Article(id=1308841366113845494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0696, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750348800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-20, revisedDate=1760889600000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789981698778, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1781193600000, pubDateStr=2026-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789981698778, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789981698778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789981698778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308841198224240856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='6', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='2376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781193600000', pubDateStr='2026-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789981658750, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984187230, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308851803500933402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308841198224240856, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2286, endPage=2296, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308841366315172087, articleId=1308841366113845494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Improvement of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by intransnasal administration of β-asarone modified tanshinone IIA nanoparticles, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study developed a β-asarone (β-As)-modified nano delivery system loaded with tanshinone IIA (As-TSA-NPs) to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) via intranasal administration. As-TSA-NPs were prepared using the double emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, and in vitro release behavior. Using coumarin 6 as a fluorescent probe, the 16HBE cell model was employed to investigate the effect of β-As modification on nanoparticle nasal mucosal permeability and inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model by assessing neurological function scores, cerebral infarction volume, and oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA)]. Results demonstrated that As-TSA-NPs were spherical, with an average size of approximately 180 nm, a zeta potential of about -33 mV, a drug loading capacity of approximately 3.5%, and exhibited favorable sustained release properties. β-As modification significantly enhanced cellular uptake (1.8-fold higher than unmodified NPs) and improved nasal mucosal permeability by inhibiting P-gp efflux. In vivo studies confirmed that the As-TSA-NPs group showed a 13.5% reduction in cerebral infarction volume, a 13.6% increase in SOD activity, a 21.5% decrease in MDA levels, and significantly improved neurological function scores compared to the model group. This study indicates that β-As-modified nanoparticles effectively enhance the nose-to-brain delivery efficiency of TSA, providing a novel targeted delivery strategy for CIRI treatment. All animal procedures and manipulations in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM210226002) and conducted in accordance with its guidelines.

, authors=Qing PU1, Lu-ting WANG2, Shu-ting NI3, Xiao ZHAO3, Jun-feng DU3, Lin XU4, *, Kai-li HU1, *, authorsList=Qing PU, Lu-ting WANG, Shu-ting NI, Xiao ZHAO, Jun-feng DU, Lin XU, Kai-li HU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lin XU, Kai-li HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308841369515426054, articleId=1308841366113845494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=β-细辛醚修饰丹参酮IIA纳米粒经鼻给药改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

构建β-细辛醚(β-asarone, β-As) 修饰的载丹参酮IIA (tanshinone IIA, TSA) 纳米递药系统(As-TSA-NPs), 通过鼻腔给药提高其脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, CIRI) 治疗效果。采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备As-TSA-NPs, 并对其形态、粒径、电位、载药量及体外释放行为进行表征; 以coumarin 6为荧光探针, 通过16HBE细胞模型考察β-As修饰对纳米粒鼻黏膜渗透性及抑制P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 外排的影响; 建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 模型, 通过神经功能评分、脑梗死体积测定及氧化应激指标[superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA)] 评价体内药效。结果表明, As-TSA-NPs形态圆整, 粒径约为180 nm, zeta电位约为-33 mV, 载药量约为3.5%, 具有较好的缓释特性。β-As修饰显著增强纳米粒的细胞摄取(较未修饰组提高1.8倍), 并通过抑制P-gp外排作用提高鼻黏膜渗透性。体内实验证实, As-TSA-NPs组大鼠脑梗死体积较模型组减少13.5%, SOD活性提高13.6%, MDA水平降低21.5%, 神经功能评分显著改善。本研究表明, β-As修饰的纳米粒可有效提升TSA经鼻入脑效率, 为CIRI治疗提供了一种新型鼻-脑靶向递药策略。本研究所有对动物的处理和操作均通过上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(PZSHUTCM210226002), 并遵循其指导方针进行。

, authors=普青1, 王璐婷2, 倪淑婷3, 赵霄3, 杜俊锋3, 徐麟4, *, 胡凯莉1, *, authorsList=普青, 王璐婷, 倪淑婷, 赵霄, 杜俊锋, 徐麟, 胡凯莉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=徐麟, 胡凯莉, authorNote=

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

普青负责实验开展、数据分析与文章撰写; 徐麟、王璐婷负责实验开展、数据分析; 赵霄和杜俊锋辅助完成部分实验内容; 倪淑婷负责文章的修改和审阅, 并提供行政、技术上的支持; 胡凯莉负责论文选题、指导、审阅文章、提供实验材料研究和经费等。

, correspAuthorsNote=
徐麟,Tel: 18800295895, E-mail:
胡凯莉,Tel: 86-21-51322425, E-mail:
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A: Uptake of Coumarin 6-NP, As-Coumarin 6-NP and As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP by 16HBE cells at different; B: As-PEG-PLGA/MPEG-PLGA ratio; C: As-Coumarin-6-NP concentration; D: Temperature on the uptake index of As-Coumarin-6-NP; E: Effects of different inhibitors on the uptake of different nanoparticles. n = 3, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.000 1; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ####P < 0.000 1. 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A: Photograph of sectioned brain after the different treatments; B-D: Effects of As-TSA-NPs on the calculated brain infract size (B, n = 3), MDA (C) and SOD (D) concentrations in rat brain tissues after CIRI (n = 5). $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. MDA: Malondialdehyde; SOD: Superoxide dismutase, figureFileSmall=VvqGDRkhnsKTnpfqburg7w==, figureFileBig=7npjXKslpjhfXjROoeS6ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308841375337120080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308841366113845494, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupSize/nmZeta potential/mVDLC/%EE/%
Coumarin-6-NP182.391 ± 2.221-36.490 ± 1.1000.072 ± 0.00299.463 ± 2.337
As-Coumarin-6-NP179.922 ± 1.951-35.300 ± 0.5900.071 ± 0.00297.705 ± 3.170
As-loaded-Coumarin-6-NP187.262 ± 3.290-32.530 ± 0.6700.071 ± 0.00198.648 ± 1.092
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Particle size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity and encapsulation efficiency of Coumarin 6-NP, As-Coumarin 6-NP, and As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP. n = 3. DLC: Drug loading capacity; EE: Encapsulation efficiency

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GroupSize/nmZeta potential/mVDLC/%EE/%
Coumarin-6-NP182.391 ± 2.221-36.490 ± 1.1000.072 ± 0.00299.463 ± 2.337
As-Coumarin-6-NP179.922 ± 1.951-35.300 ± 0.5900.071 ± 0.00297.705 ± 3.170
As-loaded-Coumarin-6-NP187.262 ± 3.290-32.530 ± 0.6700.071 ± 0.00198.648 ± 1.092
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GroupPointAverage
012345
Model0001344.375 ± 0.744
TSA-NP0013403.375 ± 0.744*
As-TSA-NP0033202.875 ± 0.835**
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Neurological scores of different groups. n = 8, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs model

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TSA-NP0013403.375 ± 0.744*
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β-细辛醚修饰丹参酮IIA纳米粒经鼻给药改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究
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普青 1 , 王璐婷 2 , 倪淑婷 3 , 赵霄 3 , 杜俊锋 3 , 徐麟 4, * , 胡凯莉 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(6): 2286-2296
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (6) : 2286 -2296
β-细辛醚修饰丹参酮IIA纳米粒经鼻给药改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究
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普青1, 王璐婷2, 倪淑婷3, 赵霄3, 杜俊锋3, 徐麟4, * , 胡凯莉1, *
作者信息
  • 1上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
  • 2中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
  • 3上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
  • 4上海市国际中医药标准化研究院, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
徐麟,Tel: 18800295895, E-mail:
胡凯莉,Tel: 86-21-51322425, E-mail:
作者简介:

#

共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

普青负责实验开展、数据分析与文章撰写; 徐麟、王璐婷负责实验开展、数据分析; 赵霄和杜俊锋辅助完成部分实验内容; 倪淑婷负责文章的修改和审阅, 并提供行政、技术上的支持; 胡凯莉负责论文选题、指导、审阅文章、提供实验材料研究和经费等。

Improvement of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by intransnasal administration of β-asarone modified tanshinone IIA nanoparticles
Qing PU1, Lu-ting WANG2, Shu-ting NI3, Xiao ZHAO3, Jun-feng DU3, Lin XU4, * , Kai-li HU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 3Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 4Shanghai Academy of International Standardization for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2026-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0696
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构建β-细辛醚(β-asarone, β-As) 修饰的载丹参酮IIA (tanshinone IIA, TSA) 纳米递药系统(As-TSA-NPs), 通过鼻腔给药提高其脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, CIRI) 治疗效果。采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备As-TSA-NPs, 并对其形态、粒径、电位、载药量及体外释放行为进行表征; 以coumarin 6为荧光探针, 通过16HBE细胞模型考察β-As修饰对纳米粒鼻黏膜渗透性及抑制P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 外排的影响; 建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 模型, 通过神经功能评分、脑梗死体积测定及氧化应激指标[superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA)] 评价体内药效。结果表明, As-TSA-NPs形态圆整, 粒径约为180 nm, zeta电位约为-33 mV, 载药量约为3.5%, 具有较好的缓释特性。β-As修饰显著增强纳米粒的细胞摄取(较未修饰组提高1.8倍), 并通过抑制P-gp外排作用提高鼻黏膜渗透性。体内实验证实, As-TSA-NPs组大鼠脑梗死体积较模型组减少13.5%, SOD活性提高13.6%, MDA水平降低21.5%, 神经功能评分显著改善。本研究表明, β-As修饰的纳米粒可有效提升TSA经鼻入脑效率, 为CIRI治疗提供了一种新型鼻-脑靶向递药策略。本研究所有对动物的处理和操作均通过上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(PZSHUTCM210226002), 并遵循其指导方针进行。

经鼻给药  /  血脑屏障  /  聚合物纳米颗粒  /  脑缺血再灌注损伤  /  β-细辛醚  /  丹参酮IIA

This study developed a β-asarone (β-As)-modified nano delivery system loaded with tanshinone IIA (As-TSA-NPs) to enhance its therapeutic efficacy against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) via intranasal administration. As-TSA-NPs were prepared using the double emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading capacity, and in vitro release behavior. Using coumarin 6 as a fluorescent probe, the 16HBE cell model was employed to investigate the effect of β-As modification on nanoparticle nasal mucosal permeability and inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in vivo using a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model by assessing neurological function scores, cerebral infarction volume, and oxidative stress markers [superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA)]. Results demonstrated that As-TSA-NPs were spherical, with an average size of approximately 180 nm, a zeta potential of about -33 mV, a drug loading capacity of approximately 3.5%, and exhibited favorable sustained release properties. β-As modification significantly enhanced cellular uptake (1.8-fold higher than unmodified NPs) and improved nasal mucosal permeability by inhibiting P-gp efflux. In vivo studies confirmed that the As-TSA-NPs group showed a 13.5% reduction in cerebral infarction volume, a 13.6% increase in SOD activity, a 21.5% decrease in MDA levels, and significantly improved neurological function scores compared to the model group. This study indicates that β-As-modified nanoparticles effectively enhance the nose-to-brain delivery efficiency of TSA, providing a novel targeted delivery strategy for CIRI treatment. All animal procedures and manipulations in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (PZSHUTCM210226002) and conducted in accordance with its guidelines.

intranasal administration  /  blood-brain barrier  /  polymer nanoparticle  /  cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury  /  β-asarone  /  tanshinone IIA
普青, 王璐婷, 倪淑婷, 赵霄, 杜俊锋, 徐麟, 胡凯莉. β-细辛醚修饰丹参酮IIA纳米粒经鼻给药改善脑缺血再灌注损伤的作用研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2286 -2296 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0696
Qing PU, Lu-ting WANG, Shu-ting NI, Xiao ZHAO, Jun-feng DU, Lin XU, Kai-li HU. Improvement of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by intransnasal administration of β-asarone modified tanshinone IIA nanoparticles[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (6) : 2286 -2296 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0696
脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, CIRI) 是缺血性脑卒中治疗中面临的严峻挑战。据统计, 到2025年, 全球每年约有1 000万例患者死于脑卒中, 其中缺血性卒中占比高达约70%[1-3]。尽管及时恢复血流是治疗缺血的核心策略, 但再灌注过程引发的氧化应激、炎症级联反应、钙超载及细胞凋亡等病理过程, 可导致继发性脑损伤, 显著增加致残率和死亡率[4]。目前临床缺乏针对CIRI的特效药物, 传统抗氧化剂和神经保护剂因血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 的存在穿透率低, 需提高全身给药剂量以达到有效脑内浓度, 但这显著增加了全身暴露引发的不良反应风险, 难以实现有效治疗[5, 6]。因此, 开发高效、安全的脑靶向递药系统已成为突破CIRI治疗瓶颈的关键[7, 8]。
丹参酮IIA (tanshinone IIA, TSA) 是从丹参中提取的脂溶性二萜醌类化合物, 具有抗炎、抗氧化、抑制钙超载及调控凋亡通路等多重神经保护作用[9, 10]。研究表明, TSA可通过抑制NADPH氧化酶活性减少活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 生成, 同时上调超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD) 表达, 显著减轻脑组织氧化损伤[11, 12]。然而, TSA的临床应用受限于其极低的水溶性(< 0.01 mg·mL-1) 和快速首过代谢特性, 口服生物利用度不足5%[13-15]。静脉注射虽能短暂提高血药浓度, 但药物难以透过BBB, 其与血浆蛋白的结合率能达到99.2%, 这可能也是导致其在大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 模型上的治疗效果较差的原因[15-17]。此外, BBB内皮细胞高表达的P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 可主动外排TSA, 进一步降低其脑内蓄积[18, 19]。如何突破多重生理屏障, 实现TSA高效脑靶向递送, 是提升其CIRI治疗效果的核心问题。
近年来, 鼻腔给药因其独特的“鼻-脑通路”优势备受关注[20]。研究表明, 药物经鼻黏膜吸收后可通过嗅神经通路直接进入脑脊液, 或经三叉神经旁路绕过BBB递送至脑实质, 生物利用度较静脉给药提高3~5倍[21-23]。例如, Zhao等[24]构建的冰片/RGD双修饰多烯紫杉醇纳米粒(DTX-Bo-RGD-NPs) 经鼻给药后, 脑胶质瘤部位的药物蓄积量较模型组提高7.86倍, 显著延长荷瘤大鼠生存期。这一成果表明, 鼻腔递药结合纳米载体修饰策略可协同增强脑靶向效率。然而, 鼻腔给药仍面临鼻黏膜上皮紧密连接、黏液纤毛清除及P-gp外排等屏障限制[22, 25]。针对此, 引入具有“开窍醒神”功效的中药活性成分[26]作为渗透增强剂, 成为优化递药系统的创新方向。
β-细辛醚(β-asarone, β-As) 是石菖蒲挥发油的主要成分, 传统中医认为其具有“通窍醒神、引药上行”之功[27, 28], 现代药理学研究进一步揭示其多重作用机制: ①调控紧密连接蛋白(claudin-5、ZO-1) 表达, 松弛BBB内皮细胞间连接, 增加旁细胞途径通透性[29]; ②抑制P-gp外排功能, 减少药物从脑组织的逆向转运[30]; ③通过激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路减轻氧化应激损伤, 发挥神经保护作用[31, 32]。课题组前期研究发现, β-As修饰的黄芪甲苷壳聚糖纳米粒经鼻给药后, 脑组织药物浓度较未修饰组提高2.5倍, 且显著改善小鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, EAE) 模型的临床评分, 降低了约60%[33]。这一结果提示, β-As可通过多靶点协同增强纳米粒的鼻-脑转运效率, 但其在CIRI治疗中的系统研究尚未见报道。
基于此, 本研究以MPEG-PLGA为载体, 通过化学偶联法构建β-As修饰的TSA纳米粒(As-TSA-NPs), 旨在实现以下目标: ①利用β-As的“引经”特性增强纳米粒的鼻黏膜渗透性, 突破BBB限制; ②通过抑制P-gp外排作用延长TSA在脑组织的滞留时间; ③协同TSA的抗氧化活性与β-As的神经保护功能, 靶向调控CIRI病理进程。研究采用复乳-溶剂挥发法制备纳米粒, 系统表征其理化性质及释药行为, 通过16HBE细胞模型评价β-As修饰对细胞摄取及P-gp抑制的调控机制。建立大鼠MCAO模型, 从神经功能缺损评分、脑梗死体积、氧化应激指标[SOD、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)] 等多维度验证体内药效。本研究不仅为CIRI治疗提供了一种新型鼻-脑靶向递药策略, 也为中药“引经药”与现代纳米技术的结合提供了实验依据。
药品与试剂  丹参酮IIA (纯度 > 98%)、分析级二氯甲烷、氯化钠、氯化钙、碳酸氢钠、氯化钾、甲醇、Tween 80 (XW0156872902、80047318、10019318、53219960、10018960、10016308、10014108、30189828, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); MPEG (分子质量3 kDa, 14530, 日本日油NOF株式会社); NHS-PEG (分子质量3.5 kDa, CAS#: 122375-06-8, 北京健凯科技有限公司); DL-丙交酯(纯度: 99.5%, CAS#: 95-96-5, 荷兰PURAC公司); 乙交酯(CAS#: 502-97-6, 中国科学院成都有机化学有限公司); 氨基修饰β-As (经质谱鉴定, m/z 238.2, 20140108, 由复旦大学药学院谢琼教授惠赠); 香豆素-6 (coumarin-6)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、维拉帕米(纯度≥ 97%) (442631、D8418、V4629, 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司); DMEM高糖培养基、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、青霉素-链霉素混合液(11965092、16000044、15140122, 美国Gibco公司); SOD检测试剂盒、MDA检测试剂盒(A001-1-1、A003-1-1, 南京建成生物工程研究所); MCAO栓线和2, 3, 5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride, TTC) 染色液(2634A2、17779, 北京西浓科技有限公司); BCA蛋白定量试剂盒(P0012-3, 上海碧云天生物技术有限公司); 甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯75851G、UN1648, 美国Honeywell公司)。
仪器  HPLC高效液相色谱系统(SPD-20AD, 日本岛津公司); 激光粒径和zeta电位测定仪(NICOMP ZLS380, 美国Santa Barbara公司); 低温离心机(Centrifuge 5810R, 德国Eppendorf公司); 旋转蒸发仪(Buchi R-215, 瑞士步琪公司); 透射电镜(JEM-1400, 日本电子公司); 细胞培养箱(HEDA Class100)、全波长扫描多功能读数仪(Varioskan Flash), 美国赛默飞世尔科技公司; 多功能高通量微孔板检测仪(Infinite® M1000 PRO, 瑞士Tecan公司); 核磁共振波谱仪(Bruker Avance Ⅲ 600, 瑞士布鲁克公司); 差示扫描量热仪(MDSC 2910 V4.4E, 美国TA仪器公司); 高内涵成像仪(ImageXpress Micro Confocal, 美国Molecular Device公司); 大鼠脑立体定位仪(68505, 深圳瑞沃德生命科技有限公司)。
动物与细胞株  雄性Sprague-Dawley (SD) 大鼠, 体重220~250 g, 由上海中医药大学动物中心提供。所有对动物的处理和操作均通过上海中医药大学动物伦理委员会的批准(PZSHUTCM210226002), 并遵循其指导方针进行; 16HBE细胞(上海中国科学院细胞库)。
β-As-PEG-PLGA的合成  参照文献[34, 35]合成MPEG-PLGA和NHS-PEG-PLGA共聚物。将NHS-PEG-PLGA和氨基修饰的β-As以9∶1的摩尔比混合, 合成β-As修饰的MPEG-PLGA聚合物(β-As-PEG-PLGA), 混合物在室温下反应24 h。经乙醚沉淀纯化后, 使用600 MHz NMR对其结构进行鉴定。
TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs的制备  采用复乳-溶媒挥发法制备TSA-NPs[36]。制备方法如下: 精密称取28 mg MPEG-PLGA溶解在含有1.4 mg TSA的1 mL二氯甲烷溶液中, 加入50 μL去离子水, 超声30 s, 功率210 W, 形成初乳。将初乳加入20 mL 0.5%的胆酸钠溶液中, 搅拌30 min, 通过旋转蒸发去除有机溶剂, 即得TSA-NPs。As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs制备参照上述方法, 其中, As-loaded-TSA-NPs制备时二氯甲烷溶液中加入6.9 µg β-As; As-TSA-NPs制备时材料为As-MPEG-PLGA: MPEG-PLGA (1∶5、1∶10或1∶20, w/w)。
TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs的表征  所制得TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs经1%~2% (w/v, pH 7.0) 磷钨酸负染色后, 透射电镜下观察纳米粒的形态。采用NICOMP ZLS380激光散射粒度仪测定纳米粒的粒径和zeta电位, 观察其粒径分布情况。采用HPLC测定TSA的包载率和载药量。根据公式(1) 和(2) 分别计算包封率(encapsulation efficiency, EE) 和载药量(drug loading capacity, DLC):
$ \operatorname{EE}(\%)=W_1 / W \times 100 \% $
$ \operatorname{DLC}(\%)=W_1 /\left(W_1+W_2\right) \times 100 \% $
其中, W1表示封装在纳米颗粒中的TSA的量, W2表示载体材料的量。W表示制备过程中添加的TSA的总量。
HPLC测定  使用Kromasil 100-5 C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) 色谱柱, 柱温: 30 ℃, 流速为1.0 mL·min-1, 检测波长270 nm, 流动相为甲醇和水(80∶20, v/v)。
在干燥的氮气条件下, 用差示扫描量热仪测定了纳米粒的热性能, 测试温度范围为25~300 ℃。
TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs的稳定性  分别将制得的TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs纳米粒加入4 ℃的PBS缓冲液, 于设定时间点(0、0.5、1、2、4、8、12和24 h) 取样测定粒径和电位, 观察其在4 ℃介质中粒径及电位的稳定性。
Coumarin 6-NPs、As-Coumarin 6-NPs和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NPs的制备  与TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs的制备方法一致, 均采用复乳-溶媒挥发法。制备过程中将TSA替换为coumarin 6, 材料比同TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs。
Coumarin 6-NPs、As-Coumarin 6-NPs和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NPs的体外摄取实验  将16HBE细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种于24孔板中, 培养24 h后, 在37 ℃下用HBSS平衡溶液培养细胞15 min, 加入用HBSS稀释的Coumarin 6-NPs、As-Coumarin 6-NPs和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NPs的纳米粒孵育不同时间(0.5、1、2、4 h), 弃去纳米粒, 考察不同改性方法、β-As改性比例、孵育时间、纳米粒浓度、温度、外加抑制剂对16HBE细胞摄取纳米粒的影响。给药后, 在预定时间点, 取400 μL 1% Triton-X 100裂解液于冰上处理细胞, 使用Varioskan Flash全波长扫描多功能读数仪测定100 μL裂解液中coumarin 6的浓度, 同时使用BCA试剂盒测定20 μL裂解液中细胞的蛋白浓度。以“摄取指数”作为评价指标, 即药物浓度与细胞蛋白浓度的比值(w/w, ng·mg-1), 表示单位浓度细胞蛋白中所含有的药物浓度。
As-NPs和As-loaded-NPs对16HBE细胞摄取P-gp底物R-123的影响  为了研究纳米粒表面修饰的β-As是否具有P-gp抑制作用, 采用β-As修饰的未载药纳米粒考察其对16HBE细胞摄取P-gp底物R-123的影响。将16HBE细胞以每孔1×105个的密度接种于24孔板中, 培养24 h后, 在37 ℃下用HBSS平衡溶液培养细胞15 min, 弃去HBSS平衡溶液后, 实验组加入采用不同修饰方法制备的含不同浓度的As的纳米粒制剂孵育15 min后, 加入R-123溶液, 于37 ℃孵育1 h; 阴性对照组加入PBS孵育15 min后, 加入R-123溶液, 于37 ℃孵育1 h; 阳性对照组加入维拉帕米溶液孵育15 min后, 加入R-123溶液, 于37 ℃孵育1 h。给药1 h后, 用4 ℃ PBS终止细胞对药物的摄取, 并用PBS将细胞洗3遍。取400 μL 1% Triton-X 100裂解液于冰上处理细胞, 使用Varioskan Flash全波长扫描多功能读数仪测定100 μL裂解液中R-123浓度, 同时使用BCA试剂盒测定20 μL裂解液中细胞的蛋白浓度。以“摄取指数”作为评价指标, 即药物浓度与细胞蛋白浓度的比值(w/w, ng·mg-1), 表示单位浓度细胞蛋白中所含有的药物浓度。
TSA-NP和As-TSA-NP经鼻给药改善脑缺血再灌注损伤作用的体内研究  将24只雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组: TSA-NP组、As-TSA-NP组和模型组(n = 8)。预先进行连续3天鼻内给药TSA-NP和As-TSA-NP (TSA剂量: 0.5 mg·kg-1) 后, 在最后一次给药1 h后建立大鼠MCAO模型[36]。具体操作如下: 雄性SD大鼠经2%戊巴比妥钠溶液麻醉后, 小心暴露左侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉。结扎左侧颈总动脉和颈外动脉, 并从颈外动脉插入4-0尼龙缝线至颈内动脉, 以阻断大脑中动脉的起源。MCAO 2 h后, 拆除缝线, 恢复血流, 使缺血区域通过大脑自身的血管系统进行再灌注。
神经行为学评分  根据Longa评分系统对大鼠的神经行为进行评估[37]。神经功能正常, 记为0分; 轻度神经功能缺损(尾部抬起时左前肢屈曲), 记为1分; 中度神经功能缺损(身体向左转圈或追尾), 记为2分; 中度神经功能缺损(行走时向左倾斜), 记为3分; 动物无自发活动, 意识减退, 记为4分; 动物死亡, 记为5分。评分越高, 神经功能缺损越严重。
脑梗死体积测量  神经功能评估后, 从每组随机选取3只大鼠进行脑梗死观察并计算脑梗死百分比。大鼠经深度麻醉后处死, 迅速采集脑组织样本, 切成2 mm厚的冠状脑片。将脑片置于含2% TTC溶液的染缸中, 于37 ℃避光孵育30 min后, 浸入4%多聚甲醛固定液中进行固定。使用图像分析软件测量梗死区域并计算每只大鼠脑的梗死体积(mm3)。根据公式(3) 计算脑梗死百分比(梗死率):
$ \begin{aligned}\text { 梗死率 }(\%)=&\text { 苍白区 }(\mathrm{g}) / \text { 苍白区 }(\mathrm{g})+\text { 非苍白区 }\\&(\mathrm{g})] \times 100 \%\end{aligned} $
大鼠随机选取标准为采用随机数字表法进行动物分配。具体操作: 为每组的8只动物分别赋予唯一编号(1~8)。使用标准随机数字表, 根据产生的随机数顺序, 将动物随机排序。然后, 选取排序在前3位的动物分配到亚组A (TTC组), 剩余的5位动物分配到亚组B (生化组: 测定脑组织MDA含量和SOD活性)。随机分配在处死操作前完成。评估者在随机化时不知道动物的分组情况或个体神经功能评分结果。
脑组织MDA和SOD的测定  神经功能评分后, 取剩余5只大鼠用于测定脑组织MDA含量和SOD活性。大鼠经深度麻醉后处死, 迅速剥离脑组织并去除低位脑干、小脑和嗅球。称取左半球脑组织, 按1∶9 (w/v) 的比例加入冰生理盐水, 制备脑组织匀浆。匀浆液经2 500 r·min-1离心10 min后, 收集上清液。采用SOD试剂盒和MDA试剂盒, 测定上清液中MDA含量、SOD活性及组织蛋白含量。
统计学分析  实验重复3次以上, 所有数据均以平均值± SD表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 9.0.0软件分析处理数据, P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
将产物β-As-PEG-PLGA溶解在DMSO-d6中, 用600 MHz 1H NMR对其进行表征(图1)。当NHS-PEG-PLGA和氨基修饰的β-As反应后, 出现表征酰胺的典型化学位移氢特征峰δH: 8.3 ppm, 表明目标产物β-As-PEG-PLGA成功合成。
透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 图像显示, 制备的TSA-NPs、As-loaded-TSA-NPs和As-TSA-NPs 3种纳米粒形态圆整, 大小均一(图2A)。TSA-NPs、As-TSA-NPs和As-loaded-TSA-NPs的粒径分别为165.901 ± 3.551、183.232 ± 2.293和182.631 ± 3.102 nm。zeta电位分别为-37.400 ± 1.590、-33.220 ± 1.630和-30.230 ± 4.340 mV。制备的TSA-NPs、As-TSA-NPs和As-loaded-TSA-NPs的粒径均在200 nm以内(图2B), β-As的修饰会小幅增加纳米颗粒的粒径, 但并未引起纳米颗粒的形态的显著改变。
不同时间点时纳米粒粒径和zeta电位的变化如图3A、B所示, 24 h内PBS中纳米粒粒径和zeta电位的变化分别小于10%和20%, 表明NPs具有良好的粒径稳定性和电位稳定性。差示扫描量热仪(differential scanning calorimeter, DSC) 研究结果表明(图3C), 在220 ℃时, TSA就出现了明显的吸热峰, 表明TSA在这个温度附近发生了热降解, 其热稳定性相对较低。As-NP、As-loaded-NP、As-TSA-NP和As-loaded-TSA-NP的DSC曲线在整个温度范围内相对较为平稳, 没有出现像TSA那样明显的吸热峰, 表明形成纳米粒后体系具有较好的热稳定性。As-TSA-NP和As-loaded-TSA-NP的DSC曲线与As-NP和As-loaded-NP的曲线相比热降解更早发生, 表明TSA的成功负载。
TSA-NP的载药量为(3.420 ± 0.060)%, 包封率为(69.911 ± 1.232)%, As-TSA-NP的载药量为(3.571 ± 0.040)%, 包封率为(72.981 ± 0.823)%, As-loaded-TSA-NP的载药量为(3.822 ± 0.071)%, 包封率为(81.191 ± 1.611)%。
以荧光探针coumarin 6为示踪剂, 制备载coumarin 6的纳米粒, 用于观察不同纳米粒在16HBE细胞上的摄取情况。纳米粒粒径和zeta电位结果如表1所示, Coumarin 6-NP、As-Coumarin 6-NP和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP的粒径均在180 nm左右, 呈高斯分布, 粒径分布较窄(图4), 电位在-35 mV左右, 载药量均在0.07%左右(表1)。
Coumarin 6是一种具有高检测灵敏度的脂溶性荧光染料, 常被用作研究纳米给药系统体内外行为的探针[38, 39]。由于鼻黏膜上皮细胞是纳米粒经鼻给药后进入大脑的第一道屏障[40], 而人支气管上皮细胞16HBE的细胞表面性质与鼻黏膜细胞类似, 因此常用其作为鼻黏膜吸收的体外模型来评价NPs的摄取情况[41, 42]。
16HBE细胞对Coumarin 6-NP、As-Coumarin 6-NP和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP的摄取情况如图5所示, 与Coumarin 6-NP相比, As-Coumarin 6-NP的摄取能力明显增强(图5A), 表明As-Coumarin 6-NP比As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP具有更好的鼻黏膜渗透效果; 不同β-As修饰比例的摄取结果显示当As-PEG-PLGA/MPEG-PLGA比例为1∶10时As-Coumarin 6-NP在16HBE细胞中的摄取显著高于比例为1∶20组, 且1∶10与1∶5组无显著性差异(图5B), 因此选择As-PEG-PLGA/MPEG-PLGA比例为1∶10进行后续研究。图5C结果表明, 随着纳米粒浓度的增加, As-Coumarin 6-NP的摄取指数也随之增加, 呈现剂量依赖性。As-Coumarin-6-NP的摄取与时间和温度有关(图5D), 1、2和4 h的coumarin 6荧光均明显高于0.5 h; 2和4 h时, 37 ℃下的摄取显著高于4 ℃。
进一步尝试用特定的摄取抑制剂, 秋水仙碱(colchicine)、氯丙嗪(chlorpromazine)、莫能菌素(monensin) 和布雷非德菌素A (brefeldin A, BFA) 预处理16HBE细胞, 以探索As-Coumarin 6-NP和As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP的摄取机制。如图5E所示, 与Coumarin 6-NP相比, 在秋水仙碱、氯丙嗪、莫能菌素和BFA的存在下, 细胞对As-Coumarin 6-NP的摄取均受到了明显的抑制, 这表明As-Coumarin-6-NPs可通过细胞表面的网格蛋白/小窝蛋白介导内吞和胞饮作用。而As-loaded-Coumarin 6-NP的结果无显著性差异(图5E), 表明其不依赖于被抑制剂所靶向的网格蛋白/小窝介导的内吞作用这一途径。
为了探究As-NP增强鼻黏膜渗透效果的机制, 作者考察NP、As-NP和As-loaded-NP对16HBE细胞摄取P-gp底物R-123的影响。结果如图6所示, P-gp抑制剂维拉帕米(1.25 μg·mL-1) 作为阳性对照, 与PBS组相比, 1 μg·mL-1 As-NP显著增加16HBE细胞对R-123的摄取, 而PBS组、NP组和As-loaded-NP组之间无显著差异。结果表明As-NP可抑制P-gp的外排功能, 这可能是其摄取指数较高的另一个原因。
结果如表2所示, 各组大鼠在缺血24 h后都出现了不同程度的神经功能障碍。经量化后发现, 模型组、TSA-NP组和As-TSA-NP组的Longa评分分别为4.375 ± 0.744、3.375 ± 0.744和2.875 ± 0.835。与模型组相比, TSA-NP和As-TSA-NP的评分显著降低, As-TSA-NP的评分更低, 表明As-TSA-NP对MCAO大鼠鼻内给药后具有更好的神经保护作用。
TTC染色结果表明, 正常脑组织(红色) 和梗死区(白色) 边界清晰(图7A)。模型组、TSA-NP组和As-TSA-NP组的脑梗死体积分别为(26.836 ± 0.246)%、(24.425 ± 0.613)%和(23.291 ± 1.177)%。与模型组相比, As-TSA-NP组的脑梗死体积显著下调(图7B), As-TSA-NP经鼻内给药后可明显改善MCAO大鼠的脑梗死。进一步测定了不同组的脑组织中的MDA含量和SOD活性(图7C、D), 模型组、TSA-NP和As-TSA-NP的MDA浓度分别为5.267 ± 0.327、4.926 ± 0.221和4.131 ± 0.128 nmol·mg-1 prot (n = 5)。SOD浓度分别为2.858 ± 0.103、3.080 ± 0.167和3.247 ± 0.162 U·mg-1 prot (n = 5)。与模型组相比, As-TSA-NP组显著提高了脑组织中SOD的活性, 并显著降低了MDA的水平。与TSA-NPs组相比, As-TSA-NPs组的MDA含量显著降低。表明As-TSA-NP能显著抑制MCAO大鼠的过氧化程度, 显著提高其清除氧自由基的能力。
由于鼻腔的特殊构造, 使其相较于其他给药途径可以绕过BBB到达大脑, 让经鼻给药治疗脑部疾病成为可能[21, 22]。然而, 鼻黏膜上皮的紧密连接、黏液纤毛清除及P-gp外排作用严重限制了药物的脑内递送效率[43]。本研究将纳米技术与中药“引经药”特性相结合, 构建β-细辛醚(β-As) 修饰的丹参酮IIA纳米粒(As-TSA-NP), 探索了一种基于鼻腔给药的新型脑靶向递药策略。研究表明, 粒径小于1 μm的纳米粒有利于穿透鼻黏膜[44]。本研究制备的As-TSA-NP粒径适宜183.23 ± 2.29 nm, 表面带负电荷-33.22 ± 1.63 mV, 更关键的是, 其表面的β-As修饰能有效抑制P-gp外排并显著增强细胞摄取, 从而显著提升了纳米粒的鼻腔黏膜渗透性。作者采用物理包封法和化学共轭法分别制备As-loaded-TSA-NP和As-TSA-NP, 以探讨不同β-As修饰方法对脑靶向效率的影响。结果表明, 化学修饰后的As-TSA-NP具有更好的鼻腔渗透性。透射电镜结果显示, 纳米粒呈均一球形, 这种规则的形貌与适宜的尺寸可减少鼻腔黏膜滞留, 增强药物渗透效率, 满足鼻腔递药系统对载体物理特性的要求[45]。此外, As-TSA-NP的载药量为(3.57 ± 0.04)%, 这一水平能够保证有效剂量的TSA递送, 同时可控制载体材料用量并降低潜在毒性[46]。
β-As作为石菖蒲的主要活性成分, 在本研究中展现出“引经药”与现代纳米技术的双重创新价值[27, 28]。β-As被报道可通过调控紧密连接蛋白claudin-5与ZO-1的表达, 松弛鼻黏膜上皮细胞间连接, 增加纳米粒的旁细胞转运[29]。16HBE细胞模型显示As-TSA-NPs的摄取指数较未修饰组(TSA-NP) 提高1.8倍(图5A)。β-As还可抑制P-gp的外排功能[47], 这一机制通过R-123摄取实验得到验证。As-NP处理组(1 μg·mL-1) 的R-123累积量较空白组提高2.3倍(图6)。值得注意的是, 化学修饰法(As-TSA-NP) 的P-gp抑制效果显著优于物理包载法(As-loaded-TSA-NPs), 表明β-As通过共价键锚定于纳米粒表面, 可更持久地维持其药理活性。这一发现与Zeng等[48]和Wang[49]等关于冰片修饰纳米粒稳定性的研究结论相呼应, 提示化学修饰策略在长效递药系统中的独特优势。
纳米粒的细胞摄取机制直接影响其脑靶向效率。本研究通过抑制剂实验证实, As-TSA-NP主要通过网格蛋白/小窝蛋白介导的内吞及巨胞饮途径进入细胞(图5E)。其中, 氯丙嗪(网格蛋白抑制剂) 与莫能菌素(小窝蛋白抑制剂) 分别使摄取量降低37%和35%, 这表明两种途径共同作用。而布雷菲德菌素A (高尔基体抑制剂) 的显著抑制效应(降低34%), 提示纳米粒需依赖溶酶体逃逸机制释放药物。
在体内药效评价中, As-TSA-NP通过靶向抗氧化应激、减轻神经元损伤等多途径协同改善CIRI。其核心优势体现在显著增强的抗氧化能力: 使用As-TSA-NP预处理能够使脑组织SOD活性提高13.6% (vs模型组), MDA水平降低21.5%, 其效果优于TSA-NP (SOD提高7.2%, MDA无显著变化), 这一结果表明β-As增强了TSA的抗氧化能力, 推测其可能是通过调控Nrf2/ARE通路增强抗氧化能力并发挥神经保护作用[31, 32, 50, 51]。此外, As-TSA-NP还能够减少梗死体积, TTC染色显示As-TSA-NPs组脑梗死体积较模型组减少13.2%, 进一步证实其对CIRI病理进程的多靶点调控作用。
尽管脂质体[52]、纳米红细胞[53]等剂型已用于TSA递送, 本研究构建的β-As修饰纳米粒(As-TSA-NP) 通过结合经鼻给药的“鼻-脑通路”优势及β-As的“引经”特性, 提供了一种新的策略以提升TSA的脑靶向效率。此外, 体外细胞实验表明在同等剂量下, 化学修饰法(As-NP) 在增强细胞摄取和抑制P-gp外排方面显著优于物理包载法(As-loaded-NP)。然而, 本研究仍存在一定局限性。尽管本研究选择的丹参酮IIA的给药剂量是安全剂量, β-细辛醚安全性较高, 并且PLGA纳米系统的安全性已被证实, 推测本研究构建的β-As修饰纳米粒(As-TSA-NP) 安全性较高, 同时鼻腔给药是一种高效、低毒的给药方式, 但是纳米粒的生物安全性还需要进一步验证[15, 54, 55]。机制研究深度不足, 例如β-As调控紧密连接的具体信号通路尚未解析。
综上所述, 本研究成功构建了β-As修饰的TSA纳米粒(As-TSA-NP), 证实其通过促进渗透-抑制外排-抗氧化应激三重机制协同改善CIRI治疗效果。结果表明, β-细辛醚修饰可显著改善鼻黏膜渗透, 使As-TSA-NP在体内展现出优异的抗CIRI神经保护作用。这项研究为改善TSA的CIRI预防效果提供了一种很有前景的鼻脑靶向给药系统。

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2026年第61卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0696
  • 接收时间:2025-06-20
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-20
  • 修回日期:2025-10-20
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    1上海中医药大学中药学院, 上海 201203
    2中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201203
    3上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
    4上海市国际中医药标准化研究院, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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