Article(id=1308828846997209381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0781, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751904000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-08, revisedDate=1760544000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789978713988, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1773244800000, pubDateStr=2026-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789978713988, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789978713988, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789978713988, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308828670878376007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='3', pageStart='677', pageEnd='1000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773244800000', pubDateStr='2026-03-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789978671998, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984247322, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852055549248372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308828670878376007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=931, endPage=941, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308828847223701798, articleId=1308828846997209381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction of dutasteride nanovesicle and exploration of their mechanism of action in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epidemiology shows that alopecia afflicts about half of the adult population worldwide and has become an important health problem affecting the daily lives of the general public. Due to the complexity of the etiology alopecia and the limited number of available treatments, it is important to develop efficient and safe treatment options. In this study, dutasteride (DUT) nanovesicles (NV@DUT) with egg yolk lecithin, oleic acid and vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate were constructed, aiming to enhance the skin penetration and retention of DUT while having multiple coordinated effects of antioxidation and anti-inflammation, thereby improving the therapeutic effect. NV@DUT has a slightly milky luster, with a particle size of about 141.3 ± 0.45 nm, uniformly dispersed, its polydispersity index (PDI) is 0.17 ± 0.003. After 60 days of placement at room temperature with small changes in particle size and PDI. Compared with free DUT, the transdermal penetration and skin retention of the drug in NV@DUT increased by approximately 1.7 times. In vitro results showed that NV@DUT has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. At 500 μg·mL-1 NV@DUT, the scavenging rate of radicals was about 50%, and the inhibition rate of nitric oxide production was about 50%, it improves the homeostasis of the hair follicle microenvironment. In addition, at 20 μg·mL-1 NV@DUT can promote the proliferation and migration of dermal papilla cells (HDPCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the cell viability were (132.67 ± 4.14)% and (116.64 ± 5.14)%; the migration rates were (84.68 ± 3.31)% and (61.87 ± 4.23)%. A preliminary investigation of its mechanism revealed that NV@DUT up-regulate the mRNA expression of β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and down-regulation the mRNA expression of type II 5 alpha-reductase (SRD5A2). NV@DUT can also promote hair regrowth in mice with androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and the weight of the new hair and the thickness of the skin in the mice were higher than those in the model group and the DUT group. The animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University, and all experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Approval number: 2022000828. The experimental results show that NV@DUT can treat AGA through multiple mechanisms and pathways, providing a new therapeutic strategy for alopecia.

, authors=Weng-kuan U1, Suo-zhen YE1, Ying-ying SUN1, Xue-fei ZHANG2, *, Hai-yan HU1, 2, authorsList=Weng-kuan U, Suo-zhen YE, Ying-ying SUN, Xue-fei ZHANG, Hai-yan HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xue-fei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308828848800760118, articleId=1308828846997209381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=载度他雄胺纳米囊泡的构建及其在雄激素源性脱发治疗中的作用机制探究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

流行病学显示, 脱发困扰着全球约半数的成年人, 已成为影响大众日常生活的重要健康问题。由于脱发的病因复杂, 且现有治疗方法有限, 开发高效、安全的治疗方案具有重要临床意义。本研究构建了以蛋黄卵磷脂、油酸和聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯为囊材的载度他雄胺(dutasteride, DUT) 纳米囊泡(nanovesicles@dutasteride, NV@DUT), 旨在增强DUT皮肤渗透和滞留的同时, 兼具抗氧化、抗炎的多重协调作用, 进而提高疗效。NV@DUT略带乳光, 粒径约141.3 ± 0.45 nm, 分散均匀, 其多分散系数(polydispersity index, PDI) 为0.17 ± 0.003, 室温放置60天, 粒径、PDI无显著变化。相较于游离DUT, NV@DUT中DUT的经皮渗透及皮肤滞留量提高了约1.7倍。体外结果显示, NV@DUT具有抗氧化及抗炎活性, 在500 μg·mL-1时自由基清除率约50%, 一氧化氮生成抑制率约50%, 可以恢复毛囊微环境稳态。此外, NV@DUT在20 μg·mL-1浓度下可促进人毛乳头细胞(human dermal papilla cells, HDPCs) 和人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) 的增殖和迁移, 细胞存活率分别为(132.67 ± 4.14)%和(116.64 ± 5.14)%; 迁移率为(84.68 ± 3.31)%和(61.87 ± 4.23)%。对其机制进行初步探究发现, NV@DUT可上调HDPCs中β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 和胰岛素样生长因子-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1); 下调II型5α-还原酶(type II 5 alpha-reductase, SRD5A2) 的mRNA表达。NV@DUT可促进雄激素源性脱发(androgenetic alopecia, AGA) 小鼠毛发再生, 且新生毛发重量、小鼠皮肤厚度显著高于模型组和游离DUT组。动物实验经中山大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: 2022000828)。综上, NV@DUT通过多机制、多途径抗AGA, 为DUT经皮递送提供了新的思路。

, authors=俞颖君1, 叶索珍1, 孙莹莹1, 张雪飞2, *, 胡海燕1, 2, authorsList=俞颖君, 叶索珍, 孙莹莹, 张雪飞, 胡海燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张雪飞, authorNote=

作者贡献:

俞颖君负责实验开展、数据分析、文章撰写与修改完善; 叶索珍负责实验开展和资料收集; 孙莹莹负责对文章正文进行修改完善; 胡海燕负责修改完善文章及指导写作; 张雪飞负责设计并完善文章架构、指导写作及研究经费支持。

, correspAuthorsNote=
张雪飞, Tel: 15521263566, E-mail:
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A: β-Catenin; B: VEGF; C: IGF-1; D: SRD5A2. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1 vs control; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001, ####P < 0.000 1 vs MNX; △P < 0.05, △△△P < 0.001, △△△△P < 0.000 1 vs DUT, figureFileSmall=l5duOskJvHq6yb28K8WBlw==, figureFileBig=ZjmOwG1140zFiMmg1IQ/Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834440898511284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828846997209381, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4ifF5bTV7Ug6nILKnd8vbA==, figureFileBig=ckmXgsgoPWKFwP6IgZY2Qg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308834440961425845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828846997209381, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=In vitro impact on HUVECs. 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GeneForward primerReverse primer
GAPDHTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGAT
β-CateninCATCTACACAGTTTGATGCTGCTGCAGTTTTGTCAGTTCAGGGA
VEGFAGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAGTAGGGTCTCGATTGGATGGCA
IGF-1GCTCTTCAGTTCGTGTGTGGAGCCTCCTTAGATCACAGCTCC
SRD5A2CGGTTTAGCTTGGGTGTCTTCCCGAGGAAATTGGCTCCAGAA
), ArticleFig(id=1308834441229861305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308828846997209381, language=CN, label=Tab.1, caption=

DNA sequence of primer pairs used for RT-qPCR in human dermal papilla cells (HDPCs). GADPH: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IGF-1: Insulin-like growth factor-1; SRD5A2: Type II 5 alpha-reductase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primerReverse primer
GAPDHTGAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGTGGAAGATGGTGATGGGAT
β-CateninCATCTACACAGTTTGATGCTGCTGCAGTTTTGTCAGTTCAGGGA
VEGFAGGGCAGAATCATCACGAAGTAGGGTCTCGATTGGATGGCA
IGF-1GCTCTTCAGTTCGTGTGTGGAGCCTCCTTAGATCACAGCTCC
SRD5A2CGGTTTAGCTTGGGTGTCTTCCCGAGGAAATTGGCTCCAGAA
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载度他雄胺纳米囊泡的构建及其在雄激素源性脱发治疗中的作用机制探究
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俞颖君 1 , 叶索珍 1 , 孙莹莹 1 , 张雪飞 2, * , 胡海燕 1, 2
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(3): 931-941
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (3) : 931 -941
载度他雄胺纳米囊泡的构建及其在雄激素源性脱发治疗中的作用机制探究
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俞颖君1, 叶索珍1, 孙莹莹1, 张雪飞2, * , 胡海燕1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2滇西应用技术大学傣医药学院, 云南 景洪 666100
通讯作者:
张雪飞, Tel: 15521263566, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

俞颖君负责实验开展、数据分析、文章撰写与修改完善; 叶索珍负责实验开展和资料收集; 孙莹莹负责对文章正文进行修改完善; 胡海燕负责修改完善文章及指导写作; 张雪飞负责设计并完善文章架构、指导写作及研究经费支持。

Construction of dutasteride nanovesicle and exploration of their mechanism of action in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia
Weng-kuan U1, Suo-zhen YE1, Ying-ying SUN1, Xue-fei ZHANG2, * , Hai-yan HU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2School of Traditional Dai-Thai Medicine, West Yunnan University of Applied Sciences, Jinghong 666100, China
出版时间: 2026-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0781
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流行病学显示, 脱发困扰着全球约半数的成年人, 已成为影响大众日常生活的重要健康问题。由于脱发的病因复杂, 且现有治疗方法有限, 开发高效、安全的治疗方案具有重要临床意义。本研究构建了以蛋黄卵磷脂、油酸和聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯为囊材的载度他雄胺(dutasteride, DUT) 纳米囊泡(nanovesicles@dutasteride, NV@DUT), 旨在增强DUT皮肤渗透和滞留的同时, 兼具抗氧化、抗炎的多重协调作用, 进而提高疗效。NV@DUT略带乳光, 粒径约141.3 ± 0.45 nm, 分散均匀, 其多分散系数(polydispersity index, PDI) 为0.17 ± 0.003, 室温放置60天, 粒径、PDI无显著变化。相较于游离DUT, NV@DUT中DUT的经皮渗透及皮肤滞留量提高了约1.7倍。体外结果显示, NV@DUT具有抗氧化及抗炎活性, 在500 μg·mL-1时自由基清除率约50%, 一氧化氮生成抑制率约50%, 可以恢复毛囊微环境稳态。此外, NV@DUT在20 μg·mL-1浓度下可促进人毛乳头细胞(human dermal papilla cells, HDPCs) 和人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) 的增殖和迁移, 细胞存活率分别为(132.67 ± 4.14)%和(116.64 ± 5.14)%; 迁移率为(84.68 ± 3.31)%和(61.87 ± 4.23)%。对其机制进行初步探究发现, NV@DUT可上调HDPCs中β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 和胰岛素样生长因子-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1); 下调II型5α-还原酶(type II 5 alpha-reductase, SRD5A2) 的mRNA表达。NV@DUT可促进雄激素源性脱发(androgenetic alopecia, AGA) 小鼠毛发再生, 且新生毛发重量、小鼠皮肤厚度显著高于模型组和游离DUT组。动物实验经中山大学实验动物伦理委员会批准, 且实验均按相关指导原则和规定进行(批准号: 2022000828)。综上, NV@DUT通过多机制、多途径抗AGA, 为DUT经皮递送提供了新的思路。

雄激素源性脱发  /  度他雄胺  /  纳米囊泡  /  机制研究  /  毛囊微环境

Epidemiology shows that alopecia afflicts about half of the adult population worldwide and has become an important health problem affecting the daily lives of the general public. Due to the complexity of the etiology alopecia and the limited number of available treatments, it is important to develop efficient and safe treatment options. In this study, dutasteride (DUT) nanovesicles (NV@DUT) with egg yolk lecithin, oleic acid and vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate were constructed, aiming to enhance the skin penetration and retention of DUT while having multiple coordinated effects of antioxidation and anti-inflammation, thereby improving the therapeutic effect. NV@DUT has a slightly milky luster, with a particle size of about 141.3 ± 0.45 nm, uniformly dispersed, its polydispersity index (PDI) is 0.17 ± 0.003. After 60 days of placement at room temperature with small changes in particle size and PDI. Compared with free DUT, the transdermal penetration and skin retention of the drug in NV@DUT increased by approximately 1.7 times. In vitro results showed that NV@DUT has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. At 500 μg·mL-1 NV@DUT, the scavenging rate of radicals was about 50%, and the inhibition rate of nitric oxide production was about 50%, it improves the homeostasis of the hair follicle microenvironment. In addition, at 20 μg·mL-1 NV@DUT can promote the proliferation and migration of dermal papilla cells (HDPCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the cell viability were (132.67 ± 4.14)% and (116.64 ± 5.14)%; the migration rates were (84.68 ± 3.31)% and (61.87 ± 4.23)%. A preliminary investigation of its mechanism revealed that NV@DUT up-regulate the mRNA expression of β-catenin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and down-regulation the mRNA expression of type II 5 alpha-reductase (SRD5A2). NV@DUT can also promote hair regrowth in mice with androgenetic alopecia (AGA), and the weight of the new hair and the thickness of the skin in the mice were higher than those in the model group and the DUT group. The animal experiments were approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University, and all experiments were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Approval number: 2022000828. The experimental results show that NV@DUT can treat AGA through multiple mechanisms and pathways, providing a new therapeutic strategy for alopecia.

androgenetic alopecia  /  dutasteride  /  nanovesicle  /  mechanism studies  /  hair follicle microenvironment
俞颖君, 叶索珍, 孙莹莹, 张雪飞, 胡海燕. 载度他雄胺纳米囊泡的构建及其在雄激素源性脱发治疗中的作用机制探究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (3) : 931 -941 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0781
Weng-kuan U, Suo-zhen YE, Ying-ying SUN, Xue-fei ZHANG, Hai-yan HU. Construction of dutasteride nanovesicle and exploration of their mechanism of action in the treatment of androgenetic alopecia[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (3) : 931 -941 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0781
雄激素源性脱发(androgenetic alopecia, AGA) 是一种以雄激素依赖和遗传易感性为基础的常见脱发类型, 困扰全球约一半的成年人[1]。脱发损害个人形象, 对患者的生活质量、事业发展等产生负面影响[2]; 并且与许多精神疾病的发生有关, 可引起焦虑和抑郁[3]。研究发现, AGA的主要诱因是睾酮(testosterone, TTE) 被5α-还原酶催化转变为对雄激素受体(androgen receptor, AR) 具有高度亲和力的二氢睾酮(dihydrotestosterone, DHT), DHT与AR结合, 调控人毛乳头细胞(human dermal papilla cells, HDPCs) 的基因表达, 破坏毛乳头(dermal papilla, DP) 与毛囊细胞之间的信号传导, 诱导毛囊微型化, 从而引起脱发[4]。血管功能退化是AGA的另一个重要原因, 毛囊周围血管形成在毛发生长中起着至关重要的作用。但AGA患者秃发头皮的血管生成受损导致输送到毛囊细胞中的重要营养物质、细胞因子和生物活性分子的补充不足, 阻碍了毛囊从休止期到生长期的转变[5]。此外, 毛囊周围的炎症也可诱发AGA, 炎症因子会促使毛囊进入退行期, 抑制毛发生长[6]。氧化应激也参与AGA的发展过程, 过量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 会诱导毛囊细胞凋亡, 抑制毛囊进入生长期[7]。
目前被美国食品和药物监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA) 批准用于治疗脱发的药物有两种: 外用米诺地尔(minoxidil, MNX) 和口服非那雄胺(finasteride, FIN)[8]。但二者均有明显不良反应, 外用MNX会出现皮肤刺激、头皮干燥、接触性皮炎等不良反应[9]。FIN为II型5α-还原酶抑制剂, 目前仅用于治疗男性AGA, 且服药后会产生性功能障碍、男性乳房发育等不良反应[10]。
度他雄胺(dutasteride, DUT) 为I型和II型5α-还原酶抑制剂。其对I型5α-还原酶的抑制效力是FIN的100倍(IC50 = 0.7 nmol·L-1), 对II型5α-还原酶的抑制效力约为FIN的3倍(IC50 = 0.05 nmol·L-1)[11, 12]。因此DUT能有效地阻断DHT的生成, 更好地控制脱发进展。目前已有临床研究证实DUT在脱发治疗中的卓越疗效, 成为中重度AGA的优选治疗方案[13]。但与FIN类似, 口服DUT仍然会产生一系列全身不良反应, 例如性欲减退、抑郁增加和射精障碍等[14]。经皮肤局部给药, 能避免药物肝脏首过效应, 提高生物利用度, 减少全身不良反应, 并且在必要时随时终止给药[15, 16], 是脱发治疗的理想给药途径。但局部涂抹药物常受限于皮肤角质层的屏障作用, 而使用高比例的乙醇、丙二醇等促渗剂, 容易引起皮肤刺激。因此, 开发高效且安全的DUT皮肤递送系统可有效提高病患部位药物浓度, 降低DUT的不良反应, 并提高外用疗法顺应性。
纳米载体可以有效促进药物的经皮渗透, 显著增加皮肤滞留, 在皮肤中形成药物贮库, 持续释药发挥作用。同时, 纳米载体还具有毛囊靶向作用, 可以显著提高目标部位的药物浓度, 进一步提高疗效、降低毒性[17]。目前已有研究将纳米载体用于DUT的局部递送, 以增强其局部作用效率, 包括脂质核心纳米胶囊[18]、纳米脂质载体[19]和氧化铁纳米载体[20]等。然而, AGA作为一种多因素介导的复杂疾病, 其发病机制不仅涉及DHT介导的毛囊微型化, 还包括氧化应激及炎症因子造成的HDPCs功能障碍等多个病理环节。若仅单一降低DHT水平, 而忽视对炎症反应和氧化应激的调控, 难以阻断多因素共致的毛囊级联损伤, 治疗效果往往有限。因此, 设计一种多功能纳米递送系统, 在增强DUT皮肤渗透和滞留的同时, 又兼具抗氧化和抗炎的多重作用, 使其可以通过多机制协同改善毛囊生存微环境、促进毛囊功能恢复, 有望显著提升脱发治疗效果。
蛋黄卵磷脂(egg yolk lecithin, EPC) 是常用的囊泡载体材料, 与人体皮肤角质层细胞间脂质的组成和流动性高度相似, 使得由EPC构成的脂质体更容易与角质层脂质相互作用, 从而有效降低皮肤屏障阻力, 促进药物在皮肤中的渗透。油酸(oil acid, OA) 是常见的化学促渗剂, 并且通过增加细胞脂质双分子层的流动性, 增强药物的皮肤渗透行为。有研究表明, 在脂质体中加入OA, 可显著提高药物在毛囊中的滞留量[21]。以上系统加入聚乙二醇1000维生素E琥珀酸酯(vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, TPGS) 不仅可以大大增强囊泡的结构稳定性[22], 还可以使囊泡具备抗氧化、抗炎作用[23], 有效改善毛囊微环境的稳态。
本研究使用乙醇注入法, 以EPC、TPGS、OA为囊材共同构建载DUT的纳米囊泡(nanovesicles@dutasteride, NV@DUT, 图1A)。NV@DUT具有类似细胞膜的稳定双分子层结构, 能够促进DUT在皮肤中的渗透和滞留, 改善毛囊微环境, 促进HDPCs和人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs) 的增殖和迁移, 上调毛发生长相关正向调节因子的表达, 具有促毛发生长作用(图1B)。
试剂  EPC (S30871, 上海源叶生物科技有限公司); DUT (G2102211, 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); TPGS、OA、MNX (V819469、L812256、M831481, 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司); 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS, L2630, Sigma-Aldrich公司); DMEM高糖培养基(C11995500BT)、胎牛血清购自Gibco公司; 内皮细胞培养基(1001, ScienCell公司); Color All-in-one逆转录试剂盒、Tissue RNA Purification Kit PLUS和2×Color SYBR Green qPCR预混液购自EZBioscience公司; 玉米油(ST1177, 碧云天生物技术有限公司); 其他试剂皆为分析纯。
仪器  集热式恒温加热磁力搅拌器(DF-101S, 予华仪器有限责任公司); 透射电子显微镜(JEM-1400, JEOL); 多功能酶标仪(Synergy H1, BioTek); 细胞成像系统(EVOS FL Auto, Life Technologies); 共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(Olympus); CO2细胞培养箱[HF90 (HT), Heal Force]。
细胞  HDPCs (无锡欣润生物科技有限公司); 小鼠单核巨噬细胞白血病细胞(RAW264.7, 中山大学实验动物中心); HUVECs (中山大学实验动物中心)。
动物  C57BL6小鼠(5~6周龄), 购自中山大学实验动物中心[动物生产许可证号: SCXK (粤) 2016-0029], 饲养于SPF级环境, 所有实验动物均自由饮水进食。所有的动物实验操作均符合动物伦理审查委员会的规定, 批准号: 2022000828。
NV@DUT的制备与表征  以乙醇注入法制备NV@DUT, DUT、EPC、TPGS及OA以0.105∶4∶1∶2的比例溶解于乙醇, 于60 ℃, 1 000 r·min-1磁力搅拌下缓慢注入去离子水中。搅拌15 min, 超声15 min即得。纳米粒的粒径和粒径分布通过Zetasizer Nano ZS90测量。此外, 使用透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 评估120 kV下NV@DUT的形态特征。通过粒径和多分散系数(polydispersity index, PDI) 的变化来评估纳米粒的稳定性。
使用离心超滤法测定NV@DUT包封率, 通过高效液相色谱(high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) 分析NV@DUT的药物浓度。色谱柱为XB-C18 (Waters, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为乙腈/0.1%氨水(80∶20, v/v), 流速为1.0 mL·min-1, DUT的检测波长为220 nm。包封率(encapsulation efficacy, EE) 及载药量(drug loading, DL) 分别根据公式(1) 和(2) 计算:
$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{EE}(\%)=\left(1-W_{\text {游离 }} / W_{\text {总 }}\right) \times 100 \% \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} \operatorname{DL}(\%)=\left(W_{\text {总 }}-W_{\text {游离 }}\right) /\left(W_{\text {总脂质 }}+W_{\text {总 }}-W_{\text {游离 }}\right) \times 100 \%\end{aligned}$
其中, 式中W游离为脂质体中未包封的药物含量; W总为总药物含量; W总脂质为总的脂质含量。
体外透皮实验  将离体大鼠腹部皮肤固定在Franz扩散池上(有效渗透面积为3.14 cm2)。将含100 μg DUT的NV@DUT及DUT溶液加入给药池(n = 3), 在接收池中加入7.5 mL的接收液(含30%乙醇的生理盐水), 以250 r·min-1搅拌, 恒温32 ± 0.5 ℃。分别于1、2、4、6、8、12、24 h取样1 mL, 并补充等体积的接收液。样品经0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤后, 通过HPLC测定DUT的累积释放量。
处理24 h后, 收集各组皮肤, 将皮肤切成小块, 加入1 mL乙腈, 超声提取皮肤中的药物。上清液经0.22 μm的微孔滤膜过滤后, 测定DUT的含量, 分析其皮肤滞留量。
抗氧化活性评价
DPPH自由基清除的测定  取50 μL DUT、NV、NV@DUT (质量浓度为50~500 μg·mL-1), 再加入0.1 mmol·L-1 DPPH乙醇溶液150 μL (n = 3), 混匀后室温避光反应30 min。以乙醇代替样品溶液作为调零组, 蒸馏水代替样品溶液作空白对照, 同质量浓度梯度维生素C (vitamin C, VC) 作阳性对照, 每个浓度平行操作3次, 取平均值。用酶标仪测定510 nm处的吸光度值, 计算DPPH的清除率。
•OH自由基清除的测定  取50 μL的DUT、NV、NV@DUT (质量浓度为50~500 μg·mL-1), 依次加入9 mmol·L-1 FeSO4溶液50 μL, 9 mmol·L-1水杨酸溶液50 μL, 8.8 mmol·L-1 H2O2 50 μL (n = 3), 混匀后室温避光反应30 min。蒸馏水代替样品溶液作调零, 蒸馏水代替H2O2作为空白对照, 同质量浓度梯度VC作阳性对照, 每个浓度平行操作3次, 取平均值。用酶标仪测定517 nm处的吸光度值。计算•OH的清除率。
ABTS自由基的清除的测定  将7 mmol·L-1 ABTS溶液与2.45 mmol·L-1过硫酸钾溶液按1∶1的比例混合均匀, 室温避光静置12 h (过夜), 制得, 使用前, 将ABTS+储备液用PBS稀释至734 nm处的吸光度值为0.70 ± 0.05, 获得ABTS+工作液。取50 μL的DUT、NV、NV@DUT (质量浓度为50~500 μg·mL-1), 再加入ABTS+工作液200 μL (n = 3), 混匀后室温避光反应30 min。以蒸馏水作调零, 蒸馏水代替样品溶液作空白对照, 同质量浓度梯度VC作阳性对照, 每个浓度平行操作3次, 取平均值。用酶标仪测定734 nm处的吸光度值, 计算ABTS的清除率。
体外抗炎活性  RAW264.7细胞以每孔1×104个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中。细胞贴壁后, 除阴性对照组外, 其余各组以2 μg·mL-1的LPS诱导炎症模型, 同时分别给予DUT、NV或NV@DUT (150~500 μg·mL-1), 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h (n = 6)。DMEM组为空白对照组, LPS组为模型组。使用Griess法检测一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 含量。
细胞摄取实验  为考察纳米囊泡载体在HDPCs中的摄取情况, 使用亲脂性绿色荧光染料香豆素6 (coumarin 6, C6) 模拟亲脂性药物制备载C6的纳米囊泡(NV@C6), 分别考察不同时间下纳米囊泡的C6在细胞中的分布情况。收集对数生长期的HDPCs细胞, 以每皿1×104个细胞的密度接种于35 mm激光共聚焦专用小皿中, 待细胞过夜贴壁后, 分别加入含游离C6及NV@C6的新鲜培养基与细胞共同孵育2、4、8、12 h (n = 3)。除去培养基, PBS溶液洗涤。用4%多聚甲醛固定15 min, PBS溶液洗涤。随后使用DAPI溶液染色15 min, PBS溶液洗涤。置于激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM) 下观察细胞摄取情况。
细胞增殖检测  将HDPCs和HUVECs分别以每孔3.0×103和5.0×103个的密度接种于96孔板中。待细胞贴壁后, 分别加入不同浓度的MNX、DUT、NV和NV@DUT溶液(n = 6), 继续培养24 h, 并使用CCK8法评估不同制剂对HDPCs和HUVECs增殖的影响。
细胞迁移实验  通过划痕实验评估NV@DUT对细胞迁移的影响。将对数期的HDPCs和HUVECs接种于6孔板中, 待孔板中细胞融合长满至80%~90%。使用200 μL的无菌枪头在细胞单层上垂直轻压画出划痕, 然后用PBS洗涤。每孔加入含有MNX、DUT、NV和NV@DUT的培养基, 以空白培养基作为对照组(n = 3)。孵育48 h, 在0、24、48 h使用细胞成像系统对细胞的迁移情况进行观察及拍摄, 并使用ImageJ量化划痕区域和愈合率。
促生发机制考察  将HDPCs以每孔2×105的密度接种在6孔板中。加入含有药物的培养基处理24 h后, 移去样品溶液。随后, 用RNA提取试剂盒提取细胞总mRNA, 然后用逆转录试剂盒反转录成cDNA, 使用SYBR Green PCR试剂盒进行定量PCR。采用实时荧光定量PCR (RT-qPCR) 考察给予药物后, 毛发生长相关基因β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)、胰岛素样生长因子-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1, IGF-1)、II型5α-还原酶(type II 5 alpha-reductase, SRD5A2) 在HDPCs中的表达水平(n = 3)。引物序列如表1所示。
AGA模型的构建与评价  以C57BL/6雄性小鼠为模型动物, 通过皮下注射丙酸睾酮(testosterone propionate, TTP) 玉米油溶液每天每只1 mg, 连续注射20天构建小鼠AGA模型。以未注射TTP的正常C57BL/6为空白对照组(control), 将造模的小鼠随机分为3组(n = 5)。根据分组情况分别在各组小鼠背部每天涂抹200 μL相应药液进行处理, 其中空白对照组和模型组局部应用生理盐水, 治疗组分别局部应用5 mg·mL-1 DUT和NV@DUT (含5 mg·mL-1 DUT)。随后, 于第0、15、25、30、40、50、60、65和70天拍摄每组小鼠的照片, 记录小鼠体重、背部皮肤颜色变化及毛发再生情况。实验结束后, 收集小鼠新生毛发并称重。
皮肤组织切片与评价  取背部脱毛区域的皮肤, 锡纸包裹后用4%多聚甲醛固定。随后使用石蜡包埋组织, 切片, 进行苏木精和伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H & E) 染色。切片使用细胞成像系统进行观察, 并拍摄图像, 采用Image J软件测量皮肤厚度。
统计学分析  所有数据均以均值±标准差(mean ± SD) 表示。通过One-way ANOVA进行差异分析, 然后使用GraphPad Prism 9进行Tukey多重比较检验, P < 0.05表示有统计学意义。
NV@DUT略带蓝色乳光, 没有沉淀(图2A); 粒径、PDI、ζ电位, 分别为141.3 ± 0.45 nm、0.17 ± 0.003、-24.5 ± 0.023 mV。TEM结果表明, NV@DUT形状大致为球形(图2B)。经测定, NV@DUT中DUT载药量为(1.27 ± 0.04)%, 包封率为(98.3 ± 0.01)%。在室温放置60天后(图2C), 其粒径和PDI无显著性变化, 稳定性较好。
体外透皮实验结果(图2D、E) 显示, 处理24 h后, NV@DUT和游离的DUT的单位面积药物累积渗透量分别为27.95 ± 4.36和16.77 ± 3.44 μg·cm-2。药物在皮肤中的滞留量分别为12.91 ± 0.40和7.76 ± 0.42 μg·cm-2。结果表明, DUT作为脂溶性药物, 直接使用难以透过皮肤屏障, 而将其载入纳米载体后, 其药物经皮渗透率及皮肤滞留量提高了约1.7倍(P < 0.001)。
研究表明, 过量ROS会破坏毛囊的防御能力, 使HDPCs功能失调, 加重毛囊萎缩[24]。具有抗氧化功能的疗法可以消除ROS对毛囊的负面影响, 辅助AGA治疗。
通过自由基清除实验来研究NV@DUT的抗氧化活性。如图3A所示, DUT对DPPH的清除率较低, 即使在500 μg·mL-1时也显示出较弱的活性。而NV和NV@DUT具有浓度依赖性的DPPH清除效应, 在500 μg·mL-1时对DPPH的清除率分别达到(41.48 ± 3.46)%和(51.25 ± 1.59)%, 显著高于DUT组。此外, NV@DUT和NV对·OH和ABTS也具有一定清除能力(图3B、C), 在500 μg·mL-1时对·OH的清除率分别是(40.46 ± 2.11)%和(41.49 ± 3.27)%, 对ABTS的清除率分别是(50.69 ± 1.13)%和(47.39 ± 4.19)%。表明NV和NV@DUT具有一定的抗氧化活性, 可能是因为TPGS和EPC提供了抗氧化作用。NV@DUT的抗氧化能力可以缓解过度氧化应激对毛囊的损害。
炎症是造成脱发的另一诱因, 研究发现一些炎症细胞因子参与了毛囊退化过程, 因此抗炎药物也被用于治疗脱发[25]。NO是一种参与AGA炎症的细胞因子, 能破坏毛囊结构, 诱导DP细胞凋亡。因此, 使用LPS诱导RAW264.7炎症细胞模型, 采用Griess试剂测定细胞上清液中的NO水平, 来评价NV@DUT的抗炎能力。经LPS刺激后, RAW264.7细胞的NO水平显著升高, NO水平是30.32 ± 1.37 μmol·L-1。与此相反, 经DUT、NV和NV@DUT治疗后, NO水平下降。在500 μg·mL-1时, DUT、NV、NV@DUT组细胞的NO水平分别是21.29 ± 1.64、18.99 ± 0.14、15.52 ± 0.27 μmol·L-1, 其中NV和NV@DUT组具有显著抑制NO的活性, 且抑制能力强于DUT组, 表现出一定的NO抑制作用, 说明其具有潜在的抗炎作用(图3D)。
选择C6作为模拟疏水药物的荧光探针, 通过CLSM评估NV@C6在HDPCs中的细胞摄取能力。如图4A所示, 孵育2 h后, 在游离C6和NV@C6组均观察到C6的绿色荧光, 但游离C6组的绿色荧光强度较弱, 而NV@C6组的绿色荧光较强, 说明同一时间内NV@C6相比于游离C6被细胞摄取更多。在孵育12 h后, 可发现游离C6组绿色荧光逐渐消失, 而NV@C6组的绿色荧光仍然很明显。因此, 与游离C6相比, HDPCs对NV@C6的摄取更快, 且滞留时间更长, 表明NV可以增强HDPCs对内载药物的摄取。
HDPCs在毛发再生和循环中起着至关重要的作用, 在生长期, HDPCs大量增殖并向真皮层迁移, 形成新毛囊, 因此药物对HDPCs活力和迁移能力的影响是促生发活性的重要评价指标[26, 27]。如图4B所示, 在500 μg·mL-1的质量浓度下, 各组细胞存活率均大于80%, 说明具有良好的细胞安全性。当药物质量浓度为20 μg·mL-1时, NV和NV@DUT组的细胞存活率分别为(130.29 ± 4.21)%和(132.67 ± 4.14)%, 高于游离DUT组(109.636 ± 5.48)%及阳性对照MNX (119.62 ± 4.31)%。说明NV和NV@DUT促进HDPCs增殖的作用强于游离DUT和MNX。
MNX、DUT、NV和NV@DUT对HDPCs迁移的影响如图4C、D所示。药物处理24 h后, 各组细胞划痕均略有闭合, 相对迁移面积无明显差异。在处理48 h后, 细胞划痕进一步减少, NV和NV@DUT组在促进细胞迁移方面显示出显著的效果, 相对迁移面积分别为(82.36 ± 3.18)%和(84.68 ± 3.31)%。显著高于游离DUT组(53.27 ± 2.36)%和MNX组(57.76 ± 6.83)%, 说明游离DUT和MNX对细胞迁移的促进能力弱于NV和NV@DUT。
毛发生长和毛囊的发育和循环涉及不同的信号通路, 其中Wnt/β-catenin信号通路是控制毛发生长及周期循环的关键通路之一; β-catenin的激活有助于促进毛囊从休止期向生长期转变, 以及增加毛发再生相关基因的表达[28]。此外, 在毛发生长期间, VEGF的表达与毛囊周围的血管形成有关, 有利于毛发的生成。此外, IGF-1可以刺激毛囊从休止期过渡到生长期, 维持生长期并延长毛干[29, 30]。在AGA的头皮组织中, SRD5A2在HDPCs中被过度激活, 将TTE转化为高活力的DHT, DHT与AR结合引起脱发。因此研究了NV和NV@DUT对HDPCs中β-catenin、VEGF、IGF-1和SRD5A2的mRNA水平的影响。如图5所示, 与未经药物处理的阴性对照相比, 药物治疗组均不同程度地上调β-catenin、VEGF和IGF-1的表达。其中NV@DUT上调作用显著高于MNX和DUT组。此外, NV@DUT可显著下调SRD5A2的mRNA表达水平。结果表明, NV@DUT可以上调HDPCs中毛发生长相关正性调节因子的相对mRNA水平, 这有利于HDPCs诱导毛囊(hair follicle, HF) 生长, 延长毛发生长期; 下调HDPCs中SRD5A2, 有利于减少TTE向DHT的转化。
促进毛囊周围血管生成能为毛囊提供生长所需物质基础, 是AGA的一种有前途的治疗策略[31]。通过考察NV@DUT对HUVECs细胞增殖、迁移的影响, 评估了其促血管生成能力。不同浓度下MNX、DUT、NV和NV@DUT对HUVECs的细胞毒性结果如图6A所示, DUT在100 μg·mL-1的质量浓度下, 对HUVECs具有一定细胞毒性, 细胞存活率为(72.24 ± 4.52)%, 而NV@DUT在此浓度下, 细胞存活率为(81.43 ± 4.42)%, 说明载入NV@DUT后DUT的细胞毒性减弱, 20 μg·mL-1浓度下HUVECs细胞存活率为(116.64 ± 5.14)%, 且当药物浓度为10 μg·mL-1时NV和NV@DUT组的细胞存活率分别为(127.33 ± 8.66)%及(128.445 ± 5.70)%, 高于游离DUT组(97.59 ± 2.24)%和阳性对照MNX组(120.02 ± 3.68)%, 表明NV@DUT具有良好的促进HUVECs细胞增殖的作用。
考察不同药物对HUVECs细胞迁移影响, 结果如图6B、C所示。随着时间变化, 细胞划痕面积逐渐缩小, 药物处理48 h后, MNX、DUT、NV及NV@DUT组的细胞相对迁移率分别为(52.94 ± 2.41)%、(40.33 ± 2.95)%、(61.94 ± 4.73)%及(61.87 ± 4.23)%, 说明NV和NV@DUT组也可以显著促进HUVECs的迁移。
为了探讨NV@DUT在动物水平促毛发生长的效果, 采用皮下注射TTP的方式, 构建了C57BL/6小鼠AGA模型; 治疗方案如图7A所示, C57BL/6小鼠背部皮肤颜色与其毛发生长阶段保持同步。毛囊处于休止期的C57BL/6小鼠的背部皮肤颜色呈粉红色, 随着生长期的开始, 背部颜色会逐渐变黑。如图7B所示, 所有小鼠脱毛后, 即给药第0天, 背部皮肤颜色为均一粉红色, 说明小鼠背部毛囊都处于休止期。在给药的第25天, 对照组中部分小鼠的局部皮肤变黑, 生长出毛发。而模型组在40天时, 小鼠背部皮肤仍无毛发长出, 说明AGA小鼠模型造模成功。NV@DUT组在给药第40天后小鼠背部皮肤部分变黑, 并开始生长毛发。第70天, NV@DUT组新生毛发几乎完全覆盖皮肤, 覆盖面积大于游离DUT组和模型组。
在整个实验周期内, 小鼠体重无明显变化(图7C), 且背部皮肤无红斑、水肿或坏死, 表明各给药组具有较好的皮肤安全性。实验结束后, 收集各组小鼠背部相同面积下的新生毛发并称重, 如图7D所示, NV@DUT组的毛发重量显著重于其余各组。
对各组小鼠背部皮肤组织切片及通过Image J定量分析, 结果如图7E、F所示, 模型组皮肤厚度显著薄于其他各组, 且毛囊数量较少。经药物治疗后, 小鼠皮肤增厚, 毛囊数量增多。其中NV@DUT组的皮肤厚度、毛囊数量均高于游离DUT组。综上表明, NV@DUT可促进AGA小鼠毛发再生, 效果优于游离DUT。
鉴于AGA发病机制的复杂性及多因素协同作用特点, 基于单一机制的制剂往往难以达到理想的疗效, 亟待开发多机制协同干预的递药系统。本研究成功构建了基于AGA多重病因的载度他雄胺纳米囊泡NV@DUT, 该载体具备优异的皮肤渗透性与滞留性, 可以有效地将5α-还原酶抑制剂DUT递送到皮肤并延长其在皮肤中的滞留, 实现持续释药发挥疗效。由于TPGS还具有一定的抗氧化、抗炎活性, 因此载药囊泡还可降低氧化应激水平与炎症反应, 调节毛囊微环境稳态。结果证明, NV@DUT能够显著促进HDPCs和HUVECs的增殖和迁移, 其促增殖和迁移作用强于游离DUT。载药囊泡也可同时上调HDPCs中β-catenin、VEGF、IGF-1的mRNA表达, 下调SRD5A2的mRNA表达; 在AGA小鼠模型中, NV@DUT组小鼠背部的新生毛发覆盖率、新生毛发重量、小鼠皮肤厚度均大于游离DUT组和模型组, 展现出优良的AGA治疗效果。综上, NV@DUT可通过多靶点、多途径协同机制, 为AGA治疗提供了新的思路。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0781
  • 接收时间:2025-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-08
  • 修回日期:2025-10-16
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    1中山大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2滇西应用技术大学傣医药学院, 云南 景洪 666100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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