Article(id=1308467811194528154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0600, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1751731200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892636345, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1760198400000, pubDateStr=2025-10-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892636345, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892636345, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892636345, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467640138227885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='10', pageStart='2913', pageEnd='3262', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1760198400000', pubDateStr='2025-10-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892595562, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893273356, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470483071033444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467640138227885, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3214, endPage=3221, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467811400049051, articleId=1308467811194528154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Extraction process optimization, purification and anti-aging activity investigation of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide (PKP), purify it to obtain the component PKP-1, analyze its chemical composition, and evaluate its anti-aging activity based on the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Single-factor and orthogonal tests determined the optimal extraction conditions as follows: extraction time 2 h, liquid-to-material ratio 10∶1 mL·g-1, and 3 extraction cycles. Subsequently, PKP was purified through ethanol precipitation, decolorization, deproteinization, dialysis, and DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography, yielding the major fraction PKP-1. Analysis using the phenol-sulfuric acid method, BCA assay, sulfuric acid-carbazole method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that PKP-1 had a total sugar content of 86.36% ± 3.16%, contained no detectable protein or uronic acid, and its monosaccharides were primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and arabinose. Anti-aging activity assays in the C. elegans model demonstrated that PKP-1 significantly enhanced the worms' stress resistance, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin, and effectively prolonged their lifespan. The results demonstrate that the optimized extraction process is efficient and feasible, and the purified PKP-1 exhibits high purity, is primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and arabinose, and possesses significant anti-aging bioactivity.

, authors=Hai-tao GUO1, Yuan-yuan JIANG2, Hao LIU1, Zhi-xing HUANG1, Heng CHEN1, Shu-qi LI1, Shao-jun YU1, Cui-ran YIN1, Yong-gang LIU1, *, Tao MA1, *, authorsList=Hai-tao GUO, Yuan-yuan JIANG, Hao LIU, Zhi-xing HUANG, Heng CHEN, Shu-qi LI, Shao-jun YU, Cui-ran YIN, Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467813832745376, articleId=1308467811194528154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=滇黄精多糖的提取工艺优化、纯化及其抗衰老活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在优化滇黄精多糖(Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide, PKP) 的提取工艺, 纯化获得组分PKP-1, 分析其化学组成, 并基于秀丽隐杆线虫模型评估其抗衰老活性。通过单因素和正交试验确定了最佳提取条件为: 提取时间2 h, 液料比10∶1 (mL·g-1), 提取3次。随后, 采用醇沉、脱色、除蛋白、透析和DEAE-52离子交换柱层析对PKP进行纯化, 得到主要组分PKP-1。利用苯酚-硫酸法、BCA试剂盒、硫酸-咔唑法、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR) 和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS) 分析表明, PKP-1总糖含量为86.36% ± 3.16%, 不含蛋白质和糖醛酸, 其单糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖组成。在线虫模型中的抗衰老活性实验显示, PKP-1能显著增强线虫的抗逆性、降低活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和脂褐素的积累, 并有效延长其寿命。结果表明, 所优化的提取工艺高效可行, 纯化获得的PKP-1纯度较高, 主要由果糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖构成, 并具有显著的抗衰老生物活性。

, authors=郭海涛1, 姜媛媛2, 刘浩1, 黄智兴1, 陈恒1, 李姝琪1, 余少君1, 尹翠然1, 刘永刚1, *, 马涛1, *, authorsList=郭海涛, 姜媛媛, 刘浩, 黄智兴, 陈恒, 李姝琪, 余少君, 尹翠然, 刘永刚, 马涛, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘永刚, 马涛, authorNote=

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

郭海涛与姜媛媛负责实验设计、实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 刘浩、黄智兴、陈恒负责文章修改及实验操作; 李姝琪、余少君、尹翠然负责文献查阅及整理; 马涛和刘永刚负责实验设计及文章审阅。

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘永刚, E-mail:
马涛, E-mail:
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Reproduction, 2020, 159: R189-R201., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1308498351520318378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498351528706987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, companyId=1308498351520318378, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498351537095596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, companyId=1308498351520318378, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1308498351600010157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498351604204462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, companyId=1308498351600010157, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Bei Gene, Ltd., Beijing 100022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1308498351612593071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, companyId=1308498351600010157, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2百济神州 (北京) 生物科技有限公司, 北京 100022)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1308498356201161710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9n6BKE/Z673wQWnMp82MCw==, figureFileBig=6YFFH1TF4jentJ43H6331Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498356259881967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, language=CN, label=Fig.1, caption=Purification and characterization of PKP-1. 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PKP: Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide; Ara: Arabinose; Xyl: Xylose; Rha: Rhamnose; Fuc: Fucose; Man: Mannose; Glc: Glucose; Gal: Galactose; Fru: Fructose; IS: Inositol hexaacetate, figureFileSmall=9n6BKE/Z673wQWnMp82MCw==, figureFileBig=6YFFH1TF4jentJ43H6331Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498356360545264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Hbn0Wm/+crNgllwFwv8EQw==, figureFileBig=mR3vAK0uTqXErrI/JtWo+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498356574454770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different concentrations of PKP-1 on C.elegans. A: Survival curve of C. elegans under acute oxidative stress; B: Survival curve of C. elegans under the stimulation of high temperature stress (37 ℃); C: Survival curve of C. elegans. n = 30, via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and log-rank test (Mantel-Cox); D: Representative fluorescence micrograph for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; E: Effect of PKP-1 on worm ROS production; F: Representative fluorescence micrograph for lipofuscin accumulation; G: Effect of PKP-1 on worm lipofuscin accumulation. n = 60, $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control, figureFileSmall=Hbn0Wm/+crNgllwFwv8EQw==, figureFileBig=mR3vAK0uTqXErrI/JtWo+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308498356658340851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467811194528154, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LevelABC
Extracting time/hLiquid-solid ratio/mL·g-1Extracting times
11.5102
22.0123
32.5144
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Factors and levels of orthogonal experiment design

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LevelABC
Extracting time/hLiquid-solid ratio/mL·g-1Extracting times
11.5102
22.0123
32.5144
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No.ABCDPolysaccharide yield /%
X1X2
1111118.9119.83
2122225.7926.71
3133326.6626.2
4212332.3934.5
5223127.3625.6
6231228.9227.54
7313223.2922.79
8321323.8924.26
9332128.3729.26
K124.0225.2923.8924.89
K229.3925.6029.5029.72
K325.3127.8325.3227.98
Range5.372.545.614.83
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Orthogonal test results of extraction method. X1 and X2: The polysaccharide yield of two parallel experiments at each factor level; A: Extracting time; B: Liquid-solid ratio; C: Extracting times; D: Blank column

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No.ABCDPolysaccharide yield /%
X1X2
1111118.9119.83
2122225.7926.71
3133326.6626.2
4212332.3934.5
5223127.3625.6
6231228.9227.54
7313223.2922.79
8321323.8924.26
9332128.3729.26
K124.0225.2923.8924.89
K229.3925.6029.5029.72
K325.3127.8325.3227.98
Range5.372.545.614.83
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SourceSum of squaresMean squareFSig.
A0.0090.00514.223< 0.001
B0.0020.0013.4710.068
C0.0100.00515.416< 0.001
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Results of ANOVA (df=2). df: Degree of freedom

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SourceSum of squaresMean squareFSig.
A0.0090.00514.223< 0.001
B0.0020.0013.4710.068
C0.0100.00515.416< 0.001
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滇黄精多糖的提取工艺优化、纯化及其抗衰老活性研究
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郭海涛 1 , 姜媛媛 2 , 刘浩 1 , 黄智兴 1 , 陈恒 1 , 李姝琪 1 , 余少君 1 , 尹翠然 1 , 刘永刚 1, * , 马涛 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(10): 3214-3221
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (10) : 3214 -3221
滇黄精多糖的提取工艺优化、纯化及其抗衰老活性研究
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郭海涛1, 姜媛媛2, 刘浩1, 黄智兴1, 陈恒1, 李姝琪1, 余少君1, 尹翠然1, 刘永刚1, * , 马涛1, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 100029
  • 2百济神州 (北京) 生物科技有限公司, 北京 100022
通讯作者:
刘永刚, E-mail:
马涛, E-mail:
作者简介:

#共同第一作者.

作者贡献:

郭海涛与姜媛媛负责实验设计、实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 刘浩、黄智兴、陈恒负责文章修改及实验操作; 李姝琪、余少君、尹翠然负责文献查阅及整理; 马涛和刘永刚负责实验设计及文章审阅。

Extraction process optimization, purification and anti-aging activity investigation of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides
Hai-tao GUO1, Yuan-yuan JIANG2, Hao LIU1, Zhi-xing HUANG1, Heng CHEN1, Shu-qi LI1, Shao-jun YU1, Cui-ran YIN1, Yong-gang LIU1, * , Tao MA1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 2Bei Gene, Ltd., Beijing 100022, China
出版时间: 2025-10-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0600
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本研究旨在优化滇黄精多糖(Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide, PKP) 的提取工艺, 纯化获得组分PKP-1, 分析其化学组成, 并基于秀丽隐杆线虫模型评估其抗衰老活性。通过单因素和正交试验确定了最佳提取条件为: 提取时间2 h, 液料比10∶1 (mL·g-1), 提取3次。随后, 采用醇沉、脱色、除蛋白、透析和DEAE-52离子交换柱层析对PKP进行纯化, 得到主要组分PKP-1。利用苯酚-硫酸法、BCA试剂盒、硫酸-咔唑法、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR) 和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS) 分析表明, PKP-1总糖含量为86.36% ± 3.16%, 不含蛋白质和糖醛酸, 其单糖主要由果糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖组成。在线虫模型中的抗衰老活性实验显示, PKP-1能显著增强线虫的抗逆性、降低活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和脂褐素的积累, 并有效延长其寿命。结果表明, 所优化的提取工艺高效可行, 纯化获得的PKP-1纯度较高, 主要由果糖、葡萄糖和阿拉伯糖构成, 并具有显著的抗衰老生物活性。

滇黄精  /  多糖  /  工艺考察  /  线虫  /  抗衰老

This study aimed to optimize the extraction process of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide (PKP), purify it to obtain the component PKP-1, analyze its chemical composition, and evaluate its anti-aging activity based on the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) model. Single-factor and orthogonal tests determined the optimal extraction conditions as follows: extraction time 2 h, liquid-to-material ratio 10∶1 mL·g-1, and 3 extraction cycles. Subsequently, PKP was purified through ethanol precipitation, decolorization, deproteinization, dialysis, and DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography, yielding the major fraction PKP-1. Analysis using the phenol-sulfuric acid method, BCA assay, sulfuric acid-carbazole method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that PKP-1 had a total sugar content of 86.36% ± 3.16%, contained no detectable protein or uronic acid, and its monosaccharides were primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and arabinose. Anti-aging activity assays in the C. elegans model demonstrated that PKP-1 significantly enhanced the worms' stress resistance, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin, and effectively prolonged their lifespan. The results demonstrate that the optimized extraction process is efficient and feasible, and the purified PKP-1 exhibits high purity, is primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and arabinose, and possesses significant anti-aging bioactivity.

Polygonatum kingianum  /  polysaccharide  /  process optimization  /  Caenorhabditis elegans  /  anti-aging
郭海涛, 姜媛媛, 刘浩, 黄智兴, 陈恒, 李姝琪, 余少君, 尹翠然, 刘永刚, 马涛. 滇黄精多糖的提取工艺优化、纯化及其抗衰老活性研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3214 -3221 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0600
Hai-tao GUO, Yuan-yuan JIANG, Hao LIU, Zhi-xing HUANG, Heng CHEN, Shu-qi LI, Shao-jun YU, Cui-ran YIN, Yong-gang LIU, Tao MA. Extraction process optimization, purification and anti-aging activity investigation of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharides[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (10) : 3214 -3221 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0600
中国当今已逐渐步入老龄化社会, 抗衰老已经成为热门话题。研究表明, 衰老会引发各种严重疾病, 包括糖尿病、阿尔茨海默病(AD) 以及心脑血管疾病等。因此, 抗衰老研究变得至关重要。科学家们揭示, 伴随着机体衰老的进行, 自身代谢能力逐渐降低, 引起活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 堆积, 进而引发氧化损伤, 引起细胞死亡、器官功能衰退等问题。因此, 抗氧化、延缓衰老研究对于逐渐步入老龄化的今天具有重要的临床预防与治疗疾病意义[1, 2]。
黄精为百合科植物滇黄精Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.、多花黄精Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.或黄精Polygonatum sibiricum Red.的干燥根茎。黄精中含有多种营养物质及有效成分[3, 4], 具有抗衰老、抗炎、降血糖、改善记忆等活性[5-7]。其中, 多糖为黄精的主要有效成分, 中国药典中规定多糖为黄精的质量标志物。已有研究表明, 植物多糖具有多种提取方法, 包括溶剂提取法、酶解法、微波辅助提取法、超声辅助提取法等[8-11]。但由于高温、超声、微波等在不合适的条件下均会破坏多糖结构[12, 13], 故考察出适合实验大规模提取黄精多糖的工艺较为重要, 水提醇沉法提取多糖门槛低、操作简单, 本文将依次采用方法学考察决定苯酚硫酸法进行多糖定量的可行性, 并通过单因素考察、三因素三水平正交试验确定适合实验大规模提取滇黄精多糖(Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide, PKP) 的工艺。之后, 通过脱色、Sevage除蛋白、透析、离子交换柱层析等工序获得纯多糖PKP-1, 并分析其化学组成。
此外, 秀丽隐杆线虫的基因组有大量与人类疾病基因同源。由于其生长周期短、操作简单、衰老特征明显且便于观察的特性, 秀丽隐杆线虫作为研究衰老的模型获得广泛认可[14-16]。本研究将通过秀丽隐杆线虫, 研究PKP-1的抗衰老活性, 为后续研究提供参考。
样品  滇黄精来自云南大姚县春苗中药材种植有限公司, 经北京中医药大学刘永刚教授鉴定为百合科黄精属植物滇黄精(Polygonatum kingianum Coll. et Hemsl.)。
试剂  无水乙醇(20230901)、正丁醇(20240122)、甲醇(20240501309), 福晨(天津) 化学试剂有限公司; 活性炭(20231127), 天津市光复科技发展有限公司; 氯化钠(20221201)、苯酚(20220901324), 天津市致远化学试剂有限公司; 无水氯化钙(20230701)、无水硫酸镁(20221008)、氢氧化钠(20240801)、乙酸酐(20200824)、三氯甲烷(20240116)、硫酸(20240312), 北京化工厂有限责任公司; BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(051023230825), 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; 胆固醇(180805), 北京博奥拓达科技有限公司; 琼脂粉(24240305014), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 酵母提取物(441479002)、胰蛋白胨(3668481)、蛋白胨(20220530), 赛默飞世尔科技有限公司; 5-氟尿嘧啶(C15550723)、次氯酸钠(20230201), 上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 磷酸氢二钾(20220118)、磷酸二氢钾(20231206)、磷酸氢二钠(20230221)、磷酸二氢钠(20210904), 天津大茂化学试剂有限公司; H2DCFDA活性氧(ROS) 荧光探针(2303X230376), 南京建成生物工程研究所; D-(+)-无水葡萄(N0318230668)、3 500 Da透析袋(O19IS226133), 上海源叶生物科技有限公司; D-果糖(C14537329)、D-半乳糖(C16197081)、D-阿拉伯糖(C15967614)、D-木糖(C16446118)、D-甘露糖(C15927323)、L-鼠李糖(C16719492)、L-岩藻糖(C16465413)、D-半乳糖醛酸(C16211172)、咔唑(C16724267)、肌醇(C16246464)、三氟乙酸(C17452814)、甲氧基胺盐酸盐(C16268168), 上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司; 吡啶(RH611382)、盐酸羟胺(RH584036), 上海易恩化学技术有限公司; DEAE-52 (DEL2309S), 赛谱锐思(北京) 科技有限公司。
仪器  BJPX-WB26恒温水浴锅(济南鑫盈生物科技有限公司); Sorvall ST-8R离心机和A51119500C酶标仪(赛默飞世尔科技有限公司); LGJ-10真空冷冻干燥机(北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司); Agilent 7890B-5977A气相色谱质谱联用仪、HP-5气相色谱柱(美国安捷伦科技有限公司); BT125D十万分之一电子天平(德国Satorious公司); SPX-250生化培养箱(北京科伟永兴仪器有限公司); SP8激光共聚焦显微镜(德国Leica公司); D-LH/LC荧光倒置显微镜(尼康映像仪器销售中国有限公司); D1008迷你离心机(大龙兴创实验仪器股份公司); VORTEX-7涡旋振荡器(海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); YXQLS-100SII立式压力蒸汽灭菌器(上海博迅实业有限公司医疗设备厂)。
线虫及菌株  野生型秀丽隐杆线虫N2 (C. elegans wild-type) 线虫株; 尿嘧啶渗漏突变型大肠杆菌(E. coli OP50), 均购自美国CGC (Caenorhabditis Genetics Center)。
多糖含量测定  参考Zhang等[17]的方法, 建立糖的标准曲线, 按式(1) 计算PKP提取液的多糖得率:
$ \begin{aligned}&\text { 多糖得率 }(\%)=\\&\frac{\text { 多糖浓度 } \times \text { 稀释倍数 } \times \text { 溶液体积 }}{\text { 药材重量 }} \times 100 \%\end{aligned} $
精密度实验  精密量取1 mL黄精多糖样品溶液, 按上述实验操作, 连续测定6次, 按式(2) 计算RSD值。
$ \operatorname{RSD}(\%)=\frac{\text { 标准差 }}{\text { 算术平均值 }} \times 100 \%$
稳定性实验  精密量取1 mL黄精多糖样品溶液, 按上述实验操作, 在0、10、20、30、40、50、60 min后测量吸光度, 按式(2) 计算RSD值。
重复性实验  精密量取6份相同浓度的黄精多糖溶液1 mL, 按上述实验操作, 按式(2) 计算RSD值。
加样回收实验  精密量取9份已知浓度的黄精多糖溶液1 mL, 加入分别为其含量80%、100%、120%的干燥至恒重的葡萄糖对照品, 按上述实验操作, 按式(3) 计算加样回收率并按式(2) 计算RSD值。
$ \begin{aligned}&\text { 加样回收率 }(\%)=\\&\frac{\text { 实测多糖含量 } - \text { 已知浓度样品多糖含量 } }{\text { 加入葡萄糖标准品含量 }} \times 100 \%\end{aligned}$
单因素实验  称取滇黄精样品粉末20 g, 按液料比10∶1加去离子水, 提取次数1次, 温度75 ℃, 提取时间分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 h, 分别定容1 000 mL, 测多糖得率; 根据前述实验方法, 固定提取次数1次, 提取时间2.0 h, 温度75 ℃, 液料比分别为6∶1、8∶1、10∶1、12∶1、14∶1, 分别定容1 000 mL, 测多糖得率; 根据前述实验方法, 固定液料比10∶1, 提取时间2.0 h, 温度75 ℃, 提取次数分别为1、2、3、4、5次, 分别定容1 500 mL, 测多糖得率。
正交试验  以多糖得率为检测指标, 提取时间(A)、加水倍量(B)、提取次数(C) 为考察因素, 设计三因素三水平进行L9(3)4正交设计, 因素水平设置见表1, 平行两组。
粗多糖初步纯化  按照上述考察的最优提取方法提取多糖, 55 ℃旋蒸浓缩, 浓缩液加入无水乙醇至终浓度为80%, 静置过夜, 离心, 收集沉淀, 95%乙醇洗涤沉淀三次, 得黄精多糖粗品。将沉淀用适量水复溶后, 加入4%的活性炭粉末脱色, 40 ℃振荡1 h, 离心(4 000 r·min-1, 20 min) 收集上清液。合并上清液后加入与上清液体积比4∶1的Sevage试剂(氯仿∶正丁醇= 4∶1) 混合, 振荡20 min后离心, 取上清液, 重复操作至多糖溶液下层无黄白色变性蛋白质。后经3 500 Da透析袋透析, 冻干得到初步纯化后PKP, 用于后续实验。
离子交换柱分离  称取上述实验所得PKP粉末500 mg溶于10 mL去离子水, 过0.45 μm滤膜后, 加样于预处理后的DEAE-52。依次使用脱气后的去离子水、0.1和0.5 mol·L-1的NaCl溶液洗脱。每10 mL收集一管, 分别用苯酚-硫酸法[18]测吸光度, 绘制洗脱曲线, 按峰合并, 减压浓缩, 透析除盐, 冷冻干燥。
PKP-1总糖含量测定  精密称取10 mg PKP-1于10 mL量瓶, 配置为1 mg·mL-1溶液。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量, 重复三次。
PKP-1蛋白质含量测定  使用BCA试剂盒测定多糖中蛋白质含量, 以牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 为标准品, 代入回归方程测蛋白质含量, 重复三次。
PKP-1糖醛酸含量测定  称取5 mg多糖于50 mL量瓶中, 用超纯水定容, 采用硫酸-咔唑法[19]测定多糖中糖醛酸含量, 用半乳糖醛酸(GalA) 建立标准曲线。因为中性糖本身会干扰糖醛酸测定[20], 故以果糖为空白对照, 重复三次。
FT-IR光谱测定  用压片法, 对样品进行傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR) 分析, 在400~4 000 cm-1内进行扫描, 获得光谱图。
单糖组成及比例分析  单糖组分测定采用GC-MS法定, 参考Li等[21]的方法合成内标物肌醇六乙酸酯(IS), 参考Qin等[22]方法进行衍生化, 并适当调整: 在90 ℃下用2 mol·L-1 TFA (2 mL) 水解5 mg PKP-1多糖8 h, 除去残余的TFA。对于醛糖, 水解产物与盐酸羟胺吡啶溶液(0.5 mL, 10 mg) 90 ℃反应30 min, 随后与0.5 mL乙酸酐90 ℃反应30 min。对于酮糖, 将水解产物用甲氧基胺盐酸盐吡啶溶液(0.5 mL, 10 mg) 70 ℃反应60 min, 并与0.5 mL乙酸酐45 ℃衍生60 min, 将肌醇六乙酸酯用作内标(IS)。依据各色谱峰出峰时间可得到样品单糖组成, 根据峰面积可按式(4) 计算出各种单糖的摩尔比。wx: 样品中目标单糖质量(mg); wi: 内标物质量(mg); Ax, Ai: 样品中单糖与内标的峰面积; f: 校正因子, 通过标准品获得(ws: 标品质量; As: 标品峰面积)。
$ w_{x} = \frac{{A}_{\mathrm{x}}\times {w}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{i}}\times f} \;\;f = \frac{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}\times {w}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{i}}\times {w}_{\mathrm{s}}} $
气质条件  色谱柱采用HP-5气相色谱柱(30 mm × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm)。进样量1 μL, 分流比50∶1, 载气为高纯度氦气, 流速1 mL·min-1; 程序升温: 初始柱温170 ℃持续5 min, 以4 ℃·min-1升至180 ℃保持5 min, 再以5 ℃·min-1升至225 ℃保持3 min, 最后以20 ℃·min-1快速升温至280 ℃; 温度设定: 进样口温度250 ℃, MSD传输管线温度150 ℃, 检测器温度230 ℃, 四级杆温度150 ℃。
线虫急性氧化应激实验  参考Wang等[23]方法培养线虫并同步化, 后将同步化至L4期的线虫分别暴露于含0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·mL-1 PKP-1的培养基中, 处理4天。每组挑30条线虫于含4% H2O2的NGM培养基, 20 ℃恒温培养, 每间隔1 h记录存活数量直至全部死亡, 独立重复实验3次。
线虫急性热应激实验  参考Pang等[16]的方法, 将暴露处理4天后的线虫, 每组各挑30条于无OP50的NGM培养基, 在37 ℃培养箱中培养, 每小时监测存活率至全部死亡, 重复实验3次。
线虫体内ROS水平检测  参考Wang等[23]方法, 将暴露处理5天后的线虫用M9缓冲液洗下, 除上清液, 并洗涤3次。随后加入DCFH-DA荧光探针(10 μmol·L-1) 100 μL, 20 ℃避光孵育2 h, 洗涤3次后麻醉固定。用倒置荧光显微镜拍照, ImageJ软件定量分析荧光强度, 每组60条线虫, 重复3次。
线虫体内脂褐素检测  参考Pang等[16]的方法, 将暴露处理5天后的线虫用M9缓冲液洗下, 除上清液, 并洗涤3次后麻醉固定。用倒置荧光显微镜拍照, ImageJ软件定量分析荧光强度, 每组60条线虫, 重复3次。
线虫寿命实验  参考Song等[24]的方法, 将同步化至L4期的线虫暴露于含50 μmol·L-1 5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluoro-2-deoxyuridine) 及不同浓度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·mL-1) PKP-1的培养基中, 每组30条, 20 ℃培养, 每日统计存活个体并移除死亡线虫, 直至线虫全部死亡, 重复3次。
统计学方法  统计分析由GraphPad Prism 9.5.0和IBM SPSS Statistics 27进行, 结果以均值±标准差($ \overline{x} $ ± s) 表示。如符合正态分布及方差齐性时用ANOVA方差分析, 非正态分布则采用Wilcoxon秩和检验; 对于寿命测定, 通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析及对数秩检验(Mantel-Cox) 评估显著性, P < 0.05为差异显著。
精密量取1 mL黄精多糖样品溶液, 用苯酚-硫酸法连续测定6次, 计算RSD为0.177%, 表明该测定方法精密度良好。
精密量取1 mL黄精多糖样品溶液, 用苯酚-硫酸法在0、10、20、30、40、50、60 min后测量吸光度, 计算RSD为0.231%, 表明该测定方法稳定性良好。
精密量取6份相同浓度的黄精多糖溶液1 mL, 用苯酚-硫酸法测定, 计算RSD为3.192%, 表明该测定方法重复性良好。
加样回收实验计算得平均加样回收率为102.089%, RSD为2.200%, 实验结果表明该方法可行。
温度75 ℃下, 提取1次, 每次2 h, 测定不同液料比(6∶1、8∶1、10∶1、12∶1、14∶1) 时黄精多糖得率, 液料比从6∶1到12∶1时, 多糖得率明显提高, 并在12∶1时达到最大。随液料比增加, 黄精组织与水溶液间的浓度梯度增大, 可促进多糖扩散。比例大于12∶1时, 多糖得率下降, 可能是黄精粉末中其他成分溶出, 影响多糖得率。故选择加水倍量10∶1、12∶1、14∶1考察。
温度75 ℃下, 液料比10∶1, 提取1次, 测定不同提取时间(0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 h) 时黄精多糖得率, 提取时间从0.5 h到2.0 h时, 多糖得率明显提高, 并在2.0 h时达到最大。继续延长时间后, 多糖得率下降, 可能是因为长时间高温提取导致多糖分解, 从而影响多糖得率。故选择提取时间1.5、2.0、2.5 h考察。
温度75 ℃下, 液料比10∶1, 每次提取2 h, 测定不同提取次数(1、2、3、4、5次) 时黄精多糖得率, 提取次数从1到3次时, 多糖得率明显提高, 而在3次后多糖得率下降, 可能是因为3次提取后, 黄精多糖已几乎完全溶出, 增加次数使得损耗加剧。故选择提取次数2、3、4次考察。
以多糖得率为评价指标, 正交结果见表2, 极差C > A > B, 表明三个因素对黄精多糖提取的影响作用为: 提取次数 > 提取时间 > 液料比。
通过IBM SPSS Statistics 27对正交试验数据进行方差分析, 结果显示(表3), 提取时间、提取次数对实验结果有显著性影响(P < 0.001), 液料比不显著(P = 0.068 > 0.05)。提取时间A2优于A1、A3, 提取次数C2优于C1、C3。最终结合考虑时间及能源成本, 尽管液料比12∶1得率略高, 但10∶1可减少水量及能源消耗, 确定提取最佳工艺为A2B1C2, 即: 提取时间2 h、液料比10∶1 (mL·g-1)、提取3次。
洗脱曲线如图1A所示, 采用DEAE-52离子交换柱, 分别以去离子水、0.1和0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl溶液梯度洗脱, 分离得到3个多糖组分, 分别命名为PKP-1、PKP-2、PKP-3, 其中PKP-1为中性多糖, PKP-2、PKP-3为酸性多糖, PKP-1产率最高, 用于后续实验。
PKP-1多糖中的总糖含量通过苯酚-硫酸法测定, 得线性回归方程为y = 0.005 7 x + 0.037 8, R2 = 0.999, 拟合度良好。由曲线方程计算得出PKP-1多糖的总糖含量为86.36% ± 3.16%。
PKP-1多糖中的蛋白质含量通过BCA试剂盒测定, 得线性回归方程为y = 0.936 x + 0.182 2, R2 = 0.999 7, 拟合度良好。在此过程中未检测出蛋白, 证明蛋白清除彻底。
PKP-1多糖中的糖醛酸含量通过硫酸-咔唑法测定, 得线性回归方程为y = 0.001 3 x + 0.045 7, R2 = 0.999, 拟合度良好。排除果糖空白对照吸光度后, 由回归方程计算未检测到糖醛酸, 与FT-IR分析结果一致。
FT-IR分析结果如图1B所示, 其中3 285.52 cm-1处的强峰为O-H的伸缩振动峰, 2 929.51、2 871.82 cm-1处的弱峰是C-H伸缩振动峰, 1 640.51 cm-1为O-H弯曲振动峰, 这些均为糖的特征吸收峰。1 413.40和1 318.87 cm-1分别为C-H和C-O弯曲振动峰。1 150.00~1 010.00 cm-1附近为C-O-C伸缩振动峰, 有3个吸收峰时为吡喃糖, 具有2个吸收峰为呋喃糖, PKP-1具有1 123.68、1 011.36 cm-1处两个吸收峰, 证明存在呋喃糖。922.35和810.64 cm-1的吸收峰表明具有β-型果糖呋喃糖。1 730.00 cm-1左右不具吸收峰, 证明不含有糖醛酸, 与糖醛酸含量检测结果一致。
GC-MS分析结果见图1C~F。可见PKP-1多糖主要由3种单糖组成, 分别是Fru、Glc、Ara, 其摩尔百分比为Fru∶Glc∶Ara = 87.74%∶8.69%∶3.56%, 可见PKP-1是个以果糖为主要单糖组成的果聚糖。
研究表明, 果聚糖具有显著的抗氧化活性[25], 且如前文所述PKP-1具有高果糖含量(87.74%), 参考相关文献[26]本实验设置空白组及0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·mL-1三个不同浓度的PKP-1给药组, 通过分析PKP-1对线虫抗氧化应激能力的改善程度, 探讨PKP-1最佳给药浓度范围, 为后续实验提供依据。结果如图2A所示。浓度为0.5 (P < 0.01)、1.0 (P < 0.01)、2.0 (P < 0.001) mg·mL-1的PKP-1溶液均能显著改善N2线虫的抗氧化应激能力, 其中2.0 mg·mL-1的给药浓度效果最佳。本项研究证明, PKP-1具有抗氧化损伤能力, 能显著提高N2线虫在氧化应激条件下的存活率, 且在一定浓度范围内与抗氧化损伤能力具有正相关作用。
高温会使线虫体内产生大量的ROS, 造成氧化应激[27, 28], 而增强应激能力与延长寿命具有直接关系, 本项研究主要探讨PKP-1缓解线虫在急性热应激下所致氧化损伤的作用。结果如图2B所示。浓度为0.5 (P < 0.05)、1.0 (P < 0.01)、2.0 (P < 0.001) mg·mL-1的PKP-1溶液均能显著改善N2线虫的抗热应激能力。其中, 同线虫抗氧化应激实验结果一致, 2.0 mg·mL-1的给药浓度效果最佳。本项研究证明, PKP-1在一定浓度范围内与抗热应激能力具有正相关作用, 能显著提高N2线虫在热应激条件下的存活率。
伴随着机体衰老的进行, 自身代谢能力逐渐降低, 导致ROS在体内积累, 造成氧化损伤[29]。PKP-1对N2线虫体内ROS水平的影响, 如图2D、E所示, 0.5 (P < 0.05)、1.0 (P < 0.001)、2.0 (P < 0.001) mg·mL-1的PKP-1溶液均能显著降低线虫体内ROS水平, 且2.0 mg·mL-1效果最佳。这表明PKP-1具有一定的抗氧化功效。
伴随着线虫衰老的进行, 线虫体内的脂褐素随年龄逐渐积累, 并自发产生荧光。PKP-1对N2线虫体内脂褐素堆积水平的影响, 如图2F、G所示, 浓度为0.5 (P < 0.001)、1.0 (P < 0.001)、2.0 (P < 0.001) mg·mL-1的PKP-1溶液均能显著降低线虫体内脂褐素堆积水平, 且2.0 mg·mL-1效果最佳。结合上述实验可推测PKP-1具有通过抗氧化从而实现一定的减缓衰老的功效。
各个给药浓度的PKP-1组的线虫寿命较空白组均有显著提升(P < 0.05), 如图2C所示, 结合上述实验, 均表明PKP-1具有抗衰老功效。
黄精是我国传统药材, 其味甘、性平、无毒。其中滇黄精主产自中国云南、四川、贵州。多糖为黄精的主要活性物质, 作为10个及以上单糖聚合而成的天然高分子化合物, 其具有抗氧化、降血糖、提高免疫力等多种药理活性[30], 具有极高的研究价值。目前对黄精多糖提取工艺的研究存在液料比过高, 提取工艺复杂等问题。故本实验先通过方法学考察, 证明苯酚硫酸法检测多糖含量的可靠性。之后采用三因素三水平正交试验, 考察适合大规模操作的PKP提取工艺, 确立提取时间2 h, 液料比10∶1 (mL·g-1), 提取3次的最佳工艺。按最佳工艺提取粗黄精多糖后, 通过醇沉、脱色、Sevage法除蛋白、透析以及DEAE-52柱层析得到PKP-1。之后, 通过苯酚硫酸法[18]、BCA试剂盒、硫酸-咔唑法[20]等方法, 分别检测出PKP-1总糖含量为86.36% ± 3.16%, 不含蛋白质与糖醛酸。
单糖组成对多糖的生物活性具有显著影响, 本文通过GC-MS[22]法, 检测出PKP-1由Fru、Glc、Ara组成(Fru∶Glc∶Ara = 87.74%∶8.69%∶3.56%), 为果聚糖。有文献证明果聚糖具有显著的抗氧化活性[25], 且抗氧化与抗衰老密切相关[31], 故本文后续对PKP-1的抗衰老活性进行了评估。
通过C. elegans实验评估了PKP-1的抗衰老活性。结果表明, 与空白组线虫相比, 在0.5、1.0、2.0 mg·mL-1浓度下, PKP-1能显著提高线虫的抗逆性(抗氧化应激、热应激), 同时降低ROS相对水平以及衰老引起的脂褐素堆积, 并能显著延长线虫寿命。这些结果表明, PKP-1具有抗衰老活性。
黄精在中国药典中被记载具有“补气养阴, 健脾, 润肺, 益肾”功效, 民间亦长期将其作为延年益寿的食疗佳品。本研究通过现代科学方法验证了其延缓整体衰老的生物学效应, 为“药食同源”理论提供了实验支持, 并为后续研究提供理论支持。

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2025年第60卷第10期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0600
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-10-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-06
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    1北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 100029
    2百济神州 (北京) 生物科技有限公司, 北京 100022

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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