Article(id=1308816743850672175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0633, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1756224000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975828372, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975828372, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975828372, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975828372, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=173, endPage=183, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816744072970288, articleId=1308816743850672175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Ginsenoside Rh1 ameliorates UV-induced skin aging by regulating oxidative stress via the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Skin aging is a complex pathological process mediated by a combination of endogenous metabolic dysregulation and exogenous ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with oxidative stress due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the central driver. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 is a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism of action in UV-induced skin photoaging remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of Rh1 against UV-induced skin aging and the underlying molecular mechanisms. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (approval number: 20241230001). To evaluate the anti-photoaging effect of Rh1, we established photoaging models in BALB/c mice and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). In vivo experiments showed that Rh1 (25 and 50 μmol·L-1) significantly alleviated UV-induced skin thickening, erythema, and moisture loss, reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and up-regulated anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In vitro experiments indicated that Rh1 (12.5, 25, and 50 μmol·L-1) reduced UVB (UV wavelength 280-320 nm)-induced ROS accumulation, oxidative damage, and the proportion of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Rh1 promotes nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation by activating sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), thereby upregulating downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Sirt3 siRNA experiments confirmed that gene silencing can blocks Rh1 from activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, weakening its ability to inhibit ROS production and delay cellular aging. In summary, Rh1 alleviates UV-induced oxidative damage and skin aging through the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis, providing a new strategy for the development of anti-photoaging drugs targeting the antioxidant pathway.

, authors=Fang SU1, Xiao-fang WANG2, 3, Gu HE3, Kun HUANG4, Shi-yi XU4, Ming-wei LI4, Ling-juan ZHU1, *, Jin-ping LIU5, *, Bo LIU3, *, authorsList=Fang SU, Xiao-fang WANG, Gu HE, Kun HUANG, Shi-yi XU, Ming-wei LI, Ling-juan ZHU, Jin-ping LIU, Bo LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ling-juan ZHU, Jin-ping LIU, Bo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816745310289977, articleId=1308816743850672175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=人参皂苷Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1通路调控氧化应激和改善紫外线诱导的皮肤老化作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

皮肤老化是由内源性代谢失调与外源性紫外线(UV) 辐射共同介导的复杂病理过程, 其中活性氧(ROS) 过度积累导致的氧化应激是核心驱动因素。稀有人参皂苷Rh1是一种具有抗氧化和抗炎活性的天然化合物, 但其对UV诱导的皮肤光老化的作用机制尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨Rh1对UV诱导皮肤老化的保护作用及其分子机制。所有动物实验均获得四川大学华西医院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20241230001)。通过构建UV诱导的BALB/c小鼠皮肤光老化模型及人真皮成纤维细胞光老化模型, 评估Rh1的体内外抗光老化效果。体内实验显示, Rh1 (25和50 μmol·L-1) 显著缓解UV引起的皮肤增厚、红斑及水分流失, 降低促凋亡蛋白Bax表达并上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2。体外实验表明, Rh1 (12.5、25和50 μmol·L-1) 可减少UVB (UV波长280~320 nm) 诱导的ROS积累、氧化损伤及衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶阳性细胞比例。机制研究表明, Rh1通过激活沉默调节蛋白3 (Sirt3) 促进核因子红细胞2相关因子2 (Nrf2) 核转位, 上调下游血红素氧合酶1 (HO-1) 表达。Sirt3 siRNA实验证实, 基因沉默可阻断Rh1对Nrf2/HO-1通路的激活, 削弱其抑制ROS生成及延缓细胞老化的作用。综上, Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1信号轴减轻UV诱导的氧化损伤与皮肤老化, 为靶向抗氧化通路的抗光老化药物开发提供了新策略。

, authors=苏放1, 王小芳2, 3, 何谷3, 黄崑4, 徐世燚4, 李茗蔚4, 朱玲娟1, *, 刘金平5, *, 刘博3, *, authorsList=苏放, 王小芳, 何谷, 黄崑, 徐世燚, 李茗蔚, 朱玲娟, 刘金平, 刘博, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱玲娟, 刘金平, 刘博, authorNote=

作者贡献:

刘博、苏放负责课题总体设计; 王小芳、黄崑和徐世燚负责完成实验的具体实施; 何谷、朱玲娟负责实验数据分析; 李茗蔚、刘金平负责文章撰写; 刘博对课题进行及论文撰写进行指导。

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱玲娟, E-mail:
刘金平, E-mail:
刘博, E-mail:
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Scale bar: 50 μm; C, D: Graphs showing the amount of erythema and dorsal skin moisture content in mice; E: Western blot was used to detect apoptotic proteins; F: The relative protein expression of Bcl-2/Bax. n = 6, x ± s. *P  <  0.05, **P  <  0.01, ***P  <  0.001. ns: No significance, figureFileSmall=wje1eO/OKoYiwhsmRmQn9A==, figureFileBig=OXu+af7PaJRRt+omQ/sw9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816758774005893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PaSnXzMIdvj2XYbaci8pfA==, figureFileBig=Qbu6TSCDDE4o4Uj84zg6PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816758836920454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ginsenoside Rh1 protects human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) cells from UV-induced cell aging. A: Representative images of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and SA-β-gal positive cells (%). Scale bar: 50 μm; B, C: The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by flow cytometry. The quantification of analysis is shown; D, E: The content of ROS was measured by fluorescence. Scale bar: 10 μm. The quantification of analysis is shown; F, G: Western blot was used to detect Bcl-2 and Bax expression in HDF cells with different concentrations of Rh1 and UVB, and the relative protein expression of Bcl-2/Bax; H, I: Western blot was used to detect Bcl-2 and Bax expression in HDF cells with UVB, Rh1, or NAC, and the relative protein expression of Bcl-2/Bax. n = 3, x ± s. *P  <  0.05, **P  <  0.01, ***P  <  0.001, figureFileSmall=PaSnXzMIdvj2XYbaci8pfA==, figureFileBig=Qbu6TSCDDE4o4Uj84zg6PQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816759122133127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x3lnJY3+uIc6LaBjB5Ip/g==, figureFileBig=u1puz27bk2F6YYCPIxP0eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816759222796424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Ginsenoside Rh1 enhanced the expression of sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). A: Western blot was used to detect Sirt3 proteins; B: The relative protein expression of Sirt3/β-actin; C: Immunostaining for Sirt3 in HDF cells. The position of the nucleus is marked by DAPI staining. The representative image is shown. Scale bar: 10 μm; D: Analysis of Sirt3 fluorescence intensity; E: Western blot was used to detect nuclear Nrf2 protein expression; F: The relative protein expression of Nrf2/Lamin B1; G: Western blot was used to detect HO-1 protein expression; H: The relative protein expression of HO-1/β-actin. n = 3, x ± s. *P  <  0.05, **P  <  0.01, ***P  <  0.001, figureFileSmall=x3lnJY3+uIc6LaBjB5Ip/g==, figureFileBig=u1puz27bk2F6YYCPIxP0eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816759558340745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/URIDeqMh3i/v2uPCUIrvA==, figureFileBig=OYK8AGqDAc/p7mPKIKYK4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816759667392650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816743850672175, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ginsenoside Rh1 protected HDF cells from UVB-induced cellular aging via the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. 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人参皂苷Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1通路调控氧化应激和改善紫外线诱导的皮肤老化作用研究
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苏放 1 , 王小芳 2, 3 , 何谷 3 , 黄崑 4 , 徐世燚 4 , 李茗蔚 4 , 朱玲娟 1, * , 刘金平 5, * , 刘博 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(1): 173-183
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (1) : 173 -183
人参皂苷Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1通路调控氧化应激和改善紫外线诱导的皮肤老化作用研究
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苏放1, 王小芳2, 3, 何谷3, 黄崑4, 徐世燚4, 李茗蔚4, 朱玲娟1, * , 刘金平5, * , 刘博3, *
作者信息
  • 1沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁省重大慢病中药创新药重点实验室, 沈阳市中药药效物质研究与创新药开发重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
  • 2成都中医药大学药学院, 西南中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611100
  • 3四川大学生物治疗全国重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
  • 4中国医科大学附属第一医院超声科, 辽宁 沈阳 110000
  • 5吉林大学药学院, 吉林省人参 (西洋参) 创新药物开发工程研究中心, 吉林 长春 130021
通讯作者:
朱玲娟, E-mail:
刘金平, E-mail:
刘博, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

刘博、苏放负责课题总体设计; 王小芳、黄崑和徐世燚负责完成实验的具体实施; 何谷、朱玲娟负责实验数据分析; 李茗蔚、刘金平负责文章撰写; 刘博对课题进行及论文撰写进行指导。

Ginsenoside Rh1 ameliorates UV-induced skin aging by regulating oxidative stress via the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway
Fang SU1, Xiao-fang WANG2, 3, Gu HE3, Kun HUANG4, Shi-yi XU4, Ming-wei LI4, Ling-juan ZHU1, * , Jin-ping LIU5, * , Bo LIU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development for Major Chronic Diseases, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Active Substances in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Southwest Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611100, China
  • 3National Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 4Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China
  • 5Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center for Innovative Drug Development of Ginseng (American Ginseng), College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0633
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皮肤老化是由内源性代谢失调与外源性紫外线(UV) 辐射共同介导的复杂病理过程, 其中活性氧(ROS) 过度积累导致的氧化应激是核心驱动因素。稀有人参皂苷Rh1是一种具有抗氧化和抗炎活性的天然化合物, 但其对UV诱导的皮肤光老化的作用机制尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨Rh1对UV诱导皮肤老化的保护作用及其分子机制。所有动物实验均获得四川大学华西医院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20241230001)。通过构建UV诱导的BALB/c小鼠皮肤光老化模型及人真皮成纤维细胞光老化模型, 评估Rh1的体内外抗光老化效果。体内实验显示, Rh1 (25和50 μmol·L-1) 显著缓解UV引起的皮肤增厚、红斑及水分流失, 降低促凋亡蛋白Bax表达并上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2。体外实验表明, Rh1 (12.5、25和50 μmol·L-1) 可减少UVB (UV波长280~320 nm) 诱导的ROS积累、氧化损伤及衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶阳性细胞比例。机制研究表明, Rh1通过激活沉默调节蛋白3 (Sirt3) 促进核因子红细胞2相关因子2 (Nrf2) 核转位, 上调下游血红素氧合酶1 (HO-1) 表达。Sirt3 siRNA实验证实, 基因沉默可阻断Rh1对Nrf2/HO-1通路的激活, 削弱其抑制ROS生成及延缓细胞老化的作用。综上, Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1信号轴减轻UV诱导的氧化损伤与皮肤老化, 为靶向抗氧化通路的抗光老化药物开发提供了新策略。

人参皂苷Rh1  /  Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1信号通路  /  活性氧  /  光老化  /  紫外线

Skin aging is a complex pathological process mediated by a combination of endogenous metabolic dysregulation and exogenous ultraviolet (UV) radiation, with oxidative stress due to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as the central driver. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 is a natural compound with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but its mechanism of action in UV-induced skin photoaging remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of Rh1 against UV-induced skin aging and the underlying molecular mechanisms. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University (approval number: 20241230001). To evaluate the anti-photoaging effect of Rh1, we established photoaging models in BALB/c mice and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). In vivo experiments showed that Rh1 (25 and 50 μmol·L-1) significantly alleviated UV-induced skin thickening, erythema, and moisture loss, reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax, and up-regulated anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. In vitro experiments indicated that Rh1 (12.5, 25, and 50 μmol·L-1) reduced UVB (UV wavelength 280-320 nm)-induced ROS accumulation, oxidative damage, and the proportion of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positive cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Rh1 promotes nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation by activating sirtuin 3 (Sirt3), thereby upregulating downstream heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Sirt3 siRNA experiments confirmed that gene silencing can blocks Rh1 from activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, weakening its ability to inhibit ROS production and delay cellular aging. In summary, Rh1 alleviates UV-induced oxidative damage and skin aging through the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis, providing a new strategy for the development of anti-photoaging drugs targeting the antioxidant pathway.

ginsenoside Rh1  /  Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway  /  reactive oxygen species  /  photoaging  /  ultraviolet
苏放, 王小芳, 何谷, 黄崑, 徐世燚, 李茗蔚, 朱玲娟, 刘金平, 刘博. 人参皂苷Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1通路调控氧化应激和改善紫外线诱导的皮肤老化作用研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 173 -183 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0633
Fang SU, Xiao-fang WANG, Gu HE, Kun HUANG, Shi-yi XU, Ming-wei LI, Ling-juan ZHU, Jin-ping LIU, Bo LIU. Ginsenoside Rh1 ameliorates UV-induced skin aging by regulating oxidative stress via the Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 173 -183 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0633
结构变化是皮肤老化最显著的表征[1, 2]。皮肤老化是一个多因素持续进行的过程, 包括自然(内源性) 老化和光(外源性) 老化[3]。内源性老化主要涉及遗传因素和细胞代谢过程的改变, 而外源性老化主要受环境因素的影响, 如紫外线(ultraviolet, UV) 辐射和诱导氧化应激的化合物。UV根据波长分为UVA (320~400 nm)、UVB (280~320 nm) 和UVC (200~280 nm), 其中UVA和UVB是造成光老化的主要原因[4, 5]。相比于UVA, UVB能量更高, 对皮肤细胞的细胞毒性和基因毒性更强, 危害性更大[6, 7]。
在正常条件下, 线粒体通过有氧代谢不断产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 但当ROS过量积累时, 会加速皮肤的老化[8, 9]。皮肤中大约有1.5%~5%的氧气被转化为ROS, 主要的超氧阴离子(O2-) 由线粒体中的电子传递链产生, 这与细胞损伤及辐射引起的老化密切相关[3, 10-12]。此外, 由于ROS具有强氧化性, UV辐射会促进活性氧的产生, 破坏DNA和其他生物大分子, 从而引发细胞凋亡[13]。
沉默调节蛋白3 (sirtuin 3, Sirt3) 是进化上高度保守的烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) 依赖性去乙酰化酶家族成员, 主要定位于线粒体基质, 是一种重要的抗衰老分子和抗氧化剂[14-16]。Sirt3的保护作用, 包括调节线粒体代谢和氧化应激, 已在多种衰老相关的疾病中得到广泛证实, 如胰岛素抵抗、癌症、心血管疾病以及来自动物体内和体外模型的肺纤维化和矽肺[17-22]。此外, 在HeLa和U2OS细胞模型中的研究表明, Sirt3对UV辐射敏感。70 J·m-2的UV照射会诱发细胞核内的全长Sirt3通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径发生快速降解, 但其线粒体形式则保持稳定[23]。另一项研究发现, 正常人表皮角质细胞(normal human epidermal keratinocytes, NHEKs) 暴露于UV后, 线粒体ROS增加, Sirt3 mRNA持续减少[24]。转录因子核因子红细胞2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 也控制着抗氧化防御系统。氧化应激会激活Nrf2, 使其转位到细胞核, 并与编码抗氧化剂和Ⅱ期解毒酶的基因启动子区域中的ARE结合。血红素氧合酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 是一种受Nrf2调节的Ⅱ期解毒酶。它能抑制与氧化应激相关的疾病发展, 如衰老、癌症、神经系统疾病和心血管疾病[25-27]。Sirt3在Nrf2/HO-1信号通路中也发挥着关键作用。近两年一项研究显示, 间歇性饮食可通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1途径减轻脑出血的神经炎症反应[28]。另一项研究报道, Sirt3通过上调Nrf2减轻了心肌缺血再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion, I/R) 介导的心肌细胞凋亡[29]。尽管如此, Sirt3和Nrf2在皮肤细胞中的相互作用细节仍有待充分阐明。
目前已提出了许多治疗光老化的方法, 如各种能量设备(激光、射频设备和高强度聚焦超声波) 和外用药物[30]。然而, 使用这些设备经常会引起患者不适, 同时还存在治疗部位皮肤色素沉着和烧伤的风险。人参是一种著名的传统中草药, 在亚洲被称为“草药之王”, 它含有多种人参皂苷, 具有抗衰老、心血管保护、神经保护和抗肿瘤等药理作用[31-33]。稀有人参皂苷作为主要人参皂苷的脱糖代谢次级产物, 已显示具有比主要人参皂苷更优的生物活性和生物利用度[34]。稀有人参皂苷Rh1是多种三酚皂苷的核心活性成分, 近期研究报道其具有强效的抗炎、肝肾保护和心肌保护作用。如Rh1可以通过激活Sirt3, 减轻缺氧心肌细胞的氧化应激, 从而实现心肌保护作用[35]。此外, Rh1还通过抑制TAK1和STAT3介导的炎症反应, 以及激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路, 发挥对肝脏的保护作用[36]。另外, Rh1还通过激活Nrf2/HO-1信号通路, 改善经氧化低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low-density lipoprotein, Ox-LDL) 处理的血管内皮细胞的增殖、凋亡和氧化应激[37]。然而, 目前尚无关于Rh1对UV引起的皮肤衰老的作用及其是否涉及Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1途径的相关研究。因此, 本文探讨了Rh1对UV诱导的皮肤成纤维细胞和小鼠模型的疗效, 为皮肤衰老模型中针对Sirt3的药物开发提供了新的思路。
试剂    即用型阿佛丁三溴乙醇购自南京安杰优生物科技有限公司。薇婷脱毛膏购自中国利洁时家化有限公司。0.05%全反式维A酸(retino-A) 购买自意大利MENARINI公司。CCK8试剂购自美国APE×BIO公司。HDF细胞购自厦门逸漠生物科技有限公司。DMEM F12培养基和胎牛血清购自美国Gibco Life Technologies生物试剂有限公司。PVDF膜购自美国Millipore公司。5×Tris-glycine SDS-PAGE电泳缓冲液、TBST缓冲液、PBS缓冲液、免冰浴快速转膜缓冲液、ECL发光液组合装、4%多聚甲醛、共聚焦孔板、BCA蛋白定量检测试剂盒和RIPA裂解液均购自武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司。Omni-EasyTM一步法PAGE凝胶快速制备试剂盒、Omni-EasyTM速溶型蛋白上样缓冲液(变性, 还原型, 5×) 和三色预染蛋白Marker均购自上海雅酶生物医药科技有限公司。核蛋白提取试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司。Dispase酶购自英国沃特曼公司。SA-β-Gal染色试剂盒、胰酶细胞消化液(0.25%胰酶)、蛋白酶磷酸酶抑制剂混合物(通用型, 50×)、通用型封闭与抗体稀释液、ROS检测试剂盒、DAPI染色液、Triton X-100和青霉素-链霉素均购自上海碧云天生物科技有限公司。人参皂苷Rh1由吉林大学人参研究院提供(相对分子质量为638.88, 纯度≥98%)。NAC购自美国MCE生物。Lipofectamine 3000购买自美国Invitrogen公司。抗体: Bax (货号: 500599-2-Ig)、Sirt3 (货号: 10099-1-AP)、Lamin B1 (货号: 12987-1-AP)、HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) (货号: SA00001-2)、HRP-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) (货号: SA00001-1)、Multi-rAbTM CoraLite® Plus 488-goat anti-rabbit recombinant secondary antibody (H+L) (货号: RGAR002) 和Multi-rAbTM CoraLite® Plus 594-goat anti-rabbit recombinant secondary antibody (H+L) (货号: RGAR004) 均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司。Bcl-2 (货号: #AF6139) 和beta-actin (货号: #AF7018) 购自江苏亲科生物研究中心有限公司。Nrf2 (货号: T55136M) 购自上海艾比玛特医药科技有限公司。
仪器    SH4 A和SH4 B紫外线光疗仪购自上海希格玛高技术有限公司。小型色差仪CR-10 Plus购自日本柯尼卡美能达有限公司。皮肤水分测试仪购自英国Real Bubee品牌。
细胞培养和处理    HDF细胞在含有1%青霉素-链霉素和10%胎牛血清的培养基中培养, 培养条件为37 ℃、5% CO2的恒温培养箱内。当细胞达到约80%融合度时进行传代。待细胞达到70%融合度时, 用不同浓度的Rh1 (12.5、25和50 µmol·L-1) 预处理HDF细胞24 h。行UVB照射前将紫外线灯预热10 min。去除培养液, 用PBS洗涤细胞两次。在孔板上加一薄层PBS以覆盖细胞, 然后进行UVB照射(距离细胞20 cm, 辐照强度约为40 mJ·cm-2)。照射后, 除去PBS, 向细胞中加入培养基或者药物, 继续培养, 24 h进行后续实验。
动物及分组    7周龄雄性BALB/c小鼠(20~22 g) 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司, 合格证号: SCXK (京) 2024-0003。小鼠饲养于24 ± 2 ℃、湿度60% ± 5%、12 h明暗循环的标准化实验动物房内, 自由摄食饮水。所有动物实验均获得四川大学华西医院动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20241230001)。小鼠随机分为5组, 每组6只: UV阴性DMSO组(DMSO浓度低于1‰)、UV阳性DMSO组、人参皂苷Rh1低剂量(25 μmol·L-1)、人参皂苷Rh1高剂量(50 μmol·L-1) 和0.05% retino-A组。使用脱毛膏去除小鼠背部约5 cm × 5 cm区域的毛发, 并根据毛发再生情况每2~5天重复处理。给药时在去毛区域中心(4 cm × 4 cm) 精准涂抹。在UV照射前30 min, 将150 μL样品(药物溶解于DMSO中, 配置成浓度为100 mmol·L-1母液, 再用PBS稀释成25和50 μmol·L-1工作浓度) 溶液涂抹于每只小鼠的背部皮肤, 以评估Rh1对光老化的抑制作用。UV照射(距离皮肤30 cm) 小鼠, 每周照射5次, 共照射8周(补充图S1)。第9周, 经三溴乙醇麻醉后对鼠进行色差、水分测定及拍照, 随后仔细取下皮肤样本冻存于-80 ℃, 或将其置于4%多聚甲醛中固定24 h。
Western blot实验   取细胞或组织样本加入预冷的RIPA裂解液(含1%蛋白酶磷酸酶抑制剂), 冰上裂解30 min, 随后于4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min收集上清液, 采用BCA法测定蛋白浓度, 加入5× SDS上样缓冲液后95 ℃煮沸10 min以变性蛋白。样品通过SDS/PAGE凝胶进行电泳, 并转移到PVDF膜上。随后用通用型封闭液常温封闭1 h, 加入特异性一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, TBST洗涤后与HRP标记二抗室温孵育1 h, 经ECL化学发光试剂显影后通过化学发光成像系统采集信号。采用ImageJ软件量化目标条带与内参(如β-actin) 灰度值, 计算标准化表达量(目标灰度值/内参灰度值)。
SA-β-Gal染色   将处于对数生长期的细胞以每孔1×105个细胞的密度接种于6孔板, 待细胞达到70%融合度时, 进行后续的造模和给药处理, 处理完成后, 用PBS洗涤细胞1次, 加入1 mL SA-β-Gal染色固定液, 室温固定15 min。吸除细胞固定液, 用PBS洗涤细胞3次, 每孔加入1 mL染色工作液。37 ℃孵育过夜, 使用保鲜膜封住6孔板防止蒸发。普通光学显微镜观察并捕获图片。
细胞活力检测    将处于对数生长期的细胞以每孔5×103个细胞的密度接种于96孔板, 干预结束后, 每孔加入10 μL CCK8试剂, 在37 ℃孵育2 h。使用酶标仪于450 nm波长检测吸光度值(A450)。细胞活力(%) = [ (A实验组-A空白组) / (A阴性对照组- A空白组)] ×100%。
细胞内ROS测定   原位探针装载: 将处于对数生长期的细胞以每孔1×104个细胞的密度接种于24孔共聚焦板, 干预结束后, 加入终浓度为10 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA稀释液, 于37 ℃培养箱中孵育20 min, 使用激光共聚焦显微镜直接观察并捕获图像。收集细胞后装载探针: 将处于对数生长期的细胞以每孔1×105个细胞的密度接种于6孔板, 干预结束后, 收集细胞悬浮于终浓度为10 μmol·L-1 DCFH-DA中, 每毫升细胞数为1×106~2×107个, 37 ºC细胞培养箱内孵育20 min, 使用流式细胞仪检测DCF。
Sirt3 siRNA    siRNA包括沉默子阴性对照(silencer negative control, NC) siRNA、Sirt3 siRNA, 由北京擎科生物合成。瞬时转染采用Lipofectamine 3000, 在细胞达到60%融合度时进行。转染48 h后, 收获细胞进行进一步实验。
分离皮肤真表皮    将皮肤组织从组织保存管中取出, 用预冷的HBSS缓冲液清洗3遍, 去除血污及脂肪和结缔组织等皮下部分。将组织剪成黄豆粒大小(1 cm3) 的组织块, 放入装有dispase酶液的15 mL低吸附离心管中, 37 ℃震荡孵育40~60 min。取出组织块, 用尖头镊子分离真表皮, 可重复酶消化步骤。
苏木精和伊红染色(hematoxylin and eosin, H & E)    小鼠皮肤组织经4%多聚甲醛固定24 h后, 依次进行梯度乙醇脱水(70%~100%)、二甲苯透明及石蜡包埋, 切片厚度设置为4 μm。脱蜡复水后, 切片经苏木精染液染色5 min, 流水冲洗5 min去除浮色, 随后用1%盐酸乙醇分化3 s并流水返蓝30 min, 再以0.5%伊红染液复染2 min; 染色完成后经梯度乙醇脱水(85%~100%)、二甲苯透明, 中性树胶封片。显微镜下观察组织结构, 细胞核呈蓝紫色, 细胞质及胶原纤维呈粉红色。
免疫荧光染色    将处于对数生长期的细胞以每孔1×104个细胞的密度接种于24孔共聚焦板, 干预结束后, 弃去培养基, PBS洗涤3次, 4%多聚甲醛室温固定15 min。固定后细胞经0.1% Triton X-100透化10 min, 5% BSA室温封闭1 h, 随后加入特异性一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, PBST洗涤3次, 加入Alexa Fluor 488标记二抗和Alexa Fluor 594避光孵育1 h, PBST洗涤后以DAPI染核10 min。使用激光共聚焦显微镜采集图像(激发波长488 nm/发射波长519 nm或激发波长590 nm/发射波长617 nm左右检测目标蛋白, 405 nm/461 nm检测DAPI)。
统计学分析 所有实验至少独立进行3次, 计量数据以均值±标准差(mean ± SD) 表示。数据分析采用GraphPad Prism 8.0, 统计比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA), 组间多重比较采用Tukey检验。P < 0.05表示有统计学差异。
为了评估Rh1对皮肤光老化的影响, 本研究使用了一种UV诱导的小鼠皮肤光老化模型[38], 该模型旨在评估Rh1对UV照射诱导的小鼠皮肤老化的影响(补充图S1)。如图1A所示, 对照组小鼠皮肤状态正常, 无明显皱纹。经8周UV照射后, 实验组小鼠皮肤呈现出显著的光老化特征, 包括粗糙皱纹、红斑、明显增厚及皮革样质地, 证实了皮肤光老化模型的成功建立[39]。相反, 接受Rh1治疗(25和50 μmol·L-1) 和0.05% retino-A治疗的照射小鼠皮肤损伤显著缓解, 仅残留少量浅表皱纹和轻微红斑, 未观察到明显皮损。为了进一步评估Rh1的抗老化作用, 本研究用H & E染色对皮肤组织切片进行了组织学分析[25]。健康皮肤的表皮由薄薄的角质层覆盖的多个鳞状细胞层组成, 真皮层主要由致密结缔组织构成, 包含胶原纤维和弹性纤维等[40]。与对照组相比, UV照射组小鼠表皮层厚度明显增加, 真皮层胶原纤维明显减少且排列紊乱。然而, 使用Rh1或0.05% retino-A治疗可减少表皮层厚度并增加真皮层胶原纤维(图1B)。接下来, 使用色度仪和皮肤水分测定仪评估了皮肤红斑和皮肤水分含量。这些分析表明, UV辐射会增加皮肤的红斑量, 减少水分含量。相反, 用Rh1处理过的小鼠皮肤的红斑量减少和水分含量增加(图1C、D)。据报道, 过度的细胞凋亡则是皮肤光老化的凶手[41]。于是, 本研究检测了小鼠皮肤组织抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达情况。与对照组相比, UV组小鼠皮肤凋亡增加。相反, 接受Rh1或0.05% retino-A治疗的小鼠凋亡降低(图1E、F)。以上结果表明, Rh1可防止UV引起的体内皮肤老化。
在体外效应方面, 本研究建立了由UVB诱导的体外HDF细胞光老化模型, 以评估Rh1是否能防止皮肤老化[42, 43]。首先评估了Rh1对HDF的细胞毒性, 发现当浓度高于50 µmol·L-1时, HDF的活力会降低(补充图S2A)。因此, 在随后的实验中选择了12.5、25和50 µmol·L-1三种浓度。接下来, 将细胞暴露于0、20、40、60、80和100 mJ·cm-2 UVB中, 并分析细胞的存活率, 以确定实验中使用的UVB强度。在40 mJ·cm-2时, HDF细胞的存活率约为75% (补充图S2B)。因此, 后续实验选择40 mJ·cm-2强度进行实验。为了评估Rh1处理对UVB导致的细胞老化的影响, 本研究在UVB和Rh1处理后进行了SA-β-Gal染色。结果表明, UVB辐射后, SA-β-gal阳性细胞明显增加(呈蓝色)。相比之下, Rh1处理组中上述细胞的数量则根据剂量的不同而明显减少(图2A)。在皮肤老化过程中, 氧化产物累积和氧化应激诱导的细胞器功能障碍破坏细胞代谢稳态, 最终导致细胞凋亡[44]。如图2B~E所示, 与对照组相比, UVB辐射后HDF细胞内ROS增加, 而Rh1处理后ROS明显降低。接下来检测了凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2和Bax表达量, 结果表明, 与对照组相比, UVB辐射后抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达降低, 促凋亡蛋白Bax表达增加, Bcl-2/Bax降低, 而Rh1处理后凋亡明显减少(图2F、G)。在确定了Rh1的这些作用之后, 本研究随后试图确定Rh1是否可以通过阻止ROS的产生来减少细胞凋亡的发生。为此, 本研究使用了ROS抑制剂NAC, NAC具有明显的自由基清除活性, 是一种有效的抗氧化剂, 可清除一系列不同酶促反应过程中产生的ROS, 从而抑制氧化损伤[45, 46]。结果显示, NAC显著抑制了凋亡的发生, 其抑制效果与Rh1相当(图2H、I), 这表明在保护细胞免受氧化损伤方面, Rh1主要是通过减少ROS的产生来减少细胞凋亡。以上结果表明, Rh1可防止UVB引起的体外皮肤老化。
首先, 本研究检测了Rh1是否能够改变Sirt3的表达量。如图3A、B所示, 与对照组相比, UVB辐射使Sirt3蛋白表达量明显降低, 50 μmol·L-1 Rh1治疗后Sirt3表达量明显恢复。12.5和25 μmol·L-1 Rh1虽然也可一定程度增加Sirt3表达量, 但未达到统计学意义。同时, 也通过免疫荧光实验检测Sirt3荧光蛋白表达, 结果显示, Rh1可明显抑制UVB辐射导致的Sirt3荧光强度减弱(图3C、D)。为了验证Rh1对Sirt3表达的体内影响, 本研究检测了小鼠皮肤组织(表皮+真皮) 和真皮层中Sirt3蛋白的表达水平。结果显示, UV辐射显著降低了真皮(补充图S3A) 和皮肤(补充图S3B) 的Sirt3蛋白表达。25和50 μmol·L-1 Rh1治疗后, Sirt3蛋白表达水平显著升高。接下来, 本研究检测了细胞核内Nrf2蛋白的表达量, 结果表示, Rh1明显增加了Nrf2的核转位(图3E、F)。此外, Rh1也明显增加了HO-1的表达量(图3G、H)。以上结果表明, RH1增强Sirt3表达, 促进Nrf2核转位和HO-1表达。
本研究通过Sirt3 siRNA实验证实Rh1的抗老化作用与Sirt3有关。首先, 通过Western blot发现Sirt3敲除效率为52.5% (补充图S4)。然后, 在UVB辐射建立老化模型后, 发现与control组相比, UVB辐射组Sirt3蛋白表达降低, Rh1治疗可恢复其表达, 且此作用被Sirt3沉默所阻断, si-NC处理组则继续维持Rh1的恢复作用(图4A、B)。对核内Nrf2蛋白和HO-1蛋白检测发现, Sirt3 siRNA阻断了Nrf2的核转位以及HO-1的蛋白表达量, si-NC处理组则继续维持Rh1的恢复作用(图4A、C、D)。此外, 通过免疫荧光实验发现, 与UVB辐射组相比, Rh1增加了Nrf2总荧光蛋白和核内荧光蛋白表达量, 提示Nrf2核转位。Sirt3沉默抑制了总荧光和核内荧光表达量, 提示抑制了Nrf2核转位, si-NC处理组则继续维持Rh1的恢复作用(图4E~G)。接下来, 通过流式细胞术对细胞内ROS检测发现, Rh1显著抑制HDF细胞内ROS的产生。Sirt3沉默增加了ROS的产生, 抑制了Rh1的抗氧化作用, si-NC处理组则继续维持Rh1的恢复作用(图4H、I)。最后, 通过SA-β-Gal染色发现, Rh1显著抑制SA-β-gal阳性细胞(蓝色), Sirt3沉默增加了SA-β-gal阳性细胞的产生, 降低了Rh1的抗老化作用, si-NC处理组则继续维持Rh1的恢复作用(图4J、K)。综上所述, 这些数据表明Sirt3在Rh1改善皮肤老化中的关键作用, Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1途径保护HDF细胞免受UVB诱导的细胞老化。
皮肤老化是一个多因素调控的复杂过程, 涉及内源性代谢失调(自然老化) 和外源性环境压力(如光老化辐射) 的共同作用[47-49]。自然老化主要表现为组织的逐渐退化[44, 50], 而光老化则由慢性UV辐射引起, 其特征包括异常色素沉着、表皮增生、胶原蛋白的降解以及弹性纤维的不规则积聚[51-53]。UV辐射作为光老化的主要外源性致病因素, 可以促进ROS的产生, 导致氧化应激的加剧, 进而破坏脂质、蛋白质、核酸和细胞器, 加速皮肤结构的退行性变化[2, 54]。ROS的过度生成不仅损伤细胞结构, 还引发炎症反应、细胞凋亡, 破坏皮肤的完整性, 导致抗拉强度和弹性的丧失, 最终表现为皱纹、老年斑、肤色暗淡以及皮肤功能的减退, 这些都是皮肤衰老的重要表现[55]。研究已证实, ROS在皮肤老化过程中的作用至关重要, 其产生水平在内源性机制中约有1.5%~5%的氧气被转化为ROS[10]。因此, 控制ROS的积累和减少氧化应激反应已成为延缓皮肤老化的潜在策略。本研究揭示了稀有人参皂苷Rh1通过激活Sirt3调控Nrf2/HO-1的级联机制信号通路, 在体内外模型中显著抑制UV诱导的皮肤衰老, 为开发新型抗光老化药物提供了理论依据。
本研究通过建立UV诱导的小鼠皮肤光老化模型及HDF细胞老化模型, 发现Rh1可有效缓解皮肤表皮增厚、红斑形成及水分流失, 同时降低促凋亡蛋白Bax表达并上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2, 显著抑制UV诱导的细胞凋亡。这一结果与前期研究报道的Rh1在心肌保护中的抗凋亡作用一致[35, 56], 提示Rh1可能通过保守的分子机制发挥跨器官保护效应。此外, Rh1显著减少UVB照射后HDF细胞内ROS的积累, 并抑制SA-β-gal阳性细胞的比例。本研究进一步证实, ROS清除剂NAC可模拟Rh1的抗凋亡效果, 表明Rh1的抗衰老作用与ROS抑制密切相关。
机制研究发现, Rh1显著逆转UVB引起的Sirt3表达下调。Sirt3作为线粒体关键去乙酰化酶, 通过调节能量代谢和抗氧化防御系统延缓衰老[57]。本研究揭示Rh1通过激活Sirt3, 促进转录因子Nrf2的核转位及其下游抗氧化酶HO-1的表达。这一发现与近期研究报道的Sirt3/Nrf2轴在脑出血和心肌缺血再灌注的保护作用相呼应[28, 29], 提示该通路可能是多种氧化应激相关疾病的共同调控靶点。进一步通过Sirt3 siRNA实验证实, Sirt3基因沉默可阻断Rh1对Nrf2核转位、HO-1表达及ROS清除的促进作用, 并削弱其抗衰老效果。这表明Sirt3是Rh1发挥作用的必要介质, 通过激活Nrf2, 进而启动内源性抗氧化防御系统, 最终减轻UV诱导的氧化损伤。
尽管本研究系统阐明了Rh1通过Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1通路延缓皮肤光老化的机制, 但仍存在一定局限性。首先, Rh1是否对Sirt3酶活性的产生影响需通过体外去乙酰化实验进一步验证; 其次, 皮肤衰老涉及多种细胞类型(如角质形成细胞、黑色素细胞) 及复杂信号网络(如MAPK/AP-1), 未来需拓展Rh1对其他通路及细胞模型的调控研究。此外, Rh1的透皮吸收效率及长期使用的安全性仍需深入评估。
综上, 本研究证实稀有人参皂苷Rh1通过激活Sirt3/Nrf2/HO-1信号轴, 抑制UV诱导的ROS生成、细胞衰老及凋亡, 为开发基于Sirt3靶点的抗光老化药物提供了新策略。未来研究可进一步优化Rh1的递送系统(如纳米载体), 并探索其与其他抗衰老化合物的协同效应, 以推动其在临床护肤领域的应用。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0633
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-08-27
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    1沈阳药科大学中药学院, 辽宁省重大慢病中药创新药重点实验室, 沈阳市中药药效物质研究与创新药开发重点实验室, 辽宁 沈阳 110016
    2成都中医药大学药学院, 西南中药资源国家重点实验室, 四川 成都 611100
    3四川大学生物治疗全国重点实验室, 四川 成都 610041
    4中国医科大学附属第一医院超声科, 辽宁 沈阳 110000
    5吉林大学药学院, 吉林省人参 (西洋参) 创新药物开发工程研究中心, 吉林 长春 130021

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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