Article(id=1308816800285032950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0491, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745856000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-29, revisedDate=1755273600000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789975841828, onlineDateStr=2026-09-21, pubDate=1768147200000, pubDateStr=2026-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789975841828, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789975841828, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789975841828, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1308816657934541639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2026', volume='61', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1768147200000', pubDateStr='2026-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789975807888, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789984282344, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1308852202421191557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1308816657934541639, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=283, endPage=291, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1308816800473776631, articleId=1308816800285032950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacological efficacy of brucine hydrogel microneedles in mice rheumatoid arthritis based on the dual stimulation of acupuncture and swelling, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that seriously affects human health, and the existing treatments have the disadvantages of high side effects, drug resistance and poor effectiveness. In this study, we proposed a new anti-RA strategy based on the cross-linked hydrogel "acupuncture + swelling" dual stimulation of acupoints, and investigated the efficacy of brucine hydrogel microneedles targeting for RA in mice. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee (No: 20230179) and conducted in accordance with its guidelines. A mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established, and the efficacy was investigated by using the swelling of the paw, spleen and thymus indices, histopathological sections of the ankle joints, serum levels of inflammatory factors and synovial tissue proteins, and it was found that the acupoint microneedling group and the acupoint + non-acupoint microneedling group could significantly decrease the swelling of the paw in the mouse model of CIA, reduce the swelling of the immune organs of the mice, reduce the levels of serum inflammatory factors, and improve the efficacy of CIA. Inflammatory factor content, improve the pathological state of synovial membrane and cartilage tissue of ankle joint and down-regulate the expression level of related inflammatory proteins in CIA mice, which has the effect of alleviating rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic strategy of brucine hydrogel microneedles based on "acupuncture + swelling" to stimulate the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint can significantly treat rheumatoid arthritis, which provides an important scientific basis for the subsequent development and utilisation of acupoint microneedles transdermal drug delivery system.

, authors=Shi-yun WANG1, Xin-li SONG1, 2, 3, *, Shu-qi QIAN1, Li CHEN1, Yan-li CAI1, Tao-wei SONG1, authorsList=Shi-yun WANG, Xin-li SONG, Shu-qi QIAN, Li CHEN, Yan-li CAI, Tao-wei SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xin-li SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2026 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1308816807323075076, articleId=1308816800285032950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于“针刺+膨胀”双刺激的马钱子碱水凝胶微针对大鼠类风湿性关节炎的药效研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种严重影响人类健康的疾病, 现有治疗方法存在不良反应大、耐药性和效果差等缺点。本研究提出基于交联水凝胶“针刺+ 膨胀”双刺激穴位的抗RA新策略, 探讨马钱子碱水凝胶微针(brucine hydrogel microneedles, Bru-HMNs) 对大鼠RA的药效研究。所有动物实验程序均经贵州中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No: 20230179), 并遵循其指导方针进行。建立胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠模型, 以大鼠足掌肿胀度、脾脏和胸腺指数、踝关节组织病理切片、血清中相关炎症因子及滑膜组织中蛋白的表达水平作为疗效考察指标, 发现穴位微针组、穴位+ 非穴位微针组可显著降低CIA模型大鼠足掌肿胀度、减轻大鼠免疫器官肿胀、降低血清中炎症因子含量、改善踝关节滑膜及软骨组织病理状态、下调相关炎症蛋白表达水平, 具有缓解类风湿性关节炎的作用。Bru-HMNs基于“针刺+ 膨胀”作用刺激足三里穴的治疗策略可显著治疗类风湿性关节炎, 为穴位微针经皮递药系统的后续开发利用提供重要科学依据。

, authors=王世运1, 宋信莉1, 2, 3, *, 钱舒琪1, 陈丽1, 蔡艳丽1, 宋桃伟1, authorsList=王世运, 宋信莉, 钱舒琪, 陈丽, 蔡艳丽, 宋桃伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋信莉, authorNote=

作者贡献:

王世运完成实验补充、数据整理和文章撰写; 宋信莉和宋桃伟参与文章内容的指导与监督; 钱舒琪确定文章方向和内容组成、完成实验操作; 陈丽和蔡艳丽共同完成实验设计。

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋信莉,E-mail:
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Scale bar = 500 µm; F: Single-needle electron microscope scanning diagram. Scale bar = 100 µm, figureFileSmall=d9sczwpAHvshQcnL5KI0ag==, figureFileBig=ckQLCnO5BghD4+jJZkH0RA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816814361117245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=PbdepXG6DeKyT7fpHxQdfw==, figureFileBig=5D3xmm7zaQdVCfeZCf+HbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816814445003326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=CN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evaluation of mechanical properties and in vivo drug release of microneedles. A: Front view of aluminium foil; B: Light transmission through aluminium foil; C: Graph of Taipan blue staining; D: Force-displacement curves of monolithic microneedles in compression experiments; E: H & E staining of mouse skin after brucine hydrogel microneedles action. Scale bar = 200 µm; F: HPLC chart of brucine exclusivity. 1: Control solution; 2: Test solution; 3: Blank microneedle solution; G: Graph of in vivo release rates of Bru-HMNs. n = 6, $ \overline{x} $ ± s. H & E: Hematoxylin and eosin, figureFileSmall=PbdepXG6DeKyT7fpHxQdfw==, figureFileBig=5D3xmm7zaQdVCfeZCf+HbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816814512112191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WvdfOWDQksmBfyaB3BEX8g==, figureFileBig=GOLdXr309ETMecR1hjrbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816816177250880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=CN, label=Fig.4, caption=Right hindfoot of mice after moulding. A: Right hindfoot view of blank mice and CIA model mice; B: Changes in swelling values of the foot; C: Right hindfoot diagram of mice at the end of treatment. CIA: Collagen-induced arthritis; Positive: Diclofenac diethylamine emulgel; Bru-AHMNs: Brucine acupoint hydrogel microneedles; Bru-NHMNs: Brucine non-acupoint hydrogel microneedles; Bru-DHMNs: Brucine dual-targeted hydrogel microneedles; TA: Traditional acupuncture; MP: Medicated patch, figureFileSmall=WvdfOWDQksmBfyaB3BEX8g==, figureFileBig=GOLdXr309ETMecR1hjrbaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816816265331265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=aySHlmt0FOQ0HFGUzhjEfg==, figureFileBig=wk1T94UMJnjGSM+/1NaL6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1308816816349217346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1308816800285032950, language=CN, label=Fig.5, caption=Immune organ index and H & E staining of ankle joints in mice. 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基于“针刺+膨胀”双刺激的马钱子碱水凝胶微针对大鼠类风湿性关节炎的药效研究
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王世运 1 , 宋信莉 1, 2, 3, * , 钱舒琪 1 , 陈丽 1 , 蔡艳丽 1 , 宋桃伟 1
药学学报 | 研究论文 2026,61(1): 283-291
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药学学报 |研究论文 2026 , 61 (1) : 283 -291
基于“针刺+膨胀”双刺激的马钱子碱水凝胶微针对大鼠类风湿性关节炎的药效研究
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王世运1, 宋信莉1, 2, 3, * , 钱舒琪1, 陈丽1, 蔡艳丽1, 宋桃伟1
作者信息
  • 1贵州中医药大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 2国家苗药工程技术研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025
  • 3贵州中药炮制与制剂工程技术研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025
通讯作者:
宋信莉,E-mail:
作者简介:

作者贡献:

王世运完成实验补充、数据整理和文章撰写; 宋信莉和宋桃伟参与文章内容的指导与监督; 钱舒琪确定文章方向和内容组成、完成实验操作; 陈丽和蔡艳丽共同完成实验设计。

Pharmacological efficacy of brucine hydrogel microneedles in mice rheumatoid arthritis based on the dual stimulation of acupuncture and swelling
Shi-yun WANG1, Xin-li SONG1, 2, 3, * , Shu-qi QIAN1, Li CHEN1, Yan-li CAI1, Tao-wei SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 2National Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Miao Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China
  • 3Guizhou Engineering and Technology Research Centre of Chinese Medicine Concoction and Preparation, Guiyang 550025, China
出版时间: 2026-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0491
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类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种严重影响人类健康的疾病, 现有治疗方法存在不良反应大、耐药性和效果差等缺点。本研究提出基于交联水凝胶“针刺+ 膨胀”双刺激穴位的抗RA新策略, 探讨马钱子碱水凝胶微针(brucine hydrogel microneedles, Bru-HMNs) 对大鼠RA的药效研究。所有动物实验程序均经贵州中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(No: 20230179), 并遵循其指导方针进行。建立胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠模型, 以大鼠足掌肿胀度、脾脏和胸腺指数、踝关节组织病理切片、血清中相关炎症因子及滑膜组织中蛋白的表达水平作为疗效考察指标, 发现穴位微针组、穴位+ 非穴位微针组可显著降低CIA模型大鼠足掌肿胀度、减轻大鼠免疫器官肿胀、降低血清中炎症因子含量、改善踝关节滑膜及软骨组织病理状态、下调相关炎症蛋白表达水平, 具有缓解类风湿性关节炎的作用。Bru-HMNs基于“针刺+ 膨胀”作用刺激足三里穴的治疗策略可显著治疗类风湿性关节炎, 为穴位微针经皮递药系统的后续开发利用提供重要科学依据。

水凝胶微针  /  马钱子碱  /  足三里穴  /  类风湿性关节炎  /  药效研究

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a disease that seriously affects human health, and the existing treatments have the disadvantages of high side effects, drug resistance and poor effectiveness. In this study, we proposed a new anti-RA strategy based on the cross-linked hydrogel "acupuncture + swelling" dual stimulation of acupoints, and investigated the efficacy of brucine hydrogel microneedles targeting for RA in mice. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee (No: 20230179) and conducted in accordance with its guidelines. A mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was established, and the efficacy was investigated by using the swelling of the paw, spleen and thymus indices, histopathological sections of the ankle joints, serum levels of inflammatory factors and synovial tissue proteins, and it was found that the acupoint microneedling group and the acupoint + non-acupoint microneedling group could significantly decrease the swelling of the paw in the mouse model of CIA, reduce the swelling of the immune organs of the mice, reduce the levels of serum inflammatory factors, and improve the efficacy of CIA. Inflammatory factor content, improve the pathological state of synovial membrane and cartilage tissue of ankle joint and down-regulate the expression level of related inflammatory proteins in CIA mice, which has the effect of alleviating rheumatoid arthritis. The therapeutic strategy of brucine hydrogel microneedles based on "acupuncture + swelling" to stimulate the Zusanli (ST36) acupoint can significantly treat rheumatoid arthritis, which provides an important scientific basis for the subsequent development and utilisation of acupoint microneedles transdermal drug delivery system.

hydrogel microneedle  /  brucine  /  ST36 acupoint  /  rheumatoid arthritis  /  pharmacodynamic study
王世运, 宋信莉, 钱舒琪, 陈丽, 蔡艳丽, 宋桃伟. 基于“针刺+膨胀”双刺激的马钱子碱水凝胶微针对大鼠类风湿性关节炎的药效研究. 药学学报, 2026 , 61 (1) : 283 -291 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0491
Shi-yun WANG, Xin-li SONG, Shu-qi QIAN, Li CHEN, Yan-li CAI, Tao-wei SONG. Pharmacological efficacy of brucine hydrogel microneedles in mice rheumatoid arthritis based on the dual stimulation of acupuncture and swelling[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2026 , 61 (1) : 283 -291 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0491
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病[1]。传统口服药物及手术治疗RA具有明显毒副作用、耐药性及病程反复等弊端; 自然疗法、热疗等非药物治疗的效果也大多不尽人意[2, 3]。中医认为足三里穴对属于“痹症”范畴的RA有较好的治疗效果[4]。现代研究也表明, 通过针刺、电针足三里穴, 可在免疫和抗炎的整体调节中发挥重要作用[5-7]。马钱子碱(brucine, Bru) 是毒性中药马钱子中的一种活性成分, 具有抗炎、镇痛、通络等作用, 是控制关节炎消退肿胀的潜在药物之一[8, 9]。作为马钱子第二大生物碱类成分, Bru不仅药理活性显著高于士的宁等其他生物碱, 且毒性相对较低, 具有极大的开发价值。
本课题组近年来一直致力于抗RA类毒性中药(雷公藤、马钱子) 与微针技术结合的研究[10-12]。微针是一种简单高效的经皮给药形式, 以微创方式突破角质层屏障后直接递送药物至皮下, 可显著提高药物利用率[13, 14]。与传统可溶性微针不同, 课题组改进设计的水凝胶微针(hydrogel microneedles, HMNs), 因其不溶性可从皮肤中完整去除, 安全性高, 尤适宜于毒性药物的使用。其针体在刺入皮肤后吸收皮肤间质液, 逐渐膨胀形成连续的水凝胶药物扩散通道, 可以实现持续刺激作用部位、协同药物缓释的作用[15]。
因此, 本研究结合Bru-HMNs的针刺刺激、水凝胶的膨胀特性及药物的延迟释放, 作用于RA大鼠足三里穴处, 同时对比空白微针、非穴位微针、穴位+ 非穴位微针治疗及传统经皮给药(针刺、贴敷), 考察Bru-HMNs不同给药方式对RA的治疗效果。以期为临床治疗拓展更新的穴位递药形式。
动物  雌性Wistar大鼠, 体质量190~220 g, SPF级, 购自北京斯贝福生物科技有限公司, 实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010, 饲养于通风良好, 室温18~25 ℃, 相对湿度50%~70%的动物房, 确保自由进食与饮水。所有动物实验前均适应性喂养1周, 并遵循贵州中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会的指导方针进行, 伦理审查编号: 20230179。
药品与试剂  马钱子碱对照品(21110417, 纯度99.83%, 北京中科质检生物技术有限公司); 聚乙烯醇、卡波姆934P、牛Ⅱ型胶原蛋白、弗氏佐剂(N07HS200180、Y17O7C22897、L22S11C125306、SLCQ7622, 上海源叶生物有限公司); 酒石酸(2019110199, 天津致远有限公司); 双氯芬酸二乙氨盐乳胶剂(扶他林, GV5M, 中美天津史克制药有限公司); 4%多聚甲醛(23179318, 碧云天生物技术有限公司); 大鼠IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF) 试剂盒(20231207001, 江苏酶免生物工程有限公司)。
仪器  PDMS微针模具(Y339, 台州微芯医药科技有限公司); 离心机(TDZ5-WS, 湖南迈克尔实验仪器有限公司); 电热干燥箱(101-3AB, 天津泰斯特仪器有限公司); 光学显微镜(SIPTOP, 宁波舜宇仪器有限公司); 数控超声清洗机(KQ-500DE, 昆山市超声仪器有限公司); 电热鼓风干燥箱(101-3AB, 天津泰斯特仪器有限公司); 生物显微镜(Fi3, 尼康映像仪器销售有限公司); 微机控制电子万能试验机(CMT4503, 深圳楚英豪科技有限公司)。
Bru-HMNs的制备  称取马钱子碱对照品50 mg置于烧杯中, 加入10 mL 40%乙醇溶解, 得马钱子碱溶液, 备用作制备Bru-HMNs的溶剂。称取卡波姆0.15 g置于烧杯中, 使均匀平铺于杯底, 滴加上述载药溶剂2 mL, 搅拌均匀后静置溶胀30 min。再少量多次加入1.5 g聚乙烯醇和6 mL载药溶剂, 随加随搅拌至混合基质溶液均匀无小团块, 静置于4 ℃冰箱过夜充分溶胀。称取0.2 g酒石酸溶解在剩余的载药溶剂中, 待溶解完全, 与上述混合基质溶液混匀, 再置于4 ℃冰箱过夜使交联充分。取出放至室温即得制备Bru-HMNs的载药基质溶液。将载药基质溶液填充于微针模具, 4 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 干燥器干燥24 h后取出, 105 ℃电热干燥箱干燥2 h, 取出冷至室温, 脱模即得(图1)。
马钱子碱水凝胶的表征  将用于制备Bru-HMNs的载药基质溶液置于105 ℃烘箱中烘干, 然后将其放入水中溶胀, 使其网络结构展开, 放入-80 ℃冰箱中快速冷冻, 再放入冷冻干燥机中冷冻干燥3天后, 用剪刀剪断。采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron micrographs, SEM) 对样品水凝胶横截面的微观形态进行拍摄观察。
Bru-HMNs的表征
外观形状评价  分别采用肉眼观察、手机高清摄像、光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察Bru-HMNs阵列完整性。
机械性能评价  通过铝箔穿透实验、皮肤台盼蓝染色实验、压缩实验对Bru-HMNs的机械性能进行考察。铝箔穿透实验: 用手指垂直按压微针刺入光滑平整的铝箔表面, 30 s后取下微针并拍照观察。皮肤台盼蓝染色实验: 取健康Wistar大鼠麻醉处死, 剔除腹部毛发后剥离该处皮肤, 并去掉皮下组织, 用生理盐水冲洗干净后拭干备用。将微针垂直作用于上述备用皮肤, 2 min后取出, 随即在作用部位用0.4%的台盼蓝溶液均匀染色, 10 min后用棉花吸收多余染液, 并拍照观察。压缩实验: 用电子万能试验机测定微针的力学性能, 将微针针尖朝上放置于工作台上, 进行垂直压缩, 测量观察微针的受力情况, 并绘制力-位移曲线。
穿刺性能评价  为直观反映微针刺入皮肤后状况, 同皮肤台盼蓝染色实验操作取得经微针作用的大鼠离体皮肤, 随即将其固定于4%多聚甲醛中24 h, 再用石蜡包埋后切片, 最后用苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H & E) 对切片染色, 脱水封片后拍照观察。
Bru分析方法的建立
色谱条件  色谱柱: Agilent C18柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm); 流动相A: 1.20%冰醋酸和0.13%三乙胺水溶液, 流动相B: 色谱甲醇; 柱温30 ℃; 流速1.0 mL·min-1; 波长365 nm; 进样量10 μL。
溶液的配制  对照品溶液: 精密称取2.5 mg马钱子碱对照品, 于25 mL量瓶甲醇定容至刻度, 得100 μg·mL-1的马钱子碱对照品溶液。供试品溶液: 取一片Bru-HMNs于25 mL量瓶中, 40%乙醇定容至刻度, 放置过夜, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤后取续滤液, 得供试品溶液。空白微针溶液: 取一片空白微针, 其余步骤同供试品溶液制备方法。
专属性考察  取对照品溶液、供试品溶液、空白微针溶液按色谱条件进样并分析。
线性考察  以对照品溶液为基础溶液, 稀释不同倍数, 配制质量浓度为100、80、40、20、10、4、1 μg·mL-1的系列对照品溶液, 分别按色谱条件进样分析。
精密度试验  取80、40、20 μg·mL-1高、中、低3个质量浓度的马钱子碱对照品溶液, 按色谱条件进样分析, 分别同日内进样5次, 连续进样3天, 测定其日内及日间精密度。
稳定性试验  取供试品溶液, 分别于0、2、4、8、12、24、48 h时按色谱条件进样分析。
重复性试验  制备6批Bru-HMNs, 每批微针随机取3片, 分别制备供试品溶液, 并按色谱条件进行分析。
加样回收率试验  分别制备80、40、20 μg·mL-1高、中、低3个质量浓度的供试品溶液, 各质量浓度平行3份, 共9份, 按色谱条件进样分析。
Bru-HMNs的在体透皮实验
微针载药量测定  随机取6片Bru-HMNs, 分别制备供试品溶液, 按色谱条件进样分析。
在体透皮实验  将Bru-HMNs贴在预先脱毛的大鼠膝关节处, 手指按压30 s, 医用胶带固定防止脱落。分别在贴上微针的第12、24、48、72、96、120、144 h取下(n = 6), 检测微针释药后剩余药量, 并计算释药率及绘制释药曲线。SPSS 26.0软件进行数据处理, GraphPad Prism 9.5.0绘制释药率曲线。
药效实验
CIA大鼠模型的建立  免疫制剂的配制: 称取20 mg牛Ⅱ型胶原蛋白, 加入至10 mL冰醋酸溶液(0.1 mol·L-1) 中, 置于4 ℃冰箱中过夜使充分溶解, 再按1∶1比例添加到弗氏完全佐剂中, 此过程为多次少量添加, 并同时用手持匀浆机匀浆使充分混合乳化, 直至乳液滴入水中不扩散, 最终使其含有胶原的量为1 mg·mL-1, 得胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠模型造模剂。以上过程始终保持在冰浴上及4 ℃环境下进行。造模方法: 取54只Wistar大鼠适应性喂养5天后, 随机抽取6只大鼠作空白对照组, 其余大鼠每只右后足底及尾根部皮内注射0.3 mL造模剂乳液。第10天进行二次加强免疫, 每只大鼠加强注射0.1 mL乳液。
动物分组及给药  将造模成功的大鼠随机分为模型组(model)、阳性药组(positive)、空白微针组(blank-HMNs)、穴位微针组(brucine acupoint hydrogel microneedles, Bru-AHMNs)、非穴位微针组(brucine non-acupoint hydrogel microneedles, Bru-NHMNs)、穴位+ 非穴位微针组(brucine dual-targeted hydrogel microneedles, Bru-DHMNs)、针刺组(traditional acupuncture, TA)、贴敷组(medicated patch, MP), 另设空白对照组(control)。设定首次免疫为d0, 二次加强免疫为d5, 于二次加强免疫后即d10开始给药。给药前将大鼠大腿膝关节处毛发刮去并用脱毛膏脱毛。模型组致炎后不予以药物治疗, 仅涂抹生理盐水; 阳性药组大鼠于右后足脱毛关节处皮肤表面涂抹扶他林; 空白微针组于足三里处给予不含马钱子碱的空白微针治疗; 穴位微针组于足三里处给予Bru-HMNs治疗; 非穴位微针组于非穴位处给予Bru-HMNs治疗; 穴位+ 非穴位微针组分别于足三里处与非足三里处同时给予Bru-HMNs治疗; 针刺组于足三里处针刺治疗; 贴敷组于足三里处贴敷马钱子粉治疗, 空白对照组大鼠不做任何处理。除阳性组、针刺组每天给予1次针刺治疗, 其余组每5天给予1次相应处理。
一般情况观察  观察造模前后大鼠饮食、活动等情况。
足掌肿胀度变化  于造模前(d0) 测定各组大鼠右后足足掌厚度, 作为正常指标。于造模后d5、d10、d15、d20、d25、d30测量各组大鼠右后足足掌厚度, 每次测量部位保持一致, 且始终为同一人测量。根据如下公式计算足掌肿胀度:
足掌肿胀度(mm) =致炎后肿胀度(mm) - 致炎前肿胀度(mm)
脏器指数计算  在各组大鼠分别干预30天后, 腹主动脉取血处死, 取脾脏和胸腺, 用0.9%生理盐水清洗去除表层血迹, 再用滤纸滤干称重。根据如下公式计算脏器指数: 脏器指数=脏器质量(mg)/体质量(g)。
大鼠踝关节病理学检测  取脱钙后的踝关节组织, 不同浓度乙醇梯度脱水, 二甲苯组织透明, 石蜡浸蜡、包埋, 切片、烤片, 切片脱蜡, H & E染液染色, 风干后树胶封片, 生物显微镜镜检分析。
大鼠血清中IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、RF表达水平检测  各组大鼠干预治疗结束后, 对不同组大鼠腹主动脉取血, 室温静置1 h, 使用高速冷冻离心机在4 ℃、3 000 r·min-1条件下离心10 min, 收集上层清液, 放置于-80 ℃冰箱备用至检测。然后, 按ELISA试剂盒说明书检测方法检测大鼠血清中IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α、RF表达水平。
Western blot法测定大鼠滑膜组织中NF-κB、VEGF蛋白的表达  将低温冷冻的各组大鼠踝关节组织粉碎后, 加入细胞裂解液提取蛋白, 进行SDS-PAGE电泳(蛋白上样量为40 µg), 恒流电转到PVDF膜后TBST漂洗, 加入5%脱脂奶粉避光封闭2 h后漂洗5次, 加入一抗[核因子κB (nuclear factor κB, NF-κB)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 的1/1 000稀释液] 4 ℃恒温孵育过夜。漂洗5次后添加二抗(NF-κB、VEGF的1/50 000稀释液), TBST漂洗5次后加入ECL, 曝光后分析条带分子质量及灰度值(选择甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH为内参蛋白)。
统计学方法  所有实验均进行3次独立平行实验, 采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.0进行数据分析和作图, 结果均用$ \overline{x} $ ± s表示, 采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA) 进行多组间比较, P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。
由于化学交联、大分子之间的相互作用, 马钱子碱水凝胶截面形成明显相互连接的网状结构, 这可能使其具有药物储存的内部微孔结构, 在溶胀过程中形成药物释放的连续微孔通道(图2A)。
Bru-HMNs表面平整, 具有层状环纹, 阵列间距均匀, 无明显破损, 变形等现象; 内部结构完整, 无空洞, 裂纹等缺陷。这有利于保证药物在微针中的均匀分布, 提高药物递送的效率(图2B~F)。
Bru-HMNs能完整穿透铝箔, 且对光观察时, 清晰可见微针在铝箔表面留下的均匀孔洞(图3A、B)。皮肤台盼蓝染色实验中, 微针作用于大鼠皮肤后, 经染色, 能够形成明显蓝色点状孔洞, 表明所制微针具有良好的机械性能(图3C)。通过电子万能试验机对单片Bru-HMNs进行压缩实验。由图3D的力-位移曲线可知, 在压缩过程中, 微针承受的力随着压缩位移的增加而增加, 且均未断裂。
Bru-HMNs刺入大鼠皮肤后所留下的孔道完整清晰, 表明该微针作用于皮肤后可完整去除, 不会造成材料的残留, 且能有效突破角质层将药物递送至皮下组织(图3E)。
供试品溶液中的主峰与对照品溶液中Bru的吸收峰保留时间基本一致, 而阴性对照的空白微针溶液中相同时间点没有吸收峰出现, 表明辅料对Bru的吸收无影响, 方法专属性符合要求(图3F)。以对照品溶液质量浓度为横坐标, 峰面积为纵坐标, 得到线性方程为Y = 18 792X - 5 677.4, R2 = 0.999 8, 表明Bru在1.00~100 μg·mL-1内线性关系良好。测得高、中、低3种不同浓度的马钱子碱溶液日内及日间RSD值均小于3%, 表明该方法精密度良好。稳定性试验测定Bru峰面积的RSD为0.17% (< 3%), 表明供试品溶液在48 h内能保持稳定。重复性考察不同批次Bru-HMNs之间Bru平均含量RSD为1.91% (< 3%), 表明重复性良好。平均加样回收率为98.43%, RSD为1.77%, 表明回收率较高。
计算得单片微针平均载药量为每片1 002.82 ± 19.45 μg。通过余量法, 即测量微针给药后的剩余药物量来推算其释药速率。在144 h内, 所制成的Bru-HMNs持续释放药物。72 h后释药率随时间的延长缓慢提升, 在体释药144 h时, 释药率达到50.18% (图3G)。释药原理为微针溶胀时在基质材料内部形成了微孔通道, 因此微针的针体部分会直接在皮肤内吸收间质液后溶胀释药, 表明Bru-HMNs能有效突破皮肤屏障、提高药物利用度, 且具有显著的缓释效果, 可达到持续刺激作用部位的效果。实际操作中, 药物残留量的测量可能受到多种因素的干扰, 如微针降解的程度、皮肤的吸收差异等, 应设置多组实验以减小误差。
模型评价标准: 大鼠足爪红肿, 关节处明显肿胀视为造模成功(图4A)。造模前所有大鼠健康状态良好, 饮食、活动正常。造模后各组大鼠较空白组大鼠可见活动受限、饮食减少、毛发微黄、足掌明显肿胀, 无死亡情况。
除空白组大鼠足掌厚度在30天内的实验过程中无明显变化外, 其余各组大鼠在加强免疫后足掌处均有明显肿胀。与模型组相比, 自给药后(10天) 起, 其余各组足掌肿胀度均有显著降低(P < 0.01), 初步说明均有减轻CIA大鼠足掌肿胀的作用(图4B~C)。
与模型组比较, positive组、Bru-AHMNs组、Bru-DHMNs组能极显著降低脾脏和胸腺指数(P < 0.01); Blank-HMNs组、Bru-NHMNs组、TA组、MP组亦能显著降低脾脏和胸腺指数(P < 0.05)。显示出各组均能在不同程度上有效改善CIA大鼠的免疫器官肿胀情况, 其中positive组、Bru-AHMNs组、Bru-DHMNs组效果较好, 表明Bru-HMNs能有效改善大鼠免疫器官(脾脏和胸腺) 指数(图5A)。
空白组大鼠关节结构正常, 关节滑膜上皮排列整齐, 未见骨破坏、滑膜增生、界限清楚; 模型组关节软骨不平整、断裂, 可见滑膜组织的增生及纤维化; 与模型组比较, positive组、Bru-AHMNs组、Bru-DHMNs组大鼠关节滑膜上皮排列整齐, 踝关节滑膜增生、炎性细胞浸润等情况均得到了显著改善, 表明Bru-HMNs对关节结构具有保护作用。Blank-HMNs组、Bru-NHMNs组、TA组、MP组亦可在一定程度上改善大鼠踝关节病理情况(图5B)。
RA常涉及多种因子的驱动, 其中白细胞介素6 (IL-6) 是一种多效性促炎细胞因子, 深度参与RA的发病机制, 在滑膜中表达最丰富, 其浓度与疾病活动密切相关[16]。肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α), 通过激活各种免疫细胞(如滑膜细胞、巨噬细胞和软骨细胞) 发挥强大的促炎功能, 是RA中的第一个靶点[17]。RF是RA的标志, 可在高达80%的RA患者中检测到[18]。IL-10是一种上游调节因子和抗炎标志物, 被认为对RA的进展有负性控制[19]。
与空白组比较, 模型组大鼠血清中炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α、类风湿因子RF含量均显著增加(P < 0.01), 抗性细胞因子IL-10含量显著降低(P < 0.01); 与模型组比较, positive组、Bru-AHMNs组、Bru-DHMNs组大鼠血清中炎性细胞因子IL-6、TNF-α、类风湿因子RF含量均显著降低(P < 0.01), 抗性细胞因子IL-10含量显著增加(P < 0.01), 表明Bru-HMNs经皮给药的方式, 能有效减缓CIA大鼠的病程发展(图6A)。
在RA的病理进程中, 活化的核因子κB (NF-κB) 可诱导促炎因子增加, 从而加重骨破坏[20]。而VEGF可促进血管通透性, 调节血管生成、内皮细胞增殖和迁移, 是促进RA血管生成表型的最有效的促血管生成分子, 并且在RA中表达上调[21]。
在空白组大鼠膝关节滑膜组织中, NF-κB、VEGF蛋白有较低表达; 与空白组比较, 模型组NF-κB、VEGF蛋白条带增宽, 颜色明显加深, 表达增强, NF-κB、VEGF蛋白表达水平显著升高(P < 0.01); 与模型组比较, positive组、Bru-AHMNs组、Bru-DHMNs组蛋白条带变窄, 颜色变浅, 表达降低, 可显著降低NF-κB、VEGF蛋白表达趋势(P < 0.01); Blank-HMNs组、Bru-NHMNs组、TA组条带在一定程度上变窄, 可有效降低NF-κB与VEGF蛋白表达趋势(P < 0.05) (图6B、C)。
本文建立CIA大鼠模型, 探究了基于“针刺+ 膨胀”作用下Bru-HMNs不同给药方式对RA的治疗效果。
药效学结果表明, 穴位微针组、穴位+ 非穴位组在改善CIA模型大鼠的症状方面表现出极显著效果。Bru-HMNs在突破穴位处的角质层屏障后, 其水凝胶材料迅速吸收皮肤间组织液而膨胀成连续的通道, 使药物得以缓慢释放, 进而达到持续刺激穴位的作用, 可有效用于RA的缓解与治疗; 穴位+ 非穴位微针治疗效果与穴位微针相似, 除了药物与穴位的协同作用外, 其中非穴位微针的刺激同样可以影响关节病症部位, 起到辅助治疗RA的作用, 这可能涉及多种机制, 如物理刺激引起的局部组织反应、神经通路的激活、内分泌调节等; 非穴位微针也显示出一定的治疗效果, 但仅依靠药物的缓释发挥药效而无针对穴位的持续刺激, 故抗炎效果仍不如穴位微针显著; 空白微针具有改善作用的原因可能是微针针体在足三里处的不断膨胀持续刺激穴位, 起到了治疗RA的作用, 但同样由于仅有对穴位的微弱刺激而无药物的治疗, 故空白微针对RA的治疗作用稍弱; 传统经皮给药(针刺、贴敷) 与穴位微针相比, 可在不同程度上发挥抗RA的疗效, 但受限于药物渗透弱、药物渗透不到位、治疗周期较长, 以及操作过程中可能会出现的感染、疼痛、误伤器官、神经损伤等风险, 使得传统经皮给药(针刺、贴敷) 抗炎作用不如穴位微针稳定。
本研究将传统中医穴位理论与现代微针技术相结合, 为RA的治疗提供了一种精准、高效、便捷的新方法, 具有相当的应用价值及意义。马钱子碱作为一种具有抗炎、镇痛作用的成分, 在经水凝胶微针搭载后, 结合穴位递药的方式, 既能解决口服毒性药物的安全性问题, 又能有效穿透皮肤角质层, 直接作用于病变部位, 克服传统透皮制剂因角质层屏障导致的药物渗透性低、生物利用度低的问题; 同时, 水凝胶材料溶胀不溶解的膨胀特性及物理刺激的特点, 能有效增加药物在穴位局部的作用时间, 实现持久的靶向缓释递送。综上所述, 本研究提供了载药水凝胶微针经穴位治疗RA的科学依据, 为未来的临床应用和进一步的药物开发奠定了基础。

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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2025-0491
  • 接收时间:2025-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-09-21
  • 出版时间:2026-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-29
  • 修回日期:2025-08-16
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    1贵州中医药大学药学院, 贵州 贵阳 550025
    2国家苗药工程技术研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025
    3贵州中药炮制与制剂工程技术研究中心, 贵州 贵阳 550025

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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