Article(id=1308817863897613030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0969, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=1760025600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789976095413, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1770825600000, pubDateStr=2026-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789976095413, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789976095413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789976095413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308817633789698171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='2', pageStart='321', pageEnd='676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770825600000', pubDateStr='2026-02-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789976040551, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984264575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852127921963902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308817633789698171, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=643, endPage=654, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308817864128299751, articleId=1308817863897613030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation, characterization, and anti-psoriatic therapeutic study of Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to investigate the compositional characteristics of fresh Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PN-ELNs) and their potential therapeutic effects on psoriasis, providing experimental evidence for plant exosome-based therapeutic strategies to ameliorate psoriasis. PN-ELNs were isolated using differential centrifugation and characterized for morphology and size distribution via transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Their compositional profiles and enriched signaling pathways were analyzed through integrated lipidomics, proteomics, and small RNA sequencing. The in vitro effects on angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apoptosis in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were evaluated. The regulatory effects on lesional symptoms, epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and immune cell subsets were observed in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model of psoriasis. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the "Regulations on Laboratory Animals" issued by the National Science and Technology Commission of China and the protocol approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No. 2020DL-126). Results demonstrated the successful isolation of PN-ELNs from fresh Panax notoginseng rhizomes, exhibiting a characteristic bilayer membrane structure with an average diameter of 143.9 nm. Multi-omics analyses identified 30 lipid subclasses, 196 proteins, and 6 056 miRNAs, with enriched pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism being closely associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. PN-ELNs significantly inhibited HUVEC angiogenesis and promoted HaCaT cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). In the psoriatic mouse model, PN-ELNs significantly ameliorated skin lesions [reduced psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores], attenuated epidermal thickening, suppressed angiogenesis, and modulated the CD4+/CD8+ immune balance. In conclusion, PN-ELNs exert anti-psoriatic effects through multi-target mechanisms (inhibiting angiogenesis, promoting keratinocyte apoptosis, and improving the immune microenvironment). This study provides the first systematic elucidation of the compositional characteristics of PN-ELNs and their anti-psoriasis potential, offering theoretical support and experimental evidence for developing novel therapeutic strategies based on plant-derived exosomes.

, authors=Xiang-yu CHEN1, Li-jun SU1, Ke-mei RAN1, Chen ZHANG1, Yi-xi CUI1, Yang LIU2, Lei QUAN1, Di WANG1, *, Jin-ming ZHANG1, *, authorsList=Xiang-yu CHEN, Li-jun SU, Ke-mei RAN, Chen ZHANG, Yi-xi CUI, Yang LIU, Lei QUAN, Di WANG, Jin-ming ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Di WANG, Jin-ming ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308817867420828408, articleId=1308817863897613030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=鲜三七来源的纳米囊泡制备表征及抗银屑病作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨新鲜三七来源外泌体样纳米囊泡(Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, PN-ELNs)的组成特征及其对银屑病的潜在治疗作用, 为基于植物外泌体改善银屑病的治疗策略提供实验依据。首先采用差速离心法从新鲜三七中分离PN-ELNs, 利用透射电镜和纳米颗粒跟踪分析对其形态及粒径进行表征; 结合脂质组学、蛋白质组学和小RNA测序分析其成分特征及信号通路富集情况; 细胞试验评价其对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)血管形成及人角质形成细胞(HaCaT)凋亡的影响; 在咪喹莫特(imiquimod, IMQ)诱导的小鼠银屑病样模型中, 观察其对皮损症状、表皮厚度、血管新生及免疫细胞亚群的调节作用。动物实验均按照中国国家科学技术委员会颁布的“实验动物管理条例”和成都中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的议定书(批准文号2020DL-126)规范执行。结果显示, 从新鲜三七根茎成功分离出平均粒径为143.9 nm, 且具双层膜结构的PN-ELNs。多组学分析从中鉴定出30种脂质亚类、196种蛋白质及6 056条miRNA, KEGG分析显示其富集的氧化磷酸化及氨基酸代谢通路与银屑病发病机制密切相关。PN-ELNs可显著抑制HUVECs血管形成并促进HaCaT细胞凋亡(P < 0.05), 在小鼠银屑病模型中皮损处涂抹PN-ELNs, 可显著改善皮损[降低银屑病面积与严重性指数(PASI)评分]、减少表皮增厚、抑制血管新生, 并调节CD4+/CD8+免疫平衡。综上, PN-ELNs可能通过抑制血管新生、促进角质形成细胞凋亡、改善免疫微环境等作用发挥抗银屑病作用。本研究首次系统揭示了PN-ELNs的组成特征及其抗银屑病潜力, 为开发基于植物来源外泌体的新型治疗策略提供了理论支持与实验依据。

, authors=陈翔宇1, 粟丽君1, 冉克梅1, 张晨1, 崔艺曦1, 刘洋2, 全蕾1, 王迪1, *, 章津铭1, *, authorsList=陈翔宇, 粟丽君, 冉克梅, 张晨, 崔艺曦, 刘洋, 全蕾, 王迪, 章津铭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王迪, 章津铭, authorNote=

作者贡献:

陈翔宇、粟丽君、冉克梅负责实验设计、实验开展及论文撰写; 全蕾、崔艺曦负责协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 张晨、章津铭、刘洋、王迪负责论文指导及修改。

, correspAuthorsNote=
王迪, Tel: 18215620650, E-mail:
章津铭, Tel: 13551043885, E-mail:
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ScoreErythemaScaleIncrassation
0NoneNoneNone
1SlightSlightSlight
2ModerateModerateModerate
3MarkedMarkedMarked
4Very markedVery markedVery marked
), ArticleFig(id=1308818029279020021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308817863897613030, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Psoriasis area and severity index score (PASI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ScoreErythemaScaleIncrassation
0NoneNoneNone
1SlightSlightSlight
2ModerateModerateModerate
3MarkedMarkedMarked
4Very markedVery markedVery marked
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陈翔宇 1 , 粟丽君 1 , 冉克梅 1 , 张晨 1 , 崔艺曦 1 , 刘洋 2 , 全蕾 1 , 王迪 1, * , 章津铭 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(2): 643-654
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (2) : 643 -654
鲜三七来源的纳米囊泡制备表征及抗银屑病作用研究
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陈翔宇1, 粟丽君1, 冉克梅1, 张晨1, 崔艺曦1, 刘洋2, 全蕾1, 王迪1, * , 章津铭1, *
作者信息
  • 1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2成都中医药大学附属医院血管外科, 四川 成都 611130
通讯作者:
王迪, Tel: 18215620650, E-mail:
章津铭, Tel: 13551043885, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

陈翔宇、粟丽君、冉克梅负责实验设计、实验开展及论文撰写; 全蕾、崔艺曦负责协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 张晨、章津铭、刘洋、王迪负责论文指导及修改。

Preparation, characterization, and anti-psoriatic therapeutic study of Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles
Xiang-yu CHEN1, Li-jun SU1, Ke-mei RAN1, Chen ZHANG1, Yi-xi CUI1, Yang LIU2, Lei QUAN1, Di WANG1, * , Jin-ming ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2Department of Vascular Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611130, China
出版时间: 2026-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0969
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本研究旨在探讨新鲜三七来源外泌体样纳米囊泡(Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, PN-ELNs)的组成特征及其对银屑病的潜在治疗作用, 为基于植物外泌体改善银屑病的治疗策略提供实验依据。首先采用差速离心法从新鲜三七中分离PN-ELNs, 利用透射电镜和纳米颗粒跟踪分析对其形态及粒径进行表征; 结合脂质组学、蛋白质组学和小RNA测序分析其成分特征及信号通路富集情况; 细胞试验评价其对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)血管形成及人角质形成细胞(HaCaT)凋亡的影响; 在咪喹莫特(imiquimod, IMQ)诱导的小鼠银屑病样模型中, 观察其对皮损症状、表皮厚度、血管新生及免疫细胞亚群的调节作用。动物实验均按照中国国家科学技术委员会颁布的“实验动物管理条例”和成都中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的议定书(批准文号2020DL-126)规范执行。结果显示, 从新鲜三七根茎成功分离出平均粒径为143.9 nm, 且具双层膜结构的PN-ELNs。多组学分析从中鉴定出30种脂质亚类、196种蛋白质及6 056条miRNA, KEGG分析显示其富集的氧化磷酸化及氨基酸代谢通路与银屑病发病机制密切相关。PN-ELNs可显著抑制HUVECs血管形成并促进HaCaT细胞凋亡(P < 0.05), 在小鼠银屑病模型中皮损处涂抹PN-ELNs, 可显著改善皮损[降低银屑病面积与严重性指数(PASI)评分]、减少表皮增厚、抑制血管新生, 并调节CD4+/CD8+免疫平衡。综上, PN-ELNs可能通过抑制血管新生、促进角质形成细胞凋亡、改善免疫微环境等作用发挥抗银屑病作用。本研究首次系统揭示了PN-ELNs的组成特征及其抗银屑病潜力, 为开发基于植物来源外泌体的新型治疗策略提供了理论支持与实验依据。

三七外泌体  /  银屑病  /  血管新生  /  HaCaT细胞凋亡  /  多组学分析

This study aims to investigate the compositional characteristics of fresh Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PN-ELNs) and their potential therapeutic effects on psoriasis, providing experimental evidence for plant exosome-based therapeutic strategies to ameliorate psoriasis. PN-ELNs were isolated using differential centrifugation and characterized for morphology and size distribution via transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Their compositional profiles and enriched signaling pathways were analyzed through integrated lipidomics, proteomics, and small RNA sequencing. The in vitro effects on angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and apoptosis in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were evaluated. The regulatory effects on lesional symptoms, epidermal hyperplasia, angiogenesis, and immune cell subsets were observed in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse model of psoriasis. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the "Regulations on Laboratory Animals" issued by the National Science and Technology Commission of China and the protocol approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (approval No. 2020DL-126). Results demonstrated the successful isolation of PN-ELNs from fresh Panax notoginseng rhizomes, exhibiting a characteristic bilayer membrane structure with an average diameter of 143.9 nm. Multi-omics analyses identified 30 lipid subclasses, 196 proteins, and 6 056 miRNAs, with enriched pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and amino acid metabolism being closely associated with psoriasis pathogenesis. PN-ELNs significantly inhibited HUVEC angiogenesis and promoted HaCaT cell apoptosis (P < 0.05). In the psoriatic mouse model, PN-ELNs significantly ameliorated skin lesions [reduced psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores], attenuated epidermal thickening, suppressed angiogenesis, and modulated the CD4+/CD8+ immune balance. In conclusion, PN-ELNs exert anti-psoriatic effects through multi-target mechanisms (inhibiting angiogenesis, promoting keratinocyte apoptosis, and improving the immune microenvironment). This study provides the first systematic elucidation of the compositional characteristics of PN-ELNs and their anti-psoriasis potential, offering theoretical support and experimental evidence for developing novel therapeutic strategies based on plant-derived exosomes.

Panax notoginseng exosomes  /  psoriasis  /  angiogenesis  /  HaCaT cell apoptosis  /  multi-omics analysis
陈翔宇, 粟丽君, 冉克梅, 张晨, 崔艺曦, 刘洋, 全蕾, 王迪, 章津铭. 鲜三七来源的纳米囊泡制备表征及抗银屑病作用研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (2) : 643 -654 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0969
Xiang-yu CHEN, Li-jun SU, Ke-mei RAN, Chen ZHANG, Yi-xi CUI, Yang LIU, Lei QUAN, Di WANG, Jin-ming ZHANG. Preparation, characterization, and anti-psoriatic therapeutic study of Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (2) : 643 -654 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0969
银屑病是一种临床多发丘疹鳞屑性皮肤病, 主要病理表现以皮肤红斑、覆有多层银白色鳞屑的丘疹或斑块为特征, 可呈点滴状、斑块状、地图状等, 常伴不同程度瘙痒, 其病程呈慢性、反复发作, 部分患者还可出现关节损害等系统症状[1]。临床治疗多以甲氨蝶呤、环孢素、生物制剂等系统治疗和糖皮质激素、维生素D3类似物、煤焦油制剂等外用涂抹治疗[2]。系统用药可有效控制中重度患者的病情, 但存在免疫抑制、肝肾损伤等全身不良反应, 长期应用受限。外用药物直接作用于皮损部位, 起效快、全身不良反应小, 患者依从性较好, 适用于轻中度银屑病及系统治疗的辅助。然而, 现有外用药多存在疗效有限、长期使用易耐受或复发、局部刺激性强等问题[3, 4]。
中医药治疗银屑病备受关注, 中医将银屑病多归为“白疕”“干癣”“松皮癣”等范畴, 其病因病机涉及血热风燥、血瘀阻络、血虚风盛等[5]。“血瘀”是寻常型银屑病迁延难愈的基本病机和关键病理环节, 活血化瘀法是治疗寻常型银屑病的关键所在[5]。近年来, 有较多研究表明活血化瘀法可调节银屑病患者的炎症细胞因子表达水平, 缓解银屑病皮损炎症反应[6-9]。三七被誉为“血证圣药”, 其活血化瘀功效在历代医籍中均有明确记载。《本草纲目》称其“止血不留瘀”, 张锡纯更谓其“化瘀不伤正”。三七的“活血化瘀、生新”特性与银屑病“久病入络、血行不畅”病机高度契合。研究人员应用甘紫三七散治疗银屑病临床患者100例, 取得较好疗效[10]; Yang等[11]运用三七及三七的提取物成功治疗银屑病, 但其有效物质基础和作用机制仍不清楚。
植物源性纳米囊泡(plant-derived extracellular vesicles, PDEVs)为来源于植物细胞、直径一般为30~200 nm的类外泌体结构, 具有磷脂双分子层膜包裹, 内含包括蛋白质、多肽、多糖、脂类、miRNA及次生代谢产物等多种活性成分[12], 因其来源广泛、提取相对容易, 安全性高、免疫原性低[13], 及其独特生物学特性而备受关注。近年来研究发现部分植物来源PDEVs具有抗炎、抗氧化、促进创面愈合和皮肤屏障修复等作用, 在皮肤疾病方面展现良好治疗效果[14]。例如: 茶叶[15]源性纳米囊泡能够减少活性氧的产生, 抑制促炎性细胞因子的表达; 苦瓜[16]源性纳米囊泡通过增强血管内皮合成加速烫伤创面愈合; 西柚[17]源性纳米囊泡可协同治疗银屑病和特应性皮炎。因此, 本研究拟首次对新鲜三七来源的纳米囊泡进行提取分离, 并进行形态、结构、物质组成成分的表征, 并对其抑制血管新生和诱导HaCaT细胞凋亡作用进行研究, 并对咪喹莫特(imiquimod, IMQ)诱导银屑病样小鼠模型进行外用涂抹治疗, 探究三七外泌体样纳米囊泡外用治疗银屑病的潜力。
仪器  榨汁机(GYL-Y96, 九阳股份有限公司); 高速冷冻离心机(上海卢湘仪离心机仪器有限公司); 冷冻离心机(Fresco17, 美国Thermo Scientific公司); 纳米粒度仪(RESUN-G01Nanocoulter, 瑞芯智造科技有限公司); 流式细胞仪(NTASinoCyte-85, 中生医疗科技有限公司); 超高分辨成像系统(TSC SP8 STED, 德国Leica公司); 酶标仪(MK3, 芬兰雷勃集团公司); 透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM, JEM-1230, 日本JEOL公司)。
药品与试剂  本实验所用三七购自云南省文山壮族苗族自治州, 均为4年三七, 经成都中医药大学陈江教授鉴定为来源于五加科植物三七(Panax notoginseng); RPMI 1640培养基、DMEM培养基(8123594、6125076, 美国Gibco Life Technologies公司); PBS缓冲液、青霉素-链霉素(G4202、GA2412005, 武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司); 胰蛋白酶(19G04A65, 武汉博士德生物工程有限公司); Zeta血清、胎牛血清(24050814、24030701, 浙江天航生物技术有限公司); BCA蛋白浓度试剂盒(P0006C, 碧云天生物技术有限公司); PKH67 (D0031, 苏州优逸兰迪科技有限公司); CCK-8试剂盒、鬼笔环肽、抗荧光淬灭封片剂(含DAPI) (BS350B、BL1190A、BL701AB, 北京兰杰柯科技有限公司); Annexin V-FITC/PI细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(FXP018Pro, 苏州四正柏生物技术有限公司); Matrigel基质胶(17824004, 康宁显示科技有限公司); 咪喹莫特乳膏(明欣利迪5%咪喹莫特乳膏3 g: 0.15 g, 四川明欣药业有限责任公司); 流式抗体CD3-FITC、CD4-APC、CD8-PE (B42967、B424757、B41167, Biolegend有限公司)。
细胞株  人永生化角质形成细胞HaCaT, 购自赛维尔生物科技有限公司细胞库(STCC00077P); 人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs), 由中国科学院上海细胞生物学研究所提供。
动物  BALB/c种雄性小鼠, 体重(20 ± 2 g), 购自达硕(成都)生物技术有限公司, 生产许可证: SCXK (川) 2025-0030, 动物实验均按照中国国家科学技术委员会颁布的“实验动物管理条例”和成都中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会批准的议定书(批准文号2020DL-126)规范执行。
PN-ELNs的提取与表征
PN-ELNs的提取  将新鲜三七根茎切成小片, 加入适量的PBS缓冲液(三七药材∶PBS缓冲液质量比1∶2), 破碎榨汁, 纱布过滤取滤液, 采用差速离心法制备新鲜三七来源外泌体样纳米囊泡(Panax notoginseng-derived exosome-like nanovesicles, PN-ELNs)。依次采用1 000 ×g离心10 min取上清、10 000 ×g离心1 h取上清、100 000 ×g离心2 h, 所得沉淀加入适量PBS重悬, 0.80 μm微孔滤膜滤过, 即得鲜三七来源外泌体样纳米囊泡(PN-ELNs), -80 ℃贮藏备用。
TEM观察形态  将镀碳支持膜铜网放到封口膜上, 取适量PN-ELNs样品滴加到支持膜铜网上, 10 min后磷钨酸染色90 s, 滤纸吸去多余的染液, 晾干铜网, 透射电镜观察囊泡结构并拍照。
粒径分布分析  将PN-ELNs样品适当稀释并吹打均匀, 取适量加入纳米颗粒跟踪分析技术(nanoparticle tracking analysis, NTA)检测槽中, 设置软件程序, 调焦, 保证视野范围内颗粒呈现不规则布朗运动, 以30~40个颗粒为最佳, 检测读数并记录。
蛋白浓度测定  将PN-ELNs样品依次使用0.8 μm、0.45 μm的微孔滤膜过滤, 过滤后的样品加入96孔板中, 按照BCA蛋白试剂盒说明书制作标准曲线的蛋白浓度, 每孔加入300 μL的显色剂于纳米囊泡/蛋白标准品浓度。利用酶标仪在595 nm波长下检测吸光度(OD)值并计算蛋白浓度。
PN-ELNs组成分析
脂质组成分析  取170 μL PN-ELNs囊泡样品, 加入1 mL脂质提取液(甲基叔丁基醚∶甲醇= 3∶1, v/v), 室温下2 500 r·min-1震荡5 min; 加入200 μL超纯水, 震荡1 min, 4 ℃静置10 min; 在4 ℃条件下, 12 000 r·min-1离心1 min, 移取上清液500 μL至离心管中, 在20 ℃氮吹至完全干; 加入200 μL混合溶剂(乙腈∶异丙醇= 1∶1, v/v)复溶, 涡旋3 min, 12 000 r·min-1离心3 min, 移取上清液。后续LC-MS/MS组学检测、脂质定量与定性由武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司完成。
蛋白组成分析  按照PN-ELNs囊泡样品/裂解液(8 mol·L-1尿素, 1% SDS, 含蛋白酶抑制剂)体积比1∶10, 冰浴超声裂解2 min, 静置30 min; 12 000 ×g离心30 min (4 ℃)后, 取上清。采用BCA蛋白试剂盒测定囊泡中蛋白浓度, PN-ELNs囊泡中蛋白组成采用LC-MS/MS蛋白组学检测, 蛋白质定量与生物信息分析由武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司完成。
miRNA组成分析  按PN-ELNs囊泡样品/裂解液体积比1∶10加入TRIzol®裂解液(含1% β-巯基乙醇), 涡旋振荡30 s使样品充分裂解, 室温静置5 min。加入0.2倍体积氯仿, 剧烈振荡15 s, 室温静置3 min。4 ℃, 12 000 ×g离心15 min, 小心吸取上层无色水相(含RNA)至新离心管。加入等体积异丙醇, 轻柔颠倒混匀, -20 ℃静置30 min。4 ℃, 12 000 ×g离心10 min, 弃上清, RNA沉淀附着于管底。加入75%乙醇(DEPC水配制), 涡旋混匀后4 ℃, 7 500 ×g离心5 min, 弃上清。PN-ELNs囊泡中miRNA组成与生物信息分析由武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司完成。
PN-ELNs对HaCaT、HUVECs细胞增殖的影响  HaCaT、HUVECs细胞分别采用含有10%胎牛Zeta life血清和10%胎牛血清的1%双抗的DMEM培养基培养, 取对数生长期的细胞接种于96孔板, 每孔8 000个, 于37 ℃、5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。细胞贴壁后, 设置阴性对照组(只含CCK-8溶液); 对照组、PN-ELNs组(以囊泡蛋白质量浓度计, 根据囊泡对HaCaT、HUVECs细胞的IC50值, 将囊泡蛋白浓度梯度分别设为0、20、50、100、200、400、600 μg·mL-1和0、10、25、100、200、400 μg·mL-1), 孵育24 h, 加入10% CCK-8溶液, 避光孵育1.5 h后使用酶标仪于450 nm波长处检测OD值, 计算细胞存活率和IC50值。
$\quad \quad 细胞存活率 (\%)=\left(\mathrm{OD}_{\text {实验组 }}-\mathrm{OD}_{\text {空白组 }}\right) /\left(\mathrm{OD}_{\text {对照组 }}- \\\right. \left.\mathrm{OD}_{\text {空白组 }}\right) \times 100 \%$
PN-ELNs在HUVECs细胞摄取定量和成像观察  将荧光探针PKH67与PN-ELNs于37 ℃避光孵育30 min, 对PN-ELNs进行荧光标记, 超高速离心(100 000 ×g, 1 h)去除游离染料, 对PKH67-PN-ELNs进行荧光定量。将处于对数生长时期的HUVECs细胞接种于12孔板, 每孔2×105细胞, 贴壁后弃培养基加入含PKH67-PN-ELNs的新鲜培养基(以囊泡蛋白质量浓度计, 0、20、50、100 μg·mL-1)并设置只含PKH67的新鲜培养基共培养2 h, 胰酶消化, 离心收集细胞, 加入少量PBS重悬细胞, 使用流式细胞术分析PN-ELNs在HUVECs细胞摄取的浓度依赖性。
将1×104个HUVECs细胞接种于共聚焦皿, 贴壁生长后加入含PKH67, PKH67-PN-ELNs (以囊泡所含蛋白质量浓度计, 50 μg·mL-1)新鲜培养基, 共培养2 h后弃掉培养基。使用福尔马林固定细胞20 min, 再使用鬼笔环肽(5 μg·mL-1)和DAPI (1 μg·mL-1)对细胞骨架与细胞核进行染色, 随后使用超分辨成像系统进行荧光成像并拍摄图片。
PN-ELNs对HUVECs体外成管能力的影响  预先将Matrigel基质胶均匀铺于96孔板中, 待基质胶凝固。将处于对数生长期的HUVECs接种于该96孔板, 密度为每孔1.5×104个, 加入含有不同囊泡蛋白质量浓度的培养基(0、20、100 μg·mL-1), 置于37 ℃、5% CO2细胞培养箱中培养5 h后, 显微镜下观察, Image J分析细胞成管图的总分支数量并进行统计。
PN-ELNs对HaCaT细胞凋亡作用  将处于对数生长期的HaCaT细胞接种于24孔板中, 接种密度为每孔1×105个, 贴壁后弃掉培养基, 设置对照组和PN-ELNs组(以囊泡蛋白质量浓度计, 0、100、200、400 μg·mL-1), 分别使用空白培养基和含PN-ELNs的培养基处理4 h, PBS清洗两次。用胰酶消化、离心收集细胞, 适量PBS重悬细胞, 加入5 µL Annexin V-FITC双染荧光标记试剂避光孵育5 min。再加入10 μL PI染色剂吹打混匀后, 立即流式细胞仪检测。
PN-ELNs外用对银屑病样小鼠模型治疗作用  将24只BALB/c小鼠, 剃除背毛, 适应性饲养3天后, 随机平均分成4组(每组6只): control组、model组、PN-ELNs-L组、PN-ELNs-H组。除control组外, 其余每组小鼠背部每天连续均匀涂抹80 mg IMQ; 分别在第6、7天, 涂抹IMQ 6 h后, 在背部病灶处涂抹200 μL不同浓度的PN-ELNs, 即PN-ELNs-L组和PN-ELNs-H组分别给药剂量为50和100 mg·kg-1 PN-ELNs (按照蛋白浓度计)。实验期间小鼠银屑病模型的临床症状采用银屑病面积与严重性指数(psoriasis area and severity index, PASI)评分标准, 从红斑、鳞屑和浸润增厚3项指标进行评价(表1), 以0~4分进行记分, 将3个指标的积分相加得到总积分。PASI评分标准如下: 0分, 无症状; 1分, 轻度; 2分, 中度; 3分, 重度; 4分, 极重度。每天于涂抹IMQ乳膏之前由受过训练的实验人员进行单盲评价并拍照记录。
在第8天采用异氟烷将实验小鼠安乐死, 收集小鼠背部给药区域的皮肤组织, 对其进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H&E)染色及分析。取各组小鼠脾脏, 称重并计算脾指数, 并经70 μm细胞筛机械研磨后制备得到单细胞悬液, 裂解红细胞得到纯化后的小鼠脾脏细胞, 取1×106个细胞, 分别加入CD3-FITC、CD4-APC和CD8-PE抗体孵育30 min, 标记T细胞表面的CD3、CD4和CD8分子, 随后采用流式细胞仪检测。
统计学分析  本实验所有实验数据使用Graph Pad Prism 10.1.2软件进行统计学分析, 采用One-Way ANOVA单因素方差分析进行检验, P < 0.05说明组间差异有统计学意义。
图1A展示了PN-ELNs的提取过程, 采取差速离心法分离得到PN-ELNs (平均蛋白质量浓度为2.1 ± 0.15 mg·mL-1)。NTA测出PN-ELNs的平均粒径为143.9 ± 2.1 nm (图1B), 通过TEM观察到PN-ELNs形态为单凹面近圆形(图1C), 有明显的双层膜结构, 具有典型的类细胞外囊泡的特征。
对PN-ELNs的脂质组成进行分析, 结果如图2所示, 标识了三七囊泡所含脂质亚类(lipid class)的占比分布(图2A), 对丰富度排名前10的脂质亚类进一步进行统计分析(图2B): 其中主要由甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG, 46%)、甘油二酯(diglyceride, DG, 8%)、植物神经酰胺(plants ceramide, Cert)、游离脂肪酸(free fatty acid, FFA)、神经酰胺(ceramide, Cer)等组成, 以TG相对丰度最高, DG次之。其中TG与DG为脂代谢重要中间产物, 而神经酰胺类(Cert、Cer)在细胞的生长、增殖和凋亡的生物过程中具有重要的调节作用。上述脂质组成特征分析为探究PN-ELNs的生物学功能提供了脂质物质基础依据。
对PN-ELNs中蛋白组成进行分析, 结果如图3所示, 共鉴定到1 355条长度分布符合质控的肽段, 可定量196种蛋白。对其中蛋白质进行GO功能注释(图3B), 可归属于三大功能类别: 参与生物过程(biological process, BP)的289种蛋白; 与细胞组分(cellular component, CC)相关蛋白94种, 分析功能(molecular function, MF)有关317种蛋白, 提示PN-ELNs所含蛋白可能在生物代谢过程、分子催化活性及细胞结构组成等方面发挥功能。KEGG通路富集分析显示(图3C), 涉及的82条通路中, 与代谢途径相关的通路占比最高。值得注意的是, 碳代谢、萜类骨架生物合成、葡萄糖醛酸代谢和双羧酸代谢等代谢途径的异常可能通过影响角质形成细胞增殖、免疫调节和炎症反应参与银屑病的发生发展, 为PN-ELNs在蛋白质层面与银屑病的关联展示了一定的潜力。
对PN-ELNs中所含miRNA的种类及表达量进行分析, miRNA的序列总数如图4A所示, 共含miRNA序列6 056条, 将PN-ELNs中所含miRNA与其对应的靶基因进行富集分析, 由于在分子功能、细胞组分和生物过程3种功能上富集的序列数目比较多, 无法展示所有的富集分析结果, 因此分别将BP、CC、MF的序列按照注释到的靶基因数目由大到小排序, 分别挑选前25、15、10的序列进行绘图展示(图4B)。在图4C展示KEGG通路富集结果分析中, 相关性最高的氧化磷酸化(oxidative phosphorylation)通路可通过能量合成、活性氧积累、免疫代谢失调等多途径调节银屑病。
CCK-8细胞检测结果如图5A所示, PN-ELNs能抑制细胞增殖且呈浓度依赖性, 以囊泡蛋白质量浓度计, IC50 = 362.9 μg·mL-1。细胞摄取结果表明(图5B), HUVECs细胞与游离荧光探针PKH67和PKH67-PN-ELNs分别共孵育2 h后, PKH67-PN-ELNs各组平均荧光强度值均高于游离PKH67组, 且呈现浓度依赖特征。采用激光扫描共聚焦荧光显微镜观察其细胞摄取行为(图5C), HUVECs将PKH67-PN-ELNs内吞后, 主要分布在细胞核附近。
根据IC50计算结果, 选取低于其IC50值的PN-ELNs剂量, 蛋白浓度分别为0、20、100 μg·mL-1 3个质量浓度, 评估PN-ELNs抑制HUVECs血管生成的能力。如图5D所示, 未加入囊泡组中, HUVECs细胞能形成较成熟的管状结构, 而加入20、100 μg·mL-1两个浓度的PN-ELNs后, 细胞均不能形成完整的管状结构。使用Image J量化各组的总分支长度, 图5E结果显示, 未加入PN-ELNs组的总分支长度均高于PN-ELNs各组。综上表明, PN-ELNs不仅能显著抑制HUVECs的增殖活性, 容易被细胞摄取, 且有效抑制HUVECs的血管生成功能。
采用CCK-8法测定PN-ELNs对HaCaT细胞增殖的影响, 结果显示, 共培养24 h后, PN-ELNs能显著抑制细胞增殖且存在剂量依赖(图6A)。通过拟合曲线计算得到IC50 = 111.10 μg·mL-1 (图6B)。采用不同蛋白浓度(0、100、200、400 μg·mL-1)的PN-ELNs处理HaCaT细胞4 h后进行Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡。结果表明(图6C), 无PN-ELNs组细胞的存活率高于90%, 而PN-ELNs组细胞出现部分凋亡, 且随着PN-ELNs蛋白浓度增加, HaCaT细胞凋亡率呈现上升趋势, 同时各组间均有统计学差异。因此, PN-ELNs在体外能有效抑制HaCaT细胞增殖, 并诱导HaCaT细胞凋亡。
由图7可知, PN-ELNs能改善IMQ诱导的小鼠银屑病的皮肤病理状态。图7A中可以明显观察到, control组皮肤正常, 无红斑、鳞屑与皮肤增厚, model组在实验期间皮肤病理状态呈逐渐严重的趋势, 泛红, 鳞屑与增厚明显, PN-ELNs-L组和PN-ELNs-H组在给药后皮肤病理状态好转, 与model组相比, 无明显泛红, 鳞屑与增厚掉落。体重变化结果显示(图7B), 与control组相比, IMQ会导致小鼠体重持续下降, 而PN-ELNs的使用在一定程度上减缓小鼠体重的减少。第8天小鼠体重平均值分别为25.17 ± 0.56 g (control组)、20.43 ± 1.12 g (model组)、20.92 ± 1.34 g (PN-ELNs-L组)、21.9 ± 0.9 g (PN-ELNs-H组)。Model组的PASI评分呈上升趋势, 而PN-ELNs-L组和PN-ELNs-H组在给药之后, PASI评分明显下降, 且PN-ELNs-H组下降更快(图7C)。小鼠的皮肤H&E切片结果如图7D、E所示, control组的平均厚度为18.62 ± 4.02 μm, model组的平均厚度为104.85 ± 12.42 μm, 表明IMQ会诱导小鼠表皮层显著增厚; PN-ELNs-L组的平均厚度为51.65 ± 2.51 μm, PN-ELNs-H组的平均厚度为46.01 ± 9.09 μm。综上所述, PN-ELNs能在短时间内有效缓解IMQ诱导的小鼠银屑病的皮肤病理状态, 且不同浓度的PN-ELNs缓解效果不同。
脾指数通常作为机体免疫系统的指标, 用于评估免疫功能强弱。如图8A、B所示, control组脾指数为4.1 ± 0.5 mg·g-1, model组的脾指数为18.01 ± 1.28 mg·g-1, 且脾脏明显大于control组, 显示银屑病模型组小鼠免疫系统显著激活; PN-ELNs-L组与PN-ELNs-H组的脾指数分别为13.17 ± 1.29、11.61 ± 1.42 mg·g-1, 且脾脏体积均小于model组, 免疫反应减轻, 说明PN-ELNs可减轻机体免疫反应, 对IMQ诱导的银屑病小鼠具有治疗效果。
源于脾脏中的CD4+和CD8+是免疫系统中两类关键T淋巴细胞的表面标记蛋白, 分别参与协调免疫反应和直接杀伤感染细胞。CD4+/CD8+的值作为评价免疫调节功能的一项指标, 正常值约1.4~2.0。免疫细胞检测结果显示, PN-ELNs可以改善银屑病小鼠的免疫调节功能。如图8D所示, control组的CD4+/CD8+值为1.45 ± 0.37, 在正常范围; model组的CD4+/CD8+值为2.8 ± 0.29, 表明机体存在明显的自身免疫性疾病; PN-ELNs-L组和PN-ELNs-H组的CD4+/CD8+值分别为2.21 ± 0.3和2.14 ± 0.19, 与model组存在差异, 趋于正常值。说明PN-ELNs对银屑病小鼠的免疫调节有明显的改善作用
PDEVs具有独特药理活性、优异的生物相容性及制备工艺简单、成本低等特点, 在经皮给药治疗皮肤类疾病方面展示出巨大潜力[18-21]。例如: 有学者[18, 19]研究发现人参囊泡能抑制IL-1的表达, 具有抗炎舒缓的功效, 同时还可直接刺激皮肤细胞的增殖和分化, 尤其是囊泡中的原人参二醇类皂苷[18, 19]可以促进成纤维细胞的活性, 增强胶原蛋白的生成, 修复受损的皮肤组织; 何首乌囊泡[21]可减轻紫外线诱导的氧化应激, 抑制基质金属蛋白酶的产生, 减少细胞外基质降解, 促进胶原蛋白合成, 发挥抗光老化作用。本研究中PN-ELNs可通过血管新生并促进角质细胞凋亡, 短时间内在IMQ诱导的银屑病小鼠中促进其银屑样皮肤泛红减轻, 银屑掉落并抑制真皮层的组织增厚, 同时, 还可调节IMQ诱导的银屑病小鼠免疫功能恢复, 缓解银屑病症状。
三七加工过程是由新鲜三七转变成三七饮片的过程, 对三七质地和外泌体有着显著的影响, 鲜三七质地脆嫩含水量高, 显微镜下有着完整的薄壁细胞结构, 而三七饮片炮制热处理后, 质地坚硬含水量低, 细胞壁塌陷, 细胞结构被破坏; 在内在有效成分上, 因为炮制过程中的高温和烘干处理, 饮片中皂苷的含量会明显下降[22], 部分miRNA也会因为高温而失活[23]。故从鲜药中提取三七外泌体样纳米囊泡, 可较大程度上保留三七内含活性成分。本研究通过局部应用PN-ELNs于IMQ诱导的银屑病小鼠模型, 显著改善了皮肤病理状态, 同时, 银屑病作为一种自身免疫性皮肤病[20], PN-ELNs可通过调节免疫细胞CD4+/CD8+比值改善疾病状态下小鼠的免疫功能, 但是对PN-ELNs的给药方式并未进行系统考察。目前, PDEVs的应用研究已涵盖口服、外用等多种给药途径[24, 25], 本研究可为PN-ELNs用于银屑病治疗的剂型开发提供药理学依据和研究基础。
本研究系统探究了鲜三七来源外泌体样纳米囊泡PN-ELNs的组成特征及其对IMQ诱导银屑病的治疗作用。结果表明, PN-ELNs富含多种活性成分, 局部应用可显著改善小鼠银屑病样皮损并调节免疫功能。然而, 研究存在以下局限, 如PN-ELNs制备工艺未系统优化, 影响规模化生产可行性; 虽观察到在IMQ小鼠中的显著疗效(PASI评分降低), 但未通过组学技术阐明其作用靶点; 已鉴定的196种蛋白和6 056条miRNA与银屑病通路相关, 但其具体调控机制仍需验证。本研究为PN-ELNs治疗银屑病提供了实验依据, 其深入机制有待进一步探索。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0969
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
  • 修回日期:2025-10-10
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    1成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2成都中医药大学附属医院血管外科, 四川 成都 611130

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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