Article(id=1308467894833148157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0899, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753891200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-31, revisedDate=1757433600000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892656286, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892656286, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892656286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892656286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3355, endPage=3370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467895038669054, articleId=1308467894833148157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Advances in research on USP7-mediated regulation of protein homeostasis and associated antitumor strategies, columnId=1308467818731696962, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Recent advances in targeted protein degradation therapeutics, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Proteostasis is a core biological process through which cells maintain the stability and functional integrity of the proteome via a multi-level quality control network. As a key molecule in the ubiquitination regulatory pathway, the deubiquitinase USP7 can drive tumorigenesis and progression by altering the ubiquitination status of substrate proteins when its expression is aberrant or activity is dysregulated, thus emerging as a critical target in precision cancer therapy. This article systematically outlines the structural features of USP7, its role in regulating substrate protein homeostasis, and its biological functions in tumor development. It focuses on recent advances in USP7-based anti-tumor strategies, including the development of small-molecule inhibitors, applications of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology, and exploration of novel approaches such as deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras (DUBTACs). This review provides a systematic theoretical framework and cutting-edge research directions for the development of USP7-targeted anti-tumor drugs.

, authors=Xing LI1, Shu-fen HE1, Jun-jie QIN1, Hui ZHOU1, Yi MOU1, Juan SONG1, Xin ZHANG1, Yong-jun ZANG2, *, Xiao-an WEN3, *, authorsList=Xing LI, Shu-fen HE, Jun-jie QIN, Hui ZHOU, Yi MOU, Juan SONG, Xin ZHANG, Yong-jun ZANG, Xiao-an WEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong-jun ZANG, Xiao-an WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467896611533070, articleId=1308467894833148157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=USP7的蛋白稳态调控作用及其抗肿瘤策略研究进展, columnId=1308467818874303300, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白质稳态(proteostasis) 是细胞借助多层次质量控制网络, 维持蛋白质组稳定性与功能完整性的核心生物学过程。泛素特异性蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin specific protease 7, USP7) 作为泛素化调控通路中的关键分子, 其表达异常或活性失调会通过改变底物蛋白的泛素化修饰状态, 驱动肿瘤的发生与进展, 已成为肿瘤精准治疗领域的重要研究靶点。本文系统概述了USP7的结构特征、对底物蛋白的稳态调控作用及其在肿瘤发展中的生物学功能, 重点围绕近年来基于USP7的肿瘤治疗策略展开综述: 包括小分子抑制剂的开发进展、蛋白降解靶向嵌合体技术的应用, 以及去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体等新型策略的探索。该综述为靶向USP7的抗肿瘤药物研发提供了系统性的理论参考与前沿研究方向。

, authors=李幸1, 何姝芬1, 覃俊杰1, 周慧1, 牟伊1, 宋娟1, 张鑫1, 臧永军2, *, 温小安3, *, authorsList=李幸, 何姝芬, 覃俊杰, 周慧, 牟伊, 宋娟, 张鑫, 臧永军, 温小安, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=臧永军, 温小安, authorNote=

作者贡献:

李幸是本文的第一作者, 负责文献资料的收集及文章的撰写; 何姝芬、覃俊杰、周慧负责文中化合物结构整理; 牟伊、宋娟、张鑫对稿件写作提供了支持; 温小安为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等指导工作; 臧永军为本文的共同通讯作者, 负责稿件修改完善等工作。

, correspAuthorsNote=
臧永军, E-mail:
温小安, E-mail:
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A: Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and deubiquitination; B: Ubiquitination regulates protein homeostasis and participates in various biological processes. PPi: Pyrophosphoric acid; AMP: Adenosine monophosphate; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; Ub: Ubiquitin; DUB: Deubiquitinating enzyme, figureFileSmall=4hF6aDcav4zIBH3cY81oeA==, figureFileBig=kOpBVlrZVwcwBRoRQjuniw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498203318780742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Tcp5Oy81iAkDbIhPVNwX8A==, figureFileBig=xK5jOFjRNQhY3pxss7xS2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498203394278215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Illustration of the structure of human ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7). A: USP7 comprises three domains: N-terminal TRAF-like domain, catalytic domain, and C-terminal UBL domain. The numbers indicate the residue regions; B: 3D structure of the USP7 catalytic domain (PDB ID: 1NB8), figureFileSmall=Tcp5Oy81iAkDbIhPVNwX8A==, figureFileBig=xK5jOFjRNQhY3pxss7xS2g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498203469775688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qid5QWX1ilfIApqunNAx3g==, figureFileBig=W+aJfFeDST+fN8bGLOSzoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498203541078857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=USP7 promotes the differentiation of Treg cells and immunoesuppression, figureFileSmall=qid5QWX1ilfIApqunNAx3g==, figureFileBig=W+aJfFeDST+fN8bGLOSzoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498203616576330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dUH4bBkctvMoq0l+ToJ45g==, figureFileBig=f5F82D5eB45/OZGVT+EGnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205298492235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Structures of compounds 25 and 55, and the co-crystal structure of compound 25 with USP7 C-terminal domain, figureFileSmall=dUH4bBkctvMoq0l+ToJ45g==, figureFileBig=f5F82D5eB45/OZGVT+EGnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205365601100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=np/jTiYIT2TAP2poPscwaQ==, figureFileBig=AdSGc0fjk906CcxE9fM8GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205432709965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Chemical structures and biological activities of representative USP7 inhibitors, figureFileSmall=np/jTiYIT2TAP2poPscwaQ==, figureFileBig=AdSGc0fjk906CcxE9fM8GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205579510606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=t+TWibsRhka7Ofa+hN84IQ==, figureFileBig=pUafcx9O2Tgakfv3gUscvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205642425167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=USP7-based proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to degrade a protein of interest. A: Schematic diagram of USP7-based PROTACs; B: Chemical structures of three USP7 PROTACs, figureFileSmall=t+TWibsRhka7Ofa+hN84IQ==, figureFileBig=pUafcx9O2Tgakfv3gUscvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205722116944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=irF9vjVCWKyw1VwsDKOwjg==, figureFileBig=k6fS/fS7Lyot/OFNpnWHnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205785031505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=USP7-based deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras (DUBTACs) to stabilize a protein of interest. A: Schematic diagram of USP7-based DUBTACs; B: Chemical structures of three USP7-based noncovalent CFTR/AMPK-DUBTACs with different linkers, figureFileSmall=irF9vjVCWKyw1VwsDKOwjg==, figureFileBig=k6fS/fS7Lyot/OFNpnWHnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498205856334674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryUSP7 inhibitorUSP7-PROTACUSP7-DUBTAC
Mechanism of actionBind to the active site of USP7 to inhibit its deubiquitinase activityRecruit E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce ubiquitination and degradation of USP7Recruit USP7 to remove ubiquitin tags from POI and stabilize POI
Effect on USP7Functional inhibition (reversible or irreversible binding)Protein degradation, irreversible eliminationNo impact on USP7 level, utilize its enzymatic activity
Regulation of POIIndirectly increased ubiquitination and reduced the level or altered subcellular localization of POIIndirectly enhanced ubiquitination-dependent degradation, lowering POI levelsRecruitment of USP7 to POI drives deubiquitination, directly stabilizing POI by blocking degradation
Molecular characteristicsSmall molecules with simple structure and high oral bioavailabilityLarge-molecule bifunctional chimeras with long half-life but poor oral availabilityBifunctional macromolecules possibly with suboptimal membrane permeability and oral bioavailability
Target selectivityActive-site dependency drives off-target effectsBifunctional design, possibly with higher selectivityBifunctional design, theoretically reducing off-target effects
Mode of actionCompetitive inhibition, requiring continuous high concentration to maintain efficacyCatalytic degradation of USP7, effective at low dosesCatalytic stabilization of POI, possibly effective at low doses
Clinical application potentialSuitable for tumors requiring reduction of substrate protein levelsCapable of overcoming resistance to traditional inhibitors and suitable for various tumorsSuitable for diseases caused by protein deficiency, such as some rare diseases
Current challengesProne to drug resistance due to target mutations and low selectivityHigh synthesis cost and restricted E3 ligase tissue distributionDeficient DUB ligands and suboptimal activity and pharmacokinetic profile
), ArticleFig(id=1308498205961192275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467894833148157, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

The differences among the three USP7-targeting strategies. POI: Protein of interest; DUB: Deubiquitinating enzyme

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryUSP7 inhibitorUSP7-PROTACUSP7-DUBTAC
Mechanism of actionBind to the active site of USP7 to inhibit its deubiquitinase activityRecruit E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce ubiquitination and degradation of USP7Recruit USP7 to remove ubiquitin tags from POI and stabilize POI
Effect on USP7Functional inhibition (reversible or irreversible binding)Protein degradation, irreversible eliminationNo impact on USP7 level, utilize its enzymatic activity
Regulation of POIIndirectly increased ubiquitination and reduced the level or altered subcellular localization of POIIndirectly enhanced ubiquitination-dependent degradation, lowering POI levelsRecruitment of USP7 to POI drives deubiquitination, directly stabilizing POI by blocking degradation
Molecular characteristicsSmall molecules with simple structure and high oral bioavailabilityLarge-molecule bifunctional chimeras with long half-life but poor oral availabilityBifunctional macromolecules possibly with suboptimal membrane permeability and oral bioavailability
Target selectivityActive-site dependency drives off-target effectsBifunctional design, possibly with higher selectivityBifunctional design, theoretically reducing off-target effects
Mode of actionCompetitive inhibition, requiring continuous high concentration to maintain efficacyCatalytic degradation of USP7, effective at low dosesCatalytic stabilization of POI, possibly effective at low doses
Clinical application potentialSuitable for tumors requiring reduction of substrate protein levelsCapable of overcoming resistance to traditional inhibitors and suitable for various tumorsSuitable for diseases caused by protein deficiency, such as some rare diseases
Current challengesProne to drug resistance due to target mutations and low selectivityHigh synthesis cost and restricted E3 ligase tissue distributionDeficient DUB ligands and suboptimal activity and pharmacokinetic profile
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USP7的蛋白稳态调控作用及其抗肿瘤策略研究进展
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李幸 1 , 何姝芬 1 , 覃俊杰 1 , 周慧 1 , 牟伊 1 , 宋娟 1 , 张鑫 1 , 臧永军 2, * , 温小安 3, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025,60(11): 3355-3370
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药学学报 |专题报道: 靶向蛋白降解药物前沿进展评述 2025 , 60 (11) : 3355 -3370
USP7的蛋白稳态调控作用及其抗肿瘤策略研究进展
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李幸1, 何姝芬1, 覃俊杰1, 周慧1, 牟伊1, 宋娟1, 张鑫1, 臧永军2, * , 温小安3, *
作者信息
  • 1泰州学院药学院, 江苏 泰州 225300
  • 2皖西学院生物与制药工程学院, 安徽 六安 237012
  • 3中国药科大学多靶标天然药物全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009
通讯作者:
臧永军, E-mail:
温小安, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

李幸是本文的第一作者, 负责文献资料的收集及文章的撰写; 何姝芬、覃俊杰、周慧负责文中化合物结构整理; 牟伊、宋娟、张鑫对稿件写作提供了支持; 温小安为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等指导工作; 臧永军为本文的共同通讯作者, 负责稿件修改完善等工作。

Advances in research on USP7-mediated regulation of protein homeostasis and associated antitumor strategies
Xing LI1, Shu-fen HE1, Jun-jie QIN1, Hui ZHOU1, Yi MOU1, Juan SONG1, Xin ZHANG1, Yong-jun ZANG2, * , Xiao-an WEN3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China
  • 2School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu′an 237012, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0899
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蛋白质稳态(proteostasis) 是细胞借助多层次质量控制网络, 维持蛋白质组稳定性与功能完整性的核心生物学过程。泛素特异性蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin specific protease 7, USP7) 作为泛素化调控通路中的关键分子, 其表达异常或活性失调会通过改变底物蛋白的泛素化修饰状态, 驱动肿瘤的发生与进展, 已成为肿瘤精准治疗领域的重要研究靶点。本文系统概述了USP7的结构特征、对底物蛋白的稳态调控作用及其在肿瘤发展中的生物学功能, 重点围绕近年来基于USP7的肿瘤治疗策略展开综述: 包括小分子抑制剂的开发进展、蛋白降解靶向嵌合体技术的应用, 以及去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体等新型策略的探索。该综述为靶向USP7的抗肿瘤药物研发提供了系统性的理论参考与前沿研究方向。

蛋白质稳态调控  /  泛素特异性蛋白酶7  /  肿瘤治疗  /  抑制剂  /  蛋白降解靶向嵌合体  /  去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体

Proteostasis is a core biological process through which cells maintain the stability and functional integrity of the proteome via a multi-level quality control network. As a key molecule in the ubiquitination regulatory pathway, the deubiquitinase USP7 can drive tumorigenesis and progression by altering the ubiquitination status of substrate proteins when its expression is aberrant or activity is dysregulated, thus emerging as a critical target in precision cancer therapy. This article systematically outlines the structural features of USP7, its role in regulating substrate protein homeostasis, and its biological functions in tumor development. It focuses on recent advances in USP7-based anti-tumor strategies, including the development of small-molecule inhibitors, applications of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) technology, and exploration of novel approaches such as deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras (DUBTACs). This review provides a systematic theoretical framework and cutting-edge research directions for the development of USP7-targeted anti-tumor drugs.

protein homeostasis regulation  /  USP7  /  tumor therapy  /  inhibitor  /  proteolysis-targeting chimera  /  deubiquitinase-targeting chimera
李幸, 何姝芬, 覃俊杰, 周慧, 牟伊, 宋娟, 张鑫, 臧永军, 温小安. USP7的蛋白稳态调控作用及其抗肿瘤策略研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3355 -3370 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0899
Xing LI, Shu-fen HE, Jun-jie QIN, Hui ZHOU, Yi MOU, Juan SONG, Xin ZHANG, Yong-jun ZANG, Xiao-an WEN. Advances in research on USP7-mediated regulation of protein homeostasis and associated antitumor strategies[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3355 -3370 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0899
蛋白质稳态(proteostasis) 是指细胞内蛋白质的合成、折叠、转运及降解等过程维持动态平衡的生理状态, 其对保障细胞内蛋白质的数量、构象与功能稳定, 以及维持细胞正常生理功能、增殖与存活具有决定性作用[1, 2]。蛋白质稳态失衡可诱发细胞功能紊乱、代谢失调、增殖异常及凋亡等生理病理过程, 与神经退行性疾病、免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病及肿瘤等多种重大疾病的发生发展密切相关。
泛素化是一种高度特异性和选择性的翻译后修饰[3-6], 在蛋白质稳态调控中起着核心作用[1, 7]。泛素化是指在E1泛素激活酶、E2泛素偶联酶和E3泛素连接酶的级联催化作用下将泛素分子共价结合到靶蛋白上的过程(图1A)[8-10], 不同结构的泛素链可调控底物蛋白的水平、亚细胞定位及功能, 广泛参与多种生理过程[8, 11], 如蛋白质降解[12]、膜蛋白转运、DNA损伤修复[13]、表观遗传调控[14]、信号转导[15, 16]等(图1B)。去泛素化酶(deubiquitinating enzyme, DUB) 在泛素蛋白酶体系统中起着逆向调节的关键作用, 通过特异性地水解肽键或异肽键将泛素从底物蛋白中移除, 保护靶蛋白不被降解或失活(图1A)[17, 18], 由DUB维持的泛素化-去泛素化平衡对调节蛋白质稳态极为重要, 一旦失调将会引起包括癌症在内的多种疾病[6, 19, 20]。
泛素特异性蛋白酶7 (ubiquitin specific protease 7, USP7), 也被称为疱疹病毒相关的泛素特异性蛋白酶(herpes-associated ubiquitin specific protease, HAUSP), 是研究较为深入的DUB之一[21], 对广泛底物蛋白的稳态调控作用涉及多种生物过程, 其活性或表达异常可造成关键致癌/抑癌蛋白的功能变化、肿瘤免疫失调, 直接或间接导致肿瘤发生发展和恶性进展[22-30]。USP7作为一种有前景的肿瘤治疗靶点正在引起广泛关注[31, 32], 本文将系统综述USP7的结构和功能, 探讨其对底物蛋白的稳态调控及在肿瘤发展中的作用。同时, 对基于USP7靶点开发的肿瘤治疗策略进行全面总结: 包括已报道的USP7小分子抑制剂、基于蛋白降解靶向嵌合体(proteolysis-targeting chimeras, PROTACs) 技术开发的USP7-PROTACs降解剂、基于去泛素化酶靶向嵌合体(deubiquitinase-targeting chimeras, DUBTACs) 策略设计的USP7-DUBTACs, 系统梳理该领域的研究进展与发展方向。
USP7全长包含1 102个残基[32-35], 通常可以划分为3个结构域(图2A): N端的TRAF域、催化域、C端的UBL域(UBL1~UBL5)。各结构域有着不同的功能, 其中N末端参与了核定位, TRAF域主要负责底物识别和结合[36, 37], 而催化域能识别并切割底物上的泛素[38], C端区域负责底物识别并促进催化功能[21, 33, 36]。USP7作为动态去泛素化酶, 其各结构域通过链接器共价连接, 赋予域间构象灵活性, 这种动态特性可能对酶活性调控具有关键作用[39]。
USP7的N端TRAF域采用8股反向平行β-折叠结构, 通过识别底物共有的P/AxxS基序, 特异性结合p53、MDM2、HDMX、EBNA1、UbE2E1等关键蛋白[40-44]。这种共享基序导致底物间存在竞争性结合, 例如, 在非应激状态下, USP7优先稳定亲和力更高的MDM2, 促使其持续降解p53; 应激时MDM2和p53的磷酸化修饰改变结合偏好, USP7转而稳定p53并激活其抗肿瘤功能。这种竞争性结合形成负反馈调控环路, 充当细胞应激响应的“分子开关”, 而肿瘤中USP7过表达打破该平衡, 通过异常稳定MDM2导致p53失活, 推动癌症进展[34, 38, 45]。此外, 研究发现, TRAF域缺失不影响USP7对MDM2、p53的去泛素化活性, 这可能归因于USP7的C端结构域存在第二个MDM2/p53结合位点[46]。不过, 该结构域缺失会削弱USP7的核定位能力, 但不影响其与底物的结合亲和力[26, 47], 表明TRAF域主要负责靶蛋白识别, 对催化活性影响较小[32, 37]。
USP7催化结构域(208~560位氨基酸) 呈右手状三维结构, 包含拇指、手掌和手指3个亚域(图2B)。其中, 拇指区由8个α螺旋构成, 手掌区由8个中心β-片层组成, 手指区则含4个β-片层[48]。该结构在USP家族中高度保守, 与其他成员仅有细微差异, 且不影响底物识别和催化活性, 这或许是早期USP7抑制剂普遍选择性低的原因之一[49]。
手掌与拇指区间存在酸性氨基酸富集的深裂缝, 其中Cys223、His464和Asp481构成保守催化三联体(图2B), 在催化中起关键作用[47, 48]。USP7处于自抑制状态时, 催化三联体构象无序; 当泛素结合至手指域, 其C端嵌入手掌-拇指裂口, 诱导催化三联体重排(如Cys223与His464间距从10.17缩至3.60 Å), 激活酶活构象[21, 34, 47, 48]。这种活性位点的开关式构象变化为USP7所特有, 为开发高选择性小分子抑制剂提供了潜在靶点[50, 51]。
USP7的C端的5个UBL结构域被一个有延展特性的α-螺旋与催化域分隔, 可促使泛素C端正确折叠进入催化域[37, 47, 50]。其中, UBL4-5通过结合催化域开关环增强泛素亲和力与活性, 是激活USP7催化域的核心模块; UBL1-2和UBL3虽非活化必需, 但可进一步提升USP7的催化效率与泛素结合能力[21]。此外, 不同的UBL结构域识别和结合不同的USP7底物, 这种C端底物特异性结合特性, 使其成为极具潜力的肿瘤治疗靶点, 为靶向抑制USP7提供了新策略[34-36]。
USP7具有广泛的蛋白底物, 通过调控这些底物的稳定性或亚细胞定位, 参与了多种细胞途径, 如细胞周期控制、细胞凋亡、DNA甲基化损伤、表观遗传调控、转录调控、免疫反应等。USP7过表达可以通过上调致癌蛋白或下调抑癌蛋白促进多种恶性肿瘤(如结直肠癌、前列腺癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌、白血病) 的发生发展[39, 52, 53]。更重要的是, 除了内在的促肿瘤作用, USP7还可以通过调节肿瘤微环境中肿瘤组织浸润细胞(如NK、NKT、Tregs等) 的数量和免疫检查点(如PD-L1) 的表达水平, 来促进肿瘤逃避免疫监视和杀伤[53]。
p53作为关键抑癌蛋白和转录因子, 与其负调控因子MDM2/MDMX构成MDM2/MDMX-p53通路, 在癌细胞增殖、细胞周期、凋亡、血管生成及免疫应答中起核心调控作用[5]。泛素蛋白酶体系统严格调控三者稳定性: MDM2作为p53的E3连接酶, 二者均为USP7底物, 因MDM2与USP7亲和力更强而优先被去泛素化[54], 稳定后的MDM2促进p53泛素化降解[24]。肿瘤及病毒感染细胞中USP7活性上调, 敲除或抑制USP7可降低MDM2/MDMX水平, 稳定p53并激活其通路, 诱导细胞周期阻滞和凋亡[55]。例如, USP7抑制剂P5091在多发性骨髓瘤模型中通过下调MDM2、上调p53/p21诱导凋亡[56]; 高选择性抑制剂(CP4) 处理HCT116、MCF7等细胞时, 可观察到MDM2浓度依赖性下降、p53/p21上调及凋亡增强, 且在RS4; 11细胞中验证了USP7-MDM2-p53-p21轴的激活效应[3]。
PTEN蛋白是一种质膜脂质磷酸酶, 其活性、稳定性和亚细胞定位受泛素化与去泛素化调控: 多泛素化修饰使PTEN滞留在细胞质并降解, 具有促癌作用, 而单泛素化修饰则促进PTEN核输入及抗癌活性[57]。研究表明, USP7可逆转PTEN单泛素化, 促进其核输出, 这一过程与蛋白水平无关, 但核PTEN缺失与癌症恶性进展相关[58]。在前列腺癌中, 过表达的USP7可能通过干扰PTEN定位发挥促癌作用[24, 58]。在野生型HCT116细胞中, PTEN均匀分布于细胞; 而USP7敲除细胞中, 核PTEN比例显著增加。此外, USP7对PTEN蛋白在细胞核与细胞质之间的动态穿梭调控在白血病进展中至关重要: 在急性早幼粒细胞白血病中, 由于PML蛋白功能缺陷, 无法通过衔接蛋白DAXX拮抗USP7对PTEN的去泛素化作用, 导致PTEN在细胞内的定位异常[24]; 急性髓系白血病中, 核磷蛋白拮抗USP7以调节PTEN去泛素化及亚细胞定位[59]; 慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) 中, BCR-ABL通过磷酸化激活USP7, 促使PTEN从核内排出, 削弱其抑癌功能[60]。而USP7抑制剂P5091可通过恢复CLL细胞中PTEN核定位, 诱导不依赖p53的细胞凋亡[61]。同样, 弓形虫GRA16蛋白通过抑制USP7, 促进PTEN在肝癌细胞核内积累并增强其抑癌效应[62]。这提示USP7是激活PTEN抑癌功能的潜在药物靶点, 目前已开发出CP4、L55、X36等高效选择性USP7抑制剂, 有望通过恢复PTEN功能用于癌症治疗[63-65]。
FOXO4的单泛素化可诱导其核定位并增强转录活性。与PTEN类似, 在氧化应激条件下, 转录因子FOXO4 (及其他可能的FOXO家族成员) 的单泛素化修饰可被USP7特异性去泛素化, 进而触发其核输出并失活, 且该过程对FOXO蛋白稳定性无显著影响[22, 66, 67]。由于USP7过表达会抑制FOXO的抑癌活性, 通过小分子抑制剂靶向USP7或成为激活FOXO的潜在治疗策略, 在癌症治疗中具有应用前景[22]。
组蛋白甲基化酶EZH2是关键的表观遗传调控因子, 在肿瘤进展、侵袭和转移中起重要作用。过表达的USP7通过对EZH2的去泛素化修饰增强其稳定性, 进而促进PC3前列腺癌细胞的迁移和侵袭, 而在PC3小鼠异种移植模型中, 敲低USP7可显著抑制肿瘤生长[68]。另有研究表明, EZH2通过招募去泛素化酶USP7, 调控LSD1、组蛋白去乙酰化酶1 (HDAC1)、DNMT1等表观遗传调控因子及β-CATENIN、SMAD2/4的稳定性, 从而介导癌细胞中神经元相关基因的表达。EZH2缺失会增强这些蛋白的泛素化降解, 减少其与神经元基因启动子的结合, 并减弱Wnt和TGFβ信号通路靶基因的激活。综上, USP7/EZH2轴可能成为癌症治疗的新靶点[69]。
研究表明, USP7与关键表观遗传调控因子DNMT1和UHRF1相互作用, 具有双重调控功能: 既能调节UHRF1的稳定性, 又能在体内外增强DNMT1的酶活性[70]。在HCT116、PC-3和Jurkat细胞中, 敲低USP7或用抑制剂P217564处理均会导致UHRF1水平下降[71, 72]。USP7可通过逆转E3泛素连接酶UHRF1介导的多泛素化修饰稳定DNMT1, 而Tip60对DNMT1的乙酰化修饰会破坏USP7与DNMT1的稳定结合, 导致DNMT1降解[70]。HDAC1则可恢复USP7对DNMT1的去泛素化作用[73]。在人类结肠癌中, 敲低USP7使肿瘤细胞对HDAC抑制剂更敏感, 为HDAC与USP7抑制剂的联合治疗提供了理论依据。
Wnt/β-catenin通路受到高度调控, 在缺乏Wnt刺激的情况下, β-catenin的N端被由Axin、APC、GSK3和CK1组成的“破坏复合体”磷酸化, 继而又被E3泛素连接酶识别和泛素化降解。USP7通过其TRAF结构域直接与Axin相互作用, 促进Axin的去泛素化和稳定, 并抑制Wnt诱导的β-catenin积聚; 反之, USP7敲除或抑制可上调不同细胞系中β-catenin的积累和Wnt/β-catenin信号传导, 进而促进成骨细胞分化或抑制脂肪细胞分化[74]。正常情况下, APC的CID结构域能促进E3连接酶对β-catenin进行泛素化降解, 保护β-catenin不被USP7去泛素化[32, 75, 76]。但当APC失去CID结构域, USP7就会与β-catenin的N端结合, 通过去泛素化稳定β-catenin, 最终促使肠上皮细胞过度增殖、发生癌变, 结直肠癌中APC的突变和β-catenin的聚集分别占到90%和80%[77, 78]。此外, USP7通过稳定RNA解旋酶DDX3X和增强Wnt/β-catenin信号传导在结直肠癌中参与上皮间质转化状态[79]。另有研究证实, USP7在结直肠癌中正向调控Wnt信号通路, 敲除USP7能抑制不同p53状态的结直肠癌细胞增殖, 这为结直肠癌治疗提供了新的潜在靶点和方向[55, 80]。
USP7除了通过调节致癌蛋白/抑癌蛋白底物的水平、亚细胞定位和功能直接参与肿瘤发生发展外, 还在肿瘤逃避宿主免疫系统监视和杀伤中具有调节作用[56, 81]。
肿瘤免疫微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 中的Tregs可以通过多重机制抑制肿瘤免疫, 促进肿瘤免疫逃逸[82]。研究表明, USP7可增强Tregs的关键转录因子Foxp3及其乙酰转移酶Tip60的稳定性, 从而上调Tregs的分化和免疫抑制功能(图3), 协助肿瘤免疫逃逸, 促进肿瘤的发生发展, 而USP7抑制剂则可降低Tregs水平并削弱其对毒性T淋巴细胞的抑制作用, 从而恢复抗肿瘤免疫应答[55, 81, 83, 84]。文献报道, USP7抑制剂可以减少TME中Foxp3+ Tregs的瘤内积累, 促进CD8+ T细胞的积累, 从而抑制有免疫功能的小鼠体内TC1肿瘤和AE.17肿瘤的生长, 除单独使用外, 与肿瘤免疫治疗方案中常用的生物制剂(疫苗和PD-1单克隆抗体) 联合使用时, 在分别携带AE17肿瘤和TC1肿瘤的小鼠中均表现出显著的治疗效益[55, 81]。USP7抑制剂可提高荷瘤小鼠的IFN-γ和TNF-α水平, 抑制IL-10表达, 下调Tregs比例, 促进CT26结直肠癌异种移植模型小鼠的抗肿瘤免疫[85]。
USP7与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophage, TAMs) 的极化调节密切相关, 在具有减少炎症、促进肿瘤生长及免疫抑制功能的M2型巨噬细胞(M2 MΦs) 中呈现高表达[86]。抑制USP7可通过激活p38MAPK通路介导巨噬细胞重编程, 改变M2 MΦs表型并抑制其功能, 从而促进CD8+ T细胞的体外增殖。体内实验表明, USP7抑制剂P5091延缓了Lewis肺癌小鼠肿瘤生长, 流式分析显示, P5091可促进TAMs从M2型重新编程为具有积极免疫应答作用的M1型, 显著提升M1MΦs水平, 同时显著增加了肿瘤微环境中浸润的IFN-γ+ CD8+ T细胞和抗肿瘤免疫相关细胞因子IFN-γ、TNF-α、IL-2、IL-5等含量[86]。
程序性细胞死亡配体1 (programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1), 是免疫检查点PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) 的主要配体。在TME中, 肿瘤细胞表面的PD-L1表达上调, 可与肿瘤特异性CD8+ T细胞表面的PD-1结合, 发挥免疫“刹车”作用, 抑制抗肿瘤免疫并促进肿瘤发展。近来研究表明, 靶向USP7对PD-L1的表达调控具有背景依赖性。
相关报道[87]指出, TAMs向M1表型极化会增加PD-L1表达。但在靶向USP7重新编程肺癌TAMs的研究[86]中发现, USP7抑制剂P5091对骨髓来源的巨噬细胞中PD-L1表达无显著影响, 却能以浓度依赖方式显著上调Lewis肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达, 机制尚不明确。Lewis模型小鼠的流式及免疫组化结果显示, 体内抑制USP7可增加TME中PD-L1表达, 且与PD-1单抗联用对Lewis皮下肿瘤抑制具有协同效应。
Wang等[88]研究发现在胃癌组织中USP7与PD-L1的表达正相关, USP7可以直接与PD-L1相互作用, 并去泛素化和稳定PD-L1, 敲除USP7或使用CP4和P5091抑制USP7均可降低胃癌细胞中PD-L1的表达, 减弱PD-L1/PD-1的相互作用, 增强癌细胞对T细胞的杀伤策略中的新途径, 通过促进肿瘤免疫应答增强治疗效果。
USP7作为蛋白质稳态的关键调控因子, 通过去泛素化修饰精确调控其底物蛋白的降解/稳定、定位转运及功能维持等生物学过程, 可通过多种分子机制驱动肿瘤的发生发展。一方面, USP7可动态调控一系列关键性抑癌蛋白(如p53、PTEN等) 和致癌蛋白(如MDM2、DNMT1等) 的稳定性和信号传导, 从而参与对肿瘤细胞增殖、凋亡等过程的调节; 另一方面USP7可以调节肿瘤微环境中Tregs、M1 MΦs和PD-L1的水平, 影响肿瘤免疫。单一或联合靶向USP7所表现出的显著抗肿瘤活性, 凸显了其作为肿瘤治疗靶点的巨大临床潜力。目前, 围绕该靶点开发的治疗策略主要分为两大类: 包括传统的USP7小分子抑制剂, 以及利用新兴的靶向降解技术开发的USP7-PROTACs和USP7-DUBTACs。
USP7在肿瘤进展中发挥重要作用, 抑制USP7可通过多种途径发挥抗肿瘤作用, 因此USP7抑制剂的开发备受关注。随着USP7蛋白晶体结构及各结构域功能逐渐被阐明, 为开发多种抑制剂提供了有力的理论指导。目前, 靶向不同结构域的USP7抑制剂研究进展差异显著, N端和C端抑制剂相关报道极少, 催化域抑制剂研究较为活跃, 但尚无相关分子进入临床试验阶段。
USP7的N端TRAF域主要负责底物识别结合, 对酶活性影响小。研究人员根据TRAF域和底物蛋白vIRF4结合的氨基酸位点, 设计了多肽vif1和vif2[89]。vif1可干扰USP7与底物结合但抑酶活能力弱, vif2能完全抑制酶活, 但可能是作用在了催化域。两者均能以p53依赖方式抑制前列腺癌细胞增殖(vif2效果更强), 在PEL小鼠模型中, vif2展现出显著的肿瘤抑制效果, 而vif2与TAT-vif1的组合疗法则进一步实现了肿瘤消退。目前尚无靶向N端的小分子抑制剂报道。
USP7的C端结构域(USP7CTD) 参与底物的特异性识别和USP7酶的变构激活。Sun等[90]根据USP7CTD与底物DNMT1的复合共晶(PDB ID: 4YOC) 进行了虚拟筛选和合理结构改造, 得到了先导化合物25, 共晶结构显示, 25结合于USP7CTD的UBL2结构域, 并与结合口袋的关键氨基酸残基Asp666、Tyr706及Arg723等形成多种相互作用力(图4)。随后, 得到了与USP7CTD亲和力最强的化合物55 (Kd = 360 ± 140 nmol·L-1), 能显著抑制USP7CTD与DNMT1的相互作用, 降低RS4;11细胞中DNMT1蛋白水平, 对血液肿瘤细胞NB4和RS4;11有明显抗增殖活性, 在小鼠巨噬细胞中还展现出剂量依赖性抗炎能力。这些研究有望填补USP7CTD小分子调控剂研究空白, 为后续开发提供指导。
USP7催化域(USP7CD) 作为酶的催化核心, 对其去泛素化功能起决定性作用, 是抑制剂开发的核心靶点。USP7CD结构高度保守性带来开发机遇的同时也存在挑战—早期抑制剂普遍存在活性低、选择性差的问题。随着催化位点活化机制的阐明、共晶结构解析及筛选技术成熟, 一系列新型抑制剂被报道, 按结构可分为6类: 茚并[1, 2-b]吡嗪类、取代噻吩类、四氢吖啶类、2-氨基-4-乙基吡啶类、4-羟基哌啶类、噻吩并吡啶类。
HBX41108是Hybrigenics公司通过高通量筛选发现的一种茚并[1, 2-b]吡嗪类衍生物(图5), 对USP7和USP8均有抑制活性, 是一种非竞争性的可逆抑制剂, 即不干扰底物与USP7的结合, 在形成酶-底物复合物后抑制USP7的活性。抗细胞增殖实验表明, HBX41108对HCT116细胞有抑制作用, IC50值为0.27 mol·L-1 [91, 92]。
2011年, Progenra公司通过高通量筛选获得不可逆USP7共价抑制剂P22077 (图5), 其IC50为8.0 μmol·L-1, 通过结合催化位点Cys223占据活性中心阻断酶激活, 对USP47抑制活性相当(IC50 = 8.7 μmol·L-1)[93]。该化合物可显著作用于p53-MDM2-USP7轴完整的神经母细胞瘤细胞, 并在小鼠模型中有效抑制肿瘤生长[94]。
随后, 该公司以Ub-PLA₂为底物筛选出P5091 (图5)[95], 其对全长USP7的IC₅₀为4.2 μmol·L-1, 通过与泛素竞争性结合发挥作用。P5091可抑制HCT 116野生型细胞生长, 但对USP7敲除细胞无影响, 并对多发性骨髓瘤细胞具有细胞毒性[21, 56]。化合物P50429 (图5) 是该系列中活性最优的双重抑制剂, 通过共价结合USP7发挥作用[96]。上述化合物(特别是P5091) 被广泛用于USP7肿瘤生物学功能研究。
Chen等[91]基于骨架跃迁原理改造P5091和P22077, 获得化合物C7和C19 (图5), 两者对HCT 116细胞均表现出抗增殖活性, IC50分别为8.45和6.36 μmol·L-1。
2012年, Hybrigenics公司以Ub-AMC为底物通过高通量筛选获得了HBX19818和HBX28258 (图5)[97], 二者对USP7选择性良好(IC50分别为28.1和22.6 μmol·L-1), 对其他DUB (USP8、USP5等) 抑制活性较弱(IC50 > 200 μmol·L-1)。HBX19818常被用于USP7生物学相关研究, 它能明显提高HEK293细胞中MDM2的多聚泛素化和HCT 116中p53的含量并增强下游靶基因的表达, 通过抑制肿瘤细胞内DNA的修复诱导细胞死亡, 并能抑制慢性淋巴细胞白血病小鼠模型中肿瘤增殖[98]。
2017年, Genentech公司通过基于核磁共振的筛选和结构设计, 发现了可逆选择性USP7抑制剂GNE-6640和GNE-6776 (图5), 二者在100 μmol·L-1浓度下对其他36种DUB无抑制作用, 对USP7具有高度选择性[99, 100]。共晶结构显示, 两种化合物结合于距催化位点Cys223 12 Å的变构位点, 区别于传统结合模式[99]。441株细胞活力测试显示, 急性髓性白血病细胞对GNE-6776敏感。体内研究表明, GNE-6776可口服, 虽然有效暴露量短暂, 但能调节人异种移植模型靶通路, 抑制人嗜酸性粒细胞性白血病细胞株EOL-1移植瘤生长, 且与多柔比星、顺铂等DNA损伤剂联用可增强抑制效果[99]。该研究首次描述了USP7抑制剂的药动学特征, 指出改善类药特性是全面评估USP7体内抑制作用的必要条件。
4-羟基哌啶类衍生物是研究较多的USP7抑制剂, 多数研究者选择保留了N-1位羰基取代、C-4位由亚甲基和嘧啶酮环相连的骨架, 针对并环结构及其上面的取代基或者针对与羰基相连的侧链做结构修饰, 孙宏斌课题组开创性的去除了N-1位羰基结构, 得到了一类N-苄基哌啶醇类衍生物。
2017年, FORMA公司开发的USP7抑制剂FT671和FT827 (图5)[101], 在50 μmol·L-1时对包括同源度最高的USP47在内的其他40种去泛素化酶几乎没抑制作用, 具有高选择性。此外, FT671能促进USP7底物MDM2的降解, 提高p53水平, 并导致p53靶基因的转录, 诱导肿瘤抑制因子p21。FT671还能够抑制MM.1S细胞株的增殖, 对MM.1S异种移植瘤也显示出剂量依赖性的抗肿瘤作用[101]。共晶结构揭示了FT671 (PDB ID: 5NGE) 和FT827 (PDB ID: 5NGF) 与USP7的不同结合模式及小分子抑制剂对USP7实现选择性抑制的分子基础。USP7存在不结合泛素的apo自抑制状态和结合泛素的活性状态。其拇指区α4与α5螺旋间的开关环是变构调节位点, 在apo状态下为化合物结合提供空间。当USP7从自抑制状态转为活性状态时, 开关环由螺旋状变为直线型, 手掌区Tyr465和Tyr514分别与拇指区Asp295和Val296形成氢键, 僵化泛素结合通道。其他去泛素化酶在无泛素时已存在类似氢键, 阻碍小分子结合, 而USP7在apo状态下无此氢键, 为小分子可进入手掌区与拇指区缝隙实现选择性抑制奠定了分子结构基础。
2017年, Dana-Farber癌症研究所分析已报道的DUB抑制剂时, 发现Hybrigenics公司2013年专利WO2013030218中的化合物1 (图5) 是高选择性USP7抑制剂。通过解析USP7与化合物1的结合结构, 该团队以结构为导向快速开发出化合物XL188[102]及其对映异构体XL203C (图5)。这对喹唑啉酮类衍生物含有叔羟基哌啶基团, 系通过构效关系引入亲水性哌嗪基团改造而来, 后成为研究USP7功能的活性/非活性抑制剂组合。
2018年, Almac公司[103]报道的高效新颖USP7抑制剂CP4 (图5) 具有强效内源性靶标作用和高选择性, 可在HCT116和MCF7细胞中降低MDM2并提升p53水平, 对RS4;11和LNCaP细胞具有显著抗增殖作用。但CP4药动学特性不佳, 存在肝清除率高、水溶性过强导致透膜性差(Papp < 0.3×10-6 cm·s-1) 等问题, 为增加脂溶性, 将CP4中(R)-Me替换为(R)-CF3合成CP5[63], 虽然代谢稳定性有所改善, 但生物利用度不足1%, 凸显USP7小分子抑制剂开发已从选择性和效力瓶颈转向药代动力学成药性挑战。
2021年, 四川科伦公司对其专利实施例13中的三嗪酮并咪唑类化合物13 (图5) 进行了系统评价[104]。该化合物以Ub-AMC为底物的酶活抑制实验显示IC50值为6.73 ± 1.10 nmol·L-1; 对MM.1S细胞的增殖抑制IC50值为26.30 ± 7.93 nmol·L-1; 而对hREG的抑制作用IC50值则大于10 μmol·L-1。体内药动学研究表明, 化合物13在大鼠体内的药代动力学(静脉注射给药方式) 性质良好, 大鼠脑组织分布量极少, 该化合物产生中枢不良反应的风险较小。
2022年, 孙宏斌课题组报道了一系列N-苄基哌啶醇类化合物, 其中L55 (图5) 在表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 和酶活测试中对USP7表现出了良好的亲和力(Kd = 78.3 ± 1.6 nmol·L-1) 和酶抑制活性(IC50 = 60.7 ± 5.4 nmol·L-1), 但甲酯药效团导致L55代谢稳定性较差(HML t1/2 = 3 min)[65]。L55的哌啶环氮原子通过一个碳的亚甲基与侧链苯环相连, 却展现出优异生物活性, 这打破了哌啶醇类衍生物构效关系的传统认知—尤其是羰基不可取代、侧链碳原子不宜过少的结论。USP7催化域L55的共晶结构(PDB ID: 6M1K) 揭示其作用机制: L55结合于USP7手掌区与拇指区之间的裂隙(泛素末端结合位点), 母核结合姿态及氢键模式与CP5高度相似, 但哌啶醇构象差异显著。尽管两者羟基均与Asp295、Val296形成氢键, 但CP5哌啶环平伏于USP7口袋, 而L55哌啶环直立并与嘧啶环平行, 其苯环侧链以倾斜角度延伸, 将USP7激活构象中可塑性较强的Phe409“驱逐”为溶剂暴露状态, 通过吡唑环与Phe409形成π-π作用。L55苄基的2-氯和4-甲氧羰基紧邻结合口袋边界, 限制大体积取代基引入。利用生物电子等排原理用噁二唑环替换甲酯结构得到的化合物X3成功改善了代谢稳定性(HML t1/2 = 264 min), 但由于透膜较差, 大鼠口服生物利用度很低(F = 2.3%), 进一步结构优化得到了体内PK性质良好的化合物X36 (F = 40.8%), 在MC38结肠癌同基因小鼠模型中, X36可上调肿瘤浸润的CD8+ T、NK和NKT细胞, 下调Tregs和MDSCs细胞, 表现出显著的抗肿瘤作用, 这些发现为进一步开发USP7抑制剂作为新型癌症免疫治疗药物提供了理论依据[64]。
2020年, RAPT公司通过筛选已知DUB抑制剂库及相关化合物, 采用基于结构的药物设计策略, 以提高活性、改善药代动力学特性和降低hERG抑制为优化目标, 获得了噻吩并吡啶母核结构的USP7抑制剂CP41 (图5)[105, 106]。CP41是高效、选择性且可口服的USP7抑制剂, 文献报道了其在不同品系小鼠口服给药后具有一定暴露量(图5), 但未披露其他药动学参数, 其hERG抑制IC50为4.5 μmol·L-1, 存在潜在心脏毒性风险。异种移植模型研究表明, 其对p53野生型和突变型癌细胞株肿瘤模型均有生长抑制作用, 提示USP7抑制剂可通过多途径发挥抗肿瘤效应。
2025年, Zhang等[107]在CP41的结构基础上通过骨架跃迁设计并合成了一系列化合物, 优选化合物X21对RS4;11、MC38和CT26.WT细胞具有明显的体外抗增殖活性。X21在RS4; 11细胞中不仅调节了被广泛研究的p53、MDM2等蛋白水平, 还显著降低了调控翻译DNA合成的关键因子PCLAF蛋白水平。在MC38结肠癌同基因小鼠模型中, X21可能通过细胞毒性与改善肿瘤免疫微环境的协同作用发挥抗肿瘤效应。这些发现可能为设计新的USP7抑制剂和探索新的作用机制提供指导价值。
迅速发展的PROTACs技术为抑制USP7功能提供了一种新方法[108-110]。PROTACs是一种异双功能小分子化合物, 一个连接体将两个配体分别招募的目标蛋白(protein of interest, POI) 和细胞内的E3连接酶拉近, 诱导POI的泛素化, 随后被泛素-蛋白酶体系统降解(图6)[111-113]。作为药物研发的革命性新范式, 各种相关靶点的PROTACs已被成功开发用于癌症、病毒、免疫疾病和神经退行性疾病并显示出良好的疗效[114-120], 最近, 用于治疗携带ESR1突变的ER+/HER2-晚期或转移性乳腺癌的vepdegestrant (ARV-471) 新药上市申请已提交至美国FDA, 这是全球首个申报上市的PROTAC药物, 标志着靶向蛋白降解技术从概念验证走向临床应用的重大突破。迄今为止, 已有3种USP7-PROTACs被报道, 与传统的USP7抑制剂作用模式不同, 后者通过与USP7的活性位点竞争性结合, 直接抑制其功能, 而前者属于催化性降解, 药物本身不被消耗, 只需少量即可诱导大量靶点蛋白不可逆降解, 且选择性更高。
Pei等[121]以USP7抑制剂CP4作为POI招募配体, 将CP4从氨基位点通过连接子偶联到泛素连接酶CRBN的配体, 设计合成了一系列USP7降解剂, 通过体外酶抑制活性和RS4;11细胞内对USP7的降解水平测试, 获得了优选化合物U7D-1 (图6)。U7D-1是首个用于选择性降解USP7的蛋白水解靶向嵌合体, 不仅能在不同细胞类型中高效诱导USP7降解, 还在P53野生型和突变型癌细胞中表现出显著的抗增殖活性, 这表明降解USP7蛋白可能是治疗野生型或突变型p53癌症的一种潜在有效途径[121]。
Murgai等[122]使用抑制剂XL188作为USP7的配体, 以CRBN作为E3泛素连接酶, 系统开展了CRBN配体与不同连接体的构效关系研究。合成的PROTAC 17 (CST967) (图6) 在脂溶性、体外酶活及细胞内USP7降解效率方面表现出显著优势。定量蛋白组学分析进一步证实了PROTAC 17的靶向降解性, 且该化合物在USP7依赖性癌细胞中通过降解USP7发挥明确的抗肿瘤活性。
此外, Yi等[123]使用XL177A作为USP7的招募配体, 以来那度胺作为E3泛素连接酶的配体, 设计并合成了USP7特异性降解剂PU7-1 (图6)。该化合物在低纳摩尔浓度下表现出显著的细胞内USP7降解和选择性。PU7-1通过抑制USP7对FOXM1 (一种潜在的乳腺癌驱动因子) 的去泛素化稳定作用, 有效抑制三阴性乳腺癌TNBC细胞的生长, 并在异种移植小鼠模型中展现了显著的抗肿瘤作用, 揭示降解USP7有望成为三阴性乳腺癌的潜在治疗手段。
异常泛素化和消除具有保护功能的关键蛋白, 如肿瘤抑制蛋白p53和干扰素基因的先天免疫防御蛋白刺激因子, 可能导致癌症、中枢神经系统病变等多种疾病, 所以靶蛋白稳定有望成为一种独特的治疗方式[124]。DUBTACs是一类由DUB和POI靶向配体与连接体结合而成的异双功能蛋白稳定剂, 通过形成“POI-DUBTAC-DUB”三元复合物诱导POI被DUB去除泛素并免于异常降解或定位(图7)。虽然DUB及其抑制剂种类繁多, 但已经用于开发DUBTACs的DUB数量非常有限, 目前仅探索了OTUB1、USP7、USP28[124-128]。基于USP7的非共价DUBTACs报道了稳定CFTR和AMPK两种蛋白的应用实例。
Liu等[129]鉴于以往利用OTUB1开发的共价DUBTACs存在脱靶毒性问题, 开展了基于USP7的非共价DUBTACs开发, 以稳定CFTR蛋白。研究人员将USP7非共价配体CP4与CFTR配体lumacaftor通过不同linker连接, 设计合成多个非共价CFTR-DUBTACs。其中化合物MS6869 (图7) 能有效稳定CFBE41o-4.7细胞中ΔF508-CFTR突变蛋白水平, 效果与首例OTUB1基共价CFTR-DUBTAC相当。MS6869通过形成CFTR-39USP7三元复合体, 促进USP7与CFTR结合, 降低CFTR蛋白泛素化水平, 呈浓度和时间依赖性地增加CFTR蛋白丰度, 使其能够定位于质膜并恢复功能, 但不影响其mRNA水平, 表明MS6869作用于翻译后修饰。此外, 通过敲降USP7或使用USP7和CFTR配体可以阻断MS6869对CFTR的稳定作用, 证实了该稳定作用依赖于USP7的去泛素酶活性。
为了进一步证明基于USP7的DUBTACs可以稳定CFTR外的靶蛋白, Liu等[129]通过不同连接子将USP7配体CP4与AMPK激动剂991相连, 设计并合成了一系列基于USP7的非共价DUBTACs来稳定AMPK蛋白。其中化合物MS8118 (图7) 在HeLa细胞中不能稳定AMPKβ2和AMPKα亚基水平, 但可选择性稳定AMPKβ1, 且不影响AMPKβ1的mRNA水平, 表明其通过翻译后修饰起作用。研究表明, MS8118能诱导USP7和AMPKβ1形成三元复合物, 促进AMPKβ1被去泛素化, 诱导的AMPKβ1稳定化促进了AMPK下游底物磷酸化乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的增加。与AMPK在癌症的脂质代谢和肿瘤生长抑制中发挥重要作用相一致, MS8118还能减少HeLa细胞中脂质积累和细胞生长。此外, MS8118对AMPKβ1水平的稳定作用取决于USP7和AMPKβ1的结合, 这种结合可以被USP7配体CP4、AMPKβ1配体991或内源性USP7耗尽所阻断。
另外, 使用USP7配体GNE6776替代CP4设计并合成了一系列DUBTACs, 代表性化合物MS8657 (图7) 对HeLa细胞中AMPKβ1的稳定效果较小, 而是以浓度依赖的方式优先增加了AMPKβ2的水平, 同样通过翻译后修饰起作用, 也能诱导USP7和AMPKβ2形成三元复合物, 促进AMPKβ2去泛素化, 并展现出减少脂质积累和抑制肿瘤细胞生长的趋势[129]。可见即使使用相同的靶蛋白配体, 不同的去泛素化酶配体可以导致DUBTACs诱导靶蛋白不同异构体亚型的选择性降解, 类似现象在PROTACs开发中也有报道[129-131]。
相比PROTACs, DUBTACs实现了从“降解”到“稳定”的药物研发范式转变, 在靶点拓展、机制创新和治疗潜力上为治疗蛋白质异常降解疾病提供了新途径, 有望成为药物研发新方向。但DUBTACs目前仍处于早期发展阶段, 面临着包括DUB配体多样性不足、分子活性有待优化、药代动力学性质欠佳等在内的多维度挑战, 需通过多学科交叉协作并借鉴PROTACs的开发策略逐步攻克。
USP7作为肿瘤治疗靶点的重要性日益凸显, 3种主要策略—抑制剂、PROTACs和DUBTACs各有优势: 抑制剂在单一或联合治疗中进展最快; PROTACs虽处于早期阶段, 但因能完全消除USP7而潜力独特; DUBTACs则创新性地将USP7转化为稳定抑癌蛋白的工具。3种策略在在作用机制和成药应用特点上各有不同, 具体总结如表1所示。
总之, 传统小分子抑制剂开发成熟但机制局限, 仅能通过抑制USP7活性间接调节蛋白降解, 适用于需降低蛋白水平的疾病, 但易受靶点突变和选择性限制。USP7-PROTACs通过降解USP7实现更彻底的蛋白下调, 具有催化性和耐药性优势, 但分子设计复杂, 成药性挑战较多。USP7-DUBTACs颠覆传统“降解”思路, 通过稳定蛋白治疗疾病, 尤其适用于蛋白缺失相关疾病, 但依赖DUB配体开发和药动学性质优化, 目前处于早期研究阶段。三者在蛋白稳态调节上呈现“抑制-降解-稳定”的不同策略, 未来需结合靶点特性和疾病需求, 优化成药属性有望推动临床转化。
USP7作为去泛素化酶家族的关键成员, 通过去除底物蛋白的泛素标签, 在细胞蛋白稳态调控中发挥核心作用。USP7底物涵盖多种肿瘤相关蛋白, 如抑癌因子p53、致癌蛋白MDM2、DNA损伤修复因子NBS1、转录因子FOXO等, 对底物的动态去泛素化调控, 直接影响细胞周期、DNA修复、凋亡信号通路及免疫, 其异常表达或活性失调与多种肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。USP7作为蛋白稳态调控的关键节点, 其靶向药物开发已从单一酶活性抑制迈向蛋白水平的精准调控。针对USP7的抗肿瘤策略开发的传统小分子抑制剂、PROTACs与DUBTACs分别代表了“抑制-降解-稳定”的三代技术范式, 未来需在解决成药性挑战的同时, 深化对USP7生物学功能的理解。随着技术迭代与转化医学的发展, USP7靶向药物有望为难治性肿瘤提供新的治疗策略, 尤其是DUBTACs对“蛋白缺失型疾病”的治疗潜力, 或将开启肿瘤精准治疗的新维度。

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2025年第60卷第11期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0899
  • 接收时间:2025-07-31
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-10
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    1泰州学院药学院, 江苏 泰州 225300
    2皖西学院生物与制药工程学院, 安徽 六安 237012
    3中国药科大学多靶标天然药物全国重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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