Article(id=1308467932372169280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745942400000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-30, revisedDate=1752422400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789892665235, onlineDateStr=2026-09-20, pubDate=1762876800000, pubDateStr=2025-11-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789892665235, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-20, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789892665235, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789892665235, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308467818098357056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='11', pageStart='3263', pageEnd='3544', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1762876800000', pubDateStr='2025-11-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789892637990, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789893243047, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308470355954262099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308467818098357056, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3435, endPage=3446, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308467932619633217, articleId=1308467932372169280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue Granule in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats through milk metabolomics combined with biological target network analysis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue Granule (LBG) in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats through milk metabolomics combined with biological target network analysis, the model of postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats was established by "orbital bloodletting combined with exhaustive swimming under negative gravity". The behavioral indexes, blood routine parameters, immune organ index and changes of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in milk of rats were detected to evaluate the improvement effect of LBG on postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats. LC-MS milk metabolomics was applied to find the differential metabolites in the milk of rats with postpartum Qi and blood deficiency model regulated by LBG. Combined with biological target network analysis, the material basis of the efficacy, action targets and signaling pathways of LBG in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency were predicted, and molecular docking was used for verification. The animal experiments in this study were conducted in compliance with the regulations of the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Review (approval No.: SXULL2023022). LBG significantly improved the abnormal behavior, decreased blood routine parameters, immune organ damage and decreased IgG in milk of rats with postpartum Qi and blood deficiency model (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Twenty endogenous metabolites were found to be differential in milk, serving as potential biomarkers for LBG to improve postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats, and these metabolites mainly included amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides, etc. Biological target network analysis showed that its potential mechanism might be related to the signaling pathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The key components in LBG, luteolin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid, might respectively regulate the core targets of CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, affect the changes of linoleic acid endogenous metabolites in milk, and regulate the biosynthesis of steroid hormones to play its role in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency. In addition, the results of molecular docking showed that the three key components in LBG had significant binding effects with their core targets. LBG may affect the linoleic acid level in milk by regulating CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 with luteolin, ferulic acid and caffeic acid respectively, and then regulate the signaling pathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis to improve postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats.

, authors=Xiao-yi CHEN1, Fan CHENG1, Dong-lan YAN2, Sheng HUANG2, Jun-sheng TIAN1, *, authorsList=Xiao-yi CHEN, Fan CHENG, Dong-lan YAN, Sheng HUANG, Jun-sheng TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jun-sheng TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308467935765361232, articleId=1308467932372169280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒(Lvjiaobuxue Granule, LBG) 改善大鼠产后气血双虚(postpartum Qi and blood deficiency) 的作用机制。本研究通过检测行为学指标、血常规参数、免疫器官指数及乳汁免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 评价LBG改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用; 结合LC-MS乳汁代谢组学筛选差异代谢物, 运用生物靶标网络分析预测关键成分-靶点-通路关系, 并通过分子对接验证相互作用。本研究动物实验遵循山西大学科学研究伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批号: SXULL2023022)。结果显示, LBG显著改善了产后气血双虚模型大鼠的行为学异常、血常规参数降低、免疫器官损伤及乳汁IgG下降(P < 0.05、P < 0.01); 鉴定出20种内源性差异代谢物, 涉及氨基酸、脂肪酸和核苷酸类等; 生物靶标网络分析显示LBG中关键成分木犀草素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸可能分别通过调控CYP19A1、CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP3A4核心靶点, 影响乳汁中亚油酸内源性代谢物变化, 调节类固醇激素生物合成来发挥其改善产后气血双虚的作用; 分子对接证实关键成分与靶点蛋白具有强结合活性。本研究表明LBG通过多成分协同调控CYP酶介导的亚油酸代谢重编程及类固醇激素生物合成通路改善大鼠产后气血双虚。

, authors=陈晓翌1, 程帆1, 颜冬兰2, 黄胜2, 田俊生1, *, authorsList=陈晓翌, 程帆, 颜冬兰, 黄胜, 田俊生, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=田俊生, authorNote=

作者贡献:

田俊生负责文章框架思路及修改; 陈晓翌负责实验实施、处理数据及文章撰写; 程帆、颜冬兰、黄胜负责文献资料与收集。

, correspAuthorsNote=
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
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A: Behavioral indicators; B: Blood routine indicators. C group: Postpartum control group; M group: Postpartum Qi and blood deficiency model group. n = 10, x ± s. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs C group. PT: Pole test; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; HGB: Hemoglobin; HCT: Hematocrit, figureFileSmall=rCS9l7CB8OxrzoWUXaE4aQ==, figureFileBig=ceFx4MzcvnhcgbA9omN+IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499774215651989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467932372169280, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=racsMD+F8KLN9Lce/kfQqQ==, figureFileBig=7/xeXHolWwkt53TJzELzIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308499774282760854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308467932372169280, language=CN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of Lvjiaobuxue Granule (LBG) in improving Qi and blood deficiency of postpartum rats. 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乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用机制
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陈晓翌 1 , 程帆 1 , 颜冬兰 2 , 黄胜 2 , 田俊生 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(11): 3435-3446
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药学学报 |研究论文 2025 , 60 (11) : 3435 -3446
乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用机制
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陈晓翌1, 程帆1, 颜冬兰2, 黄胜2, 田俊生1, *
作者信息
  • 1山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2九芝堂股份有限公司, 湖南 长沙 410205
通讯作者:
田俊生, Tel: 86-351-7019297, E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

田俊生负责文章框架思路及修改; 陈晓翌负责实验实施、处理数据及文章撰写; 程帆、颜冬兰、黄胜负责文献资料与收集。

Exploring the mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue Granule in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats through milk metabolomics combined with biological target network analysis
Xiao-yi CHEN1, Fan CHENG1, Dong-lan YAN2, Sheng HUANG2, Jun-sheng TIAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd., Changsha 410205, China
出版时间: 2025-11-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0501
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通过乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒(Lvjiaobuxue Granule, LBG) 改善大鼠产后气血双虚(postpartum Qi and blood deficiency) 的作用机制。本研究通过检测行为学指标、血常规参数、免疫器官指数及乳汁免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 评价LBG改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用; 结合LC-MS乳汁代谢组学筛选差异代谢物, 运用生物靶标网络分析预测关键成分-靶点-通路关系, 并通过分子对接验证相互作用。本研究动物实验遵循山西大学科学研究伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批号: SXULL2023022)。结果显示, LBG显著改善了产后气血双虚模型大鼠的行为学异常、血常规参数降低、免疫器官损伤及乳汁IgG下降(P < 0.05、P < 0.01); 鉴定出20种内源性差异代谢物, 涉及氨基酸、脂肪酸和核苷酸类等; 生物靶标网络分析显示LBG中关键成分木犀草素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸可能分别通过调控CYP19A1、CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP3A4核心靶点, 影响乳汁中亚油酸内源性代谢物变化, 调节类固醇激素生物合成来发挥其改善产后气血双虚的作用; 分子对接证实关键成分与靶点蛋白具有强结合活性。本研究表明LBG通过多成分协同调控CYP酶介导的亚油酸代谢重编程及类固醇激素生物合成通路改善大鼠产后气血双虚。

驴胶补血颗粒  /  产后气血双虚  /  大鼠乳汁样本  /  代谢组学  /  生物靶标网络分析

To explore the mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue Granule (LBG) in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats through milk metabolomics combined with biological target network analysis, the model of postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats was established by "orbital bloodletting combined with exhaustive swimming under negative gravity". The behavioral indexes, blood routine parameters, immune organ index and changes of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in milk of rats were detected to evaluate the improvement effect of LBG on postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats. LC-MS milk metabolomics was applied to find the differential metabolites in the milk of rats with postpartum Qi and blood deficiency model regulated by LBG. Combined with biological target network analysis, the material basis of the efficacy, action targets and signaling pathways of LBG in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency were predicted, and molecular docking was used for verification. The animal experiments in this study were conducted in compliance with the regulations of the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Shanxi University and approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Review (approval No.: SXULL2023022). LBG significantly improved the abnormal behavior, decreased blood routine parameters, immune organ damage and decreased IgG in milk of rats with postpartum Qi and blood deficiency model (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Twenty endogenous metabolites were found to be differential in milk, serving as potential biomarkers for LBG to improve postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats, and these metabolites mainly included amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides, etc. Biological target network analysis showed that its potential mechanism might be related to the signaling pathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis. The key components in LBG, luteolin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid, might respectively regulate the core targets of CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4, affect the changes of linoleic acid endogenous metabolites in milk, and regulate the biosynthesis of steroid hormones to play its role in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency. In addition, the results of molecular docking showed that the three key components in LBG had significant binding effects with their core targets. LBG may affect the linoleic acid level in milk by regulating CYP19A1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 with luteolin, ferulic acid and caffeic acid respectively, and then regulate the signaling pathway of steroid hormone biosynthesis to improve postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats.

Lvjiaobuxue Granule  /  postpartum Qi and blood deficiency  /  rat milk sample  /  metabolomics  /  biological target network analysis
陈晓翌, 程帆, 颜冬兰, 黄胜, 田俊生. 乳汁代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析探究驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用机制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3435 -3446 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0501
Xiao-yi CHEN, Fan CHENG, Dong-lan YAN, Sheng HUANG, Jun-sheng TIAN. Exploring the mechanism of Lvjiaobuxue Granule in improving postpartum Qi and blood deficiency in rats through milk metabolomics combined with biological target network analysis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (11) : 3435 -3446 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0501
产后气血双虚是由产程失血及体力消耗引发的元气耗损与阴血亏虚的病理综合征, 典型临床表现包括面色苍白或萎黄、持续性疲劳及心悸气短, 进而导致贫血、泌乳功能障碍[1]、内分泌稳态失衡及身心应激反应, 对子代生长发育构成潜在风险。随着国家二胎、三胎生育政策调整, 高龄产妇群体比例显著上升, 产妇分娩及产后气血双虚状态的生理性复常已引起临床高度重视, 然而针对该病征的防治体系尚不完善, 同时也缺乏有效且安全可靠的干预措施。当前产后气血双虚的治疗多以食补为主, 但食补改善产后气血双虚起效较为迟缓, 且产妇在产后身体虚弱, 胃肠功能尚未恢复, 食用补气血的油腻、滋腻食物, 易因消化不良造成食物潴留, 加重胃肠负担, 引发胃肠功能紊乱。而中药复方基于辨证论治的精准治疗体系对于各种虚证均有较好的改善作用, 补血益母丸可以改善小鼠气血双虚[2], 九味补血口服液能够提升血虚证小鼠造血功能[3], 以及生脉饮用于脾虚证的治疗等[4]。驴胶补血颗粒(Lvjiaobuxue Granule, LBG) 组方采用阿胶配伍黄芪、党参及白术补气要药, 结合熟地黄、当归养血药材, 具有补血、益气、调经等作用, 临床多用于中医“虚劳病”气血双虚证的治疗。现代研究表明, 该药物对白细胞减少症、溶血性贫血、再生障碍性贫血等疾病具有明确疗效[5-7], 但针对产后气血双虚的作用及其机制研究文献报道较少。
产后气血双虚常导致泌乳功能障碍, 直接影响子代早期发育, 而乳汁作为母体向子代传递营养与生物活性物质的核心载体, 其代谢特征是反映产妇气血状态与泌乳功能的关键指标[8]。当前, 产后气血双虚的研究多局限于血清生化或母体组织, 缺乏对“气血-泌乳-子代”关联的深入解析。本研究选择大鼠乳汁作为核心样本, 通过代谢组学技术挖掘母体气血双虚在乳汁中的微观表征, 既为阐明驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的作用机制提供独特切入点, 亦为评估中药复方对母子健康的整体调节效应建立新的研究范式。
代谢组学对生物体内所有小分子代谢物进行定性定量分析, 发现其变化规律[9], 但代谢组学仅能捕捉到疾病及其治疗所导致的最终阶段变化。传统的网络药理学用于预测中药复方中生物活性化合物的靶点与特定病理状态下相关的多个基因之间的相互作用[10], 然而其应用范围仅局限于预测潜在的化合物与靶点间的配对关系, 以及对预测通路进行分析。因此本研究采用代谢组学联合生物靶标网络分析, 探究产后气血双虚模型大鼠乳汁中内源性差异代谢物的改变以及差异代谢物之间的调控关系, 并探究驴胶补血颗粒改善产后气血双虚的具体作用机制。
本研究采用“眼眶放血联合负重力竭游泳”综合造模法构建产后气血双虚大鼠模型, 以驴胶补血颗粒为干预药物, 通过一般外观状态、行为学检测指标、血常规检测指标、生化指标和脏器指数评价药效作用, 并结合血清代谢组学、乳汁代谢组学及网络药理学多靶点调控分析从“活性成分-靶点-代谢通路”三方面出发, 挖掘驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的潜在作用机制, 为拓展其在产后康复领域的临床适应症提供实验依据。
动物    SD孕鼠(SPF级, 孕14~16日龄) 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 合格证号为SCXK (京) 2021-0011。饲养温度: 室温22~24 ℃, 明暗交替周期12 h。动物实验遵循山西大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批号: SXULL2023022)。
仪器与设备    动物血液分析仪(美国DREW公司); 高速冷冻离心机(力康生物科技公司); 超声波清洗机(昆山市超声仪器有限公司); Q Exactive高分辨液质联用仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific有限公司); 真空冷冻干燥机(宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)。
药品与试剂    驴胶补血颗粒(批号: 20210114) 由九芝堂股份有限公司提供; 当归补血丸(批号: Z41021598) 购自商丘市金马药业有限公司; 乙酸铵和乙腈购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific有限公司; 氨水购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 免疫球蛋白G (IgG) ELISA试剂盒(批号: AD202402) 购自山西博萃生物科技有限公司。
动物分组、模型复制与给药    60只分娩后产仔时间相近的母鼠随机分为两组: 其中10只作为产后空白对照组(postpartum control, C组), 另外50只用于复制产后气血双虚模型。模型建立方法为: 用橡皮筋将不同重量的铁丝(大鼠体重的3%) 绑于大鼠尾部, 使其在水面上持续游泳至力竭状态, 连续14天(力竭标准为大鼠反复连续下沉, 头部连续沉入水下3次, 且每次超过5 s); 期间每隔一日进行一次眼眶放血(1 mL/100 g, 共7次)。
将复制成功的气血双虚模型大鼠随机分为5组, 每组10只, 分别为产后气血双虚模型组(model, M组)、阳性对照当归补血丸组(DBP, 1.89 g·kg-1)、驴胶补血颗粒低剂量组(LBGL, 0.84 g·kg-1)、驴胶补血颗粒中剂量组(LBGM, 1.68 g·kg-1) 和驴胶补血颗粒高剂量组(LBGH, 3.36 g·kg-1)。各组动物灌胃给药, 每天1次, 连续14天, 产后空白对照组和产后气血双虚模型组给予等体积生理盐水。于实验第28天, 使用异氟烷麻醉, 收集大鼠血液、乳汁、脾脏、胸腺等生物样本并置于超低温冰箱保存备用。
行为学指标检测    模型复制结束及药物干预结束后依据文献方法[11, 12]对各组大鼠分别进行旷场实验(open field test, OFT) 和爬杆实验(pole test, PT) 行为学指标检测。① OFT: 将每只大鼠置于旷场实验装置中1 min, 使其适应环境, 之后记录4 min内大鼠穿越格数和直立次数。每只大鼠完成实验后, 用75%乙醇溶液清洁旷场实验装置。② PT: 将大鼠头朝上放置于木杆顶部, 然后让大鼠向下攀爬, 测量并记录每只大鼠爬下木杆所需的时间。实验前, 大鼠进行一次爬杆训练。实验期间, 连续测量3次, 并记录平均值。
血常规指标检测    模型复制结束及药物干预结束后从大鼠的眼眶静脉丛抽取0.2 mL血液置于抗凝管中, 并使用动物血液分析仪对血液样本中红细胞(red blood cell, RBC)、白细胞(white blood cell, WBC)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, HGB) 和红细胞压积(hematocrit, HCT) 血常规指标进行检测分析。采血操作完成后使用无菌纱布压迫大鼠眼球止血, 应用氯霉素滴眼液预防继发感染。
免疫器官及免疫因子检测    药物干预结束后, 用异氟烷麻醉大鼠, 收集脾脏和胸腺, 称重并计算脏器指数, 脏器指数的计算公式为: 脏器指数=器官重量(g) /体重(g)。采用乳头按摩法对异氟烷麻醉状态下的母鼠进行乳汁采集, 获取乳汁样本约0.25 mL, 冰浴条件下合并转移至离心管并冻存于-80 ℃超低温环境。根据免疫球蛋白G (IgG) ELISA试剂盒说明书检测各组大鼠乳汁IgG水平。
LC-MS乳汁代谢组学检测与数据分析
乳汁样本前处理   大鼠乳汁样本经4 ℃低温复融后, 使用移液器定量转移50 μL至2 mL离心管内, 注入250 μL预冷的甲醇-乙腈-水混合溶剂(体积比2∶2∶1)。涡旋振荡30 s, 4 ℃低温超声提取5 min, 高速离心(13 000 r·min-1, 4 ℃) 15 min, 将上清液转移至离心管进行真空冷冻干燥处理。待干燥完成后, 再加入150 μL预冷的乙腈-水混合溶剂(体积比1∶1) 复溶, 经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后转移至液相进样瓶, 进行LC-MS代谢组学检测。同时取各供试样品10 μL等体积混合均匀后制成质控(QC) 样品并同步进行检测。
色谱条件和质谱条件   色谱条件: 色谱柱为Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide Column (1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 100 mm), 进样量2 μL, 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 柱温40 ℃。流动相A为纯水(含10 mmol·L-1乙酸铵、0.1%氨水), B为乙腈。流动相梯度如下: 0~5 min, 5% A; 0.5~9 min, 5%~30% A; 9~11 min, 30% A; 11~13 min, 30%~60% A; 13~13.5 min, 60%~5% A; 13.5~16 min, 5% A。质谱条件: 电喷雾离子源(ESI), 加热器温度300 ℃, 扫描模式为Full Scan/dd-MS2, 鞘气流速35 arb, 扫描范围60~900 m/z, 辅助气流速10 arb, 毛细管温度320 ℃, 碰撞能量12.5/25/37.5 eV, 喷雾电压3.5 kV (ESI⁺)、2.5 kV (ESI⁻)。
数据处理与分析   采用Compound Discoverer 3.3软件处理乳汁样本液质联用原始数据, 通过峰识别、质量数校正等参数配置完成代谢物分析, 导出为Excel格式文件, 对其进行峰面积归一化后通过SIMCA 14.1软件进行多元统计分析。
生物靶标网络分析
改善产后气血双虚成分靶点筛选   利用TCMSP数据库(https://old.tcmsp-e.com/tcmsp.php) 检索OB ≥ 30%和DL ≥ 0.18的LBG化学成分信息, 结合文献报道筛选LBG相关活性成分, 随后使用PubChem数据库(https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) 下载活性成分的SMILES结构, 并通过Swiss Target Prediction数据库(http://swisstargetprediction.ch/) 预测活性成分的靶点。以“postpartum anemia”、“postpartum fatigue”、“postpartum Qi and blood deficiency”[13, 14]为关键检索词, 在GeneCards (http://www.genecards.org/) 和OMIM (https://www.omim.org/) 数据库中收集疾病靶点。将收集到的与LBG相关的成分靶点和产后气血双虚相关的疾病靶点分别去除重复项后取交集, 得到LBG改善产后气血双虚的成分靶点。
生物靶标网络构建及作用靶点KEGG分析将乳汁代谢组学分析中LBG回调产后气血双虚模型大鼠的差异代谢物导入Cytoscape 3.10.2软件中的MatScape功能模块, 构建“差异代谢物-作用靶点-相关代谢物”生物靶标网络, 获得差异代谢物相关作用靶点。相关代谢物为与差异代谢物在代谢网络中存在直接或间接关联的其他代谢物。将LBG回调产后气血双虚模型大鼠差异代谢物的相关作用靶点与LBG改善产后气血双虚的成分靶点取交集, 应用ClueGo插件对此交集作用靶点进行KEGG通路富集分析。
重要活性成分筛选与分子对接验证   在Swiss Target Prediction数据库预测的活性成分作用靶点中, 预测结果的“概率”被用于衡量活性成分与作用靶点之间的相互作用程度, 与作用靶点所对应的“概率”排名较高的活性成分被视为重要活性成分[15]。本研究选取LBG回调产后气血双虚模型大鼠差异代谢物的相关作用靶点与LBG改善产后气血双虚成分靶点的交集作用靶点所对应的概率最高的活性成分作为LBG改善大鼠产后气血双虚的重要活性成分。利用UniProt蛋白质数据库(https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb) 获取交集作用靶点蛋白结构, 将蛋白导入PyMol 2.6.0软件中进行加氢、脱氢及电荷调整等修饰, 利用TCMSP数据库下载重要活性成分mol2格式。采用AutoDock tools 1.5.7软件对靶点蛋白与重要活性成分进行分子对接运算, 借助PyMol软件对结合构象进行三维可视化解析, 评估驴胶补血颗粒活性成分与作用靶点间的结合效能, 验证其改善产后气血双虚的重要活性成分和关键作用靶点。
统计学分析   采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件对数据进行处理, 其中符合正态分布的计量资料组间差异分析采用单因素方差分析, 不符合的则采用非参数检验, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。采用GraphPad Prism 8.0.2软件对数据进行处理, 其中符合正态分布的计量资料组间差异分析采用单因素方差分析, 不符合的则采用非参数检验, P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
与产后空白对照组比较, 产后气血双虚模型造模2周后, 大鼠一般外观状态表现为竖毛现象持续加重, 伴随水声刺激时应激性惊恐反应; 口唇苍白无血色, 耳廓血管分布稀疏; 毛发干枯稀疏, 部分区域出现脱落; 脊柱弯曲伴精神状态不佳等。
行为学检测结果(图1) 显示, 与产后空白对照组比较, 产后气血双虚模型组直立次数、穿越格数和爬杆时间均显著下降, 且具有显著性差异(P < 0.05、P < 0.01); 血常规检测结果显示模型组的红细胞、白细胞、血红蛋白和红细胞压积水平显著下降, 且具有显著性差异(P < 0.01), 表明大鼠产后气血双虚模型复制成功。
如图2A所示, 与模型组比较, 驴胶补血颗粒低、中剂量组旷场穿越格子数(P < 0.05、P < 0.01) 以及驴胶补血颗粒中、高剂量组直立次数(P < 0.05、P < 0.01) 均显著提高; 驴胶补血颗粒低、中、高剂量组和当归补血丸组爬杆时间明显增加(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。表明驴胶补血颗粒能够显著改善产后气血双虚模型大鼠的活动能力, 恢复大脑兴奋性及对环境探索欲, 提升运动耐力。
如图2B所示, 与模型组比较, 驴胶补血颗粒组和当归补血丸组红细胞水平显著增加(P < 0.01); 驴胶补血颗粒中剂量组和当归补血丸组白细胞水平显著增加(P < 0.01、P < 0.05); 驴胶补血颗粒低、中、高剂量组和当归补血丸组血红蛋白水平显著增加(P < 0.01); 驴胶补血颗粒低、中、高剂量组和当归补血丸组红细胞压积水平显著增加(P < 0.05、P < 0.01)。其中驴胶补血颗粒中剂量组效果最优, 表明驴胶补血颗粒可以恢复产后气血双虚模型大鼠的血液正常组成与功能。
如图2C所示, 与模型组比较, 驴胶补血颗粒低、中、高剂量组和当归补血丸组均显著增加脾脏指数(P < 0.01、P < 0.05); 驴胶补血颗粒低、中剂量组显著增加胸腺指数(P < 0.05); 且驴胶补血颗粒低、中、高剂量组和当归补血丸组能够显著增加乳汁IgG水平(P < 0.01、P < 0.05)。结果表明, 驴胶补血颗粒可能恢复产后气血双虚模型大鼠脾脏和胸腺免疫功能, 以及通过增加乳汁IgG含量, 为免疫器官和免疫细胞正常行使功能提供充足的物质基础与能量供应。
基于OPLS-DA的代谢物分布模式分析中R2X为0.812, R2Y为1, Q2为0.782, 模型组代谢轨迹与其他实验组显著偏离, 证实模型组存在代谢稳态失衡。驴胶补血颗粒中剂量组、当归补血丸组均远离模型组, 且驴胶补血颗粒中剂量组与产后空白组距离更近, 表明驴胶补血颗粒干预可显著改善产后气血双虚模型大鼠的乳汁代谢紊乱状态(图3A)。通过200次置换检验评估OPLS-DA统计分析模型有效性, 结果显示Q2回归线在纵坐标轴上的截距为负值, 证实该统计分析模型无过拟合风险(图3B)。产后空白对照组与产后气血双虚模型组OPLS-DA代谢物分布模式分析中R2X为0.445, R2Y为1, Q2为0.689, 产后气血双虚模型组代谢轨迹与空白对照组显著分离(图3C)。
以P < 0.05和VIP ≥ 1 (图3D) 为筛选标准, 共鉴定出乳汁中35个与产后气血双虚密切关联的差异代谢物(补充表1), 与产后空白对照组相比, 产后气血双虚模型组大鼠乳汁中亚油酸、富马酸和腺苷等28个内源性差异代谢物含量显著降低, 而花生四烯酸、胸苷和哌啶等7个内源性差异代谢物含量显著增加。
与模型组比较, 驴胶补血颗粒干预能有效调节产后气血双虚模型大鼠乳汁中20个内源性代谢物的异常波动(图4), 表现出显著的代谢稳态恢复效应, 涵盖氨基酸及其衍生物[L-天冬氨酸、赖氨酰缬氨酸、3-甲基组氨酸、3-(磺氧基)-L-酪氨酸、N-乙酰鸟氨酸]、脂肪酸及其衍生物亚油酸、核苷及核苷酸类(尿苷、腺苷、尿嘧啶、二氢胸腺嘧啶)、糖类(L-山梨糖、N-乙酰神经氨酸)、有机酸类(D-苹果酸、富马酸、异烟肼α-酮戊二酸)、其他含氮化合物(甘油磷酰胆碱、乙酰胆碱、哌啶、N-乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺、异烟肼), 从多通路证实其改善产后乳汁质量、缓解气血双虚的作用。
为了更直观地体现驴胶补血颗粒回调的乳汁差异代谢物与驴胶补血颗粒改善行为学指标异常、血常规指标及免疫指标变化之间的相关性, 使用联川生物在线分析平台(https://www.omicstudio.cn/tool) 进行相关性网络热图分析。由相关性分析结果(图5) 可知, 红细胞和穿越格数与腺苷呈正相关, 直立次数与赖氨酰缬氨酸和N-乙酰鸟氨酸呈正相关, 以及爬杆时间与亚油酸呈正相关(P < 0.05), 表明腺苷、赖氨酰缬氨酸、N-乙酰鸟氨酸及亚油酸等内源性代谢物水平的升高可能有助于驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚。
对TCMSP数据库找出的驴胶补血颗粒化学成分进行整理后, 结合文献报道[16, 17]共筛选出40个活性成分, 具体成分信息如补充表 2所示。随后使用PubChem数据库下载上述40个活性成分的SMILES结构, 并导入至Swiss Target Prediction数据库收集活性成分的靶点, 去除重复值后共获得488个活性成分靶点。对GeneCards和OMIM数据库中找出的产后气血双虚疾病靶点进行整理后共获得1 220个疾病靶点。将收集到的与驴胶补血颗粒相关的成分靶点和产后气血双虚相关的疾病靶点取交集, 得到154个驴胶补血颗粒改善产后气血双虚的成分靶点。
针对差异代谢物的靶点溯源及代谢通路解析需求, 运用Cytoscape 3.10.2的MetScape插件创建“差异代谢物-作用靶点-相关代谢物”三元交互网络(补充图1), 共涉及115个乳汁差异代谢物调控作用靶点。将驴胶补血颗粒改善产后气血双虚的154个成分靶点与差异代谢物调控的115个作用靶点取交集, 获得10个交集作用靶点, 分别为CYP1A1、CYP1A2、CYP19A1、CYP2C9、ALOX5、CYP2D6、CYP3A4、FADS1、ACHE和ADA, 10个交集作用靶点所调控的差异代谢物为亚油酸、乙酰胆碱和腺苷。
应用Cytoscape 3.10.2的ClueGo插件对10个交集作用靶点进行KEGG分析(补充表 3与图6), P值越小提示通路越关键, 主要涉及细胞色素P450对外源物质的代谢、类固醇激素生物合成、视黄醇代谢、药物代谢、化学致癌作用、亚油酸代谢和卵巢类固醇生成代谢通路。中医“气血”与性激素水平密切相关, 类固醇激素直接参与子宫内膜修复、泌乳启动及能量代谢, 而CYP450通路更偏向“解毒”功能。此外, 类固醇激素生物合成通路基因是差异代谢物亚油酸相关作用靶点, 差异代谢物与药效学检测指标相关性分析表明亚油酸水平的升高有助于改善产后气血双虚, 亚油酸通过FADS1转化为花生四烯酸, 回调的亚油酸可能通过促进胆固醇合成间接增强类固醇生成, 因此认为类固醇激素生物合成是驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的关键通路。
如补充表 4所示为10个交集作用靶点所对应的活性成分, 选择概率最高的活性成分作为驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的重要活性成分, 筛选出木犀草素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸、苍术内酯Ⅲ、梓醇和黄芪甲苷Ⅱ 6个成分, 提示这些成分可能是驴胶补血颗粒改善大鼠产后气血双虚的关键药效物质基础。分子对接结果(图7) 表明, 木犀草素与ALOX5、ACHE和CYP19A1的结合能分别为-8.6、-8.5和-8.4 kJ·mol-1, 咖啡酸与CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP3A4的结合能分别为-8.1、-6.4和-7.7 kJ·mol-1, 阿魏酸与CYP1A1的结合能为-6.2 kJ·mol-1, 苍术内酯Ⅲ与FADS1的结合能为-7.2 kJ·mol-1, 梓醇与ADA的结合能为-7 kJ·mol-1, 黄芪甲苷Ⅱ与CYP2D6的结合能为-8.5 kJ·mol-1。10对成分-靶点配体的结合能均低于-4.25 kJ·mol-1, 证实其存在显著相互作用。
母乳和血液有物质交换与运输及激素调节的密切联系。血液是营养物质的运输载体, 母体通过消化系统吸收的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质等营养成分进入血液循环。在乳腺组织中, 乳腺细胞通过特定的转运机制从血液中摄取这些营养物质, 用于合成母乳中的相应成分, 且血液中的多种免疫因子, 如免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgA)、乳铁蛋白和细胞因子等可以通过乳腺上皮细胞的选择性转运进入母乳, 成为母乳中重要的免疫保护成分, 帮助新生儿抵抗感染。
当前母乳代谢组学多体现于新生儿早期疾病的预防治疗及子代远期生长发育等方面[18], 本研究将代谢组学技术拓展至母体病理机制探索领域, 建立产后气血双虚大鼠模型, 系统解析乳源小分子差异代谢物特征, 并结合生物靶标网络分析, 阐释驴胶补血颗粒改善产后气血双虚的作用及调控机制。驴胶补血颗粒显著改善了产后气血双虚模型大鼠的异常药效学指标, 并回调了模型组乳汁中20种内源性差异代谢物的变化, 生物靶标网络分析显示驴胶补血颗粒中木犀草素、咖啡酸、阿魏酸可能通过分别调控CYP19A1、CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP3A4靶点, 影响乳汁中亚油酸内源性代谢物变化, 调节类固醇激素生物合成信号通路来发挥其改善产后气血双虚的作用, 但本研究提出的机制假设需通过药理学实验进一步验证。
直立次数反映了大鼠的探究行为和对新环境的好奇心[19], 其次数多少可以体现大鼠的精神状态、活动能力和探索能力; 穿越格数越多, 说明大鼠运动能力越强。爬杆时间越短, 表示大鼠运动耐力越弱。已有研究证实气血双虚小鼠爬杆时间显著降低[20], 且气虚血瘀证模型动物在旷场实验中平均速度、总路程和总移动时间较空白组显著下降[21]。本研究中经2周模型构建后, 大鼠直立次数减少, 气血双虚致大鼠大脑兴奋性降低, 进而减少直立探究行为; 穿越格数下降表明大鼠活动能力和兴奋性大幅降低, 活动范围缩小; 爬杆时间降低表明气血双虚无法为肌肉提供充足营养与能量, 肌肉协调能力和运动耐力全面下降。给予驴胶补血颗粒和当归补血丸干预后, 大鼠行为学指标均有不同程度改善, 表明药物可以改善大鼠身体状况与精神状态, 恢复大脑兴奋性及对环境探索欲, 为肌肉组织提供丰富营养, 提升运动耐力。
研究报道, 气血双虚模型小鼠RBC、WBC、HGB和血小板水平均显著下降, 气血双虚模型小鼠RBC、WBC、血小板和HGB水平均显著下降[22], 在本研究中经2周模型构建后, RBC、HGB、HCT与WBC含量均显著降低, 显示产后气血双虚模型大鼠发生较严重的病理改变。给予驴胶补血颗粒和当归补血丸干预后,各项血常规指标不同程度地改善, 血液正常组成与功能得以恢复。
气血双虚模型大鼠胸腺和脾脏均会出现显著萎缩的情况[23], 本研究给予驴胶补血颗粒和当归补血丸干预后, 脾脏和胸腺脏器指数得到显著回调, 表明药物干预可能恢复脾脏和胸腺免疫功能, 增强机体抗病能力。IgG作为乳汁中重要的免疫活性物质, 对新生幼鼠的免疫防御极为关键, 直接关系到新生幼鼠的体液免疫能力[24]。经2周模型构建后, 乳汁IgG含量显著降低, 说明气血双虚干扰了机体免疫功能, 给予驴胶补血颗粒和当归补血丸干预后IgG含量回升, 助力幼鼠建立被动免疫, 增强抵抗外界病原体的能力[25]。
亚油酸是人体必需脂肪酸, 研究表明亚油酸对于婴儿和儿童的生长发育尤为重要, 孕妇和哺乳期妇女摄入足够的亚油酸, 有助于胎儿和婴儿的健康发育[26]。给予驴胶补血颗粒干预后亚油酸含量上升, 有助于维持乳汁中脂肪酸的正常组成和含量。而且亚油酸能够改善脂溶性维生素吸收和调节脂肪酸能量供应[27], 其代谢产物(如前列腺素前体) 参与调节子宫收缩和乳汁分泌, 促进产后能量恢复。此外, 木犀草素可以促进亚油酸向抗炎介质转化, 改善产后炎症反应。阿魏酸、咖啡酸具有免疫调节和抗氧化作用[28], 阿魏酸抑制脂氧合酶和前列腺素E2, 发挥抗炎作用[29]; 咖啡酸提升巨噬细胞的活力和吞噬能力, 调节免疫系统、内分泌系统, 协同改善产后激素失衡[30]。
研究表明, 类固醇激素中糖皮质激素可以治疗免疫性血小板减少症, 增加免疫性血小板减少症患者血小板水平, 改善面色萎黄、体倦乏力症状[31]; 类固醇激素还具有强大的免疫抑制作用, 通过诱导T细胞中IL-7R和CXCR4的表达以及T细胞在淋巴器官中的积累来增强免疫反应[32]; 在自身免疫性疾病导致的溶血性贫血情况下, 类固醇激素通过抑制异常免疫反应, 有助于缓解病情, 间接利于造血功能的恢复和机体整体状况的改善[33]。驴胶补血颗粒可能通过激活卵巢类固醇生成, 促进雌激素和孕激素的合成, 调控子宫内膜增殖和修复[34], 从而发挥其改善大鼠气血双虚的作用。
综上, 本研究将代谢组学结合生物靶标网络分析及分子对接技术, 发现驴胶补血颗粒的重要活性成分木犀草素、阿魏酸和咖啡酸通过调控CYP19A1、CYP1A1、CYP1A2和CYP3A4靶点, 影响乳汁亚油酸内源性代谢物, 调节类固醇激素生物合成代谢通路改善大鼠产后气血双虚, 尽管多组学分析支持该调控网络的合理性, 但其因果关系仍需基于实验证据的因果推断。本研究为驴胶补血颗粒治疗产后气血双虚提供了理论依据, 也为中医药治疗产后气血双虚提供了新的思路和方向。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0501
  • 接收时间:2025-04-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-20
  • 出版时间:2025-11-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-30
  • 修回日期:2025-07-14
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    1山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2九芝堂股份有限公司, 湖南 长沙 410205

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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