞及其分泌的IFN-γ亦参与上皮细胞凋亡与气道壁纤维化过程[17], 共同加剧疾病进展。
除免疫细胞主导的机制外, 哮喘还可由多种非免疫过程触发, 统称为非免疫主导机制。其核心在于结构细胞损伤、氧化应激、代谢异常及内质网压力等因素的作用。这类机制常见于长期环境暴露或处于慢性应激状态的人群。氧化应激是其中的核心环节, 环境刺激物可通过烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸氧化酶(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, NADPH oxidase) 及诱导线粒体功能紊乱, 引起ROS大量积累[18]。ROS不仅破坏气道上皮屏障完整性, 还通过激活NF-κB和MAPK信号通路, 增强炎症反应与平滑肌收缩性; 同时, ROS能诱导NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体活化, 释放IL-1β、IL-18等炎症因子, 形成炎症放大循环, 进而加剧AHR和气道重塑[19]。此外, 气道上皮细胞损伤后释放的“警报素”(alarmins, 包括IL-25、IL-33、TSLP) 虽是免疫启动因子, 但本质起源于结构细胞(上皮细胞) 而非传统免疫细胞。这些“警报素”在受到过敏原刺激后, 可激活ILC2、DC并增强Th2免疫, 体现了气道结构性异常在哮喘发病中的起始作用[20, 21]。
传统医学基于整体观念与辨证论治原则, 对哮喘病机形成了系统而深入的认识。在中医理论体系中, 哮喘主要归属于“哮病”与“喘证”范畴, 其典型临床症状包括喉中哮鸣有声、呼吸气促困难等。早在《黄帝内经》、《素问·阴阳别论》中即有对哮喘相关病机的记载, 认为本病多由内虚外感所致, 病机涉及肺、脾、肾三脏功能失调及阴阳失衡等多重因素。中医认为, 肺为气之主宰, 司呼吸, 若肺失宣降, 则气机壅塞, 气逆上冲; 脾为生痰之源, 运化失职则湿聚成痰; 肾主纳气, 为呼吸根本, 肾虚则气不归元, 易致呼吸困难[22]。此外, 肝的疏泄功能也与哮喘发病相关, 情志不舒、肝气郁结可横逆犯肺, 引动伏痰, 诱发哮喘; 肝火亢盛或肝肾阴虚也可影响肺的肃降功能, 导致虚实夹杂的复杂证候。在临床辨证方面, 中医将哮喘分为发作期与缓解期。发作期以邪实为主, 常见风寒束肺、痰热壅肺、痰湿阻肺等证型, 治宜祛邪化痰、宣肺平喘; 缓解期则以正虚为要, 多表现为肺脾气虚、肺肾阴虚或肾阳虚衰等, 治疗侧重健脾益肺、补肾固本[23]。辨证时需强调个体差异, 综合考量表里、寒热、虚实及患者体质因素, 实行个体化的动态辨治。
随着中西医结合研究的深入, 一些学者尝试将中医证候与现代医学的病理机制相对照。如“痰瘀阻肺”证候与气道重塑中的黏液高分泌、平滑肌增生及胶原沉积等表现具有较高吻合度, 显示传统病机理论与现代免疫炎症机制间存在内在联系。这不仅为中医辨证提供了分子生物学依据, 也深化了对哮喘异质性的理解。总体而言, 中医对哮喘病机的认识具有系统性和整体性, 其以脏腑辨证为核心、兼顾体质与环境的诊疗思维, 在现代哮喘研究中仍显示出重要的理论价值与应用潜力。融合传统病机理论与现代发病机制, 有望促进哮喘诊疗向精准化、个体化方向发展。
鉴于哮喘疾病异质性的特点及其发病机制的复杂性和多样性, 构建能准确模拟不同病理特征的动物模型, 对于揭示发病机制、筛选治疗靶点及开发精准治疗策略具有至关重要的作用。此外, 近年来, 基于中医辨证论治原则建立的证候动物模型, 为在整体观念下研究哮喘的体质与病机特点提供了新视角, 也促进了中西医结合研究的深入发展。基于上述机制分类, 本节将从现代医学和传统医学两个维度, 系统评价各类动物模型的构建策略及其在模拟特定免疫表型或中医证候方面的关联性与局限性。
基于上述对现代医学视角下哮喘免疫及非免疫机制的认识, 这一机制分类不仅深化了对哮喘疾病谱的认识, 也为动物模型的建立提供了理论依据。目前常见的哮喘动物模型包括模拟过敏性哮喘(T2-high)、中性粒细胞性哮喘(T2-low)、肥胖相关哮喘及职业性哮喘等不同类型, 其建模策略均紧紧围绕各自的核心免疫或病理特征展开。
过敏性动物模型旨在模拟T2-high机制。过敏性哮喘是哮喘中最常见的表型, 主要由尘螨、花粉、卵清蛋白等环境过敏原致敏诱发[24], 以Th2细胞和ILC2介导的T2-high炎症反应为主导。Th2相关细胞因子IL-4、IL-5、IL-13促进IgE生成、嗜酸性粒细胞聚集、黏液过度分泌及AHR[25]。在机制上, 免疫应答往往始于过敏原特异性Th2细胞的活化和分化, 并由过敏原触发。在初始致敏阶段, 机体接触变应原后, 抗原递呈细胞(DC) 将抗原信息呈递给初始T细胞, 使其向Th2型分化, 进而形成一系列级联反应; Th2细胞分泌IL-4、IL-5和IL-13等细胞因子, 诱导B细胞产生IgE并激活肥大细胞, 同时促进嗜酸性粒细胞募集和激活, 引发气道黏膜炎症反应[13]。IL-13还通过上调黏蛋白分泌(MUC5AC) 及增强气道平滑肌收缩, 导致AHR和重塑[26]。此外, ILC2作为先天免疫细胞, 可在无T细胞参与的情况下对IL-25、IL-33、TSLP等上皮源性细胞因子迅速响应, 独立启动2型炎症过程, 活化的ILC2可诱导嗜酸性粒细胞增多和AHR[27, 28]。
过敏性哮喘动物模型构建时, 如利用卵清蛋白(ovalbumin, OVA) 联合氢氧化铝佐剂或屋尘螨(house dust mite, HDM) 提取物气道激发等方法, 不仅表现出AHR显著, 气道中性粒细胞增多, 黏液分泌过多及阻塞性肺功能障碍, 释放炎性介质, 造成严重的气道炎症等病理特征, 且再现了T2-high炎症反应的关键机制过程。OVA涉及Th2细胞因子分泌、嗜酸性粒细胞募集、AHR和气道重塑等哮喘发病机制, 同时氢氧化铝的联合使用增加了IgE水平及Th2免疫应答, 能够稳定复现2型炎症级联反应[29, 30]; 相比之下, HDM诱导会触发气道上皮细胞上的模式识别受体, 导致趋化因子和细胞因子分泌, 从而对气道上皮造成损害, 更接近自然暴露状态[31]。过敏性哮喘动物模型的成功构建, 明确了T2-high炎症机制与过敏性哮喘的紧密联系, 同时为靶向Th2通路的药物研发提供了关键平台。
中性粒细胞哮喘模型旨在模拟T2-low机制。与过敏性哮喘相比, 中性粒细胞哮喘是一种机制更为复杂且治疗更具挑战性的T2-low型, 以中性粒细胞主导的气道炎症、固定气道阻塞为特征。其病理特征包括支气管黏膜中性粒细胞大量浸润、气道黏液栓形成、上皮屏障破坏及气道重塑等[32]。该类型主要由Th1细胞和Th17细胞驱动[33], 涉及IFN-γ、TNF-α以及IL-8、IL-17A、IL-17F和IL-22等细胞因子[34, 35]通过诱导上皮细胞、成纤维细胞等释放CXCL1、CXCL8 (即人IL-8) 等趋化因子, 促进中性粒细胞迁移至气道[36, 37]。活化的中性粒细胞产生氧化爆发, 释放多种蛋白酶、细胞因子、趋化因子和活性氧, 导致气道上皮细胞损伤、炎症和高反应性[38]。在呼吸道感染和过敏性炎症期间, 中性粒细胞可释放细胞外陷阱和细胞质体损害上皮细胞, 导致进一步的气道炎症[32]。此外, 巨噬细胞来源的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α在哮喘发病过程中形成以IL-17/IL-1β/CXCL轴为主的炎症网络[39], IL-17通过促进肺巨噬细胞向M1极化, 增强中性粒细胞导向炎症, 成为中性粒细胞哮喘的潜在靶点之一[40]。
基于此机制特征, 目前多种造模方法被用于模拟中性粒细胞主导的T2-low型哮喘, 典型的方法包括OVA联合弗氏完全佐剂(complete Freund's adjuvant, CFA)。在该方法中, CFA能强效诱导CD4+ T细胞向Th1/Th17细胞分化[41], 重现慢性刺激下的细胞免疫反应; OVA和脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱发的模型中, LPS高效诱导细胞因子合成与释放, 激发炎症反应, 加重AHR, 同时也可诱导中性粒细胞、嗜酸性粒细胞的募集, 从而加重哮喘, 因此LPS常被用于复制中性粒细胞哮喘动物模型[42]; 此外, OVA联合香烟烟雾暴露及OVA联合衣原体感染均能诱导哮喘模型, 并表现出AHR、黏液细胞增生[43]、肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, BALF) 和肺组织中中性粒细胞大量增加等典型的病理特征[44], 提示成功构建中性粒细胞哮喘动物模型, 此动物模型构建方法的多样性又进一步反映了其机制的复杂性, 熟悉发病机制相关的哮喘模型构建将有利于开发出更直接有效的治疗手段。
肥胖相关哮喘动物模型旨在模拟脂质代谢与炎症复合机制。肥胖相关哮喘通常表现为T2-low表型, 其机制涉及代谢紊乱、低度全身炎症及免疫调节异常[45]。ILC3、Th17细胞、M1巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞与肥胖相关哮喘相关[46], 肥大的白色脂肪组织被视为一种低度慢性炎症源, 通过分泌多种细胞因子(IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素等) 促进免疫反应, 尤其是诱导Th17细胞分化, 并激活巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞, 从而加剧气道炎症水平[47]。此外, 肥胖又可通过Th1/Th17细胞增强非Th2炎症反应, 进一步提升IL-17A/F的表达, 促进中性粒细胞募集与AHR的形成[48]。与此相关, 肥胖引起的肺容积减少、膈肌活动受限等呼吸力学改变, 也可加重气道阻塞并导致呼吸症状加剧[49, 50]。
在建立肥胖相关哮喘模型时, 常采用给予高脂饲料饲养12周建立肥胖模型, 再给予OVA与氢氧化铝混悬液或HDM[51]致敏。通过这种方法, 模型动物通常会出现体重增长、呼吸功能异常、细支气管黏膜增生和胶原蛋白沉积等特点, 进一步使支气管管腔缩小和黏膜挤压增高, 从而诱发或加重哮喘。通过高脂饮食联合气道致敏(OVA或HDM) 的方式构建模型, 使得IL-6、TNF-α、瘦素水平升高, BALF与肺组织中中性粒细胞及M1型巨噬细胞浸润明显, 同时Th17细胞比例上升、IL-17A分泌增强、AHR增强等, 表现出经典的T2-low机制。此外, 肥胖诱导ILC3水平升高, ILC3可介导AHR的发展, 且伴有代谢指标异常及NLRP3炎症小体激活, 较好地模拟了代谢−免疫交叉对话机制[52]。这种基于高脂饮食与气道致敏的肥胖相关哮喘模型, 不仅展示了肥胖与免疫反应交织的复杂性, 还为进一步研究代谢−免疫交互作用在哮喘发生中的关键角色提供了重要的实验平台。
职业性哮喘动物模型旨在模拟T2-low与非免疫机制。职业性哮喘(成人) 因职业环境暴露于过敏原或刺激物引起, 占成人发作哮喘的5%~20%[53], 这一疾病经常被忽视。但其早期诊断至关重要, 因为持续的接触可能导致持续性疾病。根据发病机制, 职业性哮喘可分为免疫介导型和非免疫介导型。前者通常由高分子量或低分子量致敏原诱发, 具有潜伏期和免疫变态反应特点; 而后者则通常因高浓度刺激性气体或颗粒物一次性暴露所致, 无需致敏期[54, 55]。免疫介导型职业性哮喘往往表现为Th2型或Th1/Th17主导的T2-low炎症表型, 尤其在低分子量致敏原诱发的情况下, 常见的特征包括中性粒细胞浸润、慢性气道重塑及糖皮质激素耐药性[14, 55]。非免疫介导型职业性哮喘, 通常由氯气、氨气、烟雾、粉尘等一次高剂量暴露导致[56], 机制主要涉及气道上皮损伤、氧化应激、神经源性炎症反应及固有免疫活化, 这一过程并不依赖于免疫致敏, 不伴有免疫致敏期。
甲苯二异氰酸酯(toluene diisocyanate, TDI) 是常用的动物模型诱导剂, 可通过引发炎症反应来模拟职业性哮喘, 其诱导的炎症以中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞浸润为特征, 与人类TDI哮喘的表现一致[57]。在实验中, 常通过腹腔注射OVA和皮下注射TDI来建立职业性哮喘动物模型, 该模型可同时诱导Th2型和Th1/Th17型免疫反应, 在BALF中发现中性粒细胞与嗜酸性粒细胞共同浸润, 同时IL-4、TNF-α、IFN-γ等炎症因子水平升高[58], 并伴AHR、结构重塑和IgE增高, 该模型具有较高的临床相似性, 较好反映了职业性哮喘的临床特征, 并为研究相关机制提供了有价值的实验模型。
中医证候动物模型是在中医学整体观念和辨证论治理论指导下, 通过模拟人体疾病的某些病机与临床表现, 在动物体中复现出类似证候及病理变化的实验工具。中医认为哮喘病机以“本虚标实”为核心, 病位主要涉及肺、脾、肾三脏, 病性常表现为寒、热、痰、虚、瘀等要素相互交织[6]。目前研究较为集中的哮喘中医证候主要包括寒哮、热哮、肾虚痰恋证、肺脾气虚证、肾阳虚证及阴虚证六类。将中医证候与现代医学免疫炎症机制相关联, 有助于在分子层面揭示中医证候的生物学基础, 为中药复方的作用机制、证候客观化诊断提供实验依据, 在保持中医理论独立性的同时, 提升中医证候模型的可重复性、可验证性和临床预测价值, 也为病证结合动物模型的优化提供了新思路(图 2)。
寒哮多因外感寒邪, 伏痰失于表散, 肺失宣降所致, 常表现为喉间哮鸣, 咳嗽气喘, 痰液清稀多泡沫, 鼻塞声重, 流清涕, 恶寒无汗, 形寒肢冷, 面色淡白, 口淡不渴, 或喜热饮, 舌质淡红, 舌苔薄白或白滑, 脉浮紧, 指纹浮红。造模常采用OVA致敏激发复制单纯哮喘模型后再加以寒冷刺激。模型动物体征出现呼吸急促, 喘息, 腹部收缩明显, 情绪低落, 反应变慢, 喜扎堆, 进食量降低, 出现皮毛枯槁或脱落现象, 耳、唇颜色欠红润甚变为淡白, 体温下降, 精神欠佳; 小鼠肺组织和支气管黏膜下层出现炎症浸润, 指标监测中观察肺泡灌洗液中有白色泡沫痰, 白细胞计数增多, 嗜酸性粒细胞百分比升高。现代医学机制的研究表明, 寒冷刺激能通过激活气道上皮细胞和神经末梢上的TRPM8 (冰感受体), 激活NF-κB通路, 进一步导致炎症因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β表达增加, 同时诱导黏液过度分泌、AHR增强和气道重塑[59, 60], 该过程与T2-high型哮喘的上皮炎症机制具有高度契合性。
热哮是指内积痰热, 熏灼肺胃, 引动宿痰, 由肺热炽盛, 痰壅气升而致, 风热犯肺证、痰热壅肺证、肝火犯肺证都归属于其范畴。主要表现为气促胸高, 喉中哮鸣, 张口抬肩, 不能平卧, 痰色黄而胶黏浓稠, 呛咳不利, 发热, 头痛, 有汗, 胸闷, 烦躁不安, 面赤, 口渴喜饮, 大便秘结, 舌红, 苔黄腻或滑, 脉滑数为常见症的哮病证候。热证哮喘模型的建立主要通过灌胃热性药物或食肥甘厚腻之物。研究者多采用OVA致敏联合LPS滴鼻建立热哮模型[61], 第1、8日腹腔注射OVA致敏液, 双侧鼻孔鼻滴LPS稀释液, 第15日起置于雾化箱以OVA雾化诱喘, 每次30 min, 每日1次, 连续7 d。热哮模型动物表现出发热、烦躁、汗多、口渴、点头、节律性收腹样喘促等现象。热哮证在现代医学病理表现为中性粒细胞局部募集浸润, 病理学检查以白细胞计数、中性粒细胞检测为评价指标[62]。该证候与Th1/Th2平衡失调、调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells, Treg)/Th17比例异常及IL-6等促炎因子升高密切相关, 体现了湿热病机在现代炎症网络中的重要作用[63]。
肾虚痰恋证又可称为肾虚痰瘀证; 肾者主水, 调节人体水液代谢, 如果肾气不足, 不能蒸化水液, 可导致水湿蕴积成为痰饮, 气虚自然痰多, 因此肾虚痰恋证与肾气虚有关。临床表现为喉间哮鸣时作难止, 动则喘甚, 咳嗽, 喉中痰鸣, 痰多质稀色白, 面色欠华, 畏寒肢冷, 神疲纳呆, 小便清长, 舌质淡, 苔薄白或白腻, 脉细弱或沉迟, 指纹淡滞。通过在安静的环境下对大鼠进行惊恐刺激(即播放猫叫声磁带、梅花针叩刺模拟猫抓鼠情景), 再将其置于水槽中(水深50 cm、水温20 ℃) 负重游泳直至力竭, 以大鼠鼻尖没入水面10 s为度, 每日1次, 历时14 d构建肾气虚哮喘动物模型, 动物模型出现呼吸频促, 口唇发绀, 纳食减少, 体重增幅不显或反降, 毛枯色黯, 或伴烦躁不安, 搔抓耳鼻, 嗜睡蜷卧, 活动迟缓等体征特点[64]; 且病理表现为促炎因子IL-6、IL-17增加, 抗炎因子IL-35、IL-10下降, 伴有明显AHR及气道重塑, 提示该证候与Th17介导的免疫炎症紊乱相关[65]。
肺脾气虚证哮喘是由于风寒湿邪袭表, 脏腑功能失调, 脾失运化, 津液聚而生湿化为痰饮, 久而化热, 湿热郁于肺则痰鸣气喘[66]。临床表现为气短自汗, 倦怠乏力, 恶风, 反复感冒, 神疲懒言, 形瘦纳差, 面白少华或萎黄, 便溏, 舌质淡胖, 舌苔薄白, 脉细软, 指纹淡。实验[67]将大鼠置于密闭造模箱内熏香烟, 用番泻叶浸液灌胃, 并用抗原液于大鼠腹腔注射致敏, 雾化吸入OVA及PBS缓冲液激发哮喘, 复制肺脾气虚证哮喘模型, 大鼠出现少动、毛发无光泽、喘促、便质稀水样、四肢瘫软等表现[68], 其指标评价体现在BALF中IL-4含量升高、IFN-γ含量降低, 免疫学通常用IFN-γ和IL-4作为Th1和Th2的代表性细胞因子, 这些现象反映了肺脾气虚证哮喘与Th2炎症偏倚相关。
肾阳虚微则肾无化气之根, 摄纳无权, 气不归元, 阴阳不相接续, 气逆于肺而致喘。临床表现为气息短促, 动则为甚。腰酸腿软, 脑转耳鸣, 不耐劳累, 下肢欠温, 小便清长, 舌淡, 脉沉细。Ji等[69]使用切除双侧肾上腺和注射氢化可的松两种方法建立肾阳虚大鼠模型, 再利用OVA致敏激发哮喘, 结果显示两组模型大鼠均出现拱背、蜷缩、脱毛、爪甲颜色变浅、食少、便溏、多尿、体重减轻、肛温降低、自主活动次数减少等一系列机能衰减的症状体征。在病理上[70], 模型动物的气道出现大量的炎性细胞浸润, 支气管黏膜增厚, 管腔痉挛狭窄, 肺组织存在不同程度的气道炎症改变, 肺泡上皮细胞被破坏, 肺泡灌洗液中IL-4、IL-5、IL-13水平均升高, IFN-γ表达下降, 表现出与Th1/Th2免疫失衡相关的哮喘发病机制, 且肾阳虚所致的痰瘀互结与哮喘的气道重塑机制相关[71]。
阴虚证哮喘为机体外感风邪, 致气机不利, 气道挛急, 呼吸不畅, 而发呛咳。久咳耗伤津气, 肺脏阴津亏损, 引起虚热内扰, 则宣发失司, 引动体内伏痰, 痰气互结壅塞气道, 主症为刺激性干咳、夜晚加重、痰少黏白、口干咽燥, 次症为面唇俱红, 手足心热, 神疲形瘦, 口渴欲饮, 潮热盗汗, 舌质红苔薄白, 脉弦细。通过卵清白蛋白加甲状腺素复制阴虚哮喘模型。小鼠出现抓鼻、挠痒及哮喘发作症状等哮喘行为学指标; 支气管壁炎性细胞浸润程度明显, 模型组小鼠的炎性细胞总数、嗜酸粒细胞及中性粒细胞显著增加, 血清IL-17A、TNF-α及BALF中IL-17A显著升高; 与Th17细胞优势免疫应答有关。且血清及BALF中IL-4、IL-13的水平升高, 与Th2细胞免疫应答有关。阴虚哮喘组小鼠BALF中IFN- γ/IL-4及转化生长因子- β(transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)/IL-17的比值显著降低, 出现明显的Th1/Th2及Th17/Treg功能失调[72, 73]。
哮喘作为一种具有高度异质性的慢性气道疾病, 其发病机制涵盖多种免疫及非免疫途径, 如以T2-high炎症为主的过敏性哮喘、以T2-low为主的中性粒细胞性哮喘及肥胖相关哮喘等混合表型。尽管动物模型已成为研究哮喘机制与干预策略的重要工具, 现有模型在模拟疾病异质性、机制专属性及临床可转化性方面仍存在明显局限, 严重制约了从基础研究向临床应用的转化进程。
目前广泛应用的传统哮喘动物模型多采用OVA或HDM诱导方式, 主要模拟T2-high型炎症表型, 表现为Th2细胞因子(IL-4、IL-5、IL-13) 升高、IgE水平上升和嗜酸性粒细胞浸润。虽然这些模型在评估抗过敏和抗炎药物中具有重要价值, 却难以涵盖T2-low或非免疫机制主导的哮喘亚型, 如中性粒细胞哮喘、职业性哮喘中的氧化应激与上皮损伤机制[74]。如线粒体ROS可通过激活NLRP3炎症小体促进IL-1β分泌, 加剧气道炎症与高反应性, 然而当前多数OVA/LPS混合哮喘模型并未对该通路进行系统验证与评价, 限制了其在非Th2表型研究中的应用[18]。
在中性粒细胞哮喘中, Th17细胞及其产物IL-17A/F参与中性粒细胞募集、糖皮质激素耐受性增强和气道重塑。然而, 目前构建该哮喘模型的方法仍依赖OVA联合LPS、CFA或香烟烟雾等佐剂刺激, 这些诱导方式在诱导Th17/IL-17炎症的特异性和重复性上存在较大差异, 且常伴随Th2因子的混合表达, 表型不稳定, 导致机制判定模糊, 缺乏一定的标准化[75]。此外, 在哮喘中医证候模型中, 脾阳虚证哮喘模型尚未得到统一, 相关文献表明目前在数据库中并未找到脾阳虚证哮喘模型的明确记载。研究者在实验中以饮食劳倦、苦寒泻下作为理论指导并结合哮喘造模方法构建的脾阳虚证哮喘模型存活率低、稳定性不足, 虽能部分模拟哮喘病理, 但尚未形成统一、成熟的建模规范[76]。
现代医学已明确, 哮喘的发病机制依赖于复杂的细胞因子网络调控。如IL-6作为中性粒细胞活化关键因子, 可通过激活巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞等多种免疫细胞, 驱动气道炎症级联反应; TNF-α主要由活化的淋巴细胞及巨噬细胞分泌, 是机体炎症反应的核心启动因子, 能诱导前列腺素、白三烯等炎性介质大量释放, 共同参与哮喘的病理进程。从中医理论视角分析, 上述IL-6、TNF-α等细胞因子介导的炎症反应, 与外寒内热证哮喘的“寒邪束表、热邪壅肺”病机高度契合, 其介导的气道黏膜损伤、黏膜水肿及气道高反应性, 正是外寒内热证哮喘患者咳嗽、喘息、胸闷等临床特征的重要病理基础[77]。基于2000~2020年支气管哮喘中医证候相关现代文献的系统分析结果, 外寒内热证在临床报道中的出现频次超过10次, 提示该证型是哮喘临床常见证候之一。然而, 当前研究中仍缺乏与IL-6、TNF-α等核心炎症机制精准匹配的外寒内热证哮喘动物模型: 一方面, 该模型缺口导致无法通过动物实验深入解析外寒内热证哮喘“寒−热−炎”病理关联的分子机制(寒邪是否通过调控TNF-α启动炎症、热邪是否通过增强IL-6活性加重炎症); 另一方面, 也使针对该证型的靶向治疗策略(调节特定细胞因子以平衡“寒”“热”病机) 研发缺乏可靠的实验载体, 最终制约了临床对外寒内热证哮喘的精准化、全面化治疗。此外, 中医哮喘基础研究还存在研究路径与模型特征不匹配的问题: 当前研究多以临床验证有效的中药复方为切入点, 采用与临床“病−证−方”对应逻辑相反的“方−证−模型−机制”研究路径。此类复方往往具有多靶点、多途径的作用特点, 需针对哮喘证候的多病理要素发挥疗效, 如缓哮六安煎须同时干预哮喘缓解期“气虚失摄、痰浊阻肺、瘀血内停”三种核心病理因素; 但现有哮喘病证结合动物模型通常仅模拟单一病理要素(单纯气道炎症、单纯气道高反应), 难以完整复现临床证候的“多要素协同存在”特征[78]。以临床常见的气虚痰阻证哮喘为例, 目前尚无能同时模拟“肺脾气虚”与“痰浊阻肺”双重病理特征的动物模型, 导致中药复方针对该证型的作用机制研究无法精准关联“气虚−痰阻”病机与现代生物学指标, 进一步加剧了中医证候模型与现代机制研究的脱节。
为提高哮喘动物模型的机制相关性和转化价值, 需从模型构建策略、评价体系标准化及中西医融合建模三个层面进行系统优化: ①完善机制导向的模型验证体系: 应在模型构建中引入如ROS诱导剂等特定激发手段, 并系统检测NLRP3炎症小体、IL-1β等关键分子表达, 除常规炎症和肺功能指标外, 还需整合纳入氧化应激(MDA、SOD)、上皮屏障完整性、“警报素”(IL‑33、TSLP) 表达及非T2免疫途径等多维度指标, 全面提升模型的机制覆盖范围和病理完整性; ②提升中性粒细胞哮喘模型的表型一致性: 针对中性粒细胞哮喘模型个体差异大、表型不稳定的问题, 应在建模后系统评估气道及全身中性粒细胞浸润比例, 并定量检测IL-17A/F等Th17特征性细胞因子水平, 以确保模型具有明确且稳定的Th17免疫应答主导特性, 为研究激素抵抗型哮喘及靶向治疗提供可靠工具; ③推动病证结合的中医复合动物模型构建: 对于当前缺少复合中医证候哮喘动物模型的现状, 应重视病证结合的动物模型的系统构建。如可针对气虚痰阻证哮喘设计既体现气虚状态又具有气道炎症特征的模型, 通过叠加多层干预手段, 如适度的能量代谢抑制模拟“气虚”, 同时增强黏液分泌模拟“痰阻”“瘀滞”, 以形成多病理要素共存的复合哮喘动物模型, 从整体上再现证候的协同性特征, 用于验证益气化痰类方药的作用规律。总体而言, 未来哮喘动物模型的优化应在尊重中医病机规律的基础上, 融入可量化的病理指标与实验控制条件, 构建既符合中医辩证思维又具现代免疫学可验证的研究体系, 以推动病证结合模型在防治机制研究与新药研发中的应用价值。
哮喘是一种病因复杂、表型多样、机制高度异质的慢性气道疾病, 本文从现代医学与中医理论两大视角系统综述了哮喘的主要发病机制, 并据此分类总结当前常用的动物模型构建方法。在现代医学框架内, 围绕T2-high型、T2-low型、非免疫机制主导型(氧化应激及结构损伤) 等不同发病途径, 已建立多种模拟特定表型的动物模型; 在传统医学方面, 则依据“本虚标实”“肺脾肾相关”等病机理论, 构建了多个证候动物模型, 如寒哮、热哮、肾虚痰恋证等。本文还重点探讨了这些模型与对应发病机制之间的关联, 强调“模型−机制”匹配程度对于基础研究向临床转化的重要影响。
然而, 当前哮喘动物模型仍存在明显局限。多数模型依赖于OVA或HDM诱导, 以模拟T2-high炎症反应为主, 而对T2-low炎症、中性粒细胞主导型哮喘及非免疫机制相关模型的研究仍较为薄弱, 难以全面体现哮喘的疾病异质性。在中医证候模型方面, 现有模型仍不能全面覆盖临床已有的中医证候哮喘, 如哮喘发作期的外寒内热证、迁延期的气虚痰恋证、缓解期的脾肾阳虚证、肺肾阴虚证。此外, 也缺乏将中医病机与现代免疫炎症指标进行系统关联的深入研究。
机制导向的模型构建策略, 旨在实现对疾病核心病机或关键证候的针对性模拟。这要求模型在设计之初明确其拟再现的核心病理环节, 并在后续评价中系统考察其内在机制与外在临床表型之间的关联, 以确保模型具备良好的结构效度。此外, 中医证候本身具有多要素、动态演变的特征, 其与现代免疫指标之间并非简单的一一映射关系, 而是多层次、网络化的病理对应。因此, 构建“病−证−机制”多重对应的模型, 有利于在中医整体观与精准医学之间建立桥梁。展望未来, 不仅应致力于构建机制高度特异、表型稳定且可重复的动物模型, 尤其须加强针对非Th2型哮喘(中性粒细胞性、肥胖相关性和职业性哮喘) 的模型开发; 同时, 中医证候模型仍需突破单一病机模拟的局限, 融合环境因素与复合病机, 实现“病−证−机制”多重对应。跨学科研究应更深入地将中医证候要素(寒、热、痰、瘀、虚) 与现代免疫指标(细胞亚群、炎症通路、氧化应激等) 相关联, 从而在整体观和精准医学双重指导下构建更具临床预测价值的动物模型。
综上所述, 机制导向的建模策略需进一步明确其内在生物学基础, 增强模型的转化价值。建立机制明确、证候清晰且与临床高度对应的哮喘动物模型, 不仅是揭示疾病复杂性的关键基础, 更是实现转化医学研究和中西医融合诊治的重要桥梁。通过持续优化模型构建策略与验证体系, 有望推动哮喘研究向精准化、个体化和国际化方向发展。

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2026年第61卷第9期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1049
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-09-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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    中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700

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张彦琼, Tel: 15810293065,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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