Article(id=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-1012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=1758902400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976072545, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976072545, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976072545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976072545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=504, endPage=514, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817768162615523, articleId=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The anti-biofilm activity of a novel maleimide derivative against
Candida albicans, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic pathogen in clinical fungal infections, and its invasive pathogenic mechanisms and drug resistance are closely associated with biofilm formation. Therefore, research on biofilm inhibitors holds significant importance. This study found that N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide (abbreviated as IMB-D7) can inhibit the formation of C. albicans biofilms and has a certain clearance effect on mature biofilms. IMB-D7 significantly reduces the adhesion capacity and hydrophobicity of C. albicans cells, inhibits the yeast-hyphae phase transition and hyphae formation, and affects the content of key components of the cell wall. IMB-D7 significantly downregulates the expression of genes associated with adhesion, hyphal formation, and cell wall component synthesis. Additionally, IMB-D7 exhibits low cytotoxicity toward human oral epithelial cells. Therefore, further research on IMB-D7 holds promise for the discovery of novel antifungal active lead compounds.
, authors=Dan-dan WANG
1, Wen-jing SHI
2, Juan-juan LIU
1, Bing-chen LI
2, Xue-ning JING
1, *, Yan LI
2, *, authorsList=Dan-dan WANG, Wen-jing SHI, Juan-juan LIU, Bing-chen LI, Xue-ning JING, Yan LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-ning JING, Yan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817769597067506, articleId=1308817767982260450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=新型马来酰亚胺衍生物对白念珠菌的抗生物被膜活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
白念珠菌是临床真菌感染中最常见的条件致病真菌, 其侵袭性致病机制和耐药性与生物被膜的形成密切相关, 因此生物被膜抑制剂的研究具有重要的意义。本研究发现N-(2,4-二甲基苯基)马来酰亚胺(简称IMB-D7) 能够抑制白念珠菌生物被膜的形成, 并对成熟的生物被膜具有一定的清除作用。机制研究发现, IMB-D7显著降低白念珠菌细胞的黏附能力和疏水性、抑制酵母-菌丝相的转换和菌丝的形成, 影响细胞壁成分的含量; IMB-D7能够显著下调与黏附、菌丝形成和细胞壁成分合成相关基因的表达。此外, IMB-D7对人口腔上皮细胞表现出低细胞毒性。因此, 对IMB-D7的深入研究, 有望发现新型抗真菌活性先导分子。
, authors=王丹丹
1, 时文静
2, 刘娟娟
1, 李冰晨
2, 荆雪宁
1, *, 李妍
2, *, authorsList=王丹丹, 时文静, 刘娟娟, 李冰晨, 荆雪宁, 李妍, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=荆雪宁, 李妍, authorNote=
作者贡献:
王丹丹进行了实验研究及数据收集; 时文静和李冰晨参与筛选IMB-D7并培养了HOEC; 刘娟娟参与数据分析; 李妍和荆雪宁进行技术指导并修改论文, 所有作者都阅读并认可终稿。
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Candida albicans dimorphism as a therapeutic target [J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2012, 10: 85-93., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308817769819365619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308817769827754228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, companyId=1308817769819365619, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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2中国医学科学院北京协和医学院, 医药生物技术研究所, 抗感染新药研发关键技术及应用北京市重点实验室, 北京 100050)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308817774433100065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4xOVnC4heSTcI/d0URyY6A==, figureFileBig=2AxxQc/fBf+6RcDnhmyGBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817774500208930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Structure of N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl) maleimide (IMB-D7), figureFileSmall=4xOVnC4heSTcI/d0URyY6A==, figureFileBig=2AxxQc/fBf+6RcDnhmyGBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776236650787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dtNpwzfG1vt+KE4lryjHWA==, figureFileBig=6rIjVFc9FPgNR0fKFEXs/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776303759652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Detection of the cytotoxicity of IMB-D7 on human oral epithelial cells (HOEC). n = 3, x ± s, figureFileSmall=dtNpwzfG1vt+KE4lryjHWA==, figureFileBig=6rIjVFc9FPgNR0fKFEXs/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776391840037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qjTnRXt+L/4hU4hk5uSuTg==, figureFileBig=0bXT5kmoK6oDXpvIlbJdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776479920422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Effect of IMB-D7 on C. albicans biofilm. C. albicans biofilms were treated with IMB-D7 or 0.1% DMSO for 12, 24, and 48 h. Biofilms cultured 24 h were treated with IMB-D7 for an additional 24 h, and the formation of C. albicans biofilms was quantitatively evaluated and visualizaed using crystalline violet staining or XTT reduction method. A: Inhition of IMB-D7 on biofilm formation; B: Inhition of IMB-D7 on biofilm formation with crystalline violet staining. Scale bar was 50 µm; C: IMB-D7 disrupted the mature biofilm; D: Disruption of mature biofilm by IMB-D7 using crystalline violet staining. Scale bar was 50 µm. n = 3, x ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs control. XTT: 2, 3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide, figureFileSmall=qjTnRXt+L/4hU4hk5uSuTg==, figureFileBig=0bXT5kmoK6oDXpvIlbJdHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776547029287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EIhkUzSL+K6C79MT6I5SXQ==, figureFileBig=R4uaQWY4XltgSLO+unukKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776626721064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=
IMB-D7 decreased the adhesion and hydrophobicity of C. albicans. A: IMB-D7 inhibited the adhesion of C. albicans cells on 96-well cell culture plate. IMB-D7 and C.albicans were simultaneously added to a 96-well cell culture plate and incubated together for 2 h. The biomass adhered to the wells was detected by crystal violet staining; B: IMB-D7 inhibited the adhesion of C. albicans cells on HOEC. IMB-D7 treated C.albicans for 12 h was co-incubated with HOEC for 1 h, and then the number of cells adhered was counted and the relative adhesion rate was calculated; C: IMB-D7 reduced the hydrophobicity of C. albicans biofilms. Cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) was assessed using the water-hydrocarbon two-phase method. n = 3, x ± s. ***P < 0.001 vs control, figureFileSmall=EIhkUzSL+K6C79MT6I5SXQ==, figureFileBig=R4uaQWY4XltgSLO+unukKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776702218537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0W0+LQTWecC1GvbXmcKRtA==, figureFileBig=BLOysWD1TV0DvNlvcrqjDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776777716010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=
IMB-D7 inhibited the formation of hyphae in biofilm of C. albicans. A: IMB-D7 inhibited the transition of yeast to hyphal phase. C. albicans biofilms treated with various concentrations of IMB-D7 or control (0.1% DMSO) were observed at 3, 6, and 9 h using a light microscope. Magnification 40×, scale bar was 5 µm; B: IMB-D7 inhibited hyphal formation in C. albicans colonies. C. albicans was cultured on YEPD solid medium containing IMB-D7 (2-8 μg·mL-1) or control (0.1% DMSO) for 7 days at 35 ℃, and the morphology of hyphal of the colonies were observed using a light microscope with magnification 10×, scale bar was 30 µm; C: SEM images of C. albicans biofilms treated with IMB-D7. The biofilms were treated with IMB-D7 (1-4 μg·mL-1) or DMSO (0.1%) for 24 h, and then examined using SEM. Scale bars were 4 µm (2 000×) or 2 µm (5 000×), figureFileSmall=0W0+LQTWecC1GvbXmcKRtA==, figureFileBig=BLOysWD1TV0DvNlvcrqjDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776840630571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ykEnJ24jA+bAe20MvmI45A==, figureFileBig=pg5ttPn/3ZoU/JPorG9a5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817776937099564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=
IMB-D7 influenced the components of cell wall. The biofilm exposed to various concentrations of IMB-D7 or DMSO (0.1%) for 24 h and stained with aniline, calcofluor white (CFW) or ConA-Alexa 594. A: Biofilms stained with aniline blue solution; B: Biofilms stained with CFW. Yellow arrows highlight the cell wall surroundings, while white arrows indicate the septa; C: Biofilms stained with ConA-Alexa 594. Magnification 100×, scale bar is 10 µm, figureFileSmall=ykEnJ24jA+bAe20MvmI45A==, figureFileBig=pg5ttPn/3ZoU/JPorG9a5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777016791341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=O5TKqe+cTUqR/vVV6l5Wrw==, figureFileBig=6i/adEG0H5SPHO0nOqdt8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777104871726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Changes of gene expression in biofilm cells treated with IMB-D7. C. albicans was treated with IMB-D7 (4 μg·mL-1) or 0.1% DMSO for 12 h and the expression of target genes was detected with qRT-PCR. n = 3, x ± s, figureFileSmall=O5TKqe+cTUqR/vVV6l5Wrw==, figureFileBig=6i/adEG0H5SPHO0nOqdt8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308817777159397679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer | Reverse primer |
| 18S rRNA | CGATGGAAGTTTGAGGCAATA | CTCTCGGCCAAGGCTTATACT |
| bcr1 | CTTCAGCAGCTTCATTAACACCTA | TCTTGGATCAGGTGTACTTTTCAA |
| ndt80 | CTGGCGAACTGAGAGTTCCA | AGGTAGATTGGTGGTGGGA |
| tec1 | TGAGCAACAACAACAACAACCAC | CTGGGTTGTTGTCATAGTGGCC |
| brg1 | ACGATCAACCATTAGTGGAGG | GAAGAAGTAGGTGTAGATGATCCAC |
| rob1 | CTGGATTCATCTCTTGGTTCACC | TGTTGTTGGTTAAGGTGGACGTG |
| efg1 | TATGCCCCAGCAAACAACTG | TTGTTGTCCTGCTGTCTGTC |
| als1 | TGTTACTGGTGGAGCTGTTG | TGTGTTGGTTGAAGGTGAGG |
| als3 | TAATGCTGCTACGTATAATT | CCTGAAATTGACATGTAGCA |
| ras1 | CCCAACTATTGAGGATTCTTATCGTAAA | TCTCATGGCCAGATATTCTTCTTG |
| hwp1 | TGGTGCTATTACTATTCCGG | CAATAATAGCAGCACCGAAG |
| ece1 | CCAGAAATTGTTGCTCGTGTTGCCA | TCCAGGACGCCATCAAAAACGTTAG |
| cyr1 | GTTTCCCCCACCACTCA | TTGCGGTAATGACACAACAG |
| wsc1 | TGGTGGTGACTCCAAAGGTG | AGCTTGATGAAGCACTCCCC |
| wsc2 | ACCACTCAACCTCGAACCAC | AATGCTGTTCCTGCCACTGA |
| fks1 | CAGCTTGGTCTGCTGATCCT | CCTGAGCTGGTGACATACGG |
| big1 | TTATTCGTCCTACTAGCAT | CATATTTGTCACCGAAGTAA |
| cht2 | GCACCAAATACGTCACCATTG | GAAGGCAAAGGCAGCCAATAA |
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777234895152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Primers used for real-time PCR; 18S rRNA: 18S ribosomal-RNA; bcr1: Biofilm and cell wall regulator; ndt80: Meiosis-specific transcription factor; tec1: TEA/ATTS transcription factor; brg1: Biofilm regulator; rob1: Regulator of biofilm; efg1: Enhanced filamentous growth 1; als1: Agglutinin-like sequence 1; als3: Agglutinin-like sequence 3; ras1: Ras family GTPase 1; hwp1: Hyphal wall protein 1; ece1: Extent of cell elongation 1; cyr1: Adenylate cyclase 1; wsc1: Putative cell wall integrity and stress response component 1; wsc2: Putative cell wall integrity and stress response component 2; fks1: 1, 3-Beta-D-glucan synthase 1; big1: N-Glycosylated integral membrane protein 1; cht2: Chitinase 2
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Forward primer | Reverse primer |
| 18S rRNA | CGATGGAAGTTTGAGGCAATA | CTCTCGGCCAAGGCTTATACT |
| bcr1 | CTTCAGCAGCTTCATTAACACCTA | TCTTGGATCAGGTGTACTTTTCAA |
| ndt80 | CTGGCGAACTGAGAGTTCCA | AGGTAGATTGGTGGTGGGA |
| tec1 | TGAGCAACAACAACAACAACCAC | CTGGGTTGTTGTCATAGTGGCC |
| brg1 | ACGATCAACCATTAGTGGAGG | GAAGAAGTAGGTGTAGATGATCCAC |
| rob1 | CTGGATTCATCTCTTGGTTCACC | TGTTGTTGGTTAAGGTGGACGTG |
| efg1 | TATGCCCCAGCAAACAACTG | TTGTTGTCCTGCTGTCTGTC |
| als1 | TGTTACTGGTGGAGCTGTTG | TGTGTTGGTTGAAGGTGAGG |
| als3 | TAATGCTGCTACGTATAATT | CCTGAAATTGACATGTAGCA |
| ras1 | CCCAACTATTGAGGATTCTTATCGTAAA | TCTCATGGCCAGATATTCTTCTTG |
| hwp1 | TGGTGCTATTACTATTCCGG | CAATAATAGCAGCACCGAAG |
| ece1 | CCAGAAATTGTTGCTCGTGTTGCCA | TCCAGGACGCCATCAAAAACGTTAG |
| cyr1 | GTTTCCCCCACCACTCA | TTGCGGTAATGACACAACAG |
| wsc1 | TGGTGGTGACTCCAAAGGTG | AGCTTGATGAAGCACTCCCC |
| wsc2 | ACCACTCAACCTCGAACCAC | AATGCTGTTCCTGCCACTGA |
| fks1 | CAGCTTGGTCTGCTGATCCT | CCTGAGCTGGTGACATACGG |
| big1 | TTATTCGTCCTACTAGCAT | CATATTTGTCACCGAAGTAA |
| cht2 | GCACCAAATACGTCACCATTG | GAAGGCAAAGGCAGCCAATAA |
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777297809713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Mean | SEM | Gene-encoded product and function |
| bcr1 | 0.49 | 0.14 | Bcr1; transcription factor; regulates a/alpha biofilm formation; confers adherence |
| ndt80 | 0.33 | 0.03 | Ndt80; meiosis-specific transcription factor; required for wild-type drug resistance and for spider biofilm formation |
| tec1 | 0.19 | 0.03 | Tec1; TEA/ATTS transcription factor; hyphal gene regulation; regulates BCR1 |
| brg1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | Brg1; transcription factor; recruits Hda1 to hypha-specific promoters; Tn mutation affects filamentation |
| rob1 | 0.45 | 0.06 | Rob1; Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6 transcription factor; impacts filamentation, biofilms, and commensalism |
| efg1 | 0.06 | 0.02 | Efg1; BHLH transcription factor; hyphal growth, cell-wall gene regulation; roles in adhesion, virulence |
| als1 | 0.27 | 0.08 | Als1; cell-surface adhesin |
| als3 | 0.60 | 0.17 | Als3; cell wall adhesin; epithelial adhesion |
| ras1 | 0.48 | 0.07 | Ras1; RAS signal transduction GTPase; regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; role in hyphal induction, virulence, apoptosis |
| hwp1 | 0.43 | 0.04 | Hwp1; hyphal cell wall protein; hypha-specific |
| ece1 | 0.20 | 0.03 | Ece1; candidalysin, cytolytic peptide toxin essential for mucosal infection; hypha-specific |
| cyr1 | 0.54 | 0.17 | Cyr1; class Ⅲ adenylyl cyclase; involved in regulation of filamentation, phenotypic switching and mating |
| wsc1 | 0.03 | 0.01 | Wsc1; putative cell wall component; transcript upregulated in cyr1 mutant (yeast or hyphae) |
| wsc2 | 0.27 | 0.05 | Wsc2; putative cell wall integrity and stress response protein; mRNA binds She3 |
| fks1 | 0.52 | 0.12 | Fks1; essential beta-1, 3-glucan synthase subunit; mRNA abundance declines after yeast-to-hypha transition; spider biofilm induced |
| big1 | 0.85 | 0.20 | Big1; endoplasmic reticulum protein; required for beta-1, 6-glucan synthesis, filamentation, adhesion, and virulence |
| cht2 | 0.51 | 0.15 | Cht2; GPI-linked chitinase; required for normal filamentous growth |
), ArticleFig(id=1308817777373307186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817767982260450, language=CN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Relative change of target gene in IMB-D7-treated C. albicans biofilm compared to the control
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Gene | Mean | SEM | Gene-encoded product and function |
| bcr1 | 0.49 | 0.14 | Bcr1; transcription factor; regulates a/alpha biofilm formation; confers adherence |
| ndt80 | 0.33 | 0.03 | Ndt80; meiosis-specific transcription factor; required for wild-type drug resistance and for spider biofilm formation |
| tec1 | 0.19 | 0.03 | Tec1; TEA/ATTS transcription factor; hyphal gene regulation; regulates BCR1 |
| brg1 | 0.02 | 0.01 | Brg1; transcription factor; recruits Hda1 to hypha-specific promoters; Tn mutation affects filamentation |
| rob1 | 0.45 | 0.06 | Rob1; Zn(Ⅱ)2Cys6 transcription factor; impacts filamentation, biofilms, and commensalism |
| efg1 | 0.06 | 0.02 | Efg1; BHLH transcription factor; hyphal growth, cell-wall gene regulation; roles in adhesion, virulence |
| als1 | 0.27 | 0.08 | Als1; cell-surface adhesin |
| als3 | 0.60 | 0.17 | Als3; cell wall adhesin; epithelial adhesion |
| ras1 | 0.48 | 0.07 | Ras1; RAS signal transduction GTPase; regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; role in hyphal induction, virulence, apoptosis |
| hwp1 | 0.43 | 0.04 | Hwp1; hyphal cell wall protein; hypha-specific |
| ece1 | 0.20 | 0.03 | Ece1; candidalysin, cytolytic peptide toxin essential for mucosal infection; hypha-specific |
| cyr1 | 0.54 | 0.17 | Cyr1; class Ⅲ adenylyl cyclase; involved in regulation of filamentation, phenotypic switching and mating |
| wsc1 | 0.03 | 0.01 | Wsc1; putative cell wall component; transcript upregulated in cyr1 mutant (yeast or hyphae) |
| wsc2 | 0.27 | 0.05 | Wsc2; putative cell wall integrity and stress response protein; mRNA binds She3 |
| fks1 | 0.52 | 0.12 | Fks1; essential beta-1, 3-glucan synthase subunit; mRNA abundance declines after yeast-to-hypha transition; spider biofilm induced |
| big1 | 0.85 | 0.20 | Big1; endoplasmic reticulum protein; required for beta-1, 6-glucan synthesis, filamentation, adhesion, and virulence |
| cht2 | 0.51 | 0.15 | Cht2; GPI-linked chitinase; required for normal filamentous growth |
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