Article(id=1308816814872818467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0736, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=1758470400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975845305, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975845305, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975845305, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975845305, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=301, endPage=310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816816420516644, articleId=1308816814872818467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The construction of E. coli outer membrane vesicles-fused lipopeptide system and the study on its potential for oral gene delivery, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are highly promising gene delivery platform due to their high safety, good stability, and excellent nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency. However, current clinical gene therapy primarily relies on invasive administration routes. The development of compliant, non-invasive delivery routes, such as oral administration, is crucial. Nevertheless, creating gastric acid-resistant oral gene delivery vectors faces a critical bottleneck that nucleic acid therapeutics are highly susceptible to degradation in the harsh acidic environment (pH 1.5-4.5) of the gastrointestinal tract. To address this, we constructed a cholesterol-enriched hybrid system (RLSC/OMVC) based on an amphiphilic cationic lipopeptide (RLS) and Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles (OMV). This system demonstrates efficient gene delivery capability under both neutral and acidic conditions, along with excellent in vitro biocompatibility. The study characterized the physicochemical properties of different formulations (RLS, RLSC, OMV, and OMVC). In vitro cell transfection experiments showed that the gene delivery efficiency of RLSC/OMVC under acidic condition (pH 4.5) was significantly increased by nearly 3-fold compared with Lipofectamine 2000. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy observation, particle size/zeta potential analysis, and gel electrophoresis experiments revealed the mechanism by which OMV and cholesterol synergistically protect plasmid DNA from acidic degradation in conjunction with lipid peptide. The developed RLSC/OMVC hybrid system boasts integrated advantages of exceptional acid resistance, high-efficiency gene delivery, and good biocompatibility. This work provides an innovative strategy for oral gene therapy.

, authors=Hao-yue CHEN, Yi-chun WANG, Bin-bin YANG, Xue-yi HU, Qun-jie BI, Rong-rong JIN*, Yu NIE*, authorsList=Hao-yue CHEN, Yi-chun WANG, Bin-bin YANG, Xue-yi HU, Qun-jie BI, Rong-rong JIN, Yu NIE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Rong-rong JIN, Yu NIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816818257621816, articleId=1308816814872818467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽系统的构建及口服基因递送潜力研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticles, LNP) 因其安全性高、稳定性好及核酸封装效率优异等特点, 成为极具前景的基因递送载体。当前临床基因治疗主要依赖侵入性给药方式, 因此开发顺应性强、非侵入性的给药途径(如口服给药) 至关重要。然而口服基因递送载体面临着核酸药物在胃肠道酸性环境(pH 1.5~4.5) 易降解的难题。为此, 本研究基于大肠杆菌的细菌外膜囊泡(bacterial outer membrane vesicles, OMV) 和阳离子脂质肽(RLS) 构建了含胆固醇(cholesterol) 的杂化系统(a cholesterol-enriched hybrid system based on an amphiphilic cationic lipopeptide and Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles, RLSC/OMVC), 该体系在中性和酸性条件下均展现出高效基因递送能力, 并具有优良的体外生物相容性。研究分别表征了不含胆固醇与含胆固醇制剂(RLS、RLSC、OMV和OMVC) 的物理化学特性, 并通过体外细胞转染, 表明RLSC/OMVC在酸性条件(pH 4.5) 下的基因递送效率较Lipofectamine 2000显著提升(约3倍)。进一步通过透射电镜观察、粒径/电位分析和凝胶电泳实验揭示了OMV及胆固醇协同脂质肽保护质粒pDNA (plasmid DNA) 免受酸性降解的作用机制。本研究构建的大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽RLSC/OMVC系统, 兼具耐酸性、高效基因递送及优良生物相容性, 为口服基因治疗提供创新策略。

, authors=陈皓月, 王一醇, 杨彬彬, 胡雪依, 毕群杰, 金蓉蓉*, 聂宇*, authorsList=陈皓月, 王一醇, 杨彬彬, 胡雪依, 毕群杰, 金蓉蓉, 聂宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金蓉蓉, 聂宇, authorNote=

作者贡献:

陈皓月负责实验、文章构思、文章撰写; 王一醇负责提供相关实验材料, 文章构思; 杨彬彬负责部分材料表征实验; 胡雪依负责细胞实验辅助; 毕群杰负责提供相关实验材料; 金蓉蓉、聂宇负责写作、审编、资金获取。

, correspAuthorsNote=
金蓉蓉,Tel: 18980552770, E-mail:
聂宇,Tel: 13699024669, E-mail:
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OMV: E. coli outer membrane vesicles; OMVC: Cholesterol-contained outer membrane vesicles of E. coli; RLS: An amphiphilic cationic lipopeptide; RLSC: Self-assembly of RLS and cholesterol, figureFileSmall=EbjmE2rkLnxJQXErJJ5iRw==, figureFileBig=xhk0d3z9SMJGuMhn+dBcqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825383744378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VtyYD9TlO52iABoGl+vAPg==, figureFileBig=mLMTWx8zzOH71H+dhXEmzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825446658939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Characterizations of RLS and RLSC. A: 1H NMR spectra of RLS; B: Mass spectrometer of RLS; C: The morphology of RLS was determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); D: Particle size and zeta potential of RLS and RLSC; E, F: Particle size and zeta potential of RLS and RLSC treated by dd H2O, pH 4.5 solution determined for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min by dynamic light scattering (DLS). n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=VtyYD9TlO52iABoGl+vAPg==, figureFileBig=mLMTWx8zzOH71H+dhXEmzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825517962108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0PuyVHFqYwW4Ff1yFPchSw==, figureFileBig=qBtM1xRRaMuvlj6O98HMVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825593459581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Characterizations of OMV and OMVC. A: The morphology of OMV determined by TEM; B: Particle size and zeta potential of OMV and OMVC; C, D: Particle size and zeta potential of OMV and OMVC treated by dd H2O, pH 4.5 solution determined for 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 min by DLS, respectively. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=0PuyVHFqYwW4Ff1yFPchSw==, figureFileBig=qBtM1xRRaMuvlj6O98HMVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825660568447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=M1gDM2wkXkAIzJvmMo8zRA==, figureFileBig=ATVW3+lqXczSxfusfSQRLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825727677312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Transfection efficiency of pEGFP in Caco-2 after incubation at pH 3.0, 4.5 and 7.4. A: Transfection efficiency in Caco-2 after incubation of RLS/OMV at pH 3.0; B, C: Fluorescence microscopy images (B) and quantitative analysis of mean fluorescence intensity (C) in Caco-2 after incubation of RLS/OMV at pH 7.4 and 4.5; D, E: Fluorescence microscopy images (D) and quantitative analysis of mean fluorescence intensity (E) in Caco-2 after incubation of RLS/OMVC at pH 7.4 and 4.5; F, G: Fluorescence microscopy images (F) and quantitative analysis of mean fluorescence intensity (G) in Caco-2 after incubation of RLSC/OMVC at pH 7.4 and 4.5; H: Comparison graphs of transfection effects after RLS/OMV, RLS/OMVC, and RLSC/OMVC were incubated at pH 7.4 and 4.5. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s, figureFileSmall=M1gDM2wkXkAIzJvmMo8zRA==, figureFileBig=ATVW3+lqXczSxfusfSQRLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825811563393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lgoODphr2Ud9zSJyMjLFXA==, figureFileBig=tGskmgAPH+zDv0cjIEMwcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816825920615298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Characterizations of RLSC/OMVC. A: The morphology of RLSC/OMVC/pDNA complexes determined by TEM; B: The stability of particle size and zeta potential of RLS/OMV and RLSC/OMVC with R/O ratios of 20 and 30 after incubation at pH 7.4 and 4.5. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. ns: Not significant, figureFileSmall=lgoODphr2Ud9zSJyMjLFXA==, figureFileBig=tGskmgAPH+zDv0cjIEMwcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816826012889987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zmROQT03Yhv3rx4OX/W9fQ==, figureFileBig=Z2b6jx4vKnObvx34O4aYYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816826084193157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.6, caption=Gel electrophoresis experiments. The gene compression ability of RLS, RLSC, RLS/OMV, RLSC/OMVC after incubation at pH 7.4 (A) and pH 4.5 (B) for 20 minutes, respectively, figureFileSmall=zmROQT03Yhv3rx4OX/W9fQ==, figureFileBig=Z2b6jx4vKnObvx34O4aYYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816826163884934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cEVHnoXAPQoZ8GVm+8YlCA==, figureFileBig=PTX7hhJ/I2olmgj2I58Pkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816826247771015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816814872818467, language=CN, label=Fig.7, caption=Cytotoxicity of RLS, RLS/OMV, RLSC/OMVC and the control group SM-102, Lipo 2000 after incubation in Caco-2 for 48 hours. Cell viability (A) and cell morphology (B) of RLS, RLS/OMV, RLSC/OMVC and the control group SM-102, Lipo 2000 after incubation in Caco-2 for 48 hours. 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大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽系统的构建及口服基因递送潜力研究
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陈皓月 , 王一醇 , 杨彬彬 , 胡雪依 , 毕群杰 , 金蓉蓉 * , 聂宇 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(1): 301-310
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (1) : 301 -310
大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽系统的构建及口服基因递送潜力研究
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陈皓月, 王一醇, 杨彬彬, 胡雪依, 毕群杰, 金蓉蓉* , 聂宇*
作者信息
  • 四川大学国家生物医学材料工程技术研究中心/四川大学生物医学工程学院, 四川 成都 610041
通讯作者:
金蓉蓉,Tel: 18980552770, E-mail:
聂宇,Tel: 13699024669, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

陈皓月负责实验、文章构思、文章撰写; 王一醇负责提供相关实验材料, 文章构思; 杨彬彬负责部分材料表征实验; 胡雪依负责细胞实验辅助; 毕群杰负责提供相关实验材料; 金蓉蓉、聂宇负责写作、审编、资金获取。

The construction of E. coli outer membrane vesicles-fused lipopeptide system and the study on its potential for oral gene delivery
Hao-yue CHEN, Yi-chun WANG, Bin-bin YANG, Xue-yi HU, Qun-jie BI, Rong-rong JIN* , Yu NIE*
Affiliations
  • National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials/College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0736
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脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticles, LNP) 因其安全性高、稳定性好及核酸封装效率优异等特点, 成为极具前景的基因递送载体。当前临床基因治疗主要依赖侵入性给药方式, 因此开发顺应性强、非侵入性的给药途径(如口服给药) 至关重要。然而口服基因递送载体面临着核酸药物在胃肠道酸性环境(pH 1.5~4.5) 易降解的难题。为此, 本研究基于大肠杆菌的细菌外膜囊泡(bacterial outer membrane vesicles, OMV) 和阳离子脂质肽(RLS) 构建了含胆固醇(cholesterol) 的杂化系统(a cholesterol-enriched hybrid system based on an amphiphilic cationic lipopeptide and Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles, RLSC/OMVC), 该体系在中性和酸性条件下均展现出高效基因递送能力, 并具有优良的体外生物相容性。研究分别表征了不含胆固醇与含胆固醇制剂(RLS、RLSC、OMV和OMVC) 的物理化学特性, 并通过体外细胞转染, 表明RLSC/OMVC在酸性条件(pH 4.5) 下的基因递送效率较Lipofectamine 2000显著提升(约3倍)。进一步通过透射电镜观察、粒径/电位分析和凝胶电泳实验揭示了OMV及胆固醇协同脂质肽保护质粒pDNA (plasmid DNA) 免受酸性降解的作用机制。本研究构建的大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽RLSC/OMVC系统, 兼具耐酸性、高效基因递送及优良生物相容性, 为口服基因治疗提供创新策略。

基因递送  /  阳离子脂质肽  /  细菌外囊泡  /  胆固醇  /  耐酸  /  口服

Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) are highly promising gene delivery platform due to their high safety, good stability, and excellent nucleic acid encapsulation efficiency. However, current clinical gene therapy primarily relies on invasive administration routes. The development of compliant, non-invasive delivery routes, such as oral administration, is crucial. Nevertheless, creating gastric acid-resistant oral gene delivery vectors faces a critical bottleneck that nucleic acid therapeutics are highly susceptible to degradation in the harsh acidic environment (pH 1.5-4.5) of the gastrointestinal tract. To address this, we constructed a cholesterol-enriched hybrid system (RLSC/OMVC) based on an amphiphilic cationic lipopeptide (RLS) and Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles (OMV). This system demonstrates efficient gene delivery capability under both neutral and acidic conditions, along with excellent in vitro biocompatibility. The study characterized the physicochemical properties of different formulations (RLS, RLSC, OMV, and OMVC). In vitro cell transfection experiments showed that the gene delivery efficiency of RLSC/OMVC under acidic condition (pH 4.5) was significantly increased by nearly 3-fold compared with Lipofectamine 2000. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy observation, particle size/zeta potential analysis, and gel electrophoresis experiments revealed the mechanism by which OMV and cholesterol synergistically protect plasmid DNA from acidic degradation in conjunction with lipid peptide. The developed RLSC/OMVC hybrid system boasts integrated advantages of exceptional acid resistance, high-efficiency gene delivery, and good biocompatibility. This work provides an innovative strategy for oral gene therapy.

gene delivery  /  cationic lipid peptide  /  bacterial outer membrane vesicles  /  cholesterol  /  acid resistance  /  oral administration
陈皓月, 王一醇, 杨彬彬, 胡雪依, 毕群杰, 金蓉蓉, 聂宇. 大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽系统的构建及口服基因递送潜力研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0736
Hao-yue CHEN, Yi-chun WANG, Bin-bin YANG, Xue-yi HU, Qun-jie BI, Rong-rong JIN, Yu NIE. The construction of E. coli outer membrane vesicles-fused lipopeptide system and the study on its potential for oral gene delivery[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 301 -310 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0736
基因治疗由于其长效、精准、个性化的特点, 在预防和治疗基因遗传缺陷疾病、难治性疾病和广泛传染病方面展现巨大潜力[1]。2003年, 国家药品监督管理局批准上市的重组人p53腺病毒注射液是首个体内基因治疗药物[2]。2019年底, 新冠疫情全球爆发, 依赖于脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticles, LNP) 装载的mRNA疫苗在2020年获批上市, 为全球公共卫生做出重大贡献[3,4]。截止2025年, 已有40余种基因治疗产品被批准上市, 全球基因治疗的临床试验共达4 000项以上[5], 这展现了基因治疗在生物医学领域的重要地位。
目前临床上基因治疗的给药方式主要以静脉注射和鞘内注射等侵入式为主, 存在患者依从性差、组织特异性不足等局限。口服给药途径是治疗各种疾病最理想的给药方式[6,7]。但胃肠道极端环境[8-10]会导致核酸药物生物利用度过低, 基因转染效率不佳[11,12]。因此亟需开发兼具酸稳定性与细胞穿透能力的智能递送系统[13], 其典型设计采用多层功能化结构。为靶向肠道, 系统需具备pH响应型外壳: 在胃酸中保护内容物, 在碱性肠液中溶解释放, 如普朗尼克F127、聚甲基丙烯酸等。普朗尼克F127亲水端环氧乙烷链在胃酸中形成致密层, 隔绝H⁺渗透, 然后在肠液中解离, 释放内容物[14]。聚甲基丙烯酸在过酸时, 侧链-COOH基团质子化, 分子链收缩, 溶解度降低; 碱性时-COOH解离, 导致其溶胀解体[15]。为实现胞内递送, 基因还需由脂质体、穿膜肽或囊泡修饰, 作为系统核心结构, 介导肠道上皮细胞内化及内涵体逃逸。
研究证实由真核细胞和原核细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EV) 是口服基因递送的理想载体。EV具有适当的尺寸、高修饰灵活性、生物屏障通透性和内在靶向能力等优点[16]。已证实部分EV对低pH胃酸的不良环境具有高度耐受性[17]。Umezu等[18]将针叶樱桃外泌体与mRNA进行孵育, 发现针叶樱桃外泌体可以有效保护mRNA不受外界酸碱及RNA酶的降解。证实EV确实可以有效保护核酸不被外界环境破坏。
细菌外膜囊泡(bacterial outer membrane vesicles, OMV) 是细菌通过膜出芽释放的纳米级双层膜结构囊泡, 天然携带多种生物活性分子(如蛋白质、核酸、脂类等)。Wang等[19]发现, 口服嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌OMV能有效抵御胃酸侵蚀并靶向结肠, 通过调节肠道菌群、免疫屏障及黏膜功能治疗结肠炎。此外, 益生型大肠杆菌Nissle 1917的OMV同样证实可耐受胃肠环境, 并缓解肠炎小鼠体重损失[20]。因此, OMV具备耐酸性与肠道靶向能力, 为口服基因/药物递送系统开发提供了新策略。
课题组前期开发支化精氨酸阳离子脂质肽RLS[21], 该载体由精氨酸头部、油酸疏水尾部和二硫键连接部分组成, Liang等[22]已证明二代精氨酸作为头部的RLS具有最好的基因递送效率。二代精氨酸头部含2个精氨酸, 具有适当刚性, 与细胞膜进行相互作用。谷胱甘肽敏感型二硫键实现胞内释放[23]。油酸疏水尾部则增强膜流动性[21]。本研究将RLS与大肠杆菌OMV融合制备成基因递送系统。同时, 鉴于胆固醇已被证实可通过填充脂质分子间隙以稳定脂质双层结构[24], 介导膜融合过程[25], 分别制备掺入胆固醇的阳离子脂质肽(self-assembly of RLS and cholesterol, RLSC) 和大肠杆菌外膜囊泡(cholesterol-contained outer membrane vesicles of E. coli, OMVC), 构建杂化纳米系统RLSC/OMVC。作者探究了该系统在酸性环境中对pDNA (plasmid DNA) 的保护能力, 通过基因转染实验证明了杂化系统在人直肠腺癌细胞Caco-2中的抗酸能力, 并探究了OMV抵御酸性降解的机制, 为开发口服基因治疗载体提供了新策略。
材料与细胞 RLS (本实验室合成); SM-102 (2089251-47-6, 美国MedChemExpress公司); Lipofectamine 2000 (Lipo 2000, 11668019)、绿色荧光蛋白质粒pEGFP购自美国Invitrogen公司; 人结直肠腺癌细胞(中国科学院上海库); 大肠杆菌ATCC 25922 (中国菌种保藏中心); Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) 培养基、磷酸盐缓冲液(Phosphate Buffered Saline, PBS)、南美血清购自美国Gibco公司; GelRed核酸凝胶染料(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 0.22/0.45 μm聚醚砜微孔滤膜(中国Biosharp公司); BCA试剂盒(中国碧云天生物有限公司); Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) 试剂盒(日本Dojindo公司); 质粒在Trelief®5α化学感受态细胞(北京擎科生物科技股份有限公司) 中扩增, 并使用无内毒素质粒提取试剂盒(德国Qiagen公司) 进行纯化。
仪器 倒置荧光显微镜(DMIL LED, 德国Leica公司); 纳米粒度-电位测试仪(Zetasizer Nano ZS, 英国Malvern Panalytical公司); 酶标仪(Multiskan SkyHigh, 美国Bio-Rad公司); 超速离心机(Optima MAX-XP, 美国Beckman Coulter公司); 透射电子显微镜(JEM-2100Plus, 日本电子株式会社); 核酸电泳仪(DYCP-31DN, 中国北京六一仪器厂); pH计(PHS-3C, 上海雷磁仪器有限公司)。
RLS及RLSC组装体的制备及表征 采用注入法制备1 mg·mL-1 RLS自组装体。具体操作步骤为: 称取1 mg RLS固体粉末, 将其完全溶于100 μL DMSO, 制成10 mg·mL-1的母液, 将母液缓慢加入快速搅拌下的900 μL去离子水中, 搅拌1 h, 使RLS自组装为脂质纳米颗粒。
制备RLSC自组装体时, 先将RLS与胆固醇以摩尔比为17∶1的比例溶解于DMSO中混合均匀, 后按照上述RLS自组装体的方式组装。用马尔文粒度仪测量粒径分布和表面电位, 通过透射电子显微镜图观察自组装体的形貌。
大肠杆菌外膜囊泡OMV的提取、含胆固醇的组装体制备与表征
OMV的提取与表征 将大肠杆菌加入luria-bertani肉汤液体培养基, 培养至OD600达到0.6后, 在4 ℃下以8 000 ×g离心15 min, 用0.45 μm的聚醚砜微孔滤膜过滤上清液。随后用100 kDa的超滤管将滤液浓缩, 在4 ℃下以150 000 ×g超速离心3 h, PBS洗涤并重悬。使用0.22 μm的聚醚砜微孔滤膜除菌, 用BCA试剂盒测定OMV的浓度[26]。使用马尔文粒度仪测量OMV的粒径分布和表面电位, 通过透射电子显微镜图观察OMV的形貌。
含胆固醇的OMVC的制备 参照文献[27], 胆固醇以2 mg·mL-1的质量浓度溶解在氯仿中, 用旋转蒸发仪去除氯仿形成胆固醇膜。加入0.1 mg·mL-1 OMV 2 mL, 水化60 μg的胆固醇膜30 min, 再超声处理5 min。随后, 将样品以140 000 ×g离心30 min, 收集OMVC。
OMV、OMVC在酸性下的稳定性 加入OMV、OMVC静置于pH 4.5溶液中, 在0、5、10、20、30、40、50、60 min分别测量粒径及电位变化。
RLS/OMV、RLS/OMVC、RLSC/OMVC转染pDNA RLS/OMV、RLS/OMVC、RLSC/OMVC与pEGFP复合物的制备将组装好的RLS或RLSC按照氮磷(N/P) 为20的比例与pEGFP孵育20 min, 然后分别按照RLS与OMV的质量比为10、20、30、50、100的比例加入OMV或OMVC孵育20 min。
Caco-2细胞的转染实验 Caco-2细胞在含有15%胎牛血清、1.5%非必需氨基酸及1%双抗的DMEM培养基中培养, 以每孔1×104个细胞接种于96孔板中, 培养24 h贴壁后每孔加入90 μL完全培养基换液。随后, 每孔加入10 μL基因复合物及作为对照的Lipo 2000 (0.5 μg/200 ng pDNA), 与细胞共同培养4 h后换液, 继续培养44 h。使用倒置荧光显微镜评估pEGFP的转染效率, 并使用ImageJ软件进行半定量分析。评估酸性下的基因转染效率时, 将基因复合物在pH 3.0或4.5的环境中孵育5 min, 再加入96孔板。
RLS/OMV、RLSC/OMVC在酸性条件粒径电位的稳定性 将组装好的RLS或RLSC分别按照与OMV的质量比为20和30的比例加入OMV或OMVC后, 孵育20 min。评估酸性下的稳定性时, 加入OMV或OMVC后, 于pH为3.0和4.5的环境中分别孵育5 min。
RLS、RLS/OMV和RLSC/OMVC在酸性和中性条件下的基因压缩能力 使用1×TAE缓冲溶液配制1%的琼脂糖凝胶(w/v), 每15 mL的琼脂糖溶液中加入1.5 μL的GelRed核酸染料。将基因复合物与6×loading buffer混匀后加至胶孔中, 每孔含200 ng pDNA。随后把凝胶放入电泳槽, 在85 V电压条件下电泳30 min。
基因复合物的体外安全性评估 按照上文方法, 将Caco-2细胞接种于96孔板, 每孔加入10 μL基因复合物(SM-102脂质体的组装和孵育方法与RLS相同), 与细胞共同培养4 h后换液, 继续培养44 h, 使用倒置荧光显微镜观察细胞密度与形态。加入含有10% CCK-8的不完全培养基(每孔100 μL), 孵育1 h, 使用酶标仪在450 nm处检测吸光度(A) 值, 计算细胞存活率。
细胞存活率(%) = (As - Ab)/ (Ac - Ab) × 100%
其中, As、Ab、Ac分别为实验组、空白对照、对照样品的吸光度值。
统计学分析 采用GraphaPad Prism 8.0和Origin 8.0软件进行数据分析, 数据采用$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示。两组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽(RLSC/OMVC) 的制备流程图如图1所示。
RLS的合成参照本课题组前期方法[22]。核磁共振氢谱1H NMR确认RLS化学结构, 结果如图2A所示: 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 5.06 (s, 4H), 4.14 (s, 2H), 3.63 (s, 4H), 3.04 (s, 2H), 2.82 (s, 6H), 2.67 (s, 4H), 2.01 (s, 12H), 1.62 (s, 8H), 1.45 (s, 12H), 1.23 (s, 44H), 0.85 (s, 6H); 飞行质谱结果图2B所示, RLS形成的离子峰[M+H]+ = 1 249.95, [M+2Na]+ = 1 295.95。通过核磁质谱确定了RLS的正确合成。RLS组装体的粒径为121.8 ± 2.9 nm, 电位为22.2 ± 1.4 mV, 形貌为均匀分散的球形(图2C、D)。
由于胆固醇作为辅助脂质可以更好的压缩脂质体的自组装[28], 进一步提高递送效率, 为此, 作者插入胆固醇制备RLSC自组装体。经过动态光散射(dynamic light scattering, DLS) 测量, RLSC的粒径为109.6 ± 6.3 nm, 电位为20.3 ± 1.4 mV (图2D)。RLSC相比RLS的粒径降低了12.2 nm, 电位无明显变化, 说明加入胆固醇后RLS自组装被压缩的更紧密。
研究表明, 酸性环境中pDNA会发生构象变化, 从而加速pDNA解链[29]。同样酸性环境中, 阳离子脂质也会发生解离。因此, 本研究希望通过OMV及胆固醇的复合, 提高脂质复合物在酸性条件下的稳定性。在研究过程中, 作者发现当pH ≤ 3.0时, 无法监测到脂质肽及杂化脂质肽的规律变化, 可能是由于纳米结构已被严重破坏。RLS、RLSC在pH 4.5的环境中孵育的结果表明, RLS在孵育5 min后粒径波动剧烈, 电位显著降低; RLSC在酸性环境中孵育后粒径波动显著减小, 且电位从孵育20 min后才出现显著降低(图2E、F), 说明RLSC相较于RLS在酸性环境中的变化更稳定。文献表明, 胆固醇参与调节脂质体流动性、杨氏模量[30]和弯曲模量[30,31], 这可能是提升脂质体在酸性环境稳定性的重要原因。
透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM) 表征显示OMV囊泡粒径分布于50~180 nm, 呈现细胞外囊泡典型的茶托样结构[32] (图3A)。DLS测量得到的OMV粒径为150.6 ± 2.3 nm, 电位为-9.1 ± 1.6 mV (图3B), 与文献[32]报道的细菌OMV表征范围一致。据报道, OMV中添加胆固醇后可通过增强膜融合能力进一步提升基因递送效率[27], 因此制备了OMVC, 探索其在酸性环境中的稳定性。DLS结果显示OMVC粒径为177.2 ± 4.4 nm, 电位为-7.2 ± 0.5 mV (图3B), 粒径相比于OMV显著增加, 与文献[27,28]报道的胆固醇诱导膜厚度增加的研究结果一致。检测OMV、OMVC在pH 4.5酸性溶液中的粒径与电位变化(图3C、D), OMV孵育20 min后粒径显著增大至初始值的150%, 推测发生酸性胀破; 而OMVC的粒径在50 min以内均维持在210 nm以下, 且波动较小, 表明OMVC双层膜结构在弱酸性条件下未发生显著聚集或解体。电位在孵育后均升高至0 mV左右, 推测是组装体表面吸附了H+。以上数据说明OMVC相较于OMV在酸性环境下更稳定, 推测是胆固醇的脂质冷凝效应[28]降低了质膜或膜[33,34]破碎的可能性, 这为本研究进一步探究在酸性下递送基因奠定了基础。
为进一步探究OMV在酸性的基因递送效果, 将RLS/OMV/pDNA置于pH 3.0的环境中进行转染实验(图4A), 无显著转染效果。证明了上文中过低pH下, RLS与OMV结构被破坏, 导致pDNA构象完全发生变化并水解。因此, 提高pH值, 于pH 7.0和4.5的环境下进行转染实验(图4B、C)。ImageJ半定量分析显示: 随着OMV比例增加, RLS转染效率降低, 当RLS与OMV的比例(R/O) 为10时, 转染效率仅降为RLS组的25%; 在酸性条件下, 同样在R/O为10时, 其转染效率是RLS组的2.6倍。证明OMV具有在酸性下保护RLS转染效果的作用, 推测与OMV具有较稳定的双层膜结构[35], 以及OMV表面插入的质子泵、蛋白质, 还有内部包裹的小分子活性物质有关[36,37]。已有文献证明, 囊泡的脂质双层膜结构可以抵抗不良环境, 其表面的蛋白可以耐受肠胃中的酶, 保护其中microRNA在运输中不被破坏[35]。
另外, 由于OMVC具有更强的膜融合能力及稳定性, 因此作者将OMVC与RLS进行孵育, 发现在中性条件下, 转染效果提升(图4D、E)。相比于RLS/OMV, RLS/OMVC在R/O为30时升高至1.4倍, 在R/O为50时, 升高至1.5倍。在酸性条件下, R/O为30时, 为RLS转染效率的2.9倍。这说明OMVC进一步提升了RLS/OMV基因递送的效果和耐酸能力。
将RLSC与OMVC孵育进行基因转染实验(图4F、G), RLSC/OMVC可显著提升转染效果。在R/O比例为30时, 转染效果为RLS的1.4倍, RLS/OMVC的2.3倍, RLS/OMV的3.2倍; 且在pH 4.5的酸性环境中孵育5 min后, 仍能将转染效果提升为单独RLS的6.0倍, RLS/OMVC的2.0倍, RLS/OMV的3.2倍(图4H)。以上结果证明, 胆固醇修饰不仅优化了OMV对pDNA的保护能力, 同时增强了RLS的压缩紧密性与稳定性, 从而协同提升杂化体系在酸性环境下的转染效率。
细胞转染实验表明, OMV与胆固醇均可提高阳离子脂质肽在酸性条件的细胞转染效率。因此, 作者进一步探究其中涉及的机制。通过对RLSC/pDNA与OMVC孵育后的融合效果进行探究, TEM结果证明, RLSC/pDNA与OMVC通过静电吸附, 成功实现了相互融合(图5A), 进一步证明RLSC/pDNA与OMVC孵育融合后可以保护基因的递送效率。
通过DLS测量杂化脂质的粒径电位变化(图5B), 发现RLS与OMV孵育后, 粒径增大, 电位降低。且随着OMV比例增大, 粒径越大, 电位越低。猜测是RLS与OMV孵育后发生团聚, 该结果解释了为什么OMV占比越多, 转染效率越低。而酸性条件下, OMV与RLS孵育后粒径反而减小, 推测是由于酸性环境导致的团聚大颗粒分散。RLSC与OMVC孵育后, 相比于不含胆固醇体系粒径更小电位更高, 进一步证明RLSC压缩的更紧密、OMVC破碎率更低、体系更稳定。
另外, 对比R/O为20和30的数据发现, R/O为30时, 粒径更低, 电位更高。研究证明在一定范围内, LNP的体外细胞摄取效率与粒径呈显著负相关, 较小的粒径可能通过增强网格蛋白/小窝蛋白介导的内吞等途径, 更高效地穿透细胞膜屏障[38]。这也解释了为什么R/O为30的复合物转染效果更优秀。
为进一步评估RLSC/OMVC的基因压缩能力, 本研究通过凝胶电泳实验分析了N/P 20条件下, 基因复合物及pDNA在不同环境的基因压缩情况。在中性条件下(图6A), RLS、RLSC、RLS/OMV、RLSC/OMVC均有良好的基因压缩能力, 而裸pDNA组具有明显的基因条带, 说明被完整释放出来; 在酸性条件下(图6B), pDNA完全降解, 无明显条带。RLS与RLSC组均出现pDNA泄漏, 但RLSC泄漏程度更低, 证明压缩稳定性增强。RLS/OMV组(R/O = 20、50、100) 亦存在泄漏, 但较RLS组显著减少, 表明OMV可提供额外保护。RLSC/OMVC组未检测到pDNA泄漏, 证明该杂化体系在酸性环境下具有最优的pDNA保护与压缩性能。
RLS、RLS/OMV及RLSC/OMVC基因复合物对Caco-2细胞的毒性结果显示, 在N/P 20的条件下, RLS组具有97.2%的细胞存活率, RLS/OMV、RLSC/OMVC均表现出良好的细胞相容性, R/O为30时, Caco-2细胞的存活率均达到90%以上(图7A)。相比之下, 已上市的脂质体SM-102的细胞存活率为88.94%, Lipo 2000的细胞存活率仅为82.6%。明场观察进一步证实, RLS、RLS/OMV、RLSC/OMVC组细胞状态良好, 呈连续的单层结构[39], 而Lipo 2000组则出现更多死细胞(图7B), 说明RLS、RLS/OMV及RLSC/OMVC基因复合物具有良好的生物相容性。
本研究成功构建了大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽基因递送系统(RLSC/OMVC), 验证了其在模拟胃肠道环境(pH 4.5) 及生理条件(pH 7.4) 下的递送效能与生物安全性。制备了粒径均一并稳定的RLSC/OMVC, 在pH 4.5, R/O为30时的条件下, 其耐酸能力与基因递送效率最佳, 转染效率较市售转染试剂Lipo 2000提升约3倍。加入胆固醇后, 复合物的团聚现象减少, 粒径和电位也趋于稳定; 凝胶电泳实验结果显示, 在酸性条件下, 胆固醇复合可明显减少pDNA泄露, 进一步与OMVC复合后, 无明显泄露条带。证明OMV与胆固醇能够协同脂质肽RLS对pDNA起到保护作用。最后, 评估了RLSC/OMVC (R/O = 30) 的生物安全性, 相较于Lipo 2000和SM-102, 细胞存活率分别提高了11.0%和4.7%, 证明了其良好的生物安全性。
综上所述, 本研究构建的大肠杆菌外囊泡融合型脂质肽系统RLSC/OMVC, 其兼具良好的耐酸性、高效基因递送能力及良好的生物安全性, 展现出用于口服基因递送研究的潜力与应用前景。然而, 目前还存在不足, 本研究中OMV保护pDNA的功能是在pH 4.5的弱酸环境中, 而人体内胃液为强酸, 且含有多种核酸降解酶, 因此后续的研究将聚焦于OMV的多层级功能化修饰, 构建“胃酸耐受-肠液触发”双功能递送系统, 将RLSC/OMVC修饰在可以耐胃酸且肠液响应性的外壳中, 为消化道疾病的口服基因治疗提供创新技术路径。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0736
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
  • 修回日期:2025-09-22
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    四川大学国家生物医学材料工程技术研究中心/四川大学生物医学工程学院, 四川 成都 610041

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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