Article(id=1308468771367183067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0982, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=1761235200000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892865268, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1765468800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892865268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892865268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892865268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308468301072458736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='12', pageStart='3545', pageEnd='3798', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765468800000', pubDateStr='2025-12-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892753141, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893218933, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470254842175560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308468301072458736, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3775, endPage=3782, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308468771669172956, articleId=1308468771367183067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on P-glycoprotein-mediated intestinal absorption and in vivo pharmacokinetics of bioactive components in the Gegen-Zhimu herb pair, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of Zhimu extract on the absorption and pharmacokinetic process of puerarin, thus to elucidate the scientific connotation of the compatibility application of Gegen-Zhimu herb pair from the perspective of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) regulation, a rapid and sensitive quantification method for puerarin in biological samples was established based on HPLC-UV technology. Combined with the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model and pharmacokinetic experiments, with the classic P-gp inhibitor verapamil as control, the effects of Zhimu extract on the absorption and metabolism process of puerarin were investigated. The established HPLC method for puerarin in intestine perfusate and plasma samples met the requirements for quantitative analysis of biological samples. The Ka and Papp values of puerarin in the duodenal segment were significantly higher than those in the jejunal and ileal segments (P < 0.000 1). Co-administration with Zhimu extract or verapamil significantly increased the Ka and Papp values of puerarin in the duodenal segment (P < 0.000 1). Co-administration with high-dose Zhimu extract or verapamil significantly increased the Cmax of puerarin in rats to (1.017 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1 and (1.827 ± 0.87) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05), respectively, and AUC0-∞ also significantly increased (P < 0.05), reaching 1.37-fold and 2.25-fold that of the puerarin group, respectively. Puerarin is best absorbed in the duodenal segment; by inhibiting the efflux of P-gp, Zhimu extract can promote the absorption of puerarin in the duodenal segment, increase its plasma concentration, and effectively improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin, which suggests the mechanism underlying the compatibility of Gegen-Zhimu herb pair. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Naval Medical University (approval No.: NMUARE-21077).

, authors=Xin-yan WANG1, Cheng-yang NIE1, Liang CHAO1, 2, Hui WANG1, Jun WEN1, Zhan-ying HONG1, *, authorsList=Xin-yan WANG, Cheng-yang NIE, Liang CHAO, Hui WANG, Jun WEN, Zhan-ying HONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhan-ying HONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308468772398981859, articleId=1308468771367183067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=P-糖蛋白调控的葛根-知母药对活性成分在体肠吸收和体内药动学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

探究知母提取物对葛根素肠道吸收和药代动力学过程的影响, 以期从P-gp调控角度阐释葛根-知母药对配伍应用的科学内涵。基于HPLC-UV技术建立生物样本中葛根素定量分析方法, 采用大鼠单向肠灌流模型和药代动力学方法, 以经典P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米为对照, 考察知母提取物对葛根素体内吸收和代谢过程的影响。结果所建立的肠道灌流液和血浆样本中葛根素分析方法符合生物样品定量分析要求。葛根素在十二指肠的Ka、Papp值显著高于空肠和回肠肠段(P < 0.000 1); 与知母提取物或维拉帕米联用后, 葛根素在十二指肠的Ka、Papp值显著增大(P < 0.000 1); 与高剂量知母提取物和维拉帕米联合给药后, 葛根素在大鼠体内的Cmax分别显著增加至(1.017 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1和(1.827 ± 0.87) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05); AUC0-∞亦显著增加(P < 0.05), 分别为单独给药葛根素的1.37倍和2.25倍。葛根素在大鼠十二指肠段的吸收最佳, 知母提取物通过抑制P-gp的外排作用, 促进葛根素在十二指肠段的吸收, 增加其血药浓度, 有效提高葛根素的口服生物利用度, 阐明了葛根-知母药对配伍应用的科学内涵。本实验获得海军军医大学伦理委员会批准(批准号: NMUARE-21077)。

, authors=王欣琰1, 聂成洋1, 晁亮1, 2, 王辉1, 闻俊1, 洪战英1, *, authorsList=王欣琰, 聂成洋, 晁亮, 王辉, 闻俊, 洪战英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=洪战英, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王欣琰负责实验的设计与实施、数据分析处理与文章撰写; 聂成洋参与实验实施、数据处理分析和文章撰写; 晁亮对实验设计与展开、仪器操作和数据处理提供帮助, 参与文章撰写和修改; 王辉参与仪器操作和数据处理分析; 闻俊指导实验的设计、方法建立、数据处理与文章撰写; 洪战英提供研究思路与实验平台, 指导实验设计和文章撰写。

, correspAuthorsNote=
洪战英, Tel: 86-21-81871269, E-mail:
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A: Blank intestine perfusate; B: Blank intestine perfusate spiked with puerarin reference substance; C: Tested sample, figureFileSmall=iDvzf1RzXqm+9dSSHRfMDw==, figureFileBig=4MiLpaaAf6L4t9wUliaumw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499866578420070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Si5yFsnFVjaa/tfqftWjhg==, figureFileBig=reZqhOtrXxVrg0vw5TFVqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499866645528935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=HPLC chromatograms of puerarin and the internal standard (IS) in rat plasma. A: Blank rat plasma; B: Blank rat plasma spiked with puerarin reference substance and IS; C: The plasma sample at 30 min after oral administration of puerarin, figureFileSmall=Si5yFsnFVjaa/tfqftWjhg==, figureFileBig=reZqhOtrXxVrg0vw5TFVqg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499866708443496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BmailNSRvmGtV0MnmJJRZA==, figureFileBig=510KehyjFOHMiZrvy/e6Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499866775552361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Plasma concentration-time curves of puerarin under different administration conditions. n = 5, x ± s, figureFileSmall=BmailNSRvmGtV0MnmJJRZA==, figureFileBig=510KehyjFOHMiZrvy/e6Zw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499866846855530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SegmentKa/min-1Papp/cm·min-1
Duodenum(1.888 ± 0.162) ×10-2****△△△△(3.347 ± 0.379) ×10-3****△△△△
Jejunum(1.074 ± 0.105) ×10-2(1.751 ± 0.181) ×10-3
Ileum(1.048 ± 0.130) ×10-2(1.709 ± 0.239) ×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1308499866934935915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Intestinal absorption parameters of puerarin in different intestinal segments. n = 5, x ± s. ****P < 0.000 1 vs jejunum group; △△△△P < 0.000 1 vs ileum group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SegmentKa/min-1Papp/cm·min-1
Duodenum(1.888 ± 0.162) ×10-2****△△△△(3.347 ± 0.379) ×10-3****△△△△
Jejunum(1.074 ± 0.105) ×10-2(1.751 ± 0.181) ×10-3
Ileum(1.048 ± 0.130) ×10-2(1.709 ± 0.239) ×10-3
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GroupKa/min-1Papp/cm·min-1
Puerarin(1.888 ± 0.162) ×10-2(3.347 ± 0.379) ×10-3
Puerarin & low dose Zhimu extract(3.067 ± 0.135) ×10-2****(6.216 ± 0.243) ×10-3****
Puerarin & high-dose Zhimu extract(3.108 ± 0.188) ×10-2****(6.261 ± 0.345) ×10-3****
Puerarin & verapamil(2.792 ± 0.057) ×10-2****(5.316 ± 0.178) ×10-3****
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Intestinal absorption parameters of puerarin under different administration conditions. n = 5, x ± s. ****P < 0.000 1 vs puerarin group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupKa/min-1Papp/cm·min-1
Puerarin(1.888 ± 0.162) ×10-2(3.347 ± 0.379) ×10-3
Puerarin & low dose Zhimu extract(3.067 ± 0.135) ×10-2****(6.216 ± 0.243) ×10-3****
Puerarin & high-dose Zhimu extract(3.108 ± 0.188) ×10-2****(6.261 ± 0.345) ×10-3****
Puerarin & verapamil(2.792 ± 0.057) ×10-2****(5.316 ± 0.178) ×10-3****
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ParameterGroup
PuerarinPuerarin & low dose
Zhimu extract
Puerarin & high dose
Zhimu extract
Puerarin &
verapamil
Cmax / µg·mL-10.671 ± 0.200.908 ± 0.251.017 ± 0.25*1.827 ± 0.87*
tmax / h0.55 ± 0.210.65 ± 0.140.45 ± 0.210.75 ± 0
AUC0-t / µg·h·mL-11.947 ± 0.491.916 ± 0.572.595 ± 0.48*5.112 ± 2.35*
AUC0-∞ / µg·h·mL-12.522 ± 0.992.078 ± 0.673.458 ± 1.17*5.668 ± 2.38*
CL/F / L·kg-1·h-125.26 ± 9.0725.94 ± 7.5515.76 ± 4.789.942 ± 3.50**
t1/2 / h1.998 ± 1.071.908 ± 0.562.857 ± 1.582.246 ± 1.42
), ArticleFig(id=1308499867274674543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308468771367183067, language=CN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of puerarin under different administration conditions. n = 5, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs puerarin group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ParameterGroup
PuerarinPuerarin & low dose
Zhimu extract
Puerarin & high dose
Zhimu extract
Puerarin &
verapamil
Cmax / µg·mL-10.671 ± 0.200.908 ± 0.251.017 ± 0.25*1.827 ± 0.87*
tmax / h0.55 ± 0.210.65 ± 0.140.45 ± 0.210.75 ± 0
AUC0-t / µg·h·mL-11.947 ± 0.491.916 ± 0.572.595 ± 0.48*5.112 ± 2.35*
AUC0-∞ / µg·h·mL-12.522 ± 0.992.078 ± 0.673.458 ± 1.17*5.668 ± 2.38*
CL/F / L·kg-1·h-125.26 ± 9.0725.94 ± 7.5515.76 ± 4.789.942 ± 3.50**
t1/2 / h1.998 ± 1.071.908 ± 0.562.857 ± 1.582.246 ± 1.42
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P-糖蛋白调控的葛根-知母药对活性成分在体肠吸收和体内药动学研究
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王欣琰 1 , 聂成洋 1 , 晁亮 1, 2 , 王辉 1 , 闻俊 1 , 洪战英 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(12): 3775-3782
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (12) : 3775 -3782
P-糖蛋白调控的葛根-知母药对活性成分在体肠吸收和体内药动学研究
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王欣琰1, 聂成洋1, 晁亮1, 2, 王辉1, 闻俊1, 洪战英1, *
作者信息
  • 1海军军医大学药学系, 上海市药物(中药)代谢产物研究重点实验室, 上海 200433
  • 2武警江苏省总队医院药剂科, 江苏 扬州 225002
通讯作者:
洪战英, Tel: 86-21-81871269, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王欣琰负责实验的设计与实施、数据分析处理与文章撰写; 聂成洋参与实验实施、数据处理分析和文章撰写; 晁亮对实验设计与展开、仪器操作和数据处理提供帮助, 参与文章撰写和修改; 王辉参与仪器操作和数据处理分析; 闻俊指导实验的设计、方法建立、数据处理与文章撰写; 洪战英提供研究思路与实验平台, 指导实验设计和文章撰写。

Study on P-glycoprotein-mediated intestinal absorption and in vivo pharmacokinetics of bioactive components in the Gegen-Zhimu herb pair
Xin-yan WANG1, Cheng-yang NIE1, Liang CHAO1, 2, Hui WANG1, Jun WEN1, Zhan-ying HONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of Armed Police Corps Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225002, China
出版时间: 2025-12-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0982
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探究知母提取物对葛根素肠道吸收和药代动力学过程的影响, 以期从P-gp调控角度阐释葛根-知母药对配伍应用的科学内涵。基于HPLC-UV技术建立生物样本中葛根素定量分析方法, 采用大鼠单向肠灌流模型和药代动力学方法, 以经典P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米为对照, 考察知母提取物对葛根素体内吸收和代谢过程的影响。结果所建立的肠道灌流液和血浆样本中葛根素分析方法符合生物样品定量分析要求。葛根素在十二指肠的Ka、Papp值显著高于空肠和回肠肠段(P < 0.000 1); 与知母提取物或维拉帕米联用后, 葛根素在十二指肠的Ka、Papp值显著增大(P < 0.000 1); 与高剂量知母提取物和维拉帕米联合给药后, 葛根素在大鼠体内的Cmax分别显著增加至(1.017 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1和(1.827 ± 0.87) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05); AUC0-∞亦显著增加(P < 0.05), 分别为单独给药葛根素的1.37倍和2.25倍。葛根素在大鼠十二指肠段的吸收最佳, 知母提取物通过抑制P-gp的外排作用, 促进葛根素在十二指肠段的吸收, 增加其血药浓度, 有效提高葛根素的口服生物利用度, 阐明了葛根-知母药对配伍应用的科学内涵。本实验获得海军军医大学伦理委员会批准(批准号: NMUARE-21077)。

葛根素  /  葛根-知母药对  /  P-糖蛋白  /  肠吸收  /  药代动力学  /  高效液相色谱法

To explore the effects of Zhimu extract on the absorption and pharmacokinetic process of puerarin, thus to elucidate the scientific connotation of the compatibility application of Gegen-Zhimu herb pair from the perspective of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) regulation, a rapid and sensitive quantification method for puerarin in biological samples was established based on HPLC-UV technology. Combined with the rat single-pass intestinal perfusion model and pharmacokinetic experiments, with the classic P-gp inhibitor verapamil as control, the effects of Zhimu extract on the absorption and metabolism process of puerarin were investigated. The established HPLC method for puerarin in intestine perfusate and plasma samples met the requirements for quantitative analysis of biological samples. The Ka and Papp values of puerarin in the duodenal segment were significantly higher than those in the jejunal and ileal segments (P < 0.000 1). Co-administration with Zhimu extract or verapamil significantly increased the Ka and Papp values of puerarin in the duodenal segment (P < 0.000 1). Co-administration with high-dose Zhimu extract or verapamil significantly increased the Cmax of puerarin in rats to (1.017 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1 and (1.827 ± 0.87) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05), respectively, and AUC0-∞ also significantly increased (P < 0.05), reaching 1.37-fold and 2.25-fold that of the puerarin group, respectively. Puerarin is best absorbed in the duodenal segment; by inhibiting the efflux of P-gp, Zhimu extract can promote the absorption of puerarin in the duodenal segment, increase its plasma concentration, and effectively improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin, which suggests the mechanism underlying the compatibility of Gegen-Zhimu herb pair. This experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Naval Medical University (approval No.: NMUARE-21077).

puerarin  /  Gegen-Zhimu herb pair  /  P-glycoprotein  /  intestinal absorption  /  pharmacokinetics  /  high performance liquid chromatography
王欣琰, 聂成洋, 晁亮, 王辉, 闻俊, 洪战英. P-糖蛋白调控的葛根-知母药对活性成分在体肠吸收和体内药动学研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3775 -3782 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0982
Xin-yan WANG, Cheng-yang NIE, Liang CHAO, Hui WANG, Jun WEN, Zhan-ying HONG. Study on P-glycoprotein-mediated intestinal absorption and in vivo pharmacokinetics of bioactive components in the Gegen-Zhimu herb pair[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (12) : 3775 -3782 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0982
P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)是经典的药物外排型转运蛋白, 在药物吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(ADME)过程中发挥关键作用, 其介导的外排机制显著影响地高辛[1]、部分中枢神经系统药物[2]和抗肿瘤药物[3]等P-gp底物药物的吸收和利用[4, 5]。近年来, P-gp与中药活性成分的相互作用备受关注, 较多研究聚焦从中药中发现具有P-gp调控作用的天然成分, 以期通过调控P-gp等转运蛋白功能提高底物药物生物利用度, 从而增强其底物药物临床疗效[1, 6, 7]。
葛根-知母药对伍用最早可见于元代医家吴恕《伤寒图歌活人指掌》中的知母葛根汤, 以及清代名医张锡纯《医学衷中参西录》中的经典降糖名方玉液汤。葛根解表退热、生津止渴、升阳止泻; 知母清热泻火、生津润燥, 两药配伍具有增强清热生津、滋阴润燥的作用[8]。现代研究表明, 葛根-知母药对具有降血糖、改善糖尿病大鼠认知障碍和改善阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习与记忆能力的作用[9, 10], 具备良好的临床应用价值和开发前景。葛根素是葛根中的主要活性成分, 应用于代谢性疾病[11]、心脑血管疾病[12]和神经系统疾病[13]治疗。然而, 葛根素口服吸收有限和生物利用度低, 除了因其具有水溶性低、肠道渗透性差的特点外, 还可能与其为P-gp底物的特性相关, 一定程度限制了其作为口服药物的临床应用[14-17]。
本课题组前期采用体外细胞模型, 发现知母作为组方方药, 其中多种成分具有潜在的P-gp调控作用[18]。鉴于此, 本研究拟以葛根-知母药对的活性成分葛根素为研究对象, 综合大鼠在体单向肠灌流模型和药代动力学方法, 探究知母提取物对葛根素体内吸收和代谢过程的影响, 以期从P-gp调控角度阐释葛根-知母药对配伍应用的科学内涵, 同时为中药配伍机制的现代研究和葛根素口服剂型的开发提供新的方法和思路参考。
仪器  LC-10AT高效液相色谱仪(日本SHIMADZU公司); BT100-1F型蠕动泵(保定兰格恒流泵有限公司); 温控仪(苏州天和仪器有限公司); 万分之一电子天平(德国Sartorius公司); 十万分之一电子天平(日本A&D公司); MD200-2型氮气吹扫仪(杭州奥盛仪器有限公司)。
药品和试剂  葛根素对照品(批号10964-G241101, 纯度≥ 98.0%)购自上海诗丹德标准技术服务有限公司; 葛根素(批号JS252650, 纯度98%)购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 盐酸维拉帕米(批号MO220A, 纯度≥ 99%)购自大连美仑生物技术有限公司; 4-羟基苯甲酸对照品(批号P3337966, 纯度99.0%)购自上海泰坦科技股份有限公司; 知母饮片(批号: 20220201)购自上海市白鹿堂中药店; 甲醇、乙腈(均为HPLC级)购自北京迪科马科技有限公司; 乙酸(HPLC级)购自上海安谱实验科技股份有限公司; 娃哈哈饮用纯净水购自杭州娃哈哈集团有限公司; 高纯氮购自上海春雨特种气体有限公司; 肝素钠抗凝管购自苏州康捷医疗股份有限公司。
实验动物  健康SPF级雄性SD大鼠, 体重(250 ± 20) g, 购于杭州子源实验动物科技有限公司, 生产许可证号为SCXK (浙) 2024-0004。大鼠饲养于海军军医大学药学系实验动物中心, 环境保持12 h光照与黑暗循环, 环境温度20~25 ℃, 相对湿度50%~70%。动物实验经海军军医大学伦理委员会批准(批准号: NMUARE-21077)。所有动物实验内容均遵循有关伦理规范和准则。
溶液配制
Kreb-Ringer's (K-R)试液的配制  参照文献[19]方法配制。K-R试液每1 L含氯化钠7.8 g、氯化钾0.35 g、碳酸氢钠1.37 g、磷酸二氢钠0.32 g、氯化镁0.02 g、氯化钙0.37 g和葡萄糖1.4 g。
对照品溶液配制  精密称取葛根素对照品适量, 分别以K-R试液或甲醇溶解后, 转移至量瓶中稀释并定容, 制成质量浓度分别为800和505 µg·mL-1的葛根素对照品储备液。随后分别精密量取上述对照品储备液适量, 以K-R试液或甲醇逐步稀释, 配制得到浓度梯度分别为640、320、160、80.0、40.0、20.0、10.0 µg·mL-1和50.5、40.4、20.2、10.1、5.05、2.53、1.26 µg·mL-1的标准曲线溶液待用。
内标溶液配制  精密称取4-羟基苯甲酸对照品适量, 用甲醇配制浓度为3.98 µg·mL-1的内标溶液。
肠灌流溶液配制  精密量取浓度为800 µg·mL-1的葛根素对照品储备液(K-R试液为溶剂), 以K-R试液稀释制成浓度为40 µg·mL-1的葛根素供试品溶液, 供肠灌流实验使用。
大鼠灌胃溶液配制  取葛根素粉末适量, 用0.5% CMC-Na溶液配制得到浓度为50.03 mg·mL-1的葛根素混悬液, 供大鼠灌胃使用。
知母提取物的制备  取粉碎后的知母粉末适量, 置于5 L圆底烧瓶中, 按照1∶10 (w/v)的质量体积比加入70%乙醇, 85 ℃加热回流提取3次, 每次90 min。提取液用纱布过滤后趁热抽滤, 合并滤液, 减压浓缩至无醇味的浓浸膏状, 最终得到浓度为1.180 g·mL-1 (相当于原药材)的知母提取物母液, 并稀释至适宜的浓度待用。
标准曲线样本和质量控制样本的配制  精密量取前述葛根素标准曲线溶液适量, 加入空白灌流液或空白血浆中, 逐步稀释配制成浓度梯度为64.0、32.0、16.0、8.00、4.00、2.00、1.00 µg·mL-1和5.05、4.04、2.02、1.01、0.505、0.253、0.126 µg·mL-1的标准曲线样本, 同法配制高、中、低三个浓度分别为48.0、12.0、3.00 µg·mL-1和3.54、0.808、0.202 µg·mL-1的质量控制(QC)样本, 分别供肠灌流样本和血浆样本分析方法的验证和定量测定使用。
生物样本前处理
肠灌流样本前处理  取大鼠肠灌流液100 μL置于1.5 mL的EP管中, 加入200 μL甲醇, 涡旋振荡1 min沉淀蛋白。随后在10 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心10 min, 取上清液200 μL在13 000 r·min-1、4 ℃下离心10 min, 取上清液装入进样小瓶待测。
血浆样本前处理  取大鼠血浆100 μL置于1.5 mL的EP管中, 加入50 μL 4-羟基苯甲酸内标溶液和350 μL乙腈溶液, 涡旋混匀沉淀蛋白。在12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃下离心10 min, 取上清液400 μL, 在37 ℃下用低流速氮气吹干。吹干后的样本加入80 μL的35%甲醇复溶, 涡旋混匀, 在12 000 r·min-1、4 ℃条件下离心10 min, 取上清液装入进样小瓶待测。
HPLC色谱分析条件
肠灌流样本  色谱柱: Kromasil 100Å C18柱(200 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相: 甲醇-水(35∶65, v/v); 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 检测波长: 250 nm; 柱温: 30 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL。
血浆样本  色谱柱: Kromasil 100Å C18柱(200 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm); 流动相: 甲醇-0.5%乙酸水(35∶65, v/v); 流速: 1.0 mL·min-1; 检测波长: 250 nm; 柱温: 30 ℃; 进样量: 10 μL。
肠灌流样本分析方法的验证
专属性  取空白肠灌流液、含葛根素对照品的肠灌流液及实测样本, 前处理后进样分析, 判断是否存在内源性干扰。
标准曲线  取肠灌流标准曲线样本, 前处理后进样分析。以葛根素的浓度(c)为横坐标, 峰面积(A)为纵坐标, 建立标准曲线回归方程。
精密度和准确度  按照前述方法配制高(48.0 µg·mL-1)、中(12.0 µg·mL-1)和低(3.00 µg·mL-1)三个浓度的QC样本(n = 6), 前处理后进样分析。连续测量3天, 分别计算分析方法的日内和日间的准确度及精密度。以测量值与标示值之比评价准确度, 以同一浓度测量值相对标准偏差RSD%评价精密度。
稳定性  按照前述方法配制低浓度(3.00 µg·mL-1)和高浓度(48.0 µg·mL-1)的QC样本(n = 3), 分别考察QC样本在室温下放置12 h、前处理后自动进样器放置24 h和-80 ℃冷冻30 d的稳定性。
血浆样本分析方法的验证
专属性  取大鼠的空白血浆样本、含葛根素对照品和内标的血浆样本及实测样本, 前处理后进样分析, 判断是否存在内源性干扰。
标准曲线  照上述方法配制血浆标准曲线样本, 前处理后进样分析。以葛根素浓度为横坐标, 葛根素与内标峰面积的比值为纵坐标, 建立标准曲线回归方程。
精密度和准确度  照上述方法配制高(3.54 µg·mL-1)、中(0.808 µg·mL-1)和低(0.202 µg·mL-1)三个浓度的QC样本(n = 6), 前处理后进样分析。连续测量3天, 分别计算日内和日间准确度及精密度。
提取回收率  分别取6份不同来源的大鼠空白血浆各200 μL, 照前述方法沉淀蛋白后, 分别加入葛根素质控工作液和内标工作液, 使葛根素和内标的终浓度与低、中、高浓度的QC样本一致, 每个浓度6个样本, 进样分析, 测得葛根素的峰面积A1和内标的峰面积A2; 配制低、中、高3个浓度的QC样本, 每个浓度6个样本, 前处理后进样分析, 测得葛根素的峰面积B1和内标的峰面积B2。提取回收率计算公式为Bx/Ax×100%。
稳定性  配制低浓度和高浓度的QC样本(n = 3), 分别考察样本在室温放置12 h、前处理后自动进样器放置24 h、冻融3次和-80 ℃冷冻30 d的稳定性。
大鼠在体单向肠灌流实验  取15只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为十二指肠组、空肠组和回肠组3个组别(n = 5)。实验前大鼠禁食不禁水12 h。麻醉后将大鼠固定至恒温板上, 沿中线缓慢打开腹腔, 据实验需要在十二指肠/空肠/回肠的两端分别引入插管并固定。以生理盐水冲出洗净大鼠肠道中的残留物, 随后将肠段中的生理盐水排出。使用恒流泵将供试液以1.0 mL·min-1迅速泵入所选肠段, 随后以0.2 mL·min-1流速平衡30 min。平衡结束后以配制的灌流液进行在体单向肠灌流, 每隔15 min收集灌流液, 直至90 min后结束灌流。精确称定灌入和收集样本质量, 计算灌流样本净重。灌流结束后处死大鼠, 将完整的灌流肠段剪下, 测量并记录各灌流肠段的长度和半径。收集得到的样本分装至1.5 mL EP管中, 置于-80 ℃保存。灌流过程中使用浸有生理盐水的纱布盖住大鼠切口处。所有灌入液体均以37 ℃水浴维持恒温。
确定葛根素的最佳吸收肠段后, 另取15只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为葛根素与维拉帕米联合给药组、葛根素与低剂量知母提取物联合给药组和葛根素与高剂量知母提取物联合给药组3组(n = 5)。按前述方法进行在体肠灌流后考察P-gp抑制剂及不同浓度的知母提取物对葛根素肠道吸收的影响。
大鼠药代动力学实验  20只雄性SD大鼠按体重随机分为葛根素单独给药组、葛根素与低剂量知母提取物联合给药组、葛根素与高剂量知母提取物联合给药组、葛根素与维拉帕米联合给药组4个实验组别(n = 5)。禁食不禁水12 h后, 4组大鼠分别灌胃给予等量的水、低剂量知母提取物(100 mg·kg-1)、高剂量知母提取物(200 mg·kg-1)和维拉帕米溶液(50 mg·kg-1), 半小时后, 均以500 mg·kg-1的剂量灌胃葛根素混悬溶液。于给药前及给药后0.25、0.50、0.75、1.0、1.5、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0 h分别采集眼眶静脉血约0.5 mL, 置于肝素钠抗凝管中, 随后在4 000 r·min-1、4 ℃下离心10 min, 取上清液得大鼠给药后不同时间点的血浆样本, 分装至1.5 mL EP管中, 保存于-80 ℃待用。
数据处理与分析  采用重量分析法对在体单向肠灌流实验中灌入和流出的供试液体积变化实施校正。吸收速率常数(Ka)和表观渗透系数(Papp)的计算公式为: Ka = (1-Cout Vout/Cin Vin)Q/πr2L和Papp = [-Q×ln(Cout Vout/ Cin Vin)]/2πrL。其中, Vin以及Vout分别为肠道进、出口灌流液的体积(mL, 假定灌流液和收集液的质量浓度为1.0 g·mL-1); Cin和Cout分别为肠道进、出口灌流液的葛根素浓度(µg·mL-1); Q为灌流体积流量(mL·min-1); L和r分别为灌流肠段的长度和半径(cm)。
使用Pheonix 8.1药代动力学软件(Certara公司, 美国)处理葛根素血药浓度-时间数据, 采用非房室模型进行药代动力学拟合, 绘制药时曲线图并计算药代动力学参数。使用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析, 实验数据以均数±标准差(x ± s)表示, 采用t检验进行两组间比较, 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05时判定具有显著性差异。
空白灌流液、添加葛根素的空白灌流液和肠灌流实际样本的色谱图如图1所示。葛根素保留时间约为5.5 min, 空白肠灌流液在该处无吸收峰, 肠灌流液中内源性物质对葛根素的含量测定无干扰, 专属性良好。
大鼠肠灌流液中葛根素的标准曲线方程为: A = 18 228 c - 8 487.9, r = 0.999 8, 表明葛根素在1~64 µg·mL-1浓度内具有良好的线性。
在高、中和低3种浓度下, 葛根素的日内及日间精密度的RSD均小于8.03%, 日内及日间准确度均在96.1%~106.3%内, 分析方法的精密度与准确度良好。
低浓度和高浓度的QC样本在室温放置12 h、样本前处理后自动进样器放置24 h和-80 ℃冷冻30 d后葛根素的偏差均小于5%, 表明分析方法的稳定性良好。
空白血浆、含葛根素及内标的空白血浆和血浆实测样本色谱图如图2所示。葛根素保留时间约为4.8 min, 内标的保留时间约为5.9 min, 血浆中内源性物质对葛根素和内标的含量测定无干扰, 分析方法的专属性良好。
大鼠血浆中葛根素的标准曲线方程为: A = 0.312 1 c + 0.046, r = 0.998 6, 葛根素在0.126~5.05 µg·mL-1浓度内具有良好的线性。
高、中、低3种浓度下葛根素的日内及日间精密度的RSD均小于9.2%, 日内及日间准确度在93.4%~97.9%内, 符合生物样本定量分析要求。
大鼠血浆中葛根素的提取回收率为84.8%~93.7%, 内标的提取回收率为96.0%, RSD均小于11.1%。
低浓度和高浓度的QC样本在室温放置12 h、前处理后自动进样器放置24 h、冻融3次和-80 ℃冷冻一周后, 葛根素的RSD均小于12.35%, 表明所建立的分析方法具有良好的稳定性。
以上结果表明, 所建立的大鼠肠灌流液和血浆中葛根素HPLC定量分析方法专属性、线性、精密度、准确度、提取回收率和稳定性等均符合生物样本定量分析要求, 可用于后续肠灌流和药代动力学样本的分析测定。
葛根素在十二指肠、空肠和回肠肠段的Ka和Papp值如表1所示。结果显示, 葛根素在3个肠段均有吸收, 其中在十二指肠肠段的Ka、Papp值显著高于空肠和回肠肠段(P < 0.000 1), 空肠与回肠肠段的Ka、Papp值无显著性差异, 说明葛根素在十二指肠肠段的吸收最佳。后续实验将选取十二指肠肠段考察P-gp抑制剂和知母提取物对葛根素肠吸收的影响。
葛根素在不同联合给药条件下的Ka和Papp值如表2所示。结果显示, 葛根素分别与高、低剂量知母提取物和维拉帕米联用后, 葛根素的吸收参数Ka、Papp值均有显著性的增加(P < 0.000 1), 表明维拉帕米和知母提取物均可以显著促进葛根素的肠吸收, 且知母提取物的效果优于维拉帕米。而在高、低剂量知母提取物联合给药组间, 葛根素的Ka与Papp值无显著差异(P > 0.05), 表明在实验剂量范围内, 知母提取物的促吸收效应未呈剂量依赖性特征。
不同给药组大鼠的葛根素药-时曲线如图3所示, 主要药代动力学参数结果见表3。图3显示, 葛根素单独给药后, 在大鼠体内的血药浓度低且达峰时间短。与葛根素单独给药组相比, 联合给药组的药代动力学行为发生显著变化。葛根素与高剂量知母提取物或维拉帕米联用均能提高葛根素的血药浓度, 具体表现为药时曲线下面积明显增大、达峰浓度显著升高。其中, 葛根素与维拉帕米联合给药组的达峰浓度最高, 且后续的消除过程相对更缓慢, 使得药物在体内的暴露时间更长。从表3可见, 葛根素单独给药后, 其在大鼠体内的Cmax为(0.671 ± 0.20) µg·mL-1, tmax为(0.55 ± 0.21) h, AUC0-∞为(2.522 ± 0.99) µg·h·mL-1, CL/F为(25.26 ± 9.07) L·kg-1·h-1, t1/2为(1.998 ± 1.07) h, 表明口服给药后葛根素在大鼠体内具有达峰时间短、吸收快、消除快、不易蓄积等特点。与低剂量知母提取物联合给药后, 葛根素的达峰浓度Cmax升高至(0.908 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1, 与单独给药组间不具有统计学差异; 而与高剂量知母提取物、维拉帕米联合给药后, 葛根素的Cmax分别显著增加至(1.017 ± 0.25) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05)和(1.827 ± 0.87) µg·mL-1 (P < 0.05), 且AUC0-∞也显著增加(P < 0.05), 分别为葛根素组的1.37倍和2.25倍, 提示高剂量知母提取物和维拉帕米均可促进葛根素在大鼠体内的吸收, 增加血药浓度, 提高葛根素的生物利用度。此外, 葛根素-维拉帕米组的表观消除率显著低于葛根素单独给药组(P < 0.01), 提示维拉帕米可通过降低葛根素的清除率, 增加其在体内的暴露时间。
葛根素是葛根-知母药对的主要活性成分之一, 具有广泛的药理活性。本文建立了肠道灌流液和血浆样本中葛根素的HPLC定量分析方法, 借助在体单向肠灌流模型和药代动力学方法考察了知母提取物对于葛根素肠道吸收特性以及主要药代动力学参数的影响。结果显示, 所建立的肠灌流液和血浆中的葛根素定量测定方法准确、可靠。对不同肠段的灌流液进行测定后发现, 葛根素在十二指肠肠段吸收最佳, 与文献[20]报道一致。分别与经典P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米、高、低剂量的知母提取物联用后, 葛根素在十二指肠段的Ka和Papp值均显著增加(P < 0.000 1), 其中与高剂量知母提取物联用组葛根素吸收的Ka和Papp值分别较单独给药组增加约64.6%和87.1%, 与维拉帕米联用组葛根素吸收的Ka和Papp值分别较单独给药组增加约47.9%和58.8%, 葛根素与高、低剂量知母提取物联合给药组的Ka (P < 0.05)和Papp值(P < 0.01)均显著高于维拉帕米组, 但高、低剂量组间无显著性差异。结果表明, 知母提取物可显著改善葛根素在十二指肠段的吸收状况, 改善效果与给药剂量无关。与知母提取物联合给药后, 葛根素在十二指肠段吸收特性优于经典P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米组。结合课题组前期体外细胞模型研究发现知母中多种活性成分可抑制P-gp功能[18], 推测在大鼠肠灌流实验中, 知母提取物的多种活性成分对P-gp产生协同抑制作用, 进而增强了整体促吸收效果。此外, 知母提取物促吸收效应未呈剂量依赖性, 提示其活性成分可能在低浓度时即已达到对P-gp的饱和抑制; 或者由于不同成分在高、低剂量下产生了复杂的拮抗或自抑制效应, 从而导致促吸收效应未随剂量线性增加。药代动力学结果显示, 与高剂量知母提取物和维拉帕米联用后, 葛根素的Cmax值分别较葛根素单独给药组增加约51.6%和172.3%, AUC0-∞则分别较单独给药组增加约37.1%和124.7%。同时, 与维拉帕米联用组的葛根素表观消除率显著低于葛根素单独给药组(P < 0.01), 但与高、低剂量知母提取物联合给药组中葛根素的表观清除率较单独给药组无显著性区别。综合分析肠灌流和药代动力学实验结果发现, 知母提取物和P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米均可显著增加葛根素在大鼠体内的吸收, 提高葛根素的生物利用度, 但其作用机制存在差异。知母提取物的作用主要集中于肠道吸收阶段, 对清除率影响有限, 而维拉帕米除增强肠道吸收外, 还可能通过抑制CYP450酶影响肝脏代谢[21], 显著降低葛根素的清除率。相比之下, 虽然知母提取物对葛根素的肠道吸收特性改善效果优于维拉帕米, 但其对葛根素清除率的影响较小, 而维拉帕米可同时显著降低葛根素在大鼠体内的清除率, 增加葛根素的体内暴露时间。
研究表明, 肠道外排转运蛋白是影响口服药物吸收的主要因素, 抑制外排转运蛋白的表达可改善药物的肠道吸收, 提高药物的生物利用度, 显著提高药物的口服吸收效果[22]。P-gp作为典型的药物外排转运体, 在肠道内高度表达, 对药物的肠道吸收和转运等环节具有显著影响[23, 24]。课题组前期基于体外MDCK-MDR1细胞模型研究发现, 知母的主要活性成分如芒果苷、异芒果苷、新芒果苷、知母皂苷AIII、知母皂苷BII、宝藿苷I均可以显著降低Rh123在细胞中的外排率, 可能具有抑制P-gp功能的作用[18]。维拉帕米是典型的P-gp抑制剂, 可通过抑制P-gp的活性促进P-gp底物药物的吸收[25]。肠吸收可影响药物进入血液循环, 进而影响药物在体内的药理作用效果, 是反映药物药代动力学过程的重要环节[26]。因此, 本研究选择P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米作为对照, 考察知母提取物对葛根素的肠道吸收和药代动力学参数的影响。实验结果表明, 与维拉帕米联合给药后, 葛根素在十二指肠段的吸收和体内暴露较单独给药显著增加, 这表明葛根素是P-gp的底物, 抑制P-gp的表达可以增加葛根素在十二指肠肠段的吸收; 与知母提取物联合给药后, 葛根素的肠道渗透率显著增加, 知母提取物可显著促进葛根素的吸收并升高其血药浓度。本研究结果表明, 知母提取物通过抑制P-gp的活性提高葛根素的生物利用度, 基于P-gp调控的葛根-知母药对中多种成分的相互作用可能是葛根-知母药对配伍增效的应用机制, 但是知母中通过调控P-gp活性提高葛根素生物利用度的活性成分还需要进一步发掘。
综上, 本研究基于在体单向肠灌流和体内药代动力学的结果, 表明知母提取物通过抑制P-gp的活性促进葛根素在十二指肠肠段的吸收, 增加其血药浓度, 进而提高葛根素的口服生物利用度。基于P-gp等外排转运体调控的中药多成分间的相互作用, 可能是葛根-知母药对配伍应用产生增效作用的机制所在。本研究为葛根-知母药对的临床应用和深入研究提供了参考依据, 也为葛根素等P-gp底物药物口服剂型生物利用度的提高和临床开发应用提供了新的方法和视角。

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2025年第60卷第12期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0982
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-12-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
  • 修回日期:2025-10-24
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    1海军军医大学药学系, 上海市药物(中药)代谢产物研究重点实验室, 上海 200433
    2武警江苏省总队医院药剂科, 江苏 扬州 225002

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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