Article(id=1308816840856535793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0664, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749744000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-13, revisedDate=1756310400000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975851501, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975851501, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975851501, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975851501, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=29, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816841041085170, articleId=1308816840856535793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the scientific connotation of changes in properties of traditional Chinese medicine before and after processing driven by "chemical biology of traditional Chinese medicine processing", columnId=1308816659473855093, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research Progress and Prospects on the Chemical Biology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The properties of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) include five main aspects: four Qi, five flavors, ascending and descending, floating and sinking, and channel tropism and toxicity. Through processing, the properties can be enhanced, moderated, or altered to satisfy different clinical needs. Previous analyses of changes in the properties of traditional Chinese medicine caused by processing have mostly been based on traditional Chinese medicine theory; limited research has examined these changes using modern scientific methods. Using "traditional Chinese medicine processing chemical biology" as a guide, a strategy of "target identification-ligand fishing" is used to establish a chemical biology-driven platform to study the chemical basis, and direct target and molecular mechanism of differences in efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines caused by processing, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of the changes in the properties of traditional Chinese medicine processing. It would provide guidance to enrich processing theory, decipher the processing technique, develop the industry, and also to provide strong support to optimize the processing technology, establish decoction pieces quality standards, and ensure clinical efficacy. Ultimately, it helps to expand the paradigm of traditional Chinese medicine processing research in the new era.

, authors=Peng-peng LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Ting-ting LIU5, Hui GAO1, 2, 3, 4, Ji SHI1, 2, 3, 4, Nan XU1, 2, 3, 4, Tian-zhu JIA1, 2, 3, 4, *, Ke-wu ZENG5, *, Qian CAI1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Peng-peng LIU, Ting-ting LIU, Hui GAO, Ji SHI, Nan XU, Tian-zhu JIA, Ke-wu ZENG, Qian CAI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tian-zhu JIA, Ke-wu ZENG, Qian CAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816843285037815, articleId=1308816840856535793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=“中药炮制化学生物学”驱动的炮制前后中药性能变化科学内涵探析, columnId=1308816659700351406, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药性能主要包括四性(气)、五味、归经、升降浮沉和毒性5个方面, 通过炮制可以增强性能或缓和性能, 甚至改变性能, 以满足临床的不同需要。目前, 有关中药炮制引起性能变化的解析工作, 仍然多停留在传统经验总结阶段, 鲜见以现代科学技术和方法表征其科学原理的研究成果。因此, 本文将以作者在前期提出的“中药炮制化学生物学”为指导思想, 以“靶点鉴定——配体垂钓”相结合的策略, 通过建立化学生物学驱动的多学科交叉平台, 研究中药炮制所致药效差异的化学物质基础、直接作用靶点、分子机制, 从而揭示中药炮制所致性能变化的科学内涵, 为丰富炮制理论、破解炮制技术及产业开发提供指引, 同时也为优化炮制工艺、建立饮片质量标准、确保临床疗效提供有力支撑。最终助力拓展新时代中药炮制研究范式。

, authors=刘蓬蓬1, 2, 3, 4, 刘婷婷5, 高慧1, 2, 3, 4, 史辑1, 2, 3, 4, 许枬1, 2, 3, 4, 贾天柱1, 2, 3, 4, *, 曾克武5, *, 才谦1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=刘蓬蓬, 刘婷婷, 高慧, 史辑, 许枬, 贾天柱, 曾克武, 才谦, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=贾天柱, 曾克武, 才谦, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘蓬蓬进行文献检索和文章撰写; 刘婷婷协助靶点鉴定技术内容的整理; 高慧协助文中炮制品案例的选取; 史辑协助明确文中炮制品所涉及的炮制转化过程; 许枬协助明确文中炮制品在炮制过程中发生的变化情况; 贾天柱协助整理炮制对中药四气五味、升降浮沉的影响图解, 以及文章审阅; 曾克武负责文章的整体设计、指导与修改工作; 才谦负责对文章内容进行指导和客观审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
贾天柱, E-mail:
曾克武, E-mail:
才谦, E-mail:
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“中药炮制化学生物学”驱动的炮制前后中药性能变化科学内涵探析
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刘蓬蓬 1, 2, 3, 4 , 刘婷婷 5 , 高慧 1, 2, 3, 4 , 史辑 1, 2, 3, 4 , 许枬 1, 2, 3, 4 , 贾天柱 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 曾克武 5, * , 才谦 1, 2, 3, 4, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026,61(1): 29-36
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药学学报 |专题报道: 中药化学生物学研究进展与展望 2026 , 61 (1) : 29 -36
“中药炮制化学生物学”驱动的炮制前后中药性能变化科学内涵探析
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3辽宁省中药炮制专业技术创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116600
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刘蓬蓬1, 2, 3, 4, 刘婷婷5, 高慧1, 2, 3, 4, 史辑1, 2, 3, 4, 许枬1, 2, 3, 4, 贾天柱1, 2, 3, 4, * , 曾克武5, * , 才谦1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1辽宁中医药大学药学院, 辽宁 大连 116600
  • 2国家中医药管理局中药炮制工艺原理重点研究室, 辽宁 大连 116600
  • 3辽宁省中药炮制专业技术创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116600
  • 4国家中医药管理局中药炮制技术传承基地, 辽宁 大连 116600
  • 5北京大学药学院, 天然药物及仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191
通讯作者:
贾天柱, E-mail:
曾克武, E-mail:
才谦, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘蓬蓬进行文献检索和文章撰写; 刘婷婷协助靶点鉴定技术内容的整理; 高慧协助文中炮制品案例的选取; 史辑协助明确文中炮制品所涉及的炮制转化过程; 许枬协助明确文中炮制品在炮制过程中发生的变化情况; 贾天柱协助整理炮制对中药四气五味、升降浮沉的影响图解, 以及文章审阅; 曾克武负责文章的整体设计、指导与修改工作; 才谦负责对文章内容进行指导和客观审阅。

Exploring the scientific connotation of changes in properties of traditional Chinese medicine before and after processing driven by "chemical biology of traditional Chinese medicine processing"
Peng-peng LIU1, 2, 3, 4, Ting-ting LIU5, Hui GAO1, 2, 3, 4, Ji SHI1, 2, 3, 4, Nan XU1, 2, 3, 4, Tian-zhu JIA1, 2, 3, 4, * , Ke-wu ZENG5, * , Qian CAI1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Processing Technology and Principle, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
  • 3Technology Innovation Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing of Liaoning Province, Dalian 116600, China
  • 4Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Inheritance Base of the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian 116600, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0664
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中药性能主要包括四性(气)、五味、归经、升降浮沉和毒性5个方面, 通过炮制可以增强性能或缓和性能, 甚至改变性能, 以满足临床的不同需要。目前, 有关中药炮制引起性能变化的解析工作, 仍然多停留在传统经验总结阶段, 鲜见以现代科学技术和方法表征其科学原理的研究成果。因此, 本文将以作者在前期提出的“中药炮制化学生物学”为指导思想, 以“靶点鉴定——配体垂钓”相结合的策略, 通过建立化学生物学驱动的多学科交叉平台, 研究中药炮制所致药效差异的化学物质基础、直接作用靶点、分子机制, 从而揭示中药炮制所致性能变化的科学内涵, 为丰富炮制理论、破解炮制技术及产业开发提供指引, 同时也为优化炮制工艺、建立饮片质量标准、确保临床疗效提供有力支撑。最终助力拓展新时代中药炮制研究范式。

中药炮制化学生物学  /  中药炮制学  /  中药性能  /  靶点鉴定  /  配体垂钓

The properties of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) include five main aspects: four Qi, five flavors, ascending and descending, floating and sinking, and channel tropism and toxicity. Through processing, the properties can be enhanced, moderated, or altered to satisfy different clinical needs. Previous analyses of changes in the properties of traditional Chinese medicine caused by processing have mostly been based on traditional Chinese medicine theory; limited research has examined these changes using modern scientific methods. Using "traditional Chinese medicine processing chemical biology" as a guide, a strategy of "target identification-ligand fishing" is used to establish a chemical biology-driven platform to study the chemical basis, and direct target and molecular mechanism of differences in efficacy of traditional Chinese medicines caused by processing, so as to reveal the scientific connotation of the changes in the properties of traditional Chinese medicine processing. It would provide guidance to enrich processing theory, decipher the processing technique, develop the industry, and also to provide strong support to optimize the processing technology, establish decoction pieces quality standards, and ensure clinical efficacy. Ultimately, it helps to expand the paradigm of traditional Chinese medicine processing research in the new era.

chemical biology of traditional Chinese medicine processing  /  processing of traditional Chinese medicine  /  traditional Chinese medicine property  /  target identification  /  ligand fishing
刘蓬蓬, 刘婷婷, 高慧, 史辑, 许枬, 贾天柱, 曾克武, 才谦. “中药炮制化学生物学”驱动的炮制前后中药性能变化科学内涵探析. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0664
Peng-peng LIU, Ting-ting LIU, Hui GAO, Ji SHI, Nan XU, Tian-zhu JIA, Ke-wu ZENG, Qian CAI. Exploring the scientific connotation of changes in properties of traditional Chinese medicine before and after processing driven by "chemical biology of traditional Chinese medicine processing"[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0664
中药性能又称中药性能理论, 俗称药性, 是以中医药理论为基础, 对中药作用性质和特征的高度概括[1]。中药性能主要包括四性(气)、五味、归经、升降浮沉和毒性5个方面, 而历代医家文献中所论述的中药补泻、润燥、走守、刚柔、猛缓及动静等方面的特征和性质, 也属于性能的范畴, 只是相对较为次要[2]。中药的四性, 古代称为四气, 是指中药的寒、热、温、凉4种药性。中药的五味, 又称为药味, 是指中药具有的辛、甘、苦、酸、咸5种基本味。中药的归经, 是用以表示中药功效对人体脏腑、经络等部位的选择性。中药的升降浮沉是用以表示中药对人体作用趋向的一种性能。中药毒性的认识, 历来有广义和狭义之分。广义的毒性认为, 中药的毒性就是各组中药的偏性。狭义的毒性认为, 毒性是专指中药对人体的伤害性。事实上, 绝对无毒的中药是不存在的, 因此广义的毒性与中药的实际情况更相符。
中药性能是历代医家在长期实践中经过反复验证得到的临床经验, 对于中医临床的组方用药具有重要的指导作用, 通过炮制可以在一定程度上增强性能或缓和性能, 甚至改变性能, 以满足临床的不同需要[3]。如李时珍在《本草纲目》所载“升者引之以咸寒, 则沉而直达下焦; 沉者引之以酒, 则浮而上至巅顶”[4]。贾天柱通过梳理炮制对药性的影响, 总结出炮制影响药性关系图解(图1), 提出了中药炮制药性变化论[5], 该理论与“用药生熟各宜论”“辅料作用论”和“制药论”并称为中药炮制四大传统理论。当前, 有关中药炮制引起药性变化的核心要旨和重要意义的解析工作, 仍然多停留在传统经验总结阶段, 缺乏以现代科学技术和方法表征其科学内涵的研究成果, 相关科研工作充满挑战与难度。同时, 中药炮制所致药性变化的科学内涵研究成为了《10 000个科学难题—医学卷》中唯一一个中药炮制的难题[6]。故基于多学科技术交叉融合, 建立符合现代科学认知规律的中药炮制性能变化表征体系, 将为保持中医药特色与优势、推动中医药产业高质量发展提供重要的理论支撑和保障。
中医药科研工作者在中医药理论指导下, 借助现代科学手段和方法对中药性能开展了一系列研究, 取得了丰硕的成果, 对解释中医临床用药的科学本质与内涵提供了重要的数据支撑。有学者通过利用体表红外热成像技术, 测量大鼠不同部位的温度改变情况来表征中药寒热的特点[7]。亦有研究人员利用味觉、嗅觉的仿生电子舌和电子鼻来客观区分不同中药的五味[8]。还有研究人员采用同位素示踪技术, 检测活性成分在体内组织分布情况, 以论证药物的归经作用[9]。周远征等[10]基于中医临床“寒则热之、热则寒之”的治疗原则, 建立了氢化可的松致虚寒大鼠模型, 从物质能量代谢、中枢神经递质和交感–肾上腺功能、环核苷酸水平及垂体-靶腺轴功能等四个方面, 考察了仙茅酒炙前后的热性变化规律, 为阐明仙茅酒炙的炮制原理提供了科学依据。另有学者从姜黄连调节机体Na+-K+-ATP酶活性和饮食、体质量、肛温等一般能量代谢指标的水平, 以及通过调节机体温度趋向性实验, 来研究姜制黄连对黄连寒性的缓和作用[11]。周灿平[12]采用冷热板示差法研究了正常大鼠给予黄连或姜黄连后机体能量代谢变化, 发现黄连通过抑制ATP酶活力, 减少耗氧量, 使动物趋热性显著增加, 说明黄连“寒性”特征降低机体能量代谢, 而姜黄连可以缓和这种“寒性”, 与传统中医药理论相符。另外, 一些学者从分子层面开展了中药性能解析的研究工作。如基于苦味受体来探析苦寒(味) 中药性能的现代科学内涵[13]。黄连中的苦味成分小檗碱能够激活苦味受体(TAS2R) 来调控心肌代谢, 这为从靶点角度来解释黄连入心经的机制提供了新的见解[14]。依据药物与靶细胞上受体特异性结合而发挥药效的机制, 发现吴茱萸中活性成分能够选择作用于34个受体, 其分布和功能与吴茱萸归经涉及的循经脉络脏器及功效相一致[15]。而对肾、肝、卵巢、心、脾、脑、胃、肺、肠等脏腑中cAMP/cGMP和TGF-β表达水平的研究发现, 鹿茸显著提高了肾脏和肝脏中cAMP/cGMP、TGF-β的表达水平, 这为鹿茸归入肾经和肝经的传统理论提供了有力的证据支持[16]。麻黄中的麻黄碱通过激活β2肾上腺素受体扩张支气管, 其作用可能通过肺组织高表达的受体或局部神经递质释放实现[17], 从而为阐释麻黄归肺经提供了分子生物学证据。柴胡中的柴胡皂苷能够通过激活肝脏法尼醇X受体和胆汁酸转运蛋白来促进胆汁酸排泄, 体现了“柴胡归肝经、胆经”的生物学基础[18]。综上, 现代科学已对中药性能的本质开展了初步的探索和认识, 并奠定了良好的研究基础, 相关研究方法能够为炮制所致中药性能变化的科学内涵提供新视野。
药以治病, 因性为能。性之根本, 物质所在。中药对疾病的预防和治疗作用是其化学成分与机体生物大分子相结合产生不同生物学效应的综合表现, 这些生物大分子主要包括蛋白酶、受体、离子通道和核酸等, 亦可称之为直接作用靶点[19]。而中药在炮制过程中能够发生化学反应, 从而促使其中的化学成分增加、减少或转化, 进而影响生物学效应。因此, 阐明炮制过程中的化学成分转化机制和炮制转化成分生物效应机制, 将对中药炮制原理的解析产生突破, 并推动中药炮制的发展。同时, 揭示中药饮片炮制前后的直接作用靶点, 将对理解中药传统炮制理论的科学内涵具有重要意义。故作者在前期提出了“中药炮制化学生物学”这一方向, 旨在中医药理论指导下, 以中药炮制转化的活性成分为化学工具探针, 研究其作用靶点及分子调控机制, 阐明中药炮制影响机体生物学效应的科学原理[20]。
中药生制饮片的活性成分直接作用靶点解析是中药现代化研究的核心挑战, 其技术发展已形成针对单体成分与复杂成分的两大方法体系[21-27], 且当前生饮片中活性成分直接作用靶点的研究成果报道较多, 这亦为制饮片的研究提供了夯实的借鉴与参考。对于结构明确的中药单体成分, 基于分子互作特性的靶点识别技术快速迭代[28]: 化学探针标记技术(如点击化学技术、光亲和标记技术等) 通过特异性标记捕获靶蛋白, 可以解析中药单体成分的作用机制; 构象依赖性技术(如limited proteolysis mass spectrometry, LiP-MS) 通过定量分析小分子结合诱导的蛋白局部构象变化对蛋白酶K酶切位点的保护效应, 实现非共价弱结合靶点的高通量筛选; 降解依赖性技术(如degradation-based protein profiling, DBPP) 则利用PROTAC双功能分子桥接中药单体靶蛋白与E3泛素连接酶, 诱导靶蛋白泛素化降解, 系统性筛选低亲和力分子的功能相关性靶点; 高通量筛选(如Huprot蛋白质组芯片) 结合人工智能预测, 则加速了多靶点协同作用网络的发现。针对中药多组分协同作用的特点, 非标记技术体系更显优势[29-31]: 热蛋白质组学(CETSA) 与药物亲和反应靶向稳定性分析(DARTS) 技术通过监测靶蛋白热稳定性或酶抗性变化, 揭示复杂成分对蛋白质组的动态调控; 基于同位素标记的相对定量技术(如SILAC/TMT标记) 结合分子靶点钩钓策略, 可系统鉴定直接互作靶点。据此, 依据中药“多成分-多靶点-多通路”作用模式, 针对中药炮制前后的量变成分、质变成分以及整体组分开展直接作用靶点(群) 及调控的信号通路研究, 解析成分(群)-靶点(群)-通路(群) 的级联调控网络, 从分子水平揭示中药炮制的科学原理。
然而, 基于已明晰的直接作用靶点又可以反向捕获中药生制饮片的活性成分, 并结合高分辨质谱技术进行鉴定, 从而说明生制饮片发挥治疗作用的药效物质, 阐明炮制所致中药性能变化及药效差异的化学物质基础, 从化学层面阐释中药炮制的科学原理。这一研究过程可以借助已广泛应用于天然产物活性成分筛选的“配体垂钓” (亦可称“配体钩钓”) 技术来实现。配体垂钓技术是基于亲和色谱理论, 运用靶点蛋白固定化技术建立起来的筛选体系。简言之就是基于药物靶点与活性配体之间的相互作用, 将活性配体从复杂的中药生制饮片样品体系中“垂钓”出来。常用的配体垂钓技术包括亲和超滤法、中空纤维分离法、生物亲和色谱法、毛细管电泳法、表面等离子共振技术和生物膜干涉技术等[32, 33]。
据此, 基于“中药炮制化学生物学”的指导思想, 以“靶点鉴定-配体垂钓”相结合的策略, 通过建立多学科交叉的平台, 研究中药炮制前后性能变化引起药效差异的药效物质、直接作用靶点、分子机制, 以全新的视角揭示中药炮制所致性能变化的科学内涵(图2), 进而说明中药炮制的科学原理, 推动中医药传统理论从“黑箱”向“灰箱”过渡, 并最终形成“白箱”。
中药的性能太热则易损伤机体之阴、太寒则易损伤机体之阳, 但性能太弱又会使临床疗效不佳, 故需用法以制之。生黄连性寒, 具清热燥湿之功, 而当临床上用于大热之症时, 则仍嫌其寒性不足, 常采用胆汁来炮制黄连以增强寒性, 称之“寒者益寒”, 进而增强其清热泻火之力[34]。仙茅性热, 能够补肾壮阳、强筋骨、祛寒湿, 但用于治疗肾阳虚寒时, 嫌其温热不足, 常用热性的黄酒以制之, 谓之“热者益热”, 以增强补肾温阳之功[35]。生地黄味苦, 经九蒸九晒为熟地黄后则表现为甜如饴, 称之“生味熟增”。而这主要是其炮制过程中苷类水解降低苦味, 并使低聚糖在蒸制过程中发生水解增加单糖含量而呈甜味, 从而增强了补益作用[36]。生黄柏性寒而沉、可降实火, 经盐制后引药入肾、滋阴降火作用增强, 多用于肾阴不足而致的虚火上炎、阴虚盗汗、梦遗滑精等证。现代研究发现, 在黄柏盐制过程中生物碱类成分黄柏碱, 以及柠檬苦素类成分黄柏内酯、黄柏酮的含量增多, 从而增强了黄柏的苦味, 亦属于“生味熟增”, 进而清热燥湿作用增强。有分析显示, 盐黄柏中的生物碱类成分在肾脏的排泄能力减弱, 使其在肾脏中滞留从而发挥更持久的药效作用, 这在一定程度上阐释了“盐制增强入肾经”的科学内涵[37, 38]。
可见, 中药炮制能够增强某一种归经作用, 使中药治疗某一脏腑经络的疾病更具疗效, 尤其是液体辅料炮制的中药。又如青皮入肝、胆、胃经, 用醋炒后可增强对肝经的作用[39]。生黄芩主要含有黄芩素、黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、千层纸素A等黄酮类化合物, 具有泻火解毒、清热燥湿、止血安胎等作用, 广泛用于湿热火毒病证的治疗, 而酒炙黄芩能够增强清上焦肺热及四肢肌表之湿热的功效, 属于“升者益升”, 且酒黄芩中黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷的含量下降, 黄芩素、汉黄芩素的含量上升, 而千层纸素A无明显变化[40]。入药已将近2 000年历史的杜仲, 在《神农本草经》和《本草纲目》中均被列为上品, 具有补肝肾、强筋骨、安胎的功效, 经盐炙后, 有助于引药下行, 增强滋阴降火的作用, 属于“降者益降”。现代研究报道, 杜仲中含有大量的非药效成分杜仲胶, 在煎煮时会影响有效成分的溶出, 而通过炮制可以破坏胶丝, 从而利于有效成分的溶出[41], 且杜仲经盐炙后松脂醇二葡萄糖苷等木脂素苷类成分含量明显降低, 而木脂素苷元含量有所增加, 这可能是受炮制过程中高温的作用使木脂素苷分解为相应的苷元所致[42-44]。菟丝子是临床补肾壮阳要药, 始载于《神农本草经》, 具有滋补肝肾、固精安胎等功效, 经盐制后能引药入肾, 增强补肾固涩的作用, 这可能与金丝桃苷与芦丁经加热水解转化为对应的苷元成分槲皮素和山柰酚有关[45, 46]。另外, 盐知母滋阴降火作用增强, 能够显著降低高血糖大鼠的血糖水平, 在炮制过程中知母皂苷AⅢ、知母皂苷BⅢ及芒果苷的含量升高[47]。巴戟天为我国著名四大南药之一, 味甘辛、性微温, 补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风除湿力强; 盐巴戟天专功入肾, 温而不燥, 善于补肾助阳, 久服无伤阴之弊。在巴戟天盐蒸过程中寡聚糖类成分转化为单糖, 这与盐巴戟天以补肾助阳功效为主密切相关, 而水晶兰苷含量降低, 与巴戟天盐蒸后燥性缓和、祛风湿功效减弱相关[48]。据上可知, 中药材经过炮制能够发生增强寒性、热性、苦味、甘味、作用趋向以及归经等变化, 从而导致药效物质的改变及不同的药理效应。然而, 中药炮制增强药性的科学内涵仍需要借助现代科学技术手段加以研究。因此, 将在弄清中药炮制前后药效物质变化的基础上, 探析中药炮制前后活性成分的直接作用靶点(群) 及细胞信号通路, 结合配体垂钓分析[49], 从而阐明中药生制饮片调节疾病发生发展的微观生物学证据, 从分子层面阐释中药炮制所致增性的科学内涵, 推动中药炮制原理的现代科学诠释。
中药材经过炮制不仅能够“扶其不足”, 还可以“制其太过”, 从而使所得饮片满足于中医临床的辩证施治需求。生山楂富含有机酸而味酸, 具有消化积食、化浊降脂的功效, 而经炒制后酸味减弱, 可概括为“生味熟减”, 能够缓和对胃的刺激性, 使其在健脾丸、小儿消积止咳口服液、小儿香橘丸等中药复方制剂中具有广泛的应用[50-52]。斑蝥为我国著名的动物类中药, 其药用历史悠久、临床疗效显著, 但因其毒性和刺激性强, 需经米炒后方可内服, 以降低毒性成分斑蝥素的含量[53]。此外, 巴豆通过压榨去油制霜来脱除大毒的巴豆油, 以达缓和峻泻、降低毒性的目的[54]。千金子经去油制霜以降低千金子甾醇含量而缓和峻泻之性[55]。苍耳子的毒性成分羧基苍术苷能在炮制过程中通过水解为苍术苷而降低毒性[56]。肉豆蔻利用麦麸煨制来降低挥发油中黄樟醚、肉豆蔻醚等毒性成分的含量, 从而达到减毒的目的[57]。栀子味苦性寒, 易伤及脾胃, 经炒焦能够减缓苦寒之性并增强止血作用。而焦栀子在炮制过程中山栀苷、去乙酰车叶草苷酸甲酯、异栀子苷、6β-羟基栀子苷、京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、西红花苷Ⅰ、西红花苷Ⅱ的含量显著降低[58]。苍术辛燥性强, 麸炒后燥性缓和, 健脾作用增强。在麸炒苍术中, 茅术醇、桉叶醇和苍术素含量显著增加, 苍术酮含量明显降低[59]。另外, 枳壳经发酵后峻猛之力得以缓和, 其中的挥发油及柚皮苷含量均降低[60, 61]。
综上, 中药炮制能够缓和药性, 降低毒性或不良反应, 但炮制缓性影响的生物学效应机制尚未明确。因此, 基于化学生物学驱动的多学科技术开展炮制缓性减毒的生物学作用靶标及信号通路研究, 是当前中药炮制原理研究中的一个关键问题。故在靶点鉴定技术支撑下, 发现中药成分直接作用靶点蛋白, 以探寻中药炮制前后缓性所致的分子生物学机制变化, 并反向鉴别缓性所引起药效作用变化的有效成分, 从而揭示中药炮制所致缓性的科学原理。
一味中药饮片的性能虽固定, 但经炮制后其性味亦能够发生一定的改变, 从而产生新的功效, 并扩大了新药的来源。例如性寒的生黄连虽具清热燥湿之功, 适用于肝胃不和、呕吐吞酸等病症, 但易损伤脾胃功能, 多经姜制以缓和寒性且增强止呕作用, 称之“生寒熟温”, 进而用于清胃热, 治疗胃火呕吐。这可能与黄连炮制前后盐酸巴马汀、盐酸药根碱、盐酸表小檗碱、盐酸小檗碱等生物碱成分发生量变与质变相关[62]。此外, 同一味中药材经过不同的方法炮制后其归经亦发生转变, 并产生多种药效作用。如生姜为姜的新鲜根茎, 经干燥后即得干姜, 而干姜经砂烫后又得炮姜。然而这三种炮制品的药性是截然不同的, 其针对的临床病症亦各不相同。生姜入肺经, 长于发表散寒; 干姜入心经, 胜于回阳救逆; 炮姜入脾经, 能暖脾止泻。现代研究发现, 生姜中的特有成分色氨酸在炮制品中消失, 而姜辣素作为生姜的主要成分, 经干燥或加热炮制后能形成姜酚, 并成为干姜的主要成分, 待炮制成炮姜后, 又可以进一步转化产生姜酮[63]。生大黄又名“将军”、“黄良”为苦寒沉降之品, 泻下作用峻猛, 富含蒽醌苷类成分[64]。后世医家为纠正其偏颇之性, 创以酒制(酒炒、酒炖或酒蒸) 之, 从而缓和泻下能力, 促进蒽醌苷分解转化为蒽醌苷元, 进而用于清利头目之热, 治疗目赤、牙龈和咽喉肿痛等证, 属于“生降熟升”[65]。甘草具有“药之国老”之美誉, 经蜜炙后药性由凉转温, 药效由清转补, 二者临床应用差异明显。有研究结果显示, 炙甘草中甘草素、甘草黄酮A、异甘草苷等8种黄酮类化合物的含量显著升高, 而甘草黄酮醇、甘草宁A等5种黄酮类化合物及香豆素类化合物的含量则明显降低, 这些差异性化学成分可能为甘草生熟异用的关键物质基础[66]。生柴胡发散作用较强, 临床多用于解表退热, 经醋制后转变为增强疏肝解郁作用。现代研究表明, 挥发油是柴胡主要有效成分之一, 而在柴胡醋制过程中挥发油类成分含量明显降低, 三萜皂苷类成分柴胡皂苷a转化成柴胡皂苷b1, 柴胡皂苷d转化为柴胡皂苷b2, 这可能与增强疏肝解郁作用相关[67]。
由此可见, 中药炮制可以改变性能, 从而保证中药饮片的临床应用安全和扩大临床可用药范围。但尚需以现代科学语言诠释其原理。因此, 利用靶点鉴定技术研究小分子配体同靶点蛋白间的相互作用情况, 并解析中药炮制前后的生物学效应差异, 基于靶点反向垂钓饮片中的活性成分, 从而阐明中药性能变化的关键药效物质, 解码中药炮制所致改性的分子药理学机制和科学内涵。
中医药治疗疾病的特色与优势在于饮片入药和辩证论治。其中, 中药饮片的炮制之法丰富多样, 在保障中医临床疗效上发挥着不可替代的作用, 但究其根本依旧是性能使然。中医药学者利用现代科学技术在中药性能理论的研究方面已取得了一系列的研究成果, 而随着新思想、新方法、新技术的不断涌现[68], 将进一步助力中药炮制性能变化原理研究工作的提质增效。故基于“中药炮制化学生物学”驱动的炮制前后中药性能变化科学内涵研究, 是传统工艺与前沿科技的交融, 将推动中药炮制传统理论的科学解析, 为新时代中药炮制的研究提供新范式。此外, 中药复杂多样的化学组分是产生临床疗效的物质基础, 这些组分入血后同体内靶细胞上的靶点特异性结合, 从而表现出不同的生理效应。故弄清中药炮制前后化学组分的变化情况, 阐明其差异组分结合靶点蛋白的机制及信号转导通路, 有利于从分子水平揭示中药炮制影响性能变化的生物学机制, 为优化炮制工艺、建立饮片质量标准、确保临床疗效等提供有力支撑; 同时也为丰富炮制理论, 破解炮制技术及产业开发提供指引。

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2026年第61卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0664
  • 接收时间:2025-06-13
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-13
  • 修回日期:2025-08-28
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    1辽宁中医药大学药学院, 辽宁 大连 116600
    2国家中医药管理局中药炮制工艺原理重点研究室, 辽宁 大连 116600
    3辽宁省中药炮制专业技术创新中心, 辽宁 大连 116600
    4国家中医药管理局中药炮制技术传承基地, 辽宁 大连 116600
    5北京大学药学院, 天然药物及仿生药物全国重点实验室, 北京 100191

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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